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153 Published software should be <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
154 software</a>. To make it free software, you need to release it
155 under a free software license. We normally use the <a
156 href="#GPL">GNU General Public License</a> (GNU GPL),
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167 it under a free documentation license. We normally use the
168 <a href="#FDL">GNU Free Documentation License</a> (GNU
169 FDL), but occasionally we use
170 <a href="/licenses/license-list.html#DocumentationLicenses">other free
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174 <p>If you've started a new project and you're not sure what license to
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179 our <a href="/licenses/recommended-copylefts.html">recommended
180 copyleft licenses</a>.</p>
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184 <h3>Evaluating Licenses</h3>
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193 difficult philosophical problems, so we can't promise to decide
196 <h3>Common Resources for our Software Licenses</h3>
198 <p>We have a number of resources to help people understand and use our
199 various licenses:</p>
203 <li><a href="/licenses/gpl-faq.html">Frequently Asked
204 Questions about the GNU licenses</a></li>
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206 own software</a></li>
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208 violation of a GNU license</a></li>
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210 <li><a href="/philosophy/university.html">Releasing Free Software if
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214 <li><a href="/graphics/license-logos.html">GNU license logos</a> to use
215 with your project</li>
216 <li><a href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing">The FSF Licensing & Compliance Lab</a></li>
218 href="/licenses/license-list.html#LicensingEmailAddress"><licensing@fsf.org></a> for general licensing help
223 <h3 id="GPL">The