4 The following is a consolidated list of the kernel parameters as
5 implemented by the __setup(), core_param() and module_param() macros
6 and sorted into English Dictionary order (defined as ignoring all
7 punctuation and sorting digits before letters in a case insensitive
8 manner), and with descriptions where known.
10 The kernel parses parameters from the kernel command line up to "--";
11 if it doesn't recognize a parameter and it doesn't contain a '.', the
12 parameter gets passed to init: parameters with '=' go into init's
13 environment, others are passed as command line arguments to init.
14 Everything after "--" is passed as an argument to init.
16 Module parameters can be specified in two ways: via the kernel command
17 line with a module name prefix, or via modprobe, e.g.:
19 (kernel command line) usbcore.blinkenlights=1
20 (modprobe command line) modprobe usbcore blinkenlights=1
22 Parameters for modules which are built into the kernel need to be
23 specified on the kernel command line. modprobe looks through the
24 kernel command line (/proc/cmdline) and collects module parameters
25 when it loads a module, so the kernel command line can be used for
28 Hyphens (dashes) and underscores are equivalent in parameter names, so
29 log_buf_len=1M print-fatal-signals=1
30 can also be entered as
31 log-buf-len=1M print_fatal_signals=1
33 Double-quotes can be used to protect spaces in values, e.g.:
34 param="spaces in here"
39 Some kernel parameters take a list of CPUs as a value, e.g. isolcpus,
40 nohz_full, irqaffinity, rcu_nocbs. The format of this list is:
42 <cpu number>,...,<cpu number>
46 <cpu number>-<cpu number>
47 (must be a positive range in ascending order)
51 <cpu number>,...,<cpu number>-<cpu number>
53 Note that for the special case of a range one can split the range into equal
54 sized groups and for each group use some amount from the beginning of that
57 <cpu number>-cpu number>:<used size>/<group size>
59 For example one can add to the command line following parameter:
61 isolcpus=1,2,10-20,100-2000:2/25
63 where the final item represents CPUs 100,101,125,126,150,151,...
67 This document may not be entirely up to date and comprehensive. The command
68 "modinfo -p ${modulename}" shows a current list of all parameters of a loadable
69 module. Loadable modules, after being loaded into the running kernel, also
70 reveal their parameters in /sys/module/${modulename}/parameters/. Some of these
71 parameters may be changed at runtime by the command
72 "echo -n ${value} > /sys/module/${modulename}/parameters/${parm}".
74 The parameters listed below are only valid if certain kernel build options were
75 enabled and if respective hardware is present. The text in square brackets at
76 the beginning of each description states the restrictions within which a
77 parameter is applicable:
79 ACPI ACPI support is enabled.
80 AGP AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is enabled.
81 ALSA ALSA sound support is enabled.
82 APIC APIC support is enabled.
83 APM Advanced Power Management support is enabled.
84 ARM ARM architecture is enabled.
85 AVR32 AVR32 architecture is enabled.
86 AX25 Appropriate AX.25 support is enabled.
87 BLACKFIN Blackfin architecture is enabled.
88 CLK Common clock infrastructure is enabled.
89 CMA Contiguous Memory Area support is enabled.
90 DRM Direct Rendering Management support is enabled.
91 DYNAMIC_DEBUG Build in debug messages and enable them at runtime
92 EDD BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Services (EDD) is enabled
93 EFI EFI Partitioning (GPT) is enabled
94 EIDE EIDE/ATAPI support is enabled.
95 EVM Extended Verification Module
96 FB The frame buffer device is enabled.
97 FTRACE Function tracing enabled.
98 GCOV GCOV profiling is enabled.
99 HW Appropriate hardware is enabled.
100 IA-64 IA-64 architecture is enabled.
101 IMA Integrity measurement architecture is enabled.
102 IOSCHED More than one I/O scheduler is enabled.
103 IP_PNP IP DHCP, BOOTP, or RARP is enabled.
104 IPV6 IPv6 support is enabled.
105 ISAPNP ISA PnP code is enabled.
106 ISDN Appropriate ISDN support is enabled.
107 JOY Appropriate joystick support is enabled.
108 KGDB Kernel debugger support is enabled.
109 KVM Kernel Virtual Machine support is enabled.
110 LIBATA Libata driver is enabled
111 LP Printer support is enabled.
112 LOOP Loopback device support is enabled.
113 M68k M68k architecture is enabled.
114 These options have more detailed description inside of
115 Documentation/m68k/kernel-options.txt.
116 MDA MDA console support is enabled.
117 MIPS MIPS architecture is enabled.
118 MOUSE Appropriate mouse support is enabled.
119 MSI Message Signaled Interrupts (PCI).
120 MTD MTD (Memory Technology Device) support is enabled.
121 NET Appropriate network support is enabled.
122 NUMA NUMA support is enabled.
123 NFS Appropriate NFS support is enabled.
124 OSS OSS sound support is enabled.
125 PV_OPS A paravirtualized kernel is enabled.
126 PARIDE The ParIDE (parallel port IDE) subsystem is enabled.
127 PARISC The PA-RISC architecture is enabled.
128 PCI PCI bus support is enabled.
129 PCIE PCI Express support is enabled.
130 PCMCIA The PCMCIA subsystem is enabled.
131 PNP Plug & Play support is enabled.
132 PPC PowerPC architecture is enabled.
133 PPT Parallel port support is enabled.
134 PS2 Appropriate PS/2 support is enabled.
135 RAM RAM disk support is enabled.
136 S390 S390 architecture is enabled.
137 SCSI Appropriate SCSI support is enabled.
138 A lot of drivers have their options described inside
139 the Documentation/scsi/ sub-directory.
140 SECURITY Different security models are enabled.
141 SELINUX SELinux support is enabled.
142 APPARMOR AppArmor support is enabled.
143 SERIAL Serial support is enabled.
144 SH SuperH architecture is enabled.
145 SMP The kernel is an SMP kernel.
146 SPARC Sparc architecture is enabled.
147 SWSUSP Software suspend (hibernation) is enabled.
148 SUSPEND System suspend states are enabled.
149 TPM TPM drivers are enabled.
150 TS Appropriate touchscreen support is enabled.
151 UMS USB Mass Storage support is enabled.
152 USB USB support is enabled.
153 USBHID USB Human Interface Device support is enabled.
154 V4L Video For Linux support is enabled.
155 VMMIO Driver for memory mapped virtio devices is enabled.
156 VGA The VGA console has been enabled.
157 VT Virtual terminal support is enabled.
158 WDT Watchdog support is enabled.
159 XT IBM PC/XT MFM hard disk support is enabled.
160 X86-32 X86-32, aka i386 architecture is enabled.
161 X86-64 X86-64 architecture is enabled.
162 More X86-64 boot options can be found in
163 Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt .
164 X86 Either 32-bit or 64-bit x86 (same as X86-32+X86-64)
165 X86_UV SGI UV support is enabled.
166 XEN Xen support is enabled
168 In addition, the following text indicates that the option:
170 BUGS= Relates to possible processor bugs on the said processor.
171 KNL Is a kernel start-up parameter.
172 BOOT Is a boot loader parameter.
174 Parameters denoted with BOOT are actually interpreted by the boot
175 loader, and have no meaning to the kernel directly.
176 Do not modify the syntax of boot loader parameters without extreme
177 need or coordination with <Documentation/x86/boot.txt>.
179 There are also arch-specific kernel-parameters not documented here.
180 See for example <Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt>.
182 Note that ALL kernel parameters listed below are CASE SENSITIVE, and that
183 a trailing = on the name of any parameter states that that parameter will
184 be entered as an environment variable, whereas its absence indicates that
185 it will appear as a kernel argument readable via /proc/cmdline by programs
186 running once the system is up.
188 The number of kernel parameters is not limited, but the length of the
189 complete command line (parameters including spaces etc.) is limited to
190 a fixed number of characters. This limit depends on the architecture
191 and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
192 ./include/asm/setup.h as COMMAND_LINE_SIZE.
194 Finally, the [KMG] suffix is commonly described after a number of kernel
195 parameter values. These 'K', 'M', and 'G' letters represent the _binary_
196 multipliers 'Kilo', 'Mega', and 'Giga', equalling 2^10, 2^20, and 2^30
197 bytes respectively. Such letter suffixes can also be entirely omitted.
200 acpi= [HW,ACPI,X86,ARM64]
201 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
202 Format: { force | on | off | strict | noirq | rsdt |
204 force -- enable ACPI if default was off
205 on -- enable ACPI but allow fallback to DT [arm64]
206 off -- disable ACPI if default was on
207 noirq -- do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
208 strict -- Be less tolerant of platforms that are not
209 strictly ACPI specification compliant.
210 rsdt -- prefer RSDT over (default) XSDT
211 copy_dsdt -- copy DSDT to memory
212 For ARM64, ONLY "acpi=off", "acpi=on" or "acpi=force"
215 See also Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt, pci=noacpi
217 acpi_apic_instance= [ACPI, IOAPIC]
219 2: use 2nd APIC table, if available
220 1,0: use 1st APIC table
223 acpi_backlight= [HW,ACPI]
224 acpi_backlight=vendor
226 If set to vendor, prefer vendor specific driver
227 (e.g. thinkpad_acpi, sony_acpi, etc.) instead
228 of the ACPI video.ko driver.
230 acpi_force_32bit_fadt_addr
231 force FADT to use 32 bit addresses rather than the
232 64 bit X_* addresses. Some firmware have broken 64
233 bit addresses for force ACPI ignore these and use
234 the older legacy 32 bit addresses.
236 acpica_no_return_repair [HW, ACPI]
237 Disable AML predefined validation mechanism
238 This mechanism can repair the evaluation result to make
239 the return objects more ACPI specification compliant.
240 This option is useful for developers to identify the
241 root cause of an AML interpreter issue when the issue
242 has something to do with the repair mechanism.
244 acpi.debug_layer= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
245 acpi.debug_level= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
247 CONFIG_ACPI_DEBUG must be enabled to produce any ACPI
248 debug output. Bits in debug_layer correspond to a
249 _COMPONENT in an ACPI source file, e.g.,
250 #define _COMPONENT ACPI_PCI_COMPONENT
251 Bits in debug_level correspond to a level in
252 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT statements, e.g.,
253 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT((ACPI_DB_INFO, ...
254 The debug_level mask defaults to "info". See
255 Documentation/acpi/debug.txt for more information about
256 debug layers and levels.
258 Enable processor driver info messages:
259 acpi.debug_layer=0x20000000
260 Enable PCI/PCI interrupt routing info messages:
261 acpi.debug_layer=0x400000
262 Enable AML "Debug" output, i.e., stores to the Debug
263 object while interpreting AML:
264 acpi.debug_layer=0xffffffff acpi.debug_level=0x2
265 Enable all messages related to ACPI hardware:
266 acpi.debug_layer=0x2 acpi.debug_level=0xffffffff
268 Some values produce so much output that the system is
269 unusable. The "log_buf_len" parameter may be useful
270 if you need to capture more output.
272 acpi_enforce_resources= [ACPI]
273 { strict | lax | no }
274 Check for resource conflicts between native drivers
275 and ACPI OperationRegions (SystemIO and SystemMemory
276 only). IO ports and memory declared in ACPI might be
277 used by the ACPI subsystem in arbitrary AML code and
278 can interfere with legacy drivers.
279 strict (default): access to resources claimed by ACPI
280 is denied; legacy drivers trying to access reserved
281 resources will fail to bind to device using them.
282 lax: access to resources claimed by ACPI is allowed;
283 legacy drivers trying to access reserved resources
284 will bind successfully but a warning message is logged.
285 no: ACPI OperationRegions are not marked as reserved,
286 no further checks are performed.
288 acpi_force_table_verification [HW,ACPI]
289 Enable table checksum verification during early stage.
290 By default, this is disabled due to x86 early mapping
293 acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI]
294 ACPI will balance active IRQs
297 acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI]
298 ACPI will not move active IRQs (default)
301 acpi_irq_isa= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, mark listed IRQs used by ISA
302 Format: <irq>,<irq>...
304 acpi_irq_pci= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, clear listed IRQs for
306 Format: <irq>,<irq>...
308 acpi_mask_gpe= [HW,ACPI]
309 Due to the existence of _Lxx/_Exx, some GPEs triggered
310 by unsupported hardware/firmware features can result in
311 GPE floodings that cannot be automatically disabled by
313 This facility can be used to prevent such uncontrolled
317 acpi_no_auto_serialize [HW,ACPI]
318 Disable auto-serialization of AML methods
319 AML control methods that contain the opcodes to create
320 named objects will be marked as "Serialized" by the
321 auto-serialization feature.
322 This feature is enabled by default.
323 This option allows to turn off the feature.
325 acpi_no_memhotplug [ACPI] Disable memory hotplug. Useful for kdump
328 acpi_no_static_ssdt [HW,ACPI]
329 Disable installation of static SSDTs at early boot time
330 By default, SSDTs contained in the RSDT/XSDT will be
331 installed automatically and they will appear under
332 /sys/firmware/acpi/tables.
333 This option turns off this feature.
334 Note that specifying this option does not affect
335 dynamic table installation which will install SSDT
336 tables to /sys/firmware/acpi/tables/dynamic.
338 acpi_rsdp= [ACPI,EFI,KEXEC]
339 Pass the RSDP address to the kernel, mostly used
340 on machines running EFI runtime service to boot the
341 second kernel for kdump.
343 acpi_os_name= [HW,ACPI] Tell ACPI BIOS the name of the OS
344 Format: To spoof as Windows 98: ="Microsoft Windows"
346 acpi_rev_override [ACPI] Override the _REV object to return 5 (instead
347 of 2 which is mandated by ACPI 6) as the supported ACPI
348 specification revision (when using this switch, it may
349 be necessary to carry out a cold reboot _twice_ in a
350 row to make it take effect on the platform firmware).
352 acpi_osi= [HW,ACPI] Modify list of supported OS interface strings
353 acpi_osi="string1" # add string1
354 acpi_osi="!string2" # remove string2
355 acpi_osi=!* # remove all strings
356 acpi_osi=! # disable all built-in OS vendor
358 acpi_osi=!! # enable all built-in OS vendor
360 acpi_osi= # disable all strings
362 'acpi_osi=!' can be used in combination with single or
363 multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific OS
364 vendor string(s). Note that such command can only
365 affect the default state of the OS vendor strings, thus
366 it cannot affect the default state of the feature group
367 strings and the current state of the OS vendor strings,
368 specifying it multiple times through kernel command line
369 is meaningless. This command is useful when one do not
370 care about the state of the feature group strings which
371 should be controlled by the OSPM.
373 1. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is equivalent
374 to 'acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!', they all
375 can make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE.
377 'acpi_osi=' cannot be used in combination with other
378 'acpi_osi=' command lines, the _OSI method will not
379 exist in the ACPI namespace. NOTE that such command can
380 only affect the _OSI support state, thus specifying it
381 multiple times through kernel command line is also
384 1. 'acpi_osi=' can make 'CondRefOf(_OSI, Local1)'
387 'acpi_osi=!*' can be used in combination with single or
388 multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific
389 string(s). Note that such command can affect the
390 current state of both the OS vendor strings and the
391 feature group strings, thus specifying it multiple times
392 through kernel command line is meaningful. But it may
393 still not able to affect the final state of a string if
394 there are quirks related to this string. This command
395 is useful when one want to control the state of the
396 feature group strings to debug BIOS issues related to
399 1. 'acpi_osi="Module Device" acpi_osi=!*' can make
400 '_OSI("Module Device")' FALSE.
401 2. 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Module Device"' can make
402 '_OSI("Module Device")' TRUE.
403 3. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is
405 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"'
407 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!',
408 they all will make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE.
411 Override the pmtimer bug detection: force the kernel
412 to assume that this machine's pmtimer latches its value
413 and always returns good values.
415 acpi_sci= [HW,ACPI] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode
416 Format: { level | edge | high | low }
418 acpi_skip_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
419 Recognize and ignore IRQ0/pin2 Interrupt Override.
420 For broken nForce2 BIOS resulting in XT-PIC timer.
422 acpi_sleep= [HW,ACPI] Sleep options
423 Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode, s3_beep, s4_nohwsig,
424 old_ordering, nonvs, sci_force_enable }
425 See Documentation/power/video.txt for information on
427 s3_beep is for debugging; it makes the PC's speaker beep
428 as soon as the kernel's real-mode entry point is called.
429 s4_nohwsig prevents ACPI hardware signature from being
430 used during resume from hibernation.
431 old_ordering causes the ACPI 1.0 ordering of the _PTS
432 control method, with respect to putting devices into
433 low power states, to be enforced (the ACPI 2.0 ordering
434 of _PTS is used by default).
435 nonvs prevents the kernel from saving/restoring the
436 ACPI NVS memory during suspend/hibernation and resume.
437 sci_force_enable causes the kernel to set SCI_EN directly
438 on resume from S1/S3 (which is against the ACPI spec,
439 but some broken systems don't work without it).
441 acpi_use_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
442 Use timer override. For some broken Nvidia NF5 boards
443 that require a timer override, but don't have HPET
445 add_efi_memmap [EFI; X86] Include EFI memory map in
446 kernel's map of available physical RAM.
449 { off | try_unsupported }
450 off: disable AGP support
451 try_unsupported: try to drive unsupported chipsets
452 (may crash computer or cause data corruption)
455 See Documentation/sound/alsa/alsa-parameters.txt
458 Allow the default userspace alignment fault handler
459 behaviour to be specified. Bit 0 enables warnings,
460 bit 1 enables fixups, and bit 2 sends a segfault.
462 align_va_addr= [X86-64]
463 Align virtual addresses by clearing slice [14:12] when
464 allocating a VMA at process creation time. This option
465 gives you up to 3% performance improvement on AMD F15h
466 machines (where it is enabled by default) for a
467 CPU-intensive style benchmark, and it can vary highly in
468 a microbenchmark depending on workload and compiler.
470 32: only for 32-bit processes
471 64: only for 64-bit processes
472 on: enable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
473 off: disable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
475 alloc_snapshot [FTRACE]
476 Allocate the ftrace snapshot buffer on boot up when the
477 main buffer is allocated. This is handy if debugging
478 and you need to use tracing_snapshot() on boot up, and
479 do not want to use tracing_snapshot_alloc() as it needs
480 to be done where GFP_KERNEL allocations are allowed.
482 amd_iommu= [HW,X86-64]
483 Pass parameters to the AMD IOMMU driver in the system.
485 fullflush - enable flushing of IO/TLB entries when
486 they are unmapped. Otherwise they are
487 flushed before they will be reused, which
489 off - do not initialize any AMD IOMMU found in
491 force_isolation - Force device isolation for all
492 devices. The IOMMU driver is not
493 allowed anymore to lift isolation
494 requirements as needed. This option
495 does not override iommu=pt
497 amd_iommu_dump= [HW,X86-64]
498 Enable AMD IOMMU driver option to dump the ACPI table
499 for AMD IOMMU. With this option enabled, AMD IOMMU
500 driver will print ACPI tables for AMD IOMMU during
501 IOMMU initialization.
503 amd_iommu_intr= [HW,X86-64]
504 Specifies one of the following AMD IOMMU interrupt
506 legacy - Use legacy interrupt remapping mode.
507 vapic - Use virtual APIC mode, which allows IOMMU
508 to inject interrupts directly into guest.
509 This mode requires kvm-amd.avic=1.
510 (Default when IOMMU HW support is present.)
512 amijoy.map= [HW,JOY] Amiga joystick support
513 Map of devices attached to JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT
515 See also Documentation/input/joystick.txt
517 analog.map= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick and gamepad support
518 Specifies type or capabilities of an analog joystick
519 connected to one of 16 gameports
520 Format: <type1>,<type2>,..<type16>
523 Power management functions (SPARCstation-4/5 + deriv.)
525 Disable APC CPU standby support. SPARCstation-Fox does
526 not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have
527 APC and your system crashes randomly.
529 apic= [APIC,X86-32] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
530 Change the output verbosity whilst booting
531 Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug }
532 Change the amount of debugging information output
533 when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components.
535 apic_extnmi= [APIC,X86] External NMI delivery setting
536 Format: { bsp (default) | all | none }
537 bsp: External NMI is delivered only to CPU 0
538 all: External NMIs are broadcast to all CPUs as a
540 none: External NMI is masked for all CPUs. This is
541 useful so that a dump capture kernel won't be
545 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
547 show_lapic= [APIC,X86] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
548 Limit apic dumping. The parameter defines the maximal
549 number of local apics being dumped. Also it is possible
550 to set it to "all" by meaning -- no limit here.
551 Format: { 1 (default) | 2 | ... | all }.
552 The parameter valid if only apic=debug or
553 apic=verbose is specified.
554 Example: apic=debug show_lapic=all
556 apm= [APM] Advanced Power Management
557 See header of arch/x86/kernel/apm_32.c.
559 arcrimi= [HW,NET] ARCnet - "RIM I" (entirely mem-mapped) cards
560 Format: <io>,<irq>,<nodeID>
564 atarimouse= [HW,MOUSE] Atari Mouse
566 atkbd.extra= [HW] Enable extra LEDs and keys on IBM RapidAccess,
567 EzKey and similar keyboards
569 atkbd.reset= [HW] Reset keyboard during initialization
571 atkbd.set= [HW] Select keyboard code set
572 Format: <int> (2 = AT (default), 3 = PS/2)
574 atkbd.scroll= [HW] Enable scroll wheel on MS Office and similar
577 atkbd.softraw= [HW] Choose between synthetic and real raw mode
578 Format: <bool> (0 = real, 1 = synthetic (default))
580 atkbd.softrepeat= [HW]
581 Use software keyboard repeat
583 audit= [KNL] Enable the audit sub-system
584 Format: { "0" | "1" } (0 = disabled, 1 = enabled)
585 0 - kernel audit is disabled and can not be enabled
586 until the next reboot
587 unset - kernel audit is initialized but disabled and
588 will be fully enabled by the userspace auditd.
589 1 - kernel audit is initialized and partially enabled,
590 storing at most audit_backlog_limit messages in
591 RAM until it is fully enabled by the userspace
595 audit_backlog_limit= [KNL] Set the audit queue size limit.
596 Format: <int> (must be >=0)
599 bau= [X86_UV] Enable the BAU on SGI UV. The default
600 behavior is to disable the BAU (i.e. bau=0).
601 Format: { "0" | "1" }
604 unset - Disable the BAU.
606 baycom_epp= [HW,AX25]
609 baycom_par= [HW,AX25] BayCom Parallel Port AX.25 Modem
611 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_par.c.
613 baycom_ser_fdx= [HW,AX25]
614 BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Full Duplex Mode)
615 Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>[,<baud>]
616 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_fdx.c.
618 baycom_ser_hdx= [HW,AX25]
619 BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Half Duplex Mode)
620 Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>
621 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_hdx.c.
623 blkdevparts= Manual partition parsing of block device(s) for
624 embedded devices based on command line input.
625 See Documentation/block/cmdline-partition.txt
627 boot_delay= Milliseconds to delay each printk during boot.
628 Values larger than 10 seconds (10000) are changed to
632 bootmem_debug [KNL] Enable bootmem allocator debug messages.
635 Disable BERT OS support on buggy BIOSes.
637 bttv.card= [HW,V4L] bttv (bt848 + bt878 based grabber cards)
638 bttv.radio= Most important insmod options are available as
640 bttv.pll= See Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Insmod-options
643 bulk_remove=off [PPC] This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
644 firmware feature for flushing multiple hpte entries
647 c101= [NET] Moxa C101 synchronous serial card
649 cachesize= [BUGS=X86-32] Override level 2 CPU cache size detection.
650 Sometimes CPU hardware bugs make them report the cache
651 size incorrectly. The kernel will attempt work arounds
652 to fix known problems, but for some CPUs it is not
653 possible to determine what the correct size should be.
654 This option provides an override for these situations.
656 ca_keys= [KEYS] This parameter identifies a specific key(s) on
657 the system trusted keyring to be used for certificate
659 format: { id:<keyid> | builtin }
661 cca= [MIPS] Override the kernel pages' cache coherency
662 algorithm. Accepted values range from 0 to 7
663 inclusive. See arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-bits.h
664 for platform specific values (SB1, Loongson3 and
667 ccw_timeout_log [S390]
668 See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details.
670 cgroup_disable= [KNL] Disable a particular controller
671 Format: {name of the controller(s) to disable}
672 The effects of cgroup_disable=foo are:
673 - foo isn't auto-mounted if you mount all cgroups in
675 - foo isn't visible as an individually mountable
677 {Currently only "memory" controller deal with this and
678 cut the overhead, others just disable the usage. So
679 only cgroup_disable=memory is actually worthy}
681 cgroup_no_v1= [KNL] Disable one, multiple, all cgroup controllers in v1
682 Format: { controller[,controller...] | "all" }
683 Like cgroup_disable, but only applies to cgroup v1;
684 the blacklisted controllers remain available in cgroup2.
686 cgroup.memory= [KNL] Pass options to the cgroup memory controller.
688 nosocket -- Disable socket memory accounting.
689 nokmem -- Disable kernel memory accounting.
691 checkreqprot [SELINUX] Set initial checkreqprot flag value.
692 Format: { "0" | "1" }
693 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
694 0 -- check protection applied by kernel (includes
695 any implied execute protection).
696 1 -- check protection requested by application.
697 Default value is set via a kernel config option.
698 Value can be changed at runtime via
699 /selinux/checkreqprot.
702 See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details.
705 Prevents the clock framework from automatically gating
706 clocks that have not been explicitly enabled by a Linux
707 device driver but are enabled in hardware at reset or
708 by the bootloader/firmware. Note that this does not
709 force such clocks to be always-on nor does it reserve
710 those clocks in any way. This parameter is useful for
711 debug and development, but should not be needed on a
712 platform with proper driver support. For more
713 information, see Documentation/clk.txt.
715 clock= [BUGS=X86-32, HW] gettimeofday clocksource override.
717 Forces specified clocksource (if available) to be used
718 when calculating gettimeofday(). If specified
719 clocksource is not available, it defaults to PIT.
720 Format: { pit | tsc | cyclone | pmtmr }
722 clocksource= Override the default clocksource
724 Override the default clocksource and use the clocksource
725 with the name specified.
726 Some clocksource names to choose from, depending on
728 [all] jiffies (this is the base, fallback clocksource)
730 [ARM] imx_timer1,OSTS,netx_timer,mpu_timer2,
731 pxa_timer,timer3,32k_counter,timer0_1
733 [X86-32] pit,hpet,tsc;
734 scx200_hrt on Geode; cyclone on IBM x440
742 clocksource.arm_arch_timer.evtstrm=
745 Enable/disable the eventstream feature of the ARM
746 architected timer so that code using WFE-based polling
747 loops can be debugged more effectively on production
750 clocksource.arm_arch_timer.fsl-a008585=
753 Enable/disable the workaround of Freescale/NXP
754 erratum A-008585. This can be useful for KVM
755 guests, if the guest device tree doesn't show the
756 erratum. If unspecified, the workaround is
757 enabled based on the device tree.
759 clearcpuid=BITNUM [X86]
760 Disable CPUID feature X for the kernel. See
761 arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h for the valid bit
762 numbers. Note the Linux specific bits are not necessarily
763 stable over kernel options, but the vendor specific
765 Also note that user programs calling CPUID directly
766 or using the feature without checking anything
767 will still see it. This just prevents it from
768 being used by the kernel or shown in /proc/cpuinfo.
769 Also note the kernel might malfunction if you disable
772 cma=nn[MG]@[start[MG][-end[MG]]]
774 Sets the size of kernel global memory area for
775 contiguous memory allocations and optionally the
776 placement constraint by the physical address range of
777 memory allocations. A value of 0 disables CMA
778 altogether. For more information, see
779 include/linux/dma-contiguous.h
781 cmo_free_hint= [PPC] Format: { yes | no }
782 Specify whether pages are marked as being inactive
783 when they are freed. This is used in CMO environments
784 to determine OS memory pressure for page stealing by
788 coherent_pool=nn[KMG] [ARM,KNL]
789 Sets the size of memory pool for coherent, atomic dma
790 allocations, by default set to 256K.
792 code_bytes [X86] How many bytes of object code to print
797 com20020= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset
799 <io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]]
801 com90io= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (IO-mapped buffers)
805 ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (memory-mapped buffers)
806 Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<memstart>]]
808 condev= [HW,S390] console device
811 console= [KNL] Output console device and options.
813 tty<n> Use the virtual console device <n>.
817 Use the specified serial port. The options are of
818 the form "bbbbpnf", where "bbbb" is the baud rate,
819 "p" is parity ("n", "o", or "e"), "n" is number of
820 bits, and "f" is flow control ("r" for RTS or
821 omit it). Default is "9600n8".
823 See Documentation/serial-console.txt for more
825 Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt for an
828 uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
829 uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
830 uart[8250],mmio16,<addr>[,options]
831 uart[8250],mmio32,<addr>[,options]
832 uart[8250],0x<addr>[,options]
833 Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
834 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address,
835 switching to the matching ttyS device later.
836 MMIO inter-register address stride is either 8-bit
837 (mmio), 16-bit (mmio16), or 32-bit (mmio32).
838 If none of [io|mmio|mmio16|mmio32], <addr> is assumed
839 to be equivalent to 'mmio'. 'options' are specified in
840 the same format described for ttyS above; if unspecified,
841 the h/w is not re-initialized.
843 hvc<n> Use the hypervisor console device <n>. This is for
844 both Xen and PowerPC hypervisors.
846 If the device connected to the port is not a TTY but a braille
847 device, prepend "brl," before the device type, for instance
849 For now, only VisioBraille is supported.
851 consoleblank= [KNL] The console blank (screen saver) timeout in
852 seconds. Defaults to 10*60 = 10mins. A value of 0
853 disables the blank timer.
856 [KNL] Change the default value for
857 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter.
858 See also Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt.
860 cpuidle.off=1 [CPU_IDLE]
861 disable the cpuidle sub-system
864 [X86] Delay for N microsec between assert and de-assert
865 of APIC INIT to start processors. This delay occurs
866 on every CPU online, such as boot, and resume from suspend.
869 cpcihp_generic= [HW,PCI] Generic port I/O CompactPCI driver
871 <first_slot>,<last_slot>,<port>,<enum_bit>[,<debug>]
873 crashkernel=size[KMG][@offset[KMG]]
874 [KNL] Using kexec, Linux can switch to a 'crash kernel'
875 upon panic. This parameter reserves the physical
876 memory region [offset, offset + size] for that kernel
877 image. If '@offset' is omitted, then a suitable offset
878 is selected automatically. Check
879 Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for further details.
881 crashkernel=range1:size1[,range2:size2,...][@offset]
882 [KNL] Same as above, but depends on the memory
883 in the running system. The syntax of range is
884 start-[end] where start and end are both
885 a memory unit (amount[KMG]). See also
886 Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for an example.
888 crashkernel=size[KMG],high
889 [KNL, x86_64] range could be above 4G. Allow kernel
890 to allocate physical memory region from top, so could
891 be above 4G if system have more than 4G ram installed.
892 Otherwise memory region will be allocated below 4G, if
894 It will be ignored if crashkernel=X is specified.
895 crashkernel=size[KMG],low
896 [KNL, x86_64] range under 4G. When crashkernel=X,high
897 is passed, kernel could allocate physical memory region
898 above 4G, that cause second kernel crash on system
899 that require some amount of low memory, e.g. swiotlb
900 requires at least 64M+32K low memory, also enough extra
901 low memory is needed to make sure DMA buffers for 32-bit
902 devices won't run out. Kernel would try to allocate at
903 at least 256M below 4G automatically.
904 This one let user to specify own low range under 4G
905 for second kernel instead.
906 0: to disable low allocation.
907 It will be ignored when crashkernel=X,high is not used
908 or memory reserved is below 4G.
911 [KNL] Disable crypto self-tests
916 cs89x0_media= [HW,NET]
917 Format: { rj45 | aui | bnc }
920 See header of drivers/s390/block/dasd_devmap.c.
922 db9.dev[2|3]= [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick support via parallel port
923 (one device per port)
924 Format: <port#>,<type>
925 See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
927 ddebug_query= [KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG] Enable debug messages at early boot
928 time. See Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for
929 details. Deprecated, see dyndbg.
931 debug [KNL] Enable kernel debugging (events log level).
934 [KNL] verbose self-tests
936 Print debugging info while doing the locking API
938 We default to 0 (no extra messages), setting it to
939 1 will print _a lot_ more information - normally
940 only useful to kernel developers.
942 debug_objects [KNL] Enable object debugging
945 [KNL] Disable object debugging
947 debug_guardpage_minorder=
948 [KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is set, this
949 parameter allows control of the order of pages that will
950 be intentionally kept free (and hence protected) by the
951 buddy allocator. Bigger value increase the probability
952 of catching random memory corruption, but reduce the
953 amount of memory for normal system use. The maximum
954 possible value is MAX_ORDER/2. Setting this parameter
955 to 1 or 2 should be enough to identify most random
956 memory corruption problems caused by bugs in kernel or
957 driver code when a CPU writes to (or reads from) a
958 random memory location. Note that there exists a class
959 of memory corruptions problems caused by buggy H/W or
960 F/W or by drivers badly programing DMA (basically when
961 memory is written at bus level and the CPU MMU is
962 bypassed) which are not detectable by
963 CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, hence this option will not help
964 tracking down these problems.
967 [KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is set, this
968 parameter enables the feature at boot time. In
969 default, it is disabled. We can avoid allocating huge
970 chunk of memory for debug pagealloc if we don't enable
971 it at boot time and the system will work mostly same
972 with the kernel built without CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC.
973 on: enable the feature
975 debugpat [X86] Enable PAT debugging
977 decnet.addr= [HW,NET]
978 Format: <area>[,<node>]
979 See also Documentation/networking/decnet.txt.
982 [same as hugepagesz=] The size of the default
983 HugeTLB page size. This is the size represented by
984 the legacy /proc/ hugepages APIs, used for SHM, and
985 default size when mounting hugetlbfs filesystems.
986 Defaults to the default architecture's huge page size
990 Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache.
992 disable_1tb_segments [PPC]
993 Disables the use of 1TB hash page table segments. This
994 causes the kernel to fall back to 256MB segments which
995 can be useful when debugging issues that require an SLB
999 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
1002 Disable RADIX MMU mode on POWER9
1004 disable_cpu_apicid= [X86,APIC,SMP]
1006 The number of initial APIC ID for the
1007 corresponding CPU to be disabled at boot,
1008 mostly used for the kdump 2nd kernel to
1009 disable BSP to wake up multiple CPUs without
1010 causing system reset or hang due to sending
1011 INIT from AP to BSP.
1013 disable_ddw [PPC/PSERIES]
1014 Disable Dynamic DMA Window support. Use this if
1015 to workaround buggy firmware.
1017 disable_ipv6= [IPV6]
1018 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
1020 disable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
1021 The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
1022 to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
1023 entry later. This parameter disables that.
1025 disable_mtrr_trim [X86, Intel and AMD only]
1026 By default the kernel will trim any uncacheable
1027 memory out of your available memory pool based on
1028 MTRR settings. This parameter disables that behavior,
1029 possibly causing your machine to run very slowly.
1031 disable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
1032 Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer
1033 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs.
1035 dis_ucode_ldr [X86] Disable the microcode loader.
1037 dma_debug=off If the kernel is compiled with DMA_API_DEBUG support,
1038 this option disables the debugging code at boot.
1040 dma_debug_entries=<number>
1041 This option allows to tune the number of preallocated
1042 entries for DMA-API debugging code. One entry is
1043 required per DMA-API allocation. Use this if the
1044 DMA-API debugging code disables itself because the
1045 architectural default is too low.
1047 dma_debug_driver=<driver_name>
1048 With this option the DMA-API debugging driver
1049 filter feature can be enabled at boot time. Just
1050 pass the driver to filter for as the parameter.
1051 The filter can be disabled or changed to another
1052 driver later using sysfs.
1054 drm_kms_helper.edid_firmware=[<connector>:]<file>[,[<connector>:]<file>]
1055 Broken monitors, graphic adapters, KVMs and EDIDless
1056 panels may send no or incorrect EDID data sets.
1057 This parameter allows to specify an EDID data sets
1058 in the /lib/firmware directory that are used instead.
1059 Generic built-in EDID data sets are used, if one of
1060 edid/1024x768.bin, edid/1280x1024.bin,
1061 edid/1680x1050.bin, or edid/1920x1080.bin is given
1062 and no file with the same name exists. Details and
1063 instructions how to build your own EDID data are
1064 available in Documentation/EDID/HOWTO.txt. An EDID
1065 data set will only be used for a particular connector,
1066 if its name and a colon are prepended to the EDID
1067 name. Each connector may use a unique EDID data
1068 set by separating the files with a comma. An EDID
1069 data set with no connector name will be used for
1070 any connectors not explicitly specified.
1074 dyndbg[="val"] [KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG]
1075 module.dyndbg[="val"]
1076 Enable debug messages at boot time. See
1077 Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for details.
1079 nompx [X86] Disables Intel Memory Protection Extensions.
1080 See Documentation/x86/intel_mpx.txt for more
1081 information about the feature.
1083 nopku [X86] Disable Memory Protection Keys CPU feature found
1086 module.async_probe [KNL]
1087 Enable asynchronous probe on this module.
1089 early_ioremap_debug [KNL]
1090 Enable debug messages in early_ioremap support. This
1091 is useful for tracking down temporary early mappings
1092 which are not unmapped.
1094 earlycon= [KNL] Output early console device and options.
1096 When used with no options, the early console is
1097 determined by the stdout-path property in device
1100 cdns,<addr>[,options]
1101 Start an early, polled-mode console on a Cadence
1102 (xuartps) serial port at the specified address. Only
1103 supported option is baud rate. If baud rate is not
1104 specified, the serial port must already be setup and
1107 uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
1108 uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
1109 uart[8250],mmio32,<addr>[,options]
1110 uart[8250],mmio32be,<addr>[,options]
1111 uart[8250],0x<addr>[,options]
1112 Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
1113 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address.
1114 MMIO inter-register address stride is either 8-bit
1115 (mmio) or 32-bit (mmio32 or mmio32be).
1116 If none of [io|mmio|mmio32|mmio32be], <addr> is assumed
1117 to be equivalent to 'mmio'. 'options' are specified
1118 in the same format described for "console=ttyS<n>"; if
1119 unspecified, the h/w is not initialized.
1123 Start an early, polled-mode console on a pl011 serial
1124 port at the specified address. The pl011 serial port
1125 must already be setup and configured. Options are not
1126 yet supported. If 'mmio32' is specified, then only
1127 the driver will use only 32-bit accessors to read/write
1128 the device registers.
1131 Start an early, polled-mode console on a meson serial
1132 port at the specified address. The serial port must
1133 already be setup and configured. Options are not yet
1137 Start an early, polled-mode console on an msm serial
1138 port at the specified address. The serial port
1139 must already be setup and configured. Options are not
1142 msm_serial_dm,<addr>
1143 Start an early, polled-mode console on an msm serial
1144 dm port at the specified address. The serial port
1145 must already be setup and configured. Options are not
1148 smh Use ARM semihosting calls for early console.
1156 Use early console provided by serial driver available
1157 on Samsung SoCs, requires selecting proper type and
1158 a correct base address of the selected UART port. The
1159 serial port must already be setup and configured.
1160 Options are not yet supported.
1164 Use early console provided by Freescale LP UART driver
1165 found on Freescale Vybrid and QorIQ LS1021A processors.
1166 A valid base address must be provided, and the serial
1167 port must already be setup and configured.
1169 armada3700_uart,<addr>
1170 Start an early, polled-mode console on the
1171 Armada 3700 serial port at the specified
1172 address. The serial port must already be setup
1173 and configured. Options are not yet supported.
1175 earlyprintk= [X86,SH,BLACKFIN,ARM,M68k]
1179 earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]
1180 earlyprintk=serial[,0x...[,baudrate]]
1181 earlyprintk=ttySn[,baudrate]
1182 earlyprintk=dbgp[debugController#]
1183 earlyprintk=pciserial,bus:device.function[,baudrate]
1185 earlyprintk is useful when the kernel crashes before
1186 the normal console is initialized. It is not enabled by
1187 default because it has some cosmetic problems.
1189 Append ",keep" to not disable it when the real console
1192 Only one of vga, efi, serial, or usb debug port can
1195 Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 may be specified by
1196 name. Other I/O ports may be explicitly specified
1197 on some architectures (x86 and arm at least) by
1198 replacing ttySn with an I/O port address, like this:
1199 earlyprintk=serial,0x1008,115200
1200 You can find the port for a given device in
1201 /proc/tty/driver/serial:
1202 2: uart:ST16650V2 port:00001008 irq:18 ...
1204 Interaction with the standard serial driver is not
1207 The VGA and EFI output is eventually overwritten by
1210 The xen output can only be used by Xen PV guests.
1212 edac_report= [HW,EDAC] Control how to report EDAC event
1213 Format: {"on" | "off" | "force"}
1214 on: enable EDAC to report H/W event. May be overridden
1215 by other higher priority error reporting module.
1216 off: disable H/W event reporting through EDAC.
1217 force: enforce the use of EDAC to report H/W event.
1220 ekgdboc= [X86,KGDB] Allow early kernel console debugging
1223 This is designed to be used in conjunction with
1224 the boot argument: earlyprintk=vga
1227 Format: {"off" | "on" | "skip[mbr]"}
1230 Format: { "old_map", "nochunk", "noruntime", "debug" }
1231 old_map [X86-64]: switch to the old ioremap-based EFI
1232 runtime services mapping. 32-bit still uses this one by
1234 nochunk: disable reading files in "chunks" in the EFI
1235 boot stub, as chunking can cause problems with some
1236 firmware implementations.
1237 noruntime : disable EFI runtime services support
1238 debug: enable misc debug output
1240 efi_no_storage_paranoia [EFI; X86]
1241 Using this parameter you can use more than 50% of
1242 your efi variable storage. Use this parameter only if
1243 you are really sure that your UEFI does sane gc and
1244 fulfills the spec otherwise your board may brick.
1246 efi_fake_mem= nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]:aa[,nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]:aa,..] [EFI; X86]
1247 Add arbitrary attribute to specific memory range by
1248 updating original EFI memory map.
1249 Region of memory which aa attribute is added to is
1251 If efi_fake_mem=2G@4G:0x10000,2G@0x10a0000000:0x10000
1252 is specified, EFI_MEMORY_MORE_RELIABLE(0x10000)
1253 attribute is added to range 0x100000000-0x180000000 and
1254 0x10a0000000-0x1120000000.
1256 Using this parameter you can do debugging of EFI memmap
1257 related feature. For example, you can do debugging of
1258 Address Range Mirroring feature even if your box
1261 efivar_ssdt= [EFI; X86] Name of an EFI variable that contains an SSDT
1262 that is to be dynamically loaded by Linux. If there are
1263 multiple variables with the same name but with different
1264 vendor GUIDs, all of them will be loaded. See
1265 Documentation/acpi/ssdt-overlays.txt for details.
1268 eisa_irq_edge= [PARISC,HW]
1269 See header of drivers/parisc/eisa.c.
1272 See comment before function elanfreq_setup() in
1273 arch/x86/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c.
1276 Format: {"cfq" | "deadline" | "noop"}
1277 See Documentation/block/cfq-iosched.txt and
1278 Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt for details.
1280 elfcorehdr=[size[KMG]@]offset[KMG] [IA64,PPC,SH,X86,S390]
1281 Specifies physical address of start of kernel core
1282 image elf header and optionally the size. Generally
1283 kexec loader will pass this option to capture kernel.
1284 See Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for details.
1286 enable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
1287 The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
1288 to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
1289 entry later. This parameter enables that.
1291 enable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
1292 Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer
1293 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs
1294 (in particular on some ATI chipsets).
1295 The kernel tries to set a reasonable default.
1297 enforcing [SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status.
1299 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
1300 0 -- permissive (log only, no denials).
1301 1 -- enforcing (deny and log).
1303 Value can be changed at runtime via /selinux/enforce.
1306 Disable Error Record Serialization Table (ERST)
1309 ether= [HW,NET] Ethernet cards parameters
1310 This option is obsoleted by the "netdev=" option, which
1311 has equivalent usage. See its documentation for details.
1315 Permit 'security.evm' to be updated regardless of
1316 current integrity status.
1320 fail_make_request=[KNL]
1321 General fault injection mechanism.
1322 Format: <interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times>
1323 See also Documentation/fault-injection/.
1326 See Documentation/blockdev/floppy.txt.
1328 force_pal_cache_flush
1329 [IA-64] Avoid check_sal_cache_flush which may hang on
1330 buggy SAL_CACHE_FLUSH implementations. Using this
1331 parameter will force ia64_sal_cache_flush to call
1332 ia64_pal_cache_flush instead of SAL_CACHE_FLUSH.
1335 Forcefully enable Physical Address Extension (PAE).
1336 Many Pentium M systems disable PAE but may have a
1337 functionally usable PAE implementation.
1338 Warning: use of this parameter will taint the kernel
1339 and may cause unknown problems.
1342 [FTRACE] will set and start the specified tracer
1343 as early as possible in order to facilitate early
1346 ftrace_dump_on_oops[=orig_cpu]
1347 [FTRACE] will dump the trace buffers on oops.
1348 If no parameter is passed, ftrace will dump
1349 buffers of all CPUs, but if you pass orig_cpu, it will
1350 dump only the buffer of the CPU that triggered the
1353 ftrace_filter=[function-list]
1354 [FTRACE] Limit the functions traced by the function
1355 tracer at boot up. function-list is a comma separated
1356 list of functions. This list can be changed at run
1357 time by the set_ftrace_filter file in the debugfs
1360 ftrace_notrace=[function-list]
1361 [FTRACE] Do not trace the functions specified in
1362 function-list. This list can be changed at run time
1363 by the set_ftrace_notrace file in the debugfs
1366 ftrace_graph_filter=[function-list]
1367 [FTRACE] Limit the top level callers functions traced
1368 by the function graph tracer at boot up.
1369 function-list is a comma separated list of functions
1370 that can be changed at run time by the
1371 set_graph_function file in the debugfs tracing directory.
1373 ftrace_graph_notrace=[function-list]
1374 [FTRACE] Do not trace from the functions specified in
1375 function-list. This list is a comma separated list of
1376 functions that can be changed at run time by the
1377 set_graph_notrace file in the debugfs tracing directory.
1380 [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick and NES/SNES/PSX pad
1381 support via parallel port (up to 5 devices per port)
1382 Format: <port#>,<pad1>,<pad2>,<pad3>,<pad4>,<pad5>
1383 See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
1387 gart_fix_e820= [X86_64] disable the fix e820 for K8 GART
1391 gcov_persist= [GCOV] When non-zero (default), profiling data for
1392 kernel modules is saved and remains accessible via
1393 debugfs, even when the module is unloaded/reloaded.
1394 When zero, profiling data is discarded and associated
1395 debugfs files are removed at module unload time.
1397 goldfish [X86] Enable the goldfish android emulator platform.
1398 Don't use this when you are not running on the
1401 gpt [EFI] Forces disk with valid GPT signature but
1402 invalid Protective MBR to be treated as GPT. If the
1403 primary GPT is corrupted, it enables the backup/alternate
1404 GPT to be used instead.
1406 grcan.enable0= [HW] Configuration of physical interface 0. Determines
1407 the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
1410 grcan.enable1= [HW] Configuration of physical interface 1. Determines
1411 the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
1414 grcan.select= [HW] Select which physical interface to use.
1417 grcan.txsize= [HW] Sets the size of the tx buffer.
1418 Format: <unsigned int> such that (txsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
1420 grcan.rxsize= [HW] Sets the size of the rx buffer.
1421 Format: <unsigned int> such that (rxsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
1424 gpio-mockup.gpio_mockup_ranges
1425 [HW] Sets the ranges of gpiochip of for this device.
1426 Format: <start1>,<end1>,<start2>,<end2>...
1428 hardlockup_all_cpu_backtrace=
1429 [KNL] Should the hard-lockup detector generate
1430 backtraces on all cpus.
1433 hashdist= [KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot
1434 are distributed across NUMA nodes. Defaults on
1435 for 64-bit NUMA, off otherwise.
1436 Format: 0 | 1 (for off | on)
1438 hcl= [IA-64] SGI's Hardware Graph compatibility layer
1440 hd= [EIDE] (E)IDE hard drive subsystem geometry
1441 Format: <cyl>,<head>,<sect>
1444 Disable Hardware Error Source Table (HEST) support;
1445 corresponding firmware-first mode error processing
1446 logic will be disabled.
1448 highmem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] forces the highmem zone to have an exact
1449 size of <nn>. This works even on boxes that have no
1450 highmem otherwise. This also works to reduce highmem
1451 size on bigger boxes.
1453 highres= [KNL] Enable/disable high resolution timer mode.
1454 Valid parameters: "on", "off"
1458 See Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax.
1462 hpet= [X86-32,HPET] option to control HPET usage
1463 Format: { enable (default) | disable | force |
1465 disable: disable HPET and use PIT instead
1466 force: allow force enabled of undocumented chips (ICH4,
1468 verbose: show contents of HPET registers during setup
1470 hpet_mmap= [X86, HPET_MMAP] Allow userspace to mmap HPET
1471 registers. Default set by CONFIG_HPET_MMAP_DEFAULT.
1473 hugepages= [HW,X86-32,IA-64] HugeTLB pages to allocate at boot.
1474 hugepagesz= [HW,IA-64,PPC,X86-64] The size of the HugeTLB pages.
1475 On x86-64 and powerpc, this option can be specified
1476 multiple times interleaved with hugepages= to reserve
1477 huge pages of different sizes. Valid pages sizes on
1478 x86-64 are 2M (when the CPU supports "pse") and 1G
1479 (when the CPU supports the "pdpe1gb" cpuinfo flag).
1481 hvc_iucv= [S390] Number of z/VM IUCV hypervisor console (HVC)
1482 terminal devices. Valid values: 0..8
1483 hvc_iucv_allow= [S390] Comma-separated list of z/VM user IDs.
1484 If specified, z/VM IUCV HVC accepts connections
1485 from listed z/VM user IDs only.
1487 hwthread_map= [METAG] Comma-separated list of Linux cpu id to
1488 hardware thread id mappings.
1489 Format: <cpu>:<hwthread>
1492 Do not unregister boot console at start. This is only
1493 useful for debugging when something happens in the window
1494 between unregistering the boot console and initializing
1497 i2c_bus= [HW] Override the default board specific I2C bus speed
1498 or register an additional I2C bus that is not
1499 registered from board initialization code.
1503 i8042.debug [HW] Toggle i8042 debug mode
1504 i8042.unmask_kbd_data
1505 [HW] Enable printing of interrupt data from the KBD port
1506 (disabled by default, and as a pre-condition
1507 requires that i8042.debug=1 be enabled)
1508 i8042.direct [HW] Put keyboard port into non-translated mode
1509 i8042.dumbkbd [HW] Pretend that controller can only read data from
1510 keyboard and cannot control its state
1511 (Don't attempt to blink the leds)
1512 i8042.noaux [HW] Don't check for auxiliary (== mouse) port
1513 i8042.nokbd [HW] Don't check/create keyboard port
1514 i8042.noloop [HW] Disable the AUX Loopback command while probing
1516 i8042.nomux [HW] Don't check presence of an active multiplexing
1518 i8042.nopnp [HW] Don't use ACPIPnP / PnPBIOS to discover KBD/AUX
1520 i8042.notimeout [HW] Ignore timeout condition signalled by controller
1521 i8042.reset [HW] Reset the controller during init, cleanup and
1522 suspend-to-ram transitions, only during s2r
1523 transitions, or never reset
1524 Format: { 1 | Y | y | 0 | N | n }
1525 1, Y, y: always reset controller
1526 0, N, n: don't ever reset controller
1527 Default: only on s2r transitions on x86; most other
1528 architectures force reset to be always executed
1529 i8042.unlock [HW] Unlock (ignore) the keylock
1530 i8042.kbdreset [HW] Reset device connected to KBD port
1534 i8k.ignore_dmi [HW] Continue probing hardware even if DMI data
1535 indicates that the driver is running on unsupported
1537 i8k.force [HW] Activate i8k driver even if SMM BIOS signature
1538 does not match list of supported models.
1540 [HW] Report power status in /proc/i8k
1541 (disabled by default)
1542 i8k.restricted [HW] Allow controlling fans only if SYS_ADMIN
1545 i915.invert_brightness=
1546 [DRM] Invert the sense of the variable that is used to
1547 set the brightness of the panel backlight. Normally a
1548 brightness value of 0 indicates backlight switched off,
1549 and the maximum of the brightness value sets the backlight
1550 to maximum brightness. If this parameter is set to 0
1551 (default) and the machine requires it, or this parameter
1552 is set to 1, a brightness value of 0 sets the backlight
1553 to maximum brightness, and the maximum of the brightness
1554 value switches the backlight off.
1555 -1 -- never invert brightness
1556 0 -- machine default
1557 1 -- force brightness inversion
1560 Format: <io>[,<membase>[,<icn_id>[,<icn_id2>]]]
1562 ide-core.nodma= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
1563 Format: =0.0 to prevent dma on hda, =0.1 hdb =1.0 hdc
1564 .vlb_clock .pci_clock .noflush .nohpa .noprobe .nowerr
1565 .cdrom .chs .ignore_cable are additional options
1566 See Documentation/ide/ide.txt.
1568 ide-generic.probe-mask= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
1570 Probe mask for legacy ISA IDE ports. Depending on
1571 platform up to 6 ports are supported, enabled by
1572 setting corresponding bits in the mask to 1. The
1573 default value is 0x0, which has a special meaning.
1574 On systems that have PCI, it triggers scanning the
1575 PCI bus for the first and the second port, which
1576 are then probed. On systems without PCI the value
1577 of 0x0 enables probing the two first ports as if it
1580 ide-pci-generic.all-generic-ide [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
1581 Claim all unknown PCI IDE storage controllers.
1584 Format: idle=poll, idle=halt, idle=nomwait
1585 Poll forces a polling idle loop that can slightly
1586 improve the performance of waking up a idle CPU, but
1587 will use a lot of power and make the system run hot.
1589 idle=halt: Halt is forced to be used for CPU idle.
1590 In such case C2/C3 won't be used again.
1591 idle=nomwait: Disable mwait for CPU C-states
1593 ieee754= [MIPS] Select IEEE Std 754 conformance mode
1594 Format: { strict | legacy | 2008 | relaxed }
1597 Choose which programs will be accepted for execution
1598 based on the IEEE 754 NaN encoding(s) supported by
1599 the FPU and the NaN encoding requested with the value
1600 of an ELF file header flag individually set by each
1601 binary. Hardware implementations are permitted to
1602 support either or both of the legacy and the 2008 NaN
1605 Available settings are as follows:
1606 strict accept binaries that request a NaN encoding
1607 supported by the FPU
1608 legacy only accept legacy-NaN binaries, if supported
1610 2008 only accept 2008-NaN binaries, if supported
1612 relaxed accept any binaries regardless of whether
1613 supported by the FPU
1615 The FPU emulator is always able to support both NaN
1616 encodings, so if no FPU hardware is present or it has
1617 been disabled with 'nofpu', then the settings of
1618 'legacy' and '2008' strap the emulator accordingly,
1619 'relaxed' straps the emulator for both legacy-NaN and
1620 2008-NaN, whereas 'strict' enables legacy-NaN only on
1621 legacy processors and both NaN encodings on MIPS32 or
1624 The setting for ABS.fmt/NEG.fmt instruction execution
1625 mode generally follows that for the NaN encoding,
1626 except where unsupported by hardware.
1628 ignore_loglevel [KNL]
1629 Ignore loglevel setting - this will print /all/
1630 kernel messages to the console. Useful for debugging.
1631 We also add it as printk module parameter, so users
1632 could change it dynamically, usually by
1633 /sys/module/printk/parameters/ignore_loglevel.
1636 Ignore RLIMIT_DATA setting for data mappings,
1637 print warning at first misuse. Can be changed via
1638 /sys/module/kernel/parameters/ignore_rlimit_data.
1640 ihash_entries= [KNL]
1641 Set number of hash buckets for inode cache.
1643 ima_appraise= [IMA] appraise integrity measurements
1644 Format: { "off" | "enforce" | "fix" | "log" }
1647 ima_appraise_tcb [IMA]
1648 The builtin appraise policy appraises all files
1652 Format: { md5 | sha1 | rmd160 | sha256 | sha384
1656 The list of supported hash algorithms is defined
1657 in crypto/hash_info.h.
1660 The builtin measurement policy to load during IMA
1661 setup. Specyfing "tcb" as the value, measures all
1662 programs exec'd, files mmap'd for exec, and all files
1663 opened with the read mode bit set by either the
1664 effective uid (euid=0) or uid=0.
1667 ima_tcb [IMA] Deprecated. Use ima_policy= instead.
1668 Load a policy which meets the needs of the Trusted
1669 Computing Base. This means IMA will measure all
1670 programs exec'd, files mmap'd for exec, and all files
1671 opened for read by uid=0.
1674 Select one of defined IMA measurements template formats.
1675 Formats: { "ima" | "ima-ng" | "ima-sig" }
1679 [IMA] Define a custom template format.
1680 Format: { "field1|...|fieldN" }
1682 ima.ahash_minsize= [IMA] Minimum file size for asynchronous hash usage
1683 Format: <min_file_size>
1684 Set the minimal file size for using asynchronous hash.
1685 If left unspecified, ahash usage is disabled.
1687 ahash performance varies for different data sizes on
1688 different crypto accelerators. This option can be used
1689 to achieve the best performance for a particular HW.
1691 ima.ahash_bufsize= [IMA] Asynchronous hash buffer size
1693 Set hashing buffer size. Default: 4k.
1695 ahash performance varies for different chunk sizes on
1696 different crypto accelerators. This option can be used
1697 to achieve best performance for particular HW.
1701 Run specified binary instead of /sbin/init as init
1704 initcall_debug [KNL] Trace initcalls as they are executed. Useful
1705 for working out where the kernel is dying during
1708 initcall_blacklist= [KNL] Do not execute a comma-separated list of
1709 initcall functions. Useful for debugging built-in
1710 modules and initcalls.
1712 initrd= [BOOT] Specify the location of the initial ramdisk
1714 init_pkru= [x86] Specify the default memory protection keys rights
1715 register contents for all processes. 0x55555554 by
1716 default (disallow access to all but pkey 0). Can
1717 override in debugfs after boot.
1719 inport.irq= [HW] Inport (ATI XL and Microsoft) busmouse driver
1722 int_pln_enable [x86] Enable power limit notification interrupt
1724 integrity_audit=[IMA]
1725 Format: { "0" | "1" }
1726 0 -- basic integrity auditing messages. (Default)
1727 1 -- additional integrity auditing messages.
1729 intel_iommu= [DMAR] Intel IOMMU driver (DMAR) option
1731 Enable intel iommu driver.
1733 Disable intel iommu driver.
1734 igfx_off [Default Off]
1735 By default, gfx is mapped as normal device. If a gfx
1736 device has a dedicated DMAR unit, the DMAR unit is
1737 bypassed by not enabling DMAR with this option. In
1738 this case, gfx device will use physical address for
1741 With this option iommu will not optimize to look
1742 for io virtual address below 32-bit forcing dual
1743 address cycle on pci bus for cards supporting greater
1744 than 32-bit addressing. The default is to look
1745 for translation below 32-bit and if not available
1746 then look in the higher range.
1747 strict [Default Off]
1748 With this option on every unmap_single operation will
1749 result in a hardware IOTLB flush operation as opposed
1750 to batching them for performance.
1751 sp_off [Default Off]
1752 By default, super page will be supported if Intel IOMMU
1753 has the capability. With this option, super page will
1755 ecs_off [Default Off]
1756 By default, extended context tables will be supported if
1757 the hardware advertises that it has support both for the
1758 extended tables themselves, and also PASID support. With
1759 this option set, extended tables will not be used even
1760 on hardware which claims to support them.
1762 intel_idle.max_cstate= [KNL,HW,ACPI,X86]
1763 0 disables intel_idle and fall back on acpi_idle.
1764 1 to 9 specify maximum depth of C-state.
1768 Do not enable intel_pstate as the default
1769 scaling driver for the supported processors
1771 Enable intel_pstate on systems that prohibit it by default
1772 in favor of acpi-cpufreq. Forcing the intel_pstate driver
1773 instead of acpi-cpufreq may disable platform features, such
1774 as thermal controls and power capping, that rely on ACPI
1775 P-States information being indicated to OSPM and therefore
1776 should be used with caution. This option does not work with
1777 processors that aren't supported by the intel_pstate driver
1778 or on platforms that use pcc-cpufreq instead of acpi-cpufreq.
1780 Do not enable hardware P state control (HWP)
1783 Only load intel_pstate on systems which support
1784 hardware P state control (HWP) if available.
1786 Enforce ACPI _PPC performance limits. If the Fixed ACPI
1787 Description Table, specifies preferred power management
1788 profile as "Enterprise Server" or "Performance Server",
1789 then this feature is turned on by default.
1791 intremap= [X86-64, Intel-IOMMU]
1792 on enable Interrupt Remapping (default)
1793 off disable Interrupt Remapping
1794 nosid disable Source ID checking
1796 BIOS x2APIC opt-out request will be ignored
1797 nopost disable Interrupt Posting
1799 iomem= Disable strict checking of access to MMIO memory
1800 strict regions from userspace.
1815 nobypass [PPC/POWERNV]
1816 Disable IOMMU bypass, using IOMMU for PCI devices.
1819 io7= [HW] IO7 for Marvel based alpha systems
1820 See comment before marvel_specify_io7 in
1821 arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c.
1823 io_delay= [X86] I/O delay method
1825 Standard port 0x80 based delay
1827 Alternate port 0xed based delay (needed on some systems)
1829 Simple two microseconds delay
1834 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
1836 irqaffinity= [SMP] Set the default irq affinity mask
1837 The argument is a cpu list, as described above.
1840 When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
1841 for it. Intended to get systems with badly broken
1845 When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
1846 for it. Also check all handlers each timer
1847 interrupt. Intended to get systems with badly broken
1851 Format: <RDP>,<reset>,<pci_scan>,<verbosity>
1853 isolcpus= [KNL,SMP] Isolate CPUs from the general scheduler.
1854 The argument is a cpu list, as described above.
1856 This option can be used to specify one or more CPUs
1857 to isolate from the general SMP balancing and scheduling
1858 algorithms. You can move a process onto or off an
1859 "isolated" CPU via the CPU affinity syscalls or cpuset.
1860 <cpu number> begins at 0 and the maximum value is
1861 "number of CPUs in system - 1".
1863 This option is the preferred way to isolate CPUs. The
1864 alternative -- manually setting the CPU mask of all
1865 tasks in the system -- can cause problems and
1866 suboptimal load balancer performance.
1870 ivrs_ioapic [HW,X86_64]
1871 Provide an override to the IOAPIC-ID<->DEVICE-ID
1872 mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For
1873 example, to map IOAPIC-ID decimal 10 to
1874 PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as:
1875 ivrs_ioapic[10]=00:14.0
1877 ivrs_hpet [HW,X86_64]
1878 Provide an override to the HPET-ID<->DEVICE-ID
1879 mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For
1880 example, to map HPET-ID decimal 0 to
1881 PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as:
1882 ivrs_hpet[0]=00:14.0
1884 ivrs_acpihid [HW,X86_64]
1885 Provide an override to the ACPI-HID:UID<->DEVICE-ID
1886 mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For
1887 example, to map UART-HID:UID AMD0020:0 to
1888 PCI device 00:14.5 write the parameter as:
1889 ivrs_acpihid[00:14.5]=AMD0020:0
1891 js= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick
1892 See Documentation/input/joystick.txt.
1895 When CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE is set, this disables
1896 kernel and module base offset ASLR (Address Space
1897 Layout Randomization).
1901 kernelcore= [KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC]
1902 Format: nn[KMGTPE] | "mirror"
1904 specifies the amount of memory usable by the kernel
1905 for non-movable allocations. The requested amount is
1906 spread evenly throughout all nodes in the system. The
1907 remaining memory in each node is used for Movable
1908 pages. In the event, a node is too small to have both
1909 kernelcore and Movable pages, kernelcore pages will
1910 take priority and other nodes will have a larger number
1911 of Movable pages. The Movable zone is used for the
1912 allocation of pages that may be reclaimed or moved
1913 by the page migration subsystem. This means that
1914 HugeTLB pages may not be allocated from this zone.
1915 Note that allocations like PTEs-from-HighMem still
1916 use the HighMem zone if it exists, and the Normal
1917 zone if it does not.
1919 Instead of specifying the amount of memory (nn[KMGTPE]),
1920 you can specify "mirror" option. In case "mirror"
1921 option is specified, mirrored (reliable) memory is used
1922 for non-movable allocations and remaining memory is used
1923 for Movable pages. nn[KMGTPE] and "mirror" are exclusive,
1924 so you can NOT specify nn[KMGTPE] and "mirror" at the same
1927 kgdbdbgp= [KGDB,HW] kgdb over EHCI usb debug port.
1928 Format: <Controller#>[,poll interval]
1929 The controller # is the number of the ehci usb debug
1930 port as it is probed via PCI. The poll interval is
1931 optional and is the number seconds in between
1932 each poll cycle to the debug port in case you need
1933 the functionality for interrupting the kernel with
1934 gdb or control-c on the dbgp connection. When
1935 not using this parameter you use sysrq-g to break into
1936 the kernel debugger.
1938 kgdboc= [KGDB,HW] kgdb over consoles.
1939 Requires a tty driver that supports console polling,
1940 or a supported polling keyboard driver (non-usb).
1941 Serial only format: <serial_device>[,baud]
1942 keyboard only format: kbd
1943 keyboard and serial format: kbd,<serial_device>[,baud]
1944 Optional Kernel mode setting:
1945 kms, kbd format: kms,kbd
1946 kms, kbd and serial format: kms,kbd,<ser_dev>[,baud]
1948 kgdbwait [KGDB] Stop kernel execution and enter the
1949 kernel debugger at the earliest opportunity.
1951 kmac= [MIPS] korina ethernet MAC address.
1952 Configure the RouterBoard 532 series on-chip
1953 Ethernet adapter MAC address.
1955 kmemleak= [KNL] Boot-time kmemleak enable/disable
1956 Valid arguments: on, off
1958 Built with CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_DEFAULT_OFF=y,
1961 kmemcheck= [X86] Boot-time kmemcheck enable/disable/one-shot mode
1962 Valid arguments: 0, 1, 2
1963 kmemcheck=0 (disabled)
1964 kmemcheck=1 (enabled)
1965 kmemcheck=2 (one-shot mode)
1966 Default: 2 (one-shot mode)
1968 kstack=N [X86] Print N words from the kernel stack
1971 kvm.ignore_msrs=[KVM] Ignore guest accesses to unhandled MSRs.
1972 Default is 0 (don't ignore, but inject #GP)
1974 kvm.mmu_audit= [KVM] This is a R/W parameter which allows audit
1978 kvm-amd.nested= [KVM,AMD] Allow nested virtualization in KVM/SVM.
1979 Default is 1 (enabled)
1981 kvm-amd.npt= [KVM,AMD] Disable nested paging (virtualized MMU)
1983 Default is 1 (enabled) if in 64-bit or 32-bit PAE mode.
1985 kvm-intel.ept= [KVM,Intel] Disable extended page tables
1986 (virtualized MMU) support on capable Intel chips.
1987 Default is 1 (enabled)
1989 kvm-intel.emulate_invalid_guest_state=
1990 [KVM,Intel] Enable emulation of invalid guest states
1991 Default is 0 (disabled)
1993 kvm-intel.flexpriority=
1994 [KVM,Intel] Disable FlexPriority feature (TPR shadow).
1995 Default is 1 (enabled)
1998 [KVM,Intel] Enable VMX nesting (nVMX).
1999 Default is 0 (disabled)
2001 kvm-intel.unrestricted_guest=
2002 [KVM,Intel] Disable unrestricted guest feature
2003 (virtualized real and unpaged mode) on capable
2004 Intel chips. Default is 1 (enabled)
2006 kvm-intel.vmentry_l1d_flush=[KVM,Intel] Mitigation for L1 Terminal Fault
2009 Valid arguments: never, cond, always
2011 always: L1D cache flush on every VMENTER.
2012 cond: Flush L1D on VMENTER only when the code between
2013 VMEXIT and VMENTER can leak host memory.
2014 never: Disables the mitigation
2016 Default is cond (do L1 cache flush in specific instances)
2018 kvm-intel.vpid= [KVM,Intel] Disable Virtual Processor Identification
2019 feature (tagged TLBs) on capable Intel chips.
2020 Default is 1 (enabled)
2022 l1tf= [X86] Control mitigation of the L1TF vulnerability on
2025 The kernel PTE inversion protection is unconditionally
2026 enabled and cannot be disabled.
2029 Provides all available mitigations for the
2030 L1TF vulnerability. Disables SMT and
2031 enables all mitigations in the
2032 hypervisors, i.e. unconditional L1D flush.
2034 SMT control and L1D flush control via the
2035 sysfs interface is still possible after
2036 boot. Hypervisors will issue a warning
2037 when the first VM is started in a
2038 potentially insecure configuration,
2039 i.e. SMT enabled or L1D flush disabled.
2042 Same as 'full', but disables SMT and L1D
2043 flush runtime control. Implies the
2044 'nosmt=force' command line option.
2045 (i.e. sysfs control of SMT is disabled.)
2048 Leaves SMT enabled and enables the default
2049 hypervisor mitigation, i.e. conditional
2052 SMT control and L1D flush control via the
2053 sysfs interface is still possible after
2054 boot. Hypervisors will issue a warning
2055 when the first VM is started in a
2056 potentially insecure configuration,
2057 i.e. SMT enabled or L1D flush disabled.
2061 Disables SMT and enables the default
2062 hypervisor mitigation.
2064 SMT control and L1D flush control via the
2065 sysfs interface is still possible after
2066 boot. Hypervisors will issue a warning
2067 when the first VM is started in a
2068 potentially insecure configuration,
2069 i.e. SMT enabled or L1D flush disabled.
2072 Same as 'flush', but hypervisors will not
2073 warn when a VM is started in a potentially
2074 insecure configuration.
2077 Disables hypervisor mitigations and doesn't
2079 It also drops the swap size and available
2080 RAM limit restriction on both hypervisor and
2085 For details see: Documentation/admin-guide/l1tf.rst
2091 lapic [X86-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS
2094 lapic= [x86,APIC] "notscdeadline" Do not use TSC deadline
2095 value for LAPIC timer one-shot implementation. Default
2096 back to the programmable timer unit in the LAPIC.
2098 lapic_timer_c2_ok [X86,APIC] trust the local apic timer
2101 libata.dma= [LIBATA] DMA control
2102 libata.dma=0 Disable all PATA and SATA DMA
2103 libata.dma=1 PATA and SATA Disk DMA only
2104 libata.dma=2 ATAPI (CDROM) DMA only
2105 libata.dma=4 Compact Flash DMA only
2106 Combinations also work, so libata.dma=3 enables DMA
2107 for disks and CDROMs, but not CFs.
2109 libata.ignore_hpa= [LIBATA] Ignore HPA limit
2110 libata.ignore_hpa=0 keep BIOS limits (default)
2111 libata.ignore_hpa=1 ignore limits, using full disk
2113 libata.noacpi [LIBATA] Disables use of ACPI in libata suspend/resume
2117 libata.force= [LIBATA] Force configurations. The format is comma
2118 separated list of "[ID:]VAL" where ID is
2119 PORT[.DEVICE]. PORT and DEVICE are decimal numbers
2120 matching port, link or device. Basically, it matches
2121 the ATA ID string printed on console by libata. If
2122 the whole ID part is omitted, the last PORT and DEVICE
2123 values are used. If ID hasn't been specified yet, the
2124 configuration applies to all ports, links and devices.
2126 If only DEVICE is omitted, the parameter applies to
2127 the port and all links and devices behind it. DEVICE
2128 number of 0 either selects the first device or the
2129 first fan-out link behind PMP device. It does not
2130 select the host link. DEVICE number of 15 selects the
2131 host link and device attached to it.
2133 The VAL specifies the configuration to force. As long
2134 as there's no ambiguity shortcut notation is allowed.
2135 For example, both 1.5 and 1.5G would work for 1.5Gbps.
2136 The following configurations can be forced.
2138 * Cable type: 40c, 80c, short40c, unk, ign or sata.
2139 Any ID with matching PORT is used.
2141 * SATA link speed limit: 1.5Gbps or 3.0Gbps.
2143 * Transfer mode: pio[0-7], mwdma[0-4] and udma[0-7].
2144 udma[/][16,25,33,44,66,100,133] notation is also
2147 * [no]ncq: Turn on or off NCQ.
2149 * [no]ncqtrim: Turn off queued DSM TRIM.
2151 * nohrst, nosrst, norst: suppress hard, soft
2154 * rstonce: only attempt one reset during
2155 hot-unplug link recovery
2157 * dump_id: dump IDENTIFY data.
2159 * atapi_dmadir: Enable ATAPI DMADIR bridge support
2161 * disable: Disable this device.
2163 If there are multiple matching configurations changing
2164 the same attribute, the last one is used.
2166 memblock=debug [KNL] Enable memblock debug messages.
2168 load_ramdisk= [RAM] List of ramdisks to load from floppy
2169 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
2171 lockd.nlm_grace_period=P [NFS] Assign grace period.
2174 lockd.nlm_tcpport=N [NFS] Assign TCP port.
2177 lockd.nlm_timeout=T [NFS] Assign timeout value.
2180 lockd.nlm_udpport=M [NFS] Assign UDP port.
2183 locktorture.nreaders_stress= [KNL]
2184 Set the number of locking read-acquisition kthreads.
2185 Defaults to being automatically set based on the
2186 number of online CPUs.
2188 locktorture.nwriters_stress= [KNL]
2189 Set the number of locking write-acquisition kthreads.
2191 locktorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL]
2192 Set time (s) after boot for CPU-hotplug testing.
2194 locktorture.onoff_interval= [KNL]
2195 Set time (s) between CPU-hotplug operations, or
2196 zero to disable CPU-hotplug testing.
2198 locktorture.shuffle_interval= [KNL]
2199 Set task-shuffle interval (jiffies). Shuffling
2200 tasks allows some CPUs to go into dyntick-idle
2201 mode during the locktorture test.
2203 locktorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL]
2204 Set time (s) after boot system shutdown. This
2205 is useful for hands-off automated testing.
2207 locktorture.stat_interval= [KNL]
2208 Time (s) between statistics printk()s.
2210 locktorture.stutter= [KNL]
2211 Time (s) to stutter testing, for example,
2212 specifying five seconds causes the test to run for
2213 five seconds, wait for five seconds, and so on.
2214 This tests the locking primitive's ability to
2215 transition abruptly to and from idle.
2217 locktorture.torture_runnable= [BOOT]
2218 Start locktorture running at boot time.
2220 locktorture.torture_type= [KNL]
2221 Specify the locking implementation to test.
2223 locktorture.verbose= [KNL]
2224 Enable additional printk() statements.
2226 logibm.irq= [HW,MOUSE] Logitech Bus Mouse Driver
2229 loglevel= All Kernel Messages with a loglevel smaller than the
2230 console loglevel will be printed to the console. It can
2231 also be changed with klogd or other programs. The
2232 loglevels are defined as follows:
2234 0 (KERN_EMERG) system is unusable
2235 1 (KERN_ALERT) action must be taken immediately
2236 2 (KERN_CRIT) critical conditions
2237 3 (KERN_ERR) error conditions
2238 4 (KERN_WARNING) warning conditions
2239 5 (KERN_NOTICE) normal but significant condition
2240 6 (KERN_INFO) informational
2241 7 (KERN_DEBUG) debug-level messages
2243 log_buf_len=n[KMG] Sets the size of the printk ring buffer,
2244 in bytes. n must be a power of two and greater
2245 than the minimal size. The minimal size is defined
2246 by LOG_BUF_SHIFT kernel config parameter. There is
2247 also CONFIG_LOG_CPU_MAX_BUF_SHIFT config parameter
2248 that allows to increase the default size depending on
2249 the number of CPUs. See init/Kconfig for more details.
2251 logo.nologo [FB] Disables display of the built-in Linux logo.
2252 This may be used to provide more screen space for
2253 kernel log messages and is useful when debugging
2254 kernel boot problems.
2256 lp=0 [LP] Specify parallel ports to use, e.g,
2257 lp=port[,port...] lp=none,parport0 (lp0 not configured, lp1 uses
2258 lp=reset first parallel port). 'lp=0' disables the
2259 lp=auto printer driver. 'lp=reset' (which can be
2260 specified in addition to the ports) causes
2261 attached printers to be reset. Using
2262 lp=port1,port2,... specifies the parallel ports
2263 to associate lp devices with, starting with
2264 lp0. A port specification may be 'none' to skip
2265 that lp device, or a parport name such as
2266 'parport0'. Specifying 'lp=auto' instead of a
2267 port specification list means that device IDs
2268 from each port should be examined, to see if
2269 an IEEE 1284-compliant printer is attached; if
2270 so, the driver will manage that printer.
2271 See also header of drivers/char/lp.c.
2274 Sets loops_per_jiffy to given constant, thus avoiding
2275 time-consuming boot-time autodetection (up to 250 ms per
2276 CPU). 0 enables autodetection (default). To determine
2277 the correct value for your kernel, boot with normal
2278 autodetection and see what value is printed. Note that
2279 on SMP systems the preset will be applied to all CPUs,
2280 which is likely to cause problems if your CPUs need
2281 significantly divergent settings. An incorrect value
2282 will cause delays in the kernel to be wrong, leading to
2283 unpredictable I/O errors and other breakage. Although
2284 unlikely, in the extreme case this might damage your
2288 Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>
2290 machvec= [IA-64] Force the use of a particular machine-vector
2291 (machvec) in a generic kernel.
2292 Example: machvec=hpzx1_swiotlb
2294 machtype= [Loongson] Share the same kernel image file between different
2296 Example: machtype=lemote-yeeloong-2f-7inch
2298 max_addr=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory greater
2299 than or equal to this physical address is ignored.
2301 maxcpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel
2302 will bring up during bootup. maxcpus=n : n >= 0 limits
2303 the kernel to bring up 'n' processors. Surely after
2304 bootup you can bring up the other plugged cpu by executing
2305 "echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuX/online". So maxcpus
2306 only takes effect during system bootup.
2307 While n=0 is a special case, it is equivalent to "nosmp",
2308 which also disables the IO APIC.
2310 max_loop= [LOOP] The number of loop block devices that get
2311 (loop.max_loop) unconditionally pre-created at init time. The default
2312 number is configured by BLK_DEV_LOOP_MIN_COUNT. Instead
2313 of statically allocating a predefined number, loop
2314 devices can be requested on-demand with the
2315 /dev/loop-control interface.
2317 mce [X86-32] Machine Check Exception
2319 mce=option [X86-64] See Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt
2321 md= [HW] RAID subsystems devices and level
2322 See Documentation/md.txt.
2325 Format: <first>,<last>
2326 Specifies range of consoles to be captured by the MDA.
2328 mem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Force usage of a specific amount of memory
2329 Amount of memory to be used when the kernel is not able
2330 to see the whole system memory or for test.
2331 [X86] Work as limiting max address. Use together
2332 with memmap= to avoid physical address space collisions.
2333 Without memmap= PCI devices could be placed at addresses
2334 belonging to unused RAM.
2336 mem=nopentium [BUGS=X86-32] Disable usage of 4MB pages for kernel
2340 [KNL,SH] Allow user to override the default size for
2341 per-device physically contiguous DMA buffers.
2343 memhp_default_state=online/offline
2344 [KNL] Set the initial state for the memory hotplug
2345 onlining policy. If not specified, the default value is
2346 set according to the
2347 CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG_DEFAULT_ONLINE kernel config
2349 See Documentation/memory-hotplug.txt.
2351 memmap=exactmap [KNL,X86] Enable setting of an exact
2352 E820 memory map, as specified by the user.
2353 Such memmap=exactmap lines can be constructed based on
2354 BIOS output or other requirements. See the memmap=nn@ss
2357 memmap=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]
2358 [KNL] Force usage of a specific region of memory.
2359 Region of memory to be used is from ss to ss+nn.
2361 memmap=nn[KMG]#ss[KMG]
2362 [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as ACPI data.
2363 Region of memory to be marked is from ss to ss+nn.
2365 memmap=nn[KMG]$ss[KMG]
2366 [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as reserved.
2367 Region of memory to be reserved is from ss to ss+nn.
2368 Example: Exclude memory from 0x18690000-0x1869ffff
2369 memmap=64K$0x18690000
2371 memmap=0x10000$0x18690000
2373 memmap=nn[KMG]!ss[KMG]
2374 [KNL,X86] Mark specific memory as protected.
2375 Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
2376 The memory region may be marked as e820 type 12 (0xc)
2377 and is NVDIMM or ADR memory.
2379 memory_corruption_check=0/1 [X86]
2380 Some BIOSes seem to corrupt the first 64k of
2381 memory when doing things like suspend/resume.
2382 Setting this option will scan the memory
2383 looking for corruption. Enabling this will
2384 both detect corruption and prevent the kernel
2385 from using the memory being corrupted.
2386 However, its intended as a diagnostic tool; if
2387 repeatable BIOS-originated corruption always
2388 affects the same memory, you can use memmap=
2389 to prevent the kernel from using that memory.
2391 memory_corruption_check_size=size [X86]
2392 By default it checks for corruption in the low
2393 64k, making this memory unavailable for normal
2394 use. Use this parameter to scan for
2395 corruption in more or less memory.
2397 memory_corruption_check_period=seconds [X86]
2398 By default it checks for corruption every 60
2399 seconds. Use this parameter to check at some
2400 other rate. 0 disables periodic checking.
2402 memtest= [KNL,X86,ARM] Enable memtest
2404 default : 0 <disable>
2405 Specifies the number of memtest passes to be
2406 performed. Each pass selects another test
2407 pattern from a given set of patterns. Memtest
2408 fills the memory with this pattern, validates
2409 memory contents and reserves bad memory
2410 regions that are detected.
2412 meye.*= [HW] Set MotionEye Camera parameters
2413 See Documentation/video4linux/meye.txt.
2415 mfgpt_irq= [IA-32] Specify the IRQ to use for the
2416 Multi-Function General Purpose Timers on AMD Geode
2419 mfgptfix [X86-32] Fix MFGPT timers on AMD Geode platforms when
2420 the BIOS has incorrectly applied a workaround. TinyBIOS
2421 version 0.98 is known to be affected, 0.99 fixes the
2422 problem by letting the user disable the workaround.
2426 min_addr=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory below this
2427 physical address is ignored.
2429 mini2440= [ARM,HW,KNL]
2430 Format:[0..2][b][c][t]
2432 MINI2440 configuration specification:
2433 0 - The attached screen is the 3.5" TFT
2434 1 - The attached screen is the 7" TFT
2435 2 - The VGA Shield is attached (1024x768)
2436 Leaving out the screen size parameter will not load
2437 the TFT driver, and the framebuffer will be left
2439 b - Enable backlight. The TFT backlight pin will be
2440 linked to the kernel VESA blanking code and a GPIO
2441 LED. This parameter is not necessary when using the
2443 c - Enable the s3c camera interface.
2444 t - Reserved for enabling touchscreen support. The
2445 touchscreen support is not enabled in the mainstream
2446 kernel as of 2.6.30, a preliminary port can be found
2447 in the "bleeding edge" mini2440 support kernel at
2448 http://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/mini2440.git
2451 [KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_MEMORY_INIT is set, this
2452 parameter allows control of the logging verbosity for
2453 the additional memory initialisation checks. A value
2454 of 0 disables mminit logging and a level of 4 will
2455 log everything. Information is printed at KERN_DEBUG
2456 so loglevel=8 may also need to be specified.
2459 [KNL] When CONFIG_MODULE_SIG is set, this means that
2460 modules without (valid) signatures will fail to load.
2461 Note that if CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE is set, that
2462 is always true, so this option does nothing.
2464 module_blacklist= [KNL] Do not load a comma-separated list of
2465 modules. Useful for debugging problem modules.
2468 [MOUSE] Maximum time between finger touching and
2469 leaving touchpad surface for touch to be considered
2470 a tap and be reported as a left button click (for
2471 touchpads working in absolute mode only).
2473 mousedev.xres= [MOUSE] Horizontal screen resolution, used for devices
2474 reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
2475 mousedev.yres= [MOUSE] Vertical screen resolution, used for devices
2476 reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
2478 movablecore=nn[KMG] [KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC] This parameter
2479 is similar to kernelcore except it specifies the
2480 amount of memory used for migratable allocations.
2481 If both kernelcore and movablecore is specified,
2482 then kernelcore will be at *least* the specified
2483 value but may be more. If movablecore on its own
2484 is specified, the administrator must be careful
2485 that the amount of memory usable for all allocations
2488 movable_node [KNL,X86] Boot-time switch to enable the effects
2489 of CONFIG_MOVABLE_NODE=y. See mm/Kconfig for details.
2491 MTD_Partition= [MTD]
2492 Format: <name>,<region-number>,<size>,<offset>
2494 MTD_Region= [MTD] Format:
2495 <name>,<region-number>[,<base>,<size>,<buswidth>,<altbuswidth>]
2498 See drivers/mtd/cmdlinepart.c.
2500 multitce=off [PPC] This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
2501 firmware feature for updating multiple TCE entries
2504 onenand.bdry= [HW,MTD] Flex-OneNAND Boundary Configuration
2506 Format: [die0_boundary][,die0_lock][,die1_boundary][,die1_lock]
2508 boundary - index of last SLC block on Flex-OneNAND.
2509 The remaining blocks are configured as MLC blocks.
2510 lock - Configure if Flex-OneNAND boundary should be locked.
2511 Once locked, the boundary cannot be changed.
2512 1 indicates lock status, 0 indicates unlock status.
2515 ARM/S3C2412 JIVE boot control
2517 See arch/arm/mach-s3c2412/mach-jive.c
2519 mtouchusb.raw_coordinates=
2520 [HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates
2521 ('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n')
2523 mtrr_chunk_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
2524 used for mtrr cleanup. It is largest continuous chunk
2525 that could hold holes aka. UC entries.
2527 mtrr_gran_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
2528 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is granularity of mtrr block.
2530 Large value could prevent small alignment from
2533 mtrr_spare_reg_nr=n [X86]
2535 Range: 0,7 : spare reg number
2537 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is spare mtrr entries number.
2538 Set to 2 or more if your graphical card needs more.
2540 n2= [NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card
2542 netdev= [NET] Network devices parameters
2543 Format: <irq>,<io>,<mem_start>,<mem_end>,<name>
2544 Note that mem_start is often overloaded to mean
2545 something different and driver-specific.
2546 This usage is only documented in each driver source
2550 [NETFILTER] Enable connection tracking flow accounting
2551 0 to disable accounting
2552 1 to enable accounting
2555 nfsaddrs= [NFS] Deprecated. Use ip= instead.
2556 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
2558 nfsroot= [NFS] nfs root filesystem for disk-less boxes.
2559 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
2561 nfsrootdebug [NFS] enable nfsroot debugging messages.
2562 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
2564 nfs.callback_nr_threads=
2565 [NFSv4] set the total number of threads that the
2566 NFS client will assign to service NFSv4 callback
2569 nfs.callback_tcpport=
2570 [NFS] set the TCP port on which the NFSv4 callback
2571 channel should listen.
2574 [NFS] sets the pathname to the program which is used
2575 to update the NFS client cache entries.
2577 nfs.cache_getent_timeout=
2578 [NFS] sets the timeout after which an attempt to
2579 update a cache entry is deemed to have failed.
2581 nfs.idmap_cache_timeout=
2582 [NFS] set the maximum lifetime for idmapper cache
2586 [NFS] enable 64-bit inode numbers.
2587 If zero, the NFS client will fake up a 32-bit inode
2588 number for the readdir() and stat() syscalls instead
2589 of returning the full 64-bit number.
2590 The default is to return 64-bit inode numbers.
2592 nfs.max_session_cb_slots=
2593 [NFSv4.1] Sets the maximum number of session
2594 slots the client will assign to the callback
2595 channel. This determines the maximum number of
2596 callbacks the client will process in parallel for
2597 a particular server.
2599 nfs.max_session_slots=
2600 [NFSv4.1] Sets the maximum number of session slots
2601 the client will attempt to negotiate with the server.
2602 This limits the number of simultaneous RPC requests
2603 that the client can send to the NFSv4.1 server.
2604 Note that there is little point in setting this
2605 value higher than the max_tcp_slot_table_limit.
2607 nfs.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
2608 [NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', this option
2609 ensures that both the RPC level authentication
2610 scheme and the NFS level operations agree to use
2611 numeric uids/gids if the mount is using the
2612 'sec=sys' security flavour. In effect it is
2613 disabling idmapping, which can make migration from
2614 legacy NFSv2/v3 systems to NFSv4 easier.
2615 Servers that do not support this mode of operation
2616 will be autodetected by the client, and it will fall
2617 back to using the idmapper.
2618 To turn off this behaviour, set the value to '0'.
2620 [NFS4] Specify an additional fixed unique ident-
2621 ification string that NFSv4 clients can insert into
2622 their nfs_client_id4 string. This is typically a
2623 UUID that is generated at system install time.
2625 nfs.send_implementation_id =
2626 [NFSv4.1] Send client implementation identification
2627 information in exchange_id requests.
2628 If zero, no implementation identification information
2630 The default is to send the implementation identification
2633 nfs.recover_lost_locks =
2634 [NFSv4] Attempt to recover locks that were lost due
2635 to a lease timeout on the server. Please note that
2636 doing this risks data corruption, since there are
2637 no guarantees that the file will remain unchanged
2638 after the locks are lost.
2639 If you want to enable the kernel legacy behaviour of
2640 attempting to recover these locks, then set this
2642 The default parameter value of '0' causes the kernel
2643 not to attempt recovery of lost locks.
2645 nfs4.layoutstats_timer =
2646 [NFSv4.2] Change the rate at which the kernel sends
2647 layoutstats to the pNFS metadata server.
2649 Setting this to value to 0 causes the kernel to use
2650 whatever value is the default set by the layout
2651 driver. A non-zero value sets the minimum interval
2652 in seconds between layoutstats transmissions.
2654 nfsd.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
2655 [NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', the NFSv4
2656 server will return only numeric uids and gids to
2657 clients using auth_sys, and will accept numeric uids
2658 and gids from such clients. This is intended to ease
2659 migration from NFSv2/v3.
2661 objlayoutdriver.osd_login_prog=
2662 [NFS] [OBJLAYOUT] sets the pathname to the program which
2663 is used to automatically discover and login into new
2664 osd-targets. Please see:
2665 Documentation/filesystems/pnfs.txt for more explanations
2667 nmi_debug= [KNL,AVR32,SH] Specify one or more actions to take
2668 when a NMI is triggered.
2669 Format: [state][,regs][,debounce][,die]
2671 nmi_watchdog= [KNL,BUGS=X86] Debugging features for SMP kernels
2672 Format: [panic,][nopanic,][num]
2674 0 - turn hardlockup detector in nmi_watchdog off
2675 1 - turn hardlockup detector in nmi_watchdog on
2676 When panic is specified, panic when an NMI watchdog
2677 timeout occurs (or 'nopanic' to override the opposite
2678 default). To disable both hard and soft lockup detectors,
2679 please see 'nowatchdog'.
2680 This is useful when you use a panic=... timeout and
2681 need the box quickly up again.
2683 netpoll.carrier_timeout=
2684 [NET] Specifies amount of time (in seconds) that
2685 netpoll should wait for a carrier. By default netpoll
2688 no387 [BUGS=X86-32] Tells the kernel to use the 387 maths
2689 emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor
2693 [HW] Never suspend the console
2694 Disable suspending of consoles during suspend and
2695 hibernate operations. Once disabled, debugging
2696 messages can reach various consoles while the rest
2697 of the system is being put to sleep (ie, while
2698 debugging driver suspend/resume hooks). This may
2699 not work reliably with all consoles, but is known
2700 to work with serial and VGA consoles.
2701 To facilitate more flexible debugging, we also add
2702 console_suspend, a printk module parameter to control
2703 it. Users could use console_suspend (usually
2704 /sys/module/printk/parameters/console_suspend) to
2705 turn on/off it dynamically.
2707 noaliencache [MM, NUMA, SLAB] Disables the allocation of alien
2708 caches in the slab allocator. Saves per-node memory,
2709 but will impact performance.
2713 noaltinstr [S390] Disables alternative instructions patching
2714 (CPU alternatives feature).
2716 noapic [SMP,APIC] Tells the kernel to not make use of any
2717 IOAPICs that may be present in the system.
2719 noautogroup Disable scheduler automatic task group creation.
2721 nobats [PPC] Do not use BATs for mapping kernel lowmem
2722 on "Classic" PPC cores.
2726 noclflush [BUGS=X86] Don't use the CLFLUSH instruction
2728 nodelayacct [KNL] Disable per-task delay accounting
2730 nodsp [SH] Disable hardware DSP at boot time.
2732 noefi Disable EFI runtime services support.
2737 On X86-32 available only on PAE configured kernels.
2738 noexec=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
2739 noexec=off: disable non-executable mappings
2742 Disable SMAP (Supervisor Mode Access Prevention)
2743 even if it is supported by processor.
2746 Disable SMEP (Supervisor Mode Execution Prevention)
2747 even if it is supported by processor.
2750 This affects only 32-bit executables.
2751 noexec32=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
2752 read doesn't imply executable mappings
2753 noexec32=off: disable non-executable mappings
2754 read implies executable mappings
2756 nofpu [MIPS,SH] Disable hardware FPU at boot time.
2758 nofxsr [BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 floating point extended
2759 register save and restore. The kernel will only save
2760 legacy floating-point registers on task switch.
2762 nohugeiomap [KNL,x86] Disable kernel huge I/O mappings.
2764 nospectre_v1 [PPC] Disable mitigations for Spectre Variant 1 (bounds
2765 check bypass). With this option data leaks are possible
2768 nosmt [KNL,S390] Disable symmetric multithreading (SMT).
2769 Equivalent to smt=1.
2771 [KNL,x86] Disable symmetric multithreading (SMT).
2772 nosmt=force: Force disable SMT, cannot be undone
2773 via the sysfs control file.
2775 nospectre_v2 [X86,PPC_FSL_BOOK3E] Disable all mitigations for the Spectre variant 2
2776 (indirect branch prediction) vulnerability. System may
2777 allow data leaks with this option, which is equivalent
2780 nospec_store_bypass_disable
2781 [HW] Disable all mitigations for the Speculative Store Bypass vulnerability
2783 noxsave [BUGS=X86] Disables x86 extended register state save
2784 and restore using xsave. The kernel will fallback to
2785 enabling legacy floating-point and sse state.
2787 noxsaveopt [X86] Disables xsaveopt used in saving x86 extended
2788 register states. The kernel will fall back to use
2789 xsave to save the states. By using this parameter,
2790 performance of saving the states is degraded because
2791 xsave doesn't support modified optimization while
2792 xsaveopt supports it on xsaveopt enabled systems.
2794 noxsaves [X86] Disables xsaves and xrstors used in saving and
2795 restoring x86 extended register state in compacted
2796 form of xsave area. The kernel will fall back to use
2797 xsaveopt and xrstor to save and restore the states
2798 in standard form of xsave area. By using this
2799 parameter, xsave area per process might occupy more
2800 memory on xsaves enabled systems.
2802 nohlt [BUGS=ARM,SH] Tells the kernel that the sleep(SH) or
2803 wfi(ARM) instruction doesn't work correctly and not to
2804 use it. This is also useful when using JTAG debugger.
2806 no_file_caps Tells the kernel not to honor file capabilities. The
2807 only way then for a file to be executed with privilege
2808 is to be setuid root or executed by root.
2810 nohalt [IA-64] Tells the kernel not to use the power saving
2811 function PAL_HALT_LIGHT when idle. This increases
2812 power-consumption. On the positive side, it reduces
2813 interrupt wake-up latency, which may improve performance
2814 in certain environments such as networked servers or
2817 nohibernate [HIBERNATION] Disable hibernation and resume.
2819 nohz= [KNL] Boottime enable/disable dynamic ticks
2820 Valid arguments: on, off
2823 nohz_full= [KNL,BOOT]
2824 The argument is a cpu list, as described above.
2825 In kernels built with CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y, set
2826 the specified list of CPUs whose tick will be stopped
2827 whenever possible. The boot CPU will be forced outside
2828 the range to maintain the timekeeping.
2829 The CPUs in this range must also be included in the
2832 noiotrap [SH] Disables trapped I/O port accesses.
2834 noirqdebug [X86-32] Disables the code which attempts to detect and
2835 disable unhandled interrupt sources.
2837 no_timer_check [X86,APIC] Disables the code which tests for
2838 broken timer IRQ sources.
2840 noisapnp [ISAPNP] Disables ISA PnP code.
2842 noinitrd [RAM] Tells the kernel not to load any configured
2845 nointremap [X86-64, Intel-IOMMU] Do not enable interrupt
2847 [Deprecated - use intremap=off]
2851 noinvpcid [X86] Disable the INVPCID cpu feature.
2853 nojitter [IA-64] Disables jitter checking for ITC timers.
2855 no-kvmclock [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized KVM clock driver
2857 no-kvmapf [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized asynchronous page
2860 no-steal-acc [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized steal time accounting.
2861 steal time is computed, but won't influence scheduler
2864 nolapic [X86-32,APIC] Do not enable or use the local APIC.
2866 nolapic_timer [X86-32,APIC] Do not use the local APIC timer.
2868 noltlbs [PPC] Do not use large page/tlb entries for kernel
2869 lowmem mapping on PPC40x and PPC8xx
2871 nomca [IA-64] Disable machine check abort handling
2873 nomce [X86-32] Disable Machine Check Exception
2875 nomfgpt [X86-32] Disable Multi-Function General Purpose
2876 Timer usage (for AMD Geode machines).
2878 nonmi_ipi [X86] Disable using NMI IPIs during panic/reboot to
2879 shutdown the other cpus. Instead use the REBOOT_VECTOR
2882 nomodule Disable module load
2884 nopat [X86] Disable PAT (page attribute table extension of
2885 pagetables) support.
2887 nopcid [X86-64] Disable the PCID cpu feature.
2889 norandmaps Don't use address space randomization. Equivalent to
2890 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space
2892 noreplace-smp [X86-32,SMP] Don't replace SMP instructions
2893 with UP alternatives
2895 nordrand [X86] Disable kernel use of the RDRAND and
2896 RDSEED instructions even if they are supported
2897 by the processor. RDRAND and RDSEED are still
2898 available to user space applications.
2900 noresume [SWSUSP] Disables resume and restores original swap
2903 no-scroll [VGA] Disables scrollback.
2904 This is required for the Braillex ib80-piezo Braille
2905 reader made by F.H. Papenmeier (Germany).
2909 nosep [BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 SYSENTER/SYSEXIT support.
2911 nosmp [SMP] Tells an SMP kernel to act as a UP kernel,
2912 and disable the IO APIC. legacy for "maxcpus=0".
2914 nosoftlockup [KNL] Disable the soft-lockup detector.
2916 nosync [HW,M68K] Disables sync negotiation for all devices.
2918 notsc [BUGS=X86-32] Disable Time Stamp Counter
2920 nowatchdog [KNL] Disable both lockup detectors, i.e.
2921 soft-lockup and NMI watchdog (hard-lockup).
2925 nox2apic [X86-64,APIC] Do not enable x2APIC mode.
2927 cpu0_hotplug [X86] Turn on CPU0 hotplug feature when
2928 CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HOTPLUG_CPU0 is off.
2929 Some features depend on CPU0. Known dependencies are:
2930 1. Resume from suspend/hibernate depends on CPU0.
2931 Suspend/hibernate will fail if CPU0 is offline and you
2932 need to online CPU0 before suspend/hibernate.
2933 2. PIC interrupts also depend on CPU0. CPU0 can't be
2934 removed if a PIC interrupt is detected.
2935 It's said poweroff/reboot may depend on CPU0 on some
2936 machines although I haven't seen such issues so far
2937 after CPU0 is offline on a few tested machines.
2938 If the dependencies are under your control, you can
2939 turn on cpu0_hotplug.
2941 nptcg= [IA-64] Override max number of concurrent global TLB
2942 purges which is reported from either PAL_VM_SUMMARY or
2945 nr_cpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel
2946 could support. nr_cpus=n : n >= 1 limits the kernel to
2947 support 'n' processors. It could be larger than the
2948 number of already plugged CPU during bootup, later in
2949 runtime you can physically add extra cpu until it reaches
2950 n. So during boot up some boot time memory for per-cpu
2951 variables need be pre-allocated for later physical cpu
2954 nr_uarts= [SERIAL] maximum number of UARTs to be registered.
2956 numa_balancing= [KNL,X86] Enable or disable automatic NUMA balancing.
2957 Allowed values are enable and disable
2959 numa_zonelist_order= [KNL, BOOT] Select zonelist order for NUMA.
2960 one of ['zone', 'node', 'default'] can be specified
2961 This can be set from sysctl after boot.
2962 See Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt for details.
2964 ohci1394_dma=early [HW] enable debugging via the ohci1394 driver.
2965 See Documentation/debugging-via-ohci1394.txt for more
2968 olpc_ec_timeout= [OLPC] ms delay when issuing EC commands
2969 Rather than timing out after 20 ms if an EC
2970 command is not properly ACKed, override the length
2971 of the timeout. We have interrupts disabled while
2972 waiting for the ACK, so if this is set too high
2973 interrupts *may* be lost!
2975 omap_mux= [OMAP] Override bootloader pin multiplexing.
2976 Format: <mux_mode0.mode_name=value>...
2977 For example, to override I2C bus2:
2978 omap_mux=i2c2_scl.i2c2_scl=0x100,i2c2_sda.i2c2_sda=0x100
2980 oprofile.timer= [HW]
2981 Use timer interrupt instead of performance counters
2983 oprofile.cpu_type= Force an oprofile cpu type
2984 This might be useful if you have an older oprofile
2985 userland or if you want common events.
2986 Format: { arch_perfmon }
2987 arch_perfmon: [X86] Force use of architectural
2988 perfmon on Intel CPUs instead of the
2989 CPU specific event set.
2990 timer: [X86] Force use of architectural NMI
2991 timer mode (see also oprofile.timer
2992 for generic hr timer mode)
2994 oops=panic Always panic on oopses. Default is to just kill the
2995 process, but there is a small probability of
2996 deadlocking the machine.
2997 This will also cause panics on machine check exceptions.
2998 Useful together with panic=30 to trigger a reboot.
3001 See Documentation/sound/oss/oss-parameters.txt
3003 page_owner= [KNL] Boot-time page_owner enabling option.
3004 Storage of the information about who allocated
3005 each page is disabled in default. With this switch,
3007 on: enable the feature
3009 page_poison= [KNL] Boot-time parameter changing the state of
3010 poisoning on the buddy allocator.
3011 off: turn off poisoning
3012 on: turn on poisoning
3014 panic= [KNL] Kernel behaviour on panic: delay <timeout>
3015 timeout > 0: seconds before rebooting
3016 timeout = 0: wait forever
3017 timeout < 0: reboot immediately
3020 panic_on_warn panic() instead of WARN(). Useful to cause kdump
3023 crash_kexec_post_notifiers
3024 Run kdump after running panic-notifiers and dumping
3025 kmsg. This only for the users who doubt kdump always
3026 succeeds in any situation.
3027 Note that this also increases risks of kdump failure,
3028 because some panic notifiers can make the crashed
3029 kernel more unstable.
3031 parkbd.port= [HW] Parallel port number the keyboard adapter is
3032 connected to, default is 0.
3034 parkbd.mode= [HW] Parallel port keyboard adapter mode of operation,
3035 0 for XT, 1 for AT (default is AT).
3038 parport= [HW,PPT] Specify parallel ports. 0 disables.
3039 Format: { 0 | auto | 0xBBB[,IRQ[,DMA]] }
3040 Use 'auto' to force the driver to use any
3041 IRQ/DMA settings detected (the default is to
3042 ignore detected IRQ/DMA settings because of
3043 possible conflicts). You can specify the base
3044 address, IRQ, and DMA settings; IRQ and DMA
3045 should be numbers, or 'auto' (for using detected
3046 settings on that particular port), or 'nofifo'
3047 (to avoid using a FIFO even if it is detected).
3048 Parallel ports are assigned in the order they
3049 are specified on the command line, starting
3052 parport_init_mode= [HW,PPT]
3053 Configure VIA parallel port to operate in
3054 a specific mode. This is necessary on Pegasos
3055 computer where firmware has no options for setting
3056 up parallel port mode and sets it to spp.
3057 Currently this function knows 686a and 8231 chips.
3058 Format: [spp|ps2|epp|ecp|ecpepp]
3061 Halt all CPUs after the first oops has been printed for
3062 the specified number of seconds. This is to be used if
3063 your oopses keep scrolling off the screen.
3068 See header of drivers/block/paride/pcd.c.
3069 See also Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
3071 pci=option[,option...] [PCI] various PCI subsystem options:
3072 earlydump [X86] dump PCI config space before the kernel
3074 off [X86] don't probe for the PCI bus
3075 bios [X86-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don't access
3076 the hardware directly. Use this if your machine
3077 has a non-standard PCI host bridge.
3078 nobios [X86-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct
3079 hardware access methods are allowed. Use this
3080 if you experience crashes upon bootup and you
3081 suspect they are caused by the BIOS.
3082 conf1 [X86] Force use of PCI Configuration Access
3083 Mechanism 1 (config address in IO port 0xCF8,
3084 data in IO port 0xCFC, both 32-bit).
3085 conf2 [X86] Force use of PCI Configuration Access
3086 Mechanism 2 (IO port 0xCF8 is an 8-bit port for
3087 the function, IO port 0xCFA, also 8-bit, sets
3088 bus number. The config space is then accessed
3089 through ports 0xC000-0xCFFF).
3090 See http://wiki.osdev.org/PCI for more info
3091 on the configuration access mechanisms.
3092 noaer [PCIE] If the PCIEAER kernel config parameter is
3093 enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
3094 disable the use of PCIE advanced error reporting.
3095 nodomains [PCI] Disable support for multiple PCI
3096 root domains (aka PCI segments, in ACPI-speak).
3097 nommconf [X86] Disable use of MMCONFIG for PCI
3099 check_enable_amd_mmconf [X86] check for and enable
3100 properly configured MMIO access to PCI
3101 config space on AMD family 10h CPU
3102 nomsi [MSI] If the PCI_MSI kernel config parameter is
3103 enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
3104 disable the use of MSI interrupts system-wide.
3105 noioapicquirk [APIC] Disable all boot interrupt quirks.
3106 Safety option to keep boot IRQs enabled. This
3107 should never be necessary.
3108 ioapicreroute [APIC] Enable rerouting of boot IRQs to the
3109 primary IO-APIC for bridges that cannot disable
3110 boot IRQs. This fixes a source of spurious IRQs
3111 when the system masks IRQs.
3112 noioapicreroute [APIC] Disable workaround that uses the
3113 boot IRQ equivalent of an IRQ that connects to
3114 a chipset where boot IRQs cannot be disabled.
3115 The opposite of ioapicreroute.
3116 biosirq [X86-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt
3117 routing table. These calls are known to be buggy
3118 on several machines and they hang the machine
3119 when used, but on other computers it's the only
3120 way to get the interrupt routing table. Try
3121 this option if the kernel is unable to allocate
3122 IRQs or discover secondary PCI buses on your
3124 rom [X86] Assign address space to expansion ROMs.
3125 Use with caution as certain devices share
3126 address decoders between ROMs and other
3128 norom [X86] Do not assign address space to
3129 expansion ROMs that do not already have
3130 BIOS assigned address ranges.
3131 nobar [X86] Do not assign address space to the
3132 BARs that weren't assigned by the BIOS.
3133 irqmask=0xMMMM [X86] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be
3134 assigned automatically to PCI devices. You can
3135 make the kernel exclude IRQs of your ISA cards
3137 pirqaddr=0xAAAAA [X86] Specify the physical address
3138 of the PIRQ table (normally generated
3139 by the BIOS) if it is outside the
3140 F0000h-100000h range.
3141 lastbus=N [X86] Scan all buses thru bus #N. Can be
3142 useful if the kernel is unable to find your
3143 secondary buses and you want to tell it
3144 explicitly which ones they are.
3145 assign-busses [X86] Always assign all PCI bus
3146 numbers ourselves, overriding
3147 whatever the firmware may have done.
3148 usepirqmask [X86] Honor the possible IRQ mask stored
3149 in the BIOS $PIR table. This is needed on
3150 some systems with broken BIOSes, notably
3151 some HP Pavilion N5400 and Omnibook XE3
3152 notebooks. This will have no effect if ACPI
3153 IRQ routing is enabled.
3154 noacpi [X86] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
3155 or for PCI scanning.
3156 use_crs [X86] Use PCI host bridge window information
3157 from ACPI. On BIOSes from 2008 or later, this
3158 is enabled by default. If you need to use this,
3159 please report a bug.
3160 nocrs [X86] Ignore PCI host bridge windows from ACPI.
3161 If you need to use this, please report a bug.
3162 routeirq Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices.
3163 This is normally done in pci_enable_device(),
3164 so this option is a temporary workaround
3165 for broken drivers that don't call it.
3166 skip_isa_align [X86] do not align io start addr, so can
3167 handle more pci cards
3168 noearly [X86] Don't do any early type 1 scanning.
3169 This might help on some broken boards which
3170 machine check when some devices' config space
3171 is read. But various workarounds are disabled
3172 and some IOMMU drivers will not work.
3173 bfsort Sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
3174 This sorting is done to get a device
3175 order compatible with older (<= 2.4) kernels.
3176 nobfsort Don't sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
3177 pcie_bus_tune_off Disable PCIe MPS (Max Payload Size)
3178 tuning and use the BIOS-configured MPS defaults.
3179 pcie_bus_safe Set every device's MPS to the largest value
3180 supported by all devices below the root complex.
3181 pcie_bus_perf Set device MPS to the largest allowable MPS
3182 based on its parent bus. Also set MRRS (Max
3183 Read Request Size) to the largest supported
3184 value (no larger than the MPS that the device
3185 or bus can support) for best performance.
3186 pcie_bus_peer2peer Set every device's MPS to 128B, which
3187 every device is guaranteed to support. This
3188 configuration allows peer-to-peer DMA between
3189 any pair of devices, possibly at the cost of
3190 reduced performance. This also guarantees
3191 that hot-added devices will work.
3192 cbiosize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
3193 reserved for the CardBus bridge's IO window.
3194 The default value is 256 bytes.
3195 cbmemsize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
3196 reserved for the CardBus bridge's memory
3197 window. The default value is 64 megabytes.
3200 [<order of align>@][<domain>:]<bus>:<slot>.<func>[; ...]
3201 [<order of align>@]pci:<vendor>:<device>\
3202 [:<subvendor>:<subdevice>][; ...]
3203 Specifies alignment and device to reassign
3204 aligned memory resources.
3205 If <order of align> is not specified,
3206 PAGE_SIZE is used as alignment.
3207 PCI-PCI bridge can be specified, if resource
3208 windows need to be expanded.
3209 To specify the alignment for several
3210 instances of a device, the PCI vendor,
3211 device, subvendor, and subdevice may be
3212 specified, e.g., 4096@pci:8086:9c22:103c:198f
3213 ecrc= Enable/disable PCIe ECRC (transaction layer
3214 end-to-end CRC checking).
3215 bios: Use BIOS/firmware settings. This is the
3219 hpiosize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
3220 reserved for hotplug bridge's IO window.
3221 Default size is 256 bytes.
3222 hpmemsize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
3223 reserved for hotplug bridge's memory window.
3224 Default size is 2 megabytes.
3225 hpbussize=nn The minimum amount of additional bus numbers
3226 reserved for buses below a hotplug bridge.
3228 realloc= Enable/disable reallocating PCI bridge resources
3229 if allocations done by BIOS are too small to
3230 accommodate resources required by all child
3232 off: Turn realloc off
3234 realloc same as realloc=on
3235 noari do not use PCIe ARI.
3236 pcie_scan_all Scan all possible PCIe devices. Otherwise we
3237 only look for one device below a PCIe downstream
3240 pcie_aspm= [PCIE] Forcibly enable or disable PCIe Active State Power
3243 force Enable ASPM even on devices that claim not to support it.
3244 WARNING: Forcing ASPM on may cause system lockups.
3246 pcie_hp= [PCIE] PCI Express Hotplug driver options:
3247 nomsi Do not use MSI for PCI Express Native Hotplug (this
3248 makes all PCIe ports use INTx for hotplug services).
3250 pcie_ports= [PCIE] PCIe ports handling:
3251 auto Ask the BIOS whether or not to use native PCIe services
3252 associated with PCIe ports (PME, hot-plug, AER). Use
3253 them only if that is allowed by the BIOS.
3254 native Use native PCIe services associated with PCIe ports
3256 compat Treat PCIe ports as PCI-to-PCI bridges, disable the PCIe
3259 pcie_port_pm= [PCIE] PCIe port power management handling:
3260 off Disable power management of all PCIe ports
3261 force Forcibly enable power management of all PCIe ports
3263 pcie_pme= [PCIE,PM] Native PCIe PME signaling options:
3264 nomsi Do not use MSI for native PCIe PME signaling (this makes
3265 all PCIe root ports use INTx for all services).
3267 pcmv= [HW,PCMCIA] BadgePAD 4
3271 Keep all power-domains already enabled by bootloader on,
3272 even if no driver has claimed them. This is useful
3273 for debug and development, but should not be
3274 needed on a platform with proper driver support.
3277 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
3279 pdcchassis= [PARISC,HW] Disable/Enable PDC Chassis Status codes at
3282 See arch/parisc/kernel/pdc_chassis.c
3284 percpu_alloc= Select which percpu first chunk allocator to use.
3285 Currently supported values are "embed" and "page".
3286 Archs may support subset or none of the selections.
3287 See comments in mm/percpu.c for details on each
3288 allocator. This parameter is primarily for debugging
3289 and performance comparison.
3292 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
3295 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
3297 pirq= [SMP,APIC] Manual mp-table setup
3298 See Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.txt.
3300 plip= [PPT,NET] Parallel port network link
3301 Format: { parport<nr> | timid | 0 }
3302 See also Documentation/parport.txt.
3304 pmtmr= [X86] Manual setup of pmtmr I/O Port.
3305 Override pmtimer IOPort with a hex value.
3309 Enable PNP debug messages (depends on the
3310 CONFIG_PNP_DEBUG_MESSAGES option). Change at run-time
3311 via /sys/module/pnp/parameters/debug. We always show
3312 current resource usage; turning this on also shows
3313 possible settings and some assignment information.
3319 { on | off | curr | res | no-curr | no-res }
3322 [ISAPNP] Exclude IRQs for the autoconfiguration
3325 [ISAPNP] Exclude DMAs for the autoconfiguration
3327 pnp_reserve_io= [ISAPNP] Exclude I/O ports for the autoconfiguration
3328 Ranges are in pairs (I/O port base and size).
3331 [ISAPNP] Exclude memory regions for the
3333 Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size).
3335 ports= [IP_VS_FTP] IPVS ftp helper module
3337 Up to 8 (IP_VS_APP_MAX_PORTS) ports
3339 Format: <port>,<port>....
3341 ppc_strict_facility_enable
3342 [PPC] This option catches any kernel floating point,
3343 Altivec, VSX and SPE outside of regions specifically
3344 allowed (eg kernel_enable_fpu()/kernel_disable_fpu()).
3345 There is some performance impact when enabling this.
3347 print-fatal-signals=
3348 [KNL] debug: print fatal signals
3350 If enabled, warn about various signal handling
3351 related application anomalies: too many signals,
3352 too many POSIX.1 timers, fatal signals causing a
3355 If you hit the warning due to signal overflow,
3356 you might want to try "ulimit -i unlimited".
3360 printk.always_kmsg_dump=
3361 Trigger kmsg_dump for cases other than kernel oops or
3363 Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
3366 printk.devkmsg={on,off,ratelimit}
3367 Control writing to /dev/kmsg.
3368 on - unlimited logging to /dev/kmsg from userspace
3369 off - logging to /dev/kmsg disabled
3370 ratelimit - ratelimit the logging
3373 printk.time= Show timing data prefixed to each printk message line
3374 Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
3376 processor.max_cstate= [HW,ACPI]
3377 Limit processor to maximum C-state
3378 max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit.
3380 processor.nocst [HW,ACPI]
3381 Ignore the _CST method to determine C-states,
3382 instead using the legacy FADT method
3384 profile= [KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile
3385 Format: [schedule,]<number>
3386 Param: "schedule" - profile schedule points.
3387 Param: <number> - step/bucket size as a power of 2 for
3388 statistical time based profiling.
3389 Param: "sleep" - profile D-state sleeping (millisecs).
3390 Requires CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
3391 Param: "kvm" - profile VM exits.
3393 prompt_ramdisk= [RAM] List of RAM disks to prompt for floppy disk
3395 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
3397 psmouse.proto= [HW,MOUSE] Highest PS2 mouse protocol extension to
3398 probe for; one of (bare|imps|exps|lifebook|any).
3399 psmouse.rate= [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse report rate, in reports
3401 psmouse.resetafter= [HW,MOUSE]
3402 Try to reset the device after so many bad packets
3405 [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse resolution, in dpi.
3406 psmouse.smartscroll=
3407 [HW,MOUSE] Controls Logitech smartscroll autorepeat.
3408 0 = disabled, 1 = enabled (default).
3410 pstore.backend= Specify the name of the pstore backend to use
3413 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
3415 pti= [X86_64] Control Page Table Isolation of user and
3416 kernel address spaces. Disabling this feature
3417 removes hardening, but improves performance of
3418 system calls and interrupts.
3420 on - unconditionally enable
3421 off - unconditionally disable
3422 auto - kernel detects whether your CPU model is
3423 vulnerable to issues that PTI mitigates
3425 Not specifying this option is equivalent to pti=auto.
3428 Equivalent to pti=off
3431 [KNL] Number of legacy pty's. Overwrites compiled-in
3434 quiet [KNL] Disable most log messages
3439 See Documentation/md.txt.
3441 ramdisk_size= [RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes
3442 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
3445 The argument is a cpu list, as described above.
3447 In kernels built with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y, set
3448 the specified list of CPUs to be no-callback CPUs.
3449 Invocation of these CPUs' RCU callbacks will
3450 be offloaded to "rcuox/N" kthreads created for
3451 that purpose, where "x" is "b" for RCU-bh, "p"
3452 for RCU-preempt, and "s" for RCU-sched, and "N"
3453 is the CPU number. This reduces OS jitter on the
3454 offloaded CPUs, which can be useful for HPC and
3455 real-time workloads. It can also improve energy
3456 efficiency for asymmetric multiprocessors.
3459 Rather than requiring that offloaded CPUs
3460 (specified by rcu_nocbs= above) explicitly
3461 awaken the corresponding "rcuoN" kthreads,
3462 make these kthreads poll for callbacks.
3463 This improves the real-time response for the
3464 offloaded CPUs by relieving them of the need to
3465 wake up the corresponding kthread, but degrades
3466 energy efficiency by requiring that the kthreads
3467 periodically wake up to do the polling.
3469 rcutree.blimit= [KNL]
3470 Set maximum number of finished RCU callbacks to
3471 process in one batch.
3473 rcutree.dump_tree= [KNL]
3474 Dump the structure of the rcu_node combining tree
3475 out at early boot. This is used for diagnostic
3476 purposes, to verify correct tree setup.
3478 rcutree.gp_cleanup_delay= [KNL]
3479 Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of
3480 RCU grace-period cleanup. This only has effect
3481 when CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_SLOW_CLEANUP is set.
3483 rcutree.gp_init_delay= [KNL]
3484 Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of
3485 RCU grace-period initialization. This only has
3486 effect when CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_SLOW_INIT
3489 rcutree.gp_preinit_delay= [KNL]
3490 Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of
3491 RCU grace-period pre-initialization, that is,
3492 the propagation of recent CPU-hotplug changes up
3493 the rcu_node combining tree. This only has effect
3494 when CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_SLOW_PREINIT is set.
3496 rcutree.rcu_fanout_exact= [KNL]
3497 Disable autobalancing of the rcu_node combining
3498 tree. This is used by rcutorture, and might
3499 possibly be useful for architectures having high
3500 cache-to-cache transfer latencies.
3502 rcutree.rcu_fanout_leaf= [KNL]
3503 Change the number of CPUs assigned to each
3504 leaf rcu_node structure. Useful for very
3505 large systems, which will choose the value 64,
3506 and for NUMA systems with large remote-access
3507 latencies, which will choose a value aligned
3508 with the appropriate hardware boundaries.
3510 rcutree.jiffies_till_sched_qs= [KNL]
3511 Set required age in jiffies for a
3512 given grace period before RCU starts
3513 soliciting quiescent-state help from
3514 rcu_note_context_switch().
3516 rcutree.jiffies_till_first_fqs= [KNL]
3517 Set delay from grace-period initialization to
3518 first attempt to force quiescent states.
3519 Units are jiffies, minimum value is zero,
3520 and maximum value is HZ.
3522 rcutree.jiffies_till_next_fqs= [KNL]
3523 Set delay between subsequent attempts to force
3524 quiescent states. Units are jiffies, minimum
3525 value is one, and maximum value is HZ.
3527 rcutree.kthread_prio= [KNL,BOOT]
3528 Set the SCHED_FIFO priority of the RCU per-CPU
3529 kthreads (rcuc/N). This value is also used for
3530 the priority of the RCU boost threads (rcub/N)
3531 and for the RCU grace-period kthreads (rcu_bh,
3532 rcu_preempt, and rcu_sched). If RCU_BOOST is
3533 set, valid values are 1-99 and the default is 1
3534 (the least-favored priority). Otherwise, when
3535 RCU_BOOST is not set, valid values are 0-99 and
3536 the default is zero (non-realtime operation).
3538 rcutree.rcu_nocb_leader_stride= [KNL]
3539 Set the number of NOCB kthread groups, which
3540 defaults to the square root of the number of
3541 CPUs. Larger numbers reduces the wakeup overhead
3542 on the per-CPU grace-period kthreads, but increases
3543 that same overhead on each group's leader.
3545 rcutree.qhimark= [KNL]
3546 Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks beyond which
3547 batch limiting is disabled.
3549 rcutree.qlowmark= [KNL]
3550 Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks below which
3551 batch limiting is re-enabled.
3553 rcutree.rcu_idle_gp_delay= [KNL]
3554 Set wakeup interval for idle CPUs that have
3555 RCU callbacks (RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y).
3557 rcutree.rcu_idle_lazy_gp_delay= [KNL]
3558 Set wakeup interval for idle CPUs that have
3559 only "lazy" RCU callbacks (RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y).
3560 Lazy RCU callbacks are those which RCU can
3561 prove do nothing more than free memory.
3563 rcuperf.gp_exp= [KNL]
3564 Measure performance of expedited synchronous
3565 grace-period primitives.
3567 rcuperf.holdoff= [KNL]
3568 Set test-start holdoff period. The purpose of
3569 this parameter is to delay the start of the
3570 test until boot completes in order to avoid
3573 rcuperf.nreaders= [KNL]
3574 Set number of RCU readers. The value -1 selects
3575 N, where N is the number of CPUs. A value
3576 "n" less than -1 selects N-n+1, where N is again
3577 the number of CPUs. For example, -2 selects N
3578 (the number of CPUs), -3 selects N+1, and so on.
3579 A value of "n" less than or equal to -N selects
3582 rcuperf.nwriters= [KNL]
3583 Set number of RCU writers. The values operate
3584 the same as for rcuperf.nreaders.
3585 N, where N is the number of CPUs
3587 rcuperf.perf_runnable= [BOOT]
3588 Start rcuperf running at boot time.
3590 rcuperf.shutdown= [KNL]
3591 Shut the system down after performance tests
3592 complete. This is useful for hands-off automated
3595 rcuperf.perf_type= [KNL]
3596 Specify the RCU implementation to test.
3598 rcuperf.verbose= [KNL]
3599 Enable additional printk() statements.
3601 rcutorture.cbflood_inter_holdoff= [KNL]
3602 Set holdoff time (jiffies) between successive
3603 callback-flood tests.
3605 rcutorture.cbflood_intra_holdoff= [KNL]
3606 Set holdoff time (jiffies) between successive
3607 bursts of callbacks within a given callback-flood
3610 rcutorture.cbflood_n_burst= [KNL]
3611 Set the number of bursts making up a given
3612 callback-flood test. Set this to zero to
3613 disable callback-flood testing.
3615 rcutorture.cbflood_n_per_burst= [KNL]
3616 Set the number of callbacks to be registered
3617 in a given burst of a callback-flood test.
3619 rcutorture.fqs_duration= [KNL]
3620 Set duration of force_quiescent_state bursts
3623 rcutorture.fqs_holdoff= [KNL]
3624 Set holdoff time within force_quiescent_state bursts
3627 rcutorture.fqs_stutter= [KNL]
3628 Set wait time between force_quiescent_state bursts
3631 rcutorture.gp_cond= [KNL]
3632 Use conditional/asynchronous update-side
3633 primitives, if available.
3635 rcutorture.gp_exp= [KNL]
3636 Use expedited update-side primitives, if available.
3638 rcutorture.gp_normal= [KNL]
3639 Use normal (non-expedited) asynchronous
3640 update-side primitives, if available.
3642 rcutorture.gp_sync= [KNL]
3643 Use normal (non-expedited) synchronous
3644 update-side primitives, if available. If all
3645 of rcutorture.gp_cond=, rcutorture.gp_exp=,
3646 rcutorture.gp_normal=, and rcutorture.gp_sync=
3647 are zero, rcutorture acts as if is interpreted
3648 they are all non-zero.
3650 rcutorture.n_barrier_cbs= [KNL]
3651 Set callbacks/threads for rcu_barrier() testing.
3653 rcutorture.nfakewriters= [KNL]
3654 Set number of concurrent RCU writers. These just
3655 stress RCU, they don't participate in the actual
3656 test, hence the "fake".
3658 rcutorture.nreaders= [KNL]
3659 Set number of RCU readers. The value -1 selects
3660 N-1, where N is the number of CPUs. A value
3661 "n" less than -1 selects N-n-2, where N is again
3662 the number of CPUs. For example, -2 selects N
3663 (the number of CPUs), -3 selects N+1, and so on.
3665 rcutorture.object_debug= [KNL]
3666 Enable debug-object double-call_rcu() testing.
3668 rcutorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL]
3669 Set time (s) after boot for CPU-hotplug testing.
3671 rcutorture.onoff_interval= [KNL]
3672 Set time (s) between CPU-hotplug operations, or
3673 zero to disable CPU-hotplug testing.
3675 rcutorture.shuffle_interval= [KNL]
3676 Set task-shuffle interval (s). Shuffling tasks
3677 allows some CPUs to go into dyntick-idle mode
3678 during the rcutorture test.
3680 rcutorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL]
3681 Set time (s) after boot system shutdown. This
3682 is useful for hands-off automated testing.
3684 rcutorture.stall_cpu= [KNL]
3685 Duration of CPU stall (s) to test RCU CPU stall
3686 warnings, zero to disable.
3688 rcutorture.stall_cpu_holdoff= [KNL]
3689 Time to wait (s) after boot before inducing stall.
3691 rcutorture.stat_interval= [KNL]
3692 Time (s) between statistics printk()s.
3694 rcutorture.stutter= [KNL]
3695 Time (s) to stutter testing, for example, specifying
3696 five seconds causes the test to run for five seconds,
3697 wait for five seconds, and so on. This tests RCU's
3698 ability to transition abruptly to and from idle.
3700 rcutorture.test_boost= [KNL]
3701 Test RCU priority boosting? 0=no, 1=maybe, 2=yes.
3702 "Maybe" means test if the RCU implementation
3703 under test support RCU priority boosting.
3705 rcutorture.test_boost_duration= [KNL]
3706 Duration (s) of each individual boost test.
3708 rcutorture.test_boost_interval= [KNL]
3709 Interval (s) between each boost test.
3711 rcutorture.test_no_idle_hz= [KNL]
3712 Test RCU's dyntick-idle handling. See also the
3713 rcutorture.shuffle_interval parameter.
3715 rcutorture.torture_runnable= [BOOT]
3716 Start rcutorture running at boot time.
3718 rcutorture.torture_type= [KNL]
3719 Specify the RCU implementation to test.
3721 rcutorture.verbose= [KNL]
3722 Enable additional printk() statements.
3724 rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_suppress= [KNL]
3725 Suppress RCU CPU stall warning messages.
3727 rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_timeout= [KNL]
3728 Set timeout for RCU CPU stall warning messages.
3730 rcupdate.rcu_expedited= [KNL]
3731 Use expedited grace-period primitives, for
3732 example, synchronize_rcu_expedited() instead
3733 of synchronize_rcu(). This reduces latency,
3734 but can increase CPU utilization, degrade
3735 real-time latency, and degrade energy efficiency.
3736 No effect on CONFIG_TINY_RCU kernels.
3738 rcupdate.rcu_normal= [KNL]
3739 Use only normal grace-period primitives,
3740 for example, synchronize_rcu() instead of
3741 synchronize_rcu_expedited(). This improves
3742 real-time latency, CPU utilization, and
3743 energy efficiency, but can expose users to
3744 increased grace-period latency. This parameter
3745 overrides rcupdate.rcu_expedited. No effect on
3746 CONFIG_TINY_RCU kernels.
3748 rcupdate.rcu_normal_after_boot= [KNL]
3749 Once boot has completed (that is, after
3750 rcu_end_inkernel_boot() has been invoked), use
3751 only normal grace-period primitives. No effect
3752 on CONFIG_TINY_RCU kernels.
3754 rcupdate.rcu_task_stall_timeout= [KNL]
3755 Set timeout in jiffies for RCU task stall warning
3756 messages. Disable with a value less than or equal
3759 rcupdate.rcu_self_test= [KNL]
3760 Run the RCU early boot self tests
3762 rcupdate.rcu_self_test_bh= [KNL]
3763 Run the RCU bh early boot self tests
3765 rcupdate.rcu_self_test_sched= [KNL]
3766 Run the RCU sched early boot self tests
3770 Run specified binary instead of /init from the ramdisk,
3771 used for early userspace startup. See initrd.
3774 Format (x86 or x86_64):
3775 [w[arm] | c[old] | h[ard] | s[oft] | g[pio]] \
3777 [[,]b[ios] | a[cpi] | k[bd] | t[riple] | e[fi] | p[ci]] \
3779 Where reboot_mode is one of warm (soft) or cold (hard) or gpio,
3780 reboot_type is one of bios, acpi, kbd, triple, efi, or pci,
3781 reboot_force is either force or not specified,
3782 reboot_cpu is s[mp]#### with #### being the processor
3783 to be used for rebooting.
3786 [KNL, SMP] Set scheduler's default relax_domain_level.
3787 See Documentation/cgroup-v1/cpusets.txt.
3789 relative_sleep_states=
3790 [SUSPEND] Use sleep state labeling where the deepest
3791 state available other than hibernation is always "mem".
3792 Format: { "0" | "1" }
3793 0 -- Traditional sleep state labels.
3794 1 -- Relative sleep state labels.
3796 reserve= [KNL,BUGS] Force the kernel to ignore some iomem area
3798 reservetop= [X86-32]
3800 Reserves a hole at the top of the kernel virtual
3805 Set the amount of memory to reserve for BIOS at
3806 the bottom of the address space.
3808 reset_devices [KNL] Force drivers to reset the underlying device
3809 during initialization.
3812 Specify the partition device for software suspend
3814 {/dev/<dev> | PARTUUID=<uuid> | <int>:<int> | <hex>}
3816 resume_offset= [SWSUSP]
3817 Specify the offset from the beginning of the partition
3818 given by "resume=" at which the swap header is located,
3819 in <PAGE_SIZE> units (needed only for swap files).
3820 See Documentation/power/swsusp-and-swap-files.txt
3822 resumedelay= [HIBERNATION] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
3823 read the resume files
3825 resumewait [HIBERNATION] Wait (indefinitely) for resume device to show up.
3826 Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
3827 (e.g. USB and MMC devices).
3829 hibernate= [HIBERNATION]
3830 noresume Don't check if there's a hibernation image
3831 present during boot.
3832 nocompress Don't compress/decompress hibernation images.
3833 no Disable hibernation and resume.
3834 protect_image Turn on image protection during restoration
3835 (that will set all pages holding image data
3836 during restoration read-only).
3838 retain_initrd [RAM] Keep initrd memory after extraction
3840 rfkill.default_state=
3841 0 "airplane mode". All wifi, bluetooth, wimax, gps, fm,
3842 etc. communication is blocked by default.
3845 rfkill.master_switch_mode=
3846 0 The "airplane mode" button does nothing.
3847 1 The "airplane mode" button toggles between everything
3848 blocked and the previous configuration.
3849 2 The "airplane mode" button toggles between everything
3850 blocked and everything unblocked.
3852 rhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
3853 Set number of hash buckets for route cache
3855 ro [KNL] Mount root device read-only on boot
3858 on Mark read-only kernel memory as read-only (default).
3859 off Leave read-only kernel memory writable for debugging.
3862 Enable the uart passthrough on the designated usb port
3863 on Rockchip SoCs. When active, the signals of the
3864 debug-uart get routed to the D+ and D- pins of the usb
3865 port and the regular usb controller gets disabled.
3867 root= [KNL] Root filesystem
3868 See name_to_dev_t comment in init/do_mounts.c.
3870 rootdelay= [KNL] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
3871 mount the root filesystem
3873 rootflags= [KNL] Set root filesystem mount option string
3875 rootfstype= [KNL] Set root filesystem type
3877 rootwait [KNL] Wait (indefinitely) for root device to show up.
3878 Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
3879 (e.g. USB and MMC devices).
3881 rproc_mem=nn[KMG][@address]
3882 [KNL,ARM,CMA] Remoteproc physical memory block.
3883 Memory area to be used by remote processor image,
3886 rw [KNL] Mount root device read-write on boot
3888 S [KNL] Run init in single mode
3890 s390_iommu= [HW,S390]
3891 Set s390 IOTLB flushing mode
3893 With strict flushing every unmap operation will result in
3894 an IOTLB flush. Default is lazy flushing before reuse,
3898 See drivers/net/irda/sa1100_ir.c.
3900 sbni= [NET] Granch SBNI12 leased line adapter
3902 sched_debug [KNL] Enables verbose scheduler debug messages.
3904 schedstats= [KNL,X86] Enable or disable scheduled statistics.
3905 Allowed values are enable and disable. This feature
3906 incurs a small amount of overhead in the scheduler
3907 but is useful for debugging and performance tuning.
3909 skew_tick= [KNL] Offset the periodic timer tick per cpu to mitigate
3910 xtime_lock contention on larger systems, and/or RCU lock
3911 contention on all systems with CONFIG_MAXSMP set.
3912 Format: { "0" | "1" }
3913 0 -- disable. (may be 1 via CONFIG_CMDLINE="skew_tick=1"
3915 Note: increases power consumption, thus should only be
3916 enabled if running jitter sensitive (HPC/RT) workloads.
3918 security= [SECURITY] Choose a security module to enable at boot.
3919 If this boot parameter is not specified, only the first
3920 security module asking for security registration will be
3921 loaded. An invalid security module name will be treated
3922 as if no module has been chosen.
3924 selinux= [SELINUX] Disable or enable SELinux at boot time.
3925 Format: { "0" | "1" }
3926 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
3929 Default value is set via kernel config option.
3930 If enabled at boot time, /selinux/disable can be used
3931 later to disable prior to initial policy load.
3933 apparmor= [APPARMOR] Disable or enable AppArmor at boot time
3934 Format: { "0" | "1" }
3935 See security/apparmor/Kconfig help text
3938 Default value is set via kernel config option.
3940 serialnumber [BUGS=X86-32]
3943 Maximal number of shapers.
3945 show_msr= [x86] show boot-time MSR settings
3946 Format: { <integer> }
3947 Show boot-time (BIOS-initialized) MSR settings.
3948 The parameter means the number of CPUs to show,
3949 for example 1 means boot CPU only.
3957 Disable merging of slabs with similar size. May be
3958 necessary if there is some reason to distinguish
3959 allocs to different slabs. Debug options disable
3960 merging on their own.
3961 For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
3963 slab_max_order= [MM, SLAB]
3964 Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
3965 A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
3966 fragmentation. Defaults to 1 for systems with
3967 more than 32MB of RAM, 0 otherwise.
3969 slub_debug[=options[,slabs]] [MM, SLUB]
3970 Enabling slub_debug allows one to determine the
3971 culprit if slab objects become corrupted. Enabling
3972 slub_debug can create guard zones around objects and
3973 may poison objects when not in use. Also tracks the
3974 last alloc / free. For more information see
3975 Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
3977 slub_max_order= [MM, SLUB]
3978 Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
3979 A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
3980 fragmentation. For more information see
3981 Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
3983 slub_min_objects= [MM, SLUB]
3984 The minimum number of objects per slab. SLUB will
3985 increase the slab order up to slub_max_order to
3986 generate a sufficiently large slab able to contain
3987 the number of objects indicated. The higher the number
3988 of objects the smaller the overhead of tracking slabs
3989 and the less frequently locks need to be acquired.
3990 For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
3992 slub_min_order= [MM, SLUB]
3993 Determines the minimum page order for slabs. Must be
3994 lower than slub_max_order.
3995 For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
3997 slub_nomerge [MM, SLUB]
3998 Same with slab_nomerge. This is supported for legacy.
3999 See slab_nomerge for more information.
4002 Format: <io1>[,<io2>[,...,<io8>]]
4004 smsc-ircc2.nopnp [HW] Don't use PNP to discover SMC devices
4005 smsc-ircc2.ircc_cfg= [HW] Device configuration I/O port
4006 smsc-ircc2.ircc_sir= [HW] SIR base I/O port
4007 smsc-ircc2.ircc_fir= [HW] FIR base I/O port
4008 smsc-ircc2.ircc_irq= [HW] IRQ line
4009 smsc-ircc2.ircc_dma= [HW] DMA channel
4010 smsc-ircc2.ircc_transceiver= [HW] Transceiver type:
4011 0: Toshiba Satellite 1800 (GP data pin select)
4012 1: Fast pin select (default)
4015 smt [KNL,S390] Set the maximum number of threads (logical
4016 CPUs) to use per physical CPU on systems capable of
4017 symmetric multithreading (SMT). Will be capped to the
4018 actual hardware limit.
4020 Default: -1 (no limit)
4023 [KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate panics.
4026 softlockup_all_cpu_backtrace=
4027 [KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate
4028 backtraces on all cpus.
4031 sonypi.*= [HW] Sony Programmable I/O Control Device driver
4032 See Documentation/laptops/sonypi.txt
4034 spectre_v2= [X86] Control mitigation of Spectre variant 2
4035 (indirect branch speculation) vulnerability.
4037 on - unconditionally enable
4038 off - unconditionally disable
4039 auto - kernel detects whether your CPU model is
4042 Selecting 'on' will, and 'auto' may, choose a
4043 mitigation method at run time according to the
4044 CPU, the available microcode, the setting of the
4045 CONFIG_RETPOLINE configuration option, and the
4046 compiler with which the kernel was built.
4048 Specific mitigations can also be selected manually:
4050 retpoline - replace indirect branches
4051 retpoline,generic - google's original retpoline
4052 retpoline,amd - AMD-specific minimal thunk
4054 Not specifying this option is equivalent to
4057 spec_store_bypass_disable=
4058 [HW] Control Speculative Store Bypass (SSB) Disable mitigation
4059 (Speculative Store Bypass vulnerability)
4061 Certain CPUs are vulnerable to an exploit against a
4062 a common industry wide performance optimization known
4063 as "Speculative Store Bypass" in which recent stores
4064 to the same memory location may not be observed by
4065 later loads during speculative execution. The idea
4066 is that such stores are unlikely and that they can
4067 be detected prior to instruction retirement at the
4068 end of a particular speculation execution window.
4070 In vulnerable processors, the speculatively forwarded
4071 store can be used in a cache side channel attack, for
4072 example to read memory to which the attacker does not
4073 directly have access (e.g. inside sandboxed code).
4075 This parameter controls whether the Speculative Store
4076 Bypass optimization is used.
4078 on - Unconditionally disable Speculative Store Bypass
4079 off - Unconditionally enable Speculative Store Bypass
4080 auto - Kernel detects whether the CPU model contains an
4081 implementation of Speculative Store Bypass and
4082 picks the most appropriate mitigation. If the
4083 CPU is not vulnerable, "off" is selected. If the
4084 CPU is vulnerable the default mitigation is
4085 architecture and Kconfig dependent. See below.
4086 prctl - Control Speculative Store Bypass per thread
4087 via prctl. Speculative Store Bypass is enabled
4088 for a process by default. The state of the control
4089 is inherited on fork.
4090 seccomp - Same as "prctl" above, but all seccomp threads
4091 will disable SSB unless they explicitly opt out.
4093 Not specifying this option is equivalent to
4094 spec_store_bypass_disable=auto.
4096 Default mitigations:
4097 X86: If CONFIG_SECCOMP=y "seccomp", otherwise "prctl"
4099 spia_io_base= [HW,MTD]
4105 Speculative Store Bypass Disable control
4107 On CPUs that are vulnerable to the Speculative
4108 Store Bypass vulnerability and offer a
4109 firmware based mitigation, this parameter
4110 indicates how the mitigation should be used:
4112 force-on: Unconditionally enable mitigation for
4113 for both kernel and userspace
4114 force-off: Unconditionally disable mitigation for
4115 for both kernel and userspace
4116 kernel: Always enable mitigation in the
4117 kernel, and offer a prctl interface
4118 to allow userspace to register its
4119 interest in being mitigated too.
4121 stack_guard_gap= [MM]
4122 override the default stack gap protection. The value
4123 is in page units and it defines how many pages prior
4124 to (for stacks growing down) resp. after (for stacks
4125 growing up) the main stack are reserved for no other
4126 mapping. Default value is 256 pages.
4129 Enabled the stack tracer on boot up.
4131 stacktrace_filter=[function-list]
4132 [FTRACE] Limit the functions that the stack tracer
4133 will trace at boot up. function-list is a comma separated
4134 list of functions. This list can be changed at run
4135 time by the stack_trace_filter file in the debugfs
4136 tracing directory. Note, this enables stack tracing
4137 and the stacktrace above is not needed.
4141 Set the STI (builtin display/keyboard on the HP-PARISC
4142 machines) console (graphic card) which should be used
4143 as the initial boot-console.
4144 See also comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
4147 See comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
4150 Format: bpp:<bpp1>[:<bpp2>[:<bpp3>...]]
4152 sunrpc.min_resvport=
4153 sunrpc.max_resvport=
4155 SunRPC servers often require that client requests
4156 originate from a privileged port (i.e. a port in the
4157 range 0 < portnr < 1024).
4158 An administrator who wishes to reserve some of these
4159 ports for other uses may adjust the range that the
4160 kernel's sunrpc client considers to be privileged
4161 using these two parameters to set the minimum and
4162 maximum port values.
4164 sunrpc.svc_rpc_per_connection_limit=
4166 Limit the number of requests that the server will
4167 process in parallel from a single connection.
4168 The default value is 0 (no limit).
4172 Control how the NFS server code allocates CPUs to
4173 service thread pools. Depending on how many NICs
4174 you have and where their interrupts are bound, this
4175 option will affect which CPUs will do NFS serving.
4176 Note: this parameter cannot be changed while the
4177 NFS server is running.
4179 auto the server chooses an appropriate mode
4180 automatically using heuristics
4181 global a single global pool contains all CPUs
4182 percpu one pool for each CPU
4183 pernode one pool for each NUMA node (equivalent
4184 to global on non-NUMA machines)
4186 sunrpc.tcp_slot_table_entries=
4187 sunrpc.udp_slot_table_entries=
4189 Sets the upper limit on the number of simultaneous
4190 RPC calls that can be sent from the client to a
4191 server. Increasing these values may allow you to
4192 improve throughput, but will also increase the
4193 amount of memory reserved for use by the client.
4195 suspend.pm_test_delay=
4197 Sets the number of seconds to remain in a suspend test
4198 mode before resuming the system (see
4199 /sys/power/pm_test). Only available when CONFIG_PM_DEBUG
4200 is set. Default value is 5.
4203 [KNL] Enable accounting of swap in memory resource
4204 controller if no parameter or 1 is given or disable
4205 it if 0 is given (See Documentation/cgroup-v1/memory.txt)
4207 swiotlb= [ARM,IA-64,PPC,MIPS,X86]
4208 Format: { <int> | force | noforce }
4209 <int> -- Number of I/O TLB slabs
4210 force -- force using of bounce buffers even if they
4211 wouldn't be automatically used by the kernel
4212 noforce -- Never use bounce buffers (for debugging)
4216 sysfs.deprecated=0|1 [KNL]
4217 Enable/disable old style sysfs layout for old udev
4218 on older distributions. When this option is enabled
4219 very new udev will not work anymore. When this option
4220 is disabled (or CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED not compiled)
4221 in older udev will not work anymore.
4222 Default depends on CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED_V2 set in
4223 the kernel configuration.
4225 sysrq_always_enabled
4227 Ignore sysrq setting - this boot parameter will
4228 neutralize any effect of /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq.
4229 Useful for debugging.
4231 tcpmhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
4232 Set the number of tcp_metrics_hash slots.
4233 Default value is 8192 or 16384 depending on total
4234 ram pages. This is used to specify the TCP metrics
4235 cache size. See Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
4236 "tcp_no_metrics_save" section for more details.
4240 test_suspend= [SUSPEND][,N]
4241 Specify "mem" (for Suspend-to-RAM) or "standby" (for
4242 standby suspend) or "freeze" (for suspend type freeze)
4243 as the system sleep state during system startup with
4244 the optional capability to repeat N number of times.
4245 The system is woken from this state using a
4246 wakeup-capable RTC alarm.
4248 thash_entries= [KNL,NET]
4249 Set number of hash buckets for TCP connection
4251 thermal.act= [HW,ACPI]
4252 -1: disable all active trip points in all thermal zones
4253 <degrees C>: override all lowest active trip points
4255 thermal.crt= [HW,ACPI]
4256 -1: disable all critical trip points in all thermal zones
4257 <degrees C>: override all critical trip points
4259 thermal.nocrt= [HW,ACPI]
4260 Set to disable actions on ACPI thermal zone
4261 critical and hot trip points.
4263 thermal.off= [HW,ACPI]
4264 1: disable ACPI thermal control
4266 thermal.psv= [HW,ACPI]
4267 -1: disable all passive trip points
4268 <degrees C>: override all passive trip points to this
4271 thermal.tzp= [HW,ACPI]
4272 Specify global default ACPI thermal zone polling rate
4273 <deci-seconds>: poll all this frequency
4274 0: no polling (default)
4277 Force threading of all interrupt handlers except those
4278 marked explicitly IRQF_NO_THREAD.
4281 Enable the Transcendent memory driver if built-in.
4283 tmem.cleancache=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
4284 Default is on (1). Disable the usage of the cleancache
4285 API to send anonymous pages to the hypervisor.
4287 tmem.frontswap=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
4288 Default is on (1). Disable the usage of the frontswap
4289 API to send swap pages to the hypervisor. If disabled
4290 the selfballooning and selfshrinking are force disabled.
4292 tmem.selfballooning=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
4293 Default is on (1). Disable the driving of swap pages
4296 tmem.selfshrinking=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
4297 Default is on (1). Partial swapoff that immediately
4298 transfers pages from Xen hypervisor back to the
4299 kernel based on different criteria.
4303 Specify if the kernel should make use of the cpu
4304 topology information if the hardware supports this.
4305 The scheduler will make use of this information and
4306 e.g. base its process migration decisions on it.
4309 topology_updates= [KNL, PPC, NUMA]
4311 Specify if the kernel should ignore (off)
4312 topology updates sent by the hypervisor to this
4317 tpm_suspend_pcr=[HW,TPM]
4318 Format: integer pcr id
4319 Specify that at suspend time, the tpm driver
4320 should extend the specified pcr with zeros,
4321 as a workaround for some chips which fail to
4322 flush the last written pcr on TPM_SaveState.
4323 This will guarantee that all the other pcrs
4326 trace_buf_size=nn[KMG]
4327 [FTRACE] will set tracing buffer size on each cpu.
4329 trace_event=[event-list]
4330 [FTRACE] Set and start specified trace events in order
4331 to facilitate early boot debugging. The event-list is a
4332 comma separated list of trace events to enable. See
4333 also Documentation/trace/events.txt
4335 trace_options=[option-list]
4336 [FTRACE] Enable or disable tracer options at boot.
4337 The option-list is a comma delimited list of options
4338 that can be enabled or disabled just as if you were
4339 to echo the option name into
4341 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_options
4343 For example, to enable stacktrace option (to dump the
4344 stack trace of each event), add to the command line:
4346 trace_options=stacktrace
4348 See also Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt "trace options"
4352 Have the tracepoints sent to printk as well as the
4353 tracing ring buffer. This is useful for early boot up
4354 where the system hangs or reboots and does not give the
4355 option for reading the tracing buffer or performing a
4356 ftrace_dump_on_oops.
4358 To turn off having tracepoints sent to printk,
4359 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/tracepoint_printk
4360 Note, echoing 1 into this file without the
4361 tracepoint_printk kernel cmdline option has no effect.
4365 Having tracepoints sent to printk() and activating high
4366 frequency tracepoints such as irq or sched, can cause
4367 the system to live lock.
4370 [FTRACE] enable this option to disable tracing when a
4371 warning is hit. This turns off "tracing_on". Tracing can
4372 be enabled again by echoing '1' into the "tracing_on"
4373 file located in /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/
4375 This option is useful, as it disables the trace before
4376 the WARNING dump is called, which prevents the trace to
4377 be filled with content caused by the warning output.
4379 This option can also be set at run time via the sysctl
4380 option: kernel/traceoff_on_warning
4382 transparent_hugepage=
4384 Format: [always|madvise|never]
4385 Can be used to control the default behavior of the system
4386 with respect to transparent hugepages.
4387 See Documentation/vm/transhuge.txt for more details.
4389 tsc= Disable clocksource stability checks for TSC.
4391 [x86] reliable: mark tsc clocksource as reliable, this
4392 disables clocksource verification at runtime, as well
4393 as the stability checks done at bootup. Used to enable
4394 high-resolution timer mode on older hardware, and in
4395 virtualized environment.
4396 [x86] noirqtime: Do not use TSC to do irq accounting.
4397 Used to run time disable IRQ_TIME_ACCOUNTING on any
4398 platforms where RDTSC is slow and this accounting
4401 turbografx.map[2|3]= [HW,JOY]
4402 TurboGraFX parallel port interface
4404 <port#>,<js1>,<js2>,<js3>,<js4>,<js5>,<js6>,<js7>
4405 See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
4407 udbg-immortal [PPC] When debugging early kernel crashes that
4408 happen after console_init() and before a proper
4409 console driver takes over, this boot options might
4410 help "seeing" what's going on.
4412 uhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
4413 Set number of hash buckets for UDP/UDP-Lite connections
4416 [USB] Ignore overcurrent events (default N).
4417 Some badly-designed motherboards generate lots of
4418 bogus events, for ports that aren't wired to
4419 anything. Set this parameter to avoid log spamming.
4420 Note that genuine overcurrent events won't be
4424 [X86] Cause panic on unknown NMI.
4426 usbcore.authorized_default=
4427 [USB] Default USB device authorization:
4428 (default -1 = authorized except for wireless USB,
4429 0 = not authorized, 1 = authorized)
4431 usbcore.autosuspend=
4432 [USB] The autosuspend time delay (in seconds) used
4433 for newly-detected USB devices (default 2). This
4434 is the time required before an idle device will be
4435 autosuspended. Devices for which the delay is set
4436 to a negative value won't be autosuspended at all.
4438 usbcore.usbfs_snoop=
4439 [USB] Set to log all usbfs traffic (default 0 = off).
4441 usbcore.usbfs_snoop_max=
4442 [USB] Maximum number of bytes to snoop in each URB
4445 usbcore.blinkenlights=
4446 [USB] Set to cycle leds on hubs (default 0 = off).
4448 usbcore.old_scheme_first=
4449 [USB] Start with the old device initialization
4450 scheme (default 0 = off).
4452 usbcore.usbfs_memory_mb=
4453 [USB] Memory limit (in MB) for buffers allocated by
4454 usbfs (default = 16, 0 = max = 2047).
4456 usbcore.use_both_schemes=
4457 [USB] Try the other device initialization scheme
4458 if the first one fails (default 1 = enabled).
4460 usbcore.initial_descriptor_timeout=
4461 [USB] Specifies timeout for the initial 64-byte
4462 USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR request in milliseconds
4463 (default 5000 = 5.0 seconds).
4465 usbcore.nousb [USB] Disable the USB subsystem
4468 [USBHID] The interval which mice are to be polled at.
4470 usb-storage.delay_use=
4471 [UMS] The delay in seconds before a new device is
4472 scanned for Logical Units (default 1).
4475 [UMS] A list of quirks entries to supplement or
4476 override the built-in unusual_devs list. List
4477 entries are separated by commas. Each entry has
4478 the form VID:PID:Flags where VID and PID are Vendor
4479 and Product ID values (4-digit hex numbers) and
4480 Flags is a set of characters, each corresponding
4481 to a common usb-storage quirk flag as follows:
4482 a = SANE_SENSE (collect more than 18 bytes
4484 b = BAD_SENSE (don't collect more than 18
4485 bytes of sense data);
4486 c = FIX_CAPACITY (decrease the reported
4487 device capacity by one sector);
4488 d = NO_READ_DISC_INFO (don't use
4489 READ_DISC_INFO command);
4490 e = NO_READ_CAPACITY_16 (don't use
4491 READ_CAPACITY_16 command);
4492 f = NO_REPORT_OPCODES (don't use report opcodes
4494 g = MAX_SECTORS_240 (don't transfer more than
4495 240 sectors at a time, uas only);
4496 h = CAPACITY_HEURISTICS (decrease the
4497 reported device capacity by one
4498 sector if the number is odd);
4499 i = IGNORE_DEVICE (don't bind to this
4501 j = NO_REPORT_LUNS (don't use report luns
4503 l = NOT_LOCKABLE (don't try to lock and
4504 unlock ejectable media);
4505 m = MAX_SECTORS_64 (don't transfer more
4506 than 64 sectors = 32 KB at a time);
4507 n = INITIAL_READ10 (force a retry of the
4508 initial READ(10) command);
4509 o = CAPACITY_OK (accept the capacity
4510 reported by the device);
4511 p = WRITE_CACHE (the device cache is ON
4513 r = IGNORE_RESIDUE (the device reports
4514 bogus residue values);
4515 s = SINGLE_LUN (the device has only one
4517 t = NO_ATA_1X (don't allow ATA(12) and ATA(16)
4518 commands, uas only);
4519 u = IGNORE_UAS (don't bind to the uas driver);
4520 w = NO_WP_DETECT (don't test whether the
4521 medium is write-protected).
4522 y = ALWAYS_SYNC (issue a SYNCHRONIZE_CACHE
4523 even if the device claims no cache)
4524 Example: quirks=0419:aaf5:rl,0421:0433:rc
4526 user_debug= [KNL,ARM]
4528 See arch/arm/Kconfig.debug help text.
4529 1 - undefined instruction events
4531 4 - invalid data aborts
4534 Example: user_debug=31
4537 [X86] Flags controlling user PTE allocations.
4539 nohigh = do not allocate PTE pages in
4540 HIGHMEM regardless of setting
4544 On X86_32, this is an alias for vdso32=. Otherwise:
4546 vdso=1: enable VDSO (the default)
4547 vdso=0: disable VDSO mapping
4549 vdso32= [X86] Control the 32-bit vDSO
4550 vdso32=1: enable 32-bit VDSO
4551 vdso32=0 or vdso32=2: disable 32-bit VDSO
4553 See the help text for CONFIG_COMPAT_VDSO for more
4554 details. If CONFIG_COMPAT_VDSO is set, the default is
4555 vdso32=0; otherwise, the default is vdso32=1.
4557 For compatibility with older kernels, vdso32=2 is an
4560 Try vdso32=0 if you encounter an error that says:
4561 dl_main: Assertion `(void *) ph->p_vaddr == _rtld_local._dl_sysinfo_dso' failed!
4564 vector=percpu: enable percpu vector domain
4566 video= [FB] Frame buffer configuration
4567 See Documentation/fb/modedb.txt.
4569 video.brightness_switch_enabled= [0,1]
4570 If set to 1, on receiving an ACPI notify event
4571 generated by hotkey, video driver will adjust brightness
4572 level and then send out the event to user space through
4573 the allocated input device; If set to 0, video driver
4574 will only send out the event without touching backlight
4579 [VMMIO] Memory mapped virtio (platform) device.
4581 <size>@<baseaddr>:<irq>[:<id>]
4583 <size> := size (can use standard suffixes
4585 <baseaddr> := physical base address
4586 <irq> := interrupt number (as passed to
4588 <id> := (optional) platform device id
4590 virtio_mmio.device=1K@0x100b0000:48:7
4592 Can be used multiple times for multiple devices.
4594 vga= [BOOT,X86-32] Select a particular video mode
4595 See Documentation/x86/boot.txt and
4596 Documentation/svga.txt.
4597 Use vga=ask for menu.
4598 This is actually a boot loader parameter; the value is
4599 passed to the kernel using a special protocol.
4601 vmalloc=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Forces the vmalloc area to have an exact
4602 size of <nn>. This can be used to increase the
4603 minimum size (128MB on x86). It can also be used to
4604 decrease the size and leave more room for directly
4607 vmhalt= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after system halt.
4610 vmpanic= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after kernel panic.
4613 vmpoff= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after power off.
4617 Controls the behavior of vsyscalls (i.e. calls to
4618 fixed addresses of 0xffffffffff600x00 from legacy
4619 code). Most statically-linked binaries and older
4620 versions of glibc use these calls. Because these
4621 functions are at fixed addresses, they make nice
4622 targets for exploits that can control RIP.
4624 emulate [default] Vsyscalls turn into traps and are
4625 emulated reasonably safely.
4627 native Vsyscalls are native syscall instructions.
4628 This is a little bit faster than trapping
4629 and makes a few dynamic recompilers work
4630 better than they would in emulation mode.
4631 It also makes exploits much easier to write.
4633 none Vsyscalls don't work at all. This makes
4634 them quite hard to use for exploits but
4635 might break your system.
4637 vt.color= [VT] Default text color.
4638 Format: 0xYX, X = foreground, Y = background.
4639 Default: 0x07 = light gray on black.
4641 vt.cur_default= [VT] Default cursor shape.
4642 Format: 0xCCBBAA, where AA, BB, and CC are the same as
4643 the parameters of the <Esc>[?A;B;Cc escape sequence;
4644 see VGA-softcursor.txt. Default: 2 = underline.
4646 vt.default_blu= [VT]
4647 Format: <blue0>,<blue1>,<blue2>,...,<blue15>
4648 Change the default blue palette of the console.
4649 This is a 16-member array composed of values
4652 vt.default_grn= [VT]
4653 Format: <green0>,<green1>,<green2>,...,<green15>
4654 Change the default green palette of the console.
4655 This is a 16-member array composed of values
4658 vt.default_red= [VT]
4659 Format: <red0>,<red1>,<red2>,...,<red15>
4660 Change the default red palette of the console.
4661 This is a 16-member array composed of values
4667 Set system-wide default UTF-8 mode for all tty's.
4668 Default is 1, i.e. UTF-8 mode is enabled for all
4669 newly opened terminals.
4671 vt.global_cursor_default=
4674 Set system-wide default for whether a cursor
4675 is shown on new VTs. Default is -1,
4676 i.e. cursors will be created by default unless
4677 overridden by individual drivers. 0 will hide
4678 cursors, 1 will display them.
4680 vt.italic= [VT] Default color for italic text; 0-15.
4683 vt.underline= [VT] Default color for underlined text; 0-15.
4686 watchdog timers [HW,WDT] For information on watchdog timers,
4687 see Documentation/watchdog/watchdog-parameters.txt
4688 or other driver-specific files in the
4689 Documentation/watchdog/ directory.
4691 workqueue.watchdog_thresh=
4692 If CONFIG_WQ_WATCHDOG is configured, workqueue can
4693 warn stall conditions and dump internal state to
4694 help debugging. 0 disables workqueue stall
4695 detection; otherwise, it's the stall threshold
4696 duration in seconds. The default value is 30 and
4697 it can be updated at runtime by writing to the
4698 corresponding sysfs file.
4700 workqueue.disable_numa
4701 By default, all work items queued to unbound
4702 workqueues are affine to the NUMA nodes they're
4703 issued on, which results in better behavior in
4704 general. If NUMA affinity needs to be disabled for
4705 whatever reason, this option can be used. Note
4706 that this also can be controlled per-workqueue for
4707 workqueues visible under /sys/bus/workqueue/.
4709 workqueue.power_efficient
4710 Per-cpu workqueues are generally preferred because
4711 they show better performance thanks to cache
4712 locality; unfortunately, per-cpu workqueues tend to
4713 be more power hungry than unbound workqueues.
4715 Enabling this makes the per-cpu workqueues which
4716 were observed to contribute significantly to power
4717 consumption unbound, leading to measurably lower
4718 power usage at the cost of small performance
4721 The default value of this parameter is determined by
4722 the config option CONFIG_WQ_POWER_EFFICIENT_DEFAULT.
4724 workqueue.debug_force_rr_cpu
4725 Workqueue used to implicitly guarantee that work
4726 items queued without explicit CPU specified are put
4727 on the local CPU. This guarantee is no longer true
4728 and while local CPU is still preferred work items
4729 may be put on foreign CPUs. This debug option
4730 forces round-robin CPU selection to flush out
4731 usages which depend on the now broken guarantee.
4732 When enabled, memory and cache locality will be
4735 x2apic_phys [X86-64,APIC] Use x2apic physical mode instead of
4736 default x2apic cluster mode on platforms
4739 x86_intel_mid_timer= [X86-32,APBT]
4740 Choose timer option for x86 Intel MID platform.
4741 Two valid options are apbt timer only and lapic timer
4742 plus one apbt timer for broadcast timer.
4743 x86_intel_mid_timer=apbt_only | lapic_and_apbt
4745 xen_512gb_limit [KNL,X86-64,XEN]
4746 Restricts the kernel running paravirtualized under Xen
4747 to use only up to 512 GB of RAM. The reason to do so is
4748 crash analysis tools and Xen tools for doing domain
4749 save/restore/migration must be enabled to handle larger
4752 xen_emul_unplug= [HW,X86,XEN]
4753 Unplug Xen emulated devices
4754 Format: [unplug0,][unplug1]
4755 ide-disks -- unplug primary master IDE devices
4756 aux-ide-disks -- unplug non-primary-master IDE devices
4757 nics -- unplug network devices
4758 all -- unplug all emulated devices (NICs and IDE disks)
4759 unnecessary -- unplugging emulated devices is
4760 unnecessary even if the host did not respond to
4762 never -- do not unplug even if version check succeeds
4764 xen_nopvspin [X86,XEN]
4765 Disables the ticketlock slowpath using Xen PV
4769 Disables the PV optimizations forcing the HVM guest to
4770 run as generic HVM guest with no PV drivers.
4772 xirc2ps_cs= [NET,PCMCIA]
4774 <irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]]
4776 ______________________________________________________________________
4780 Add more DRM drivers.
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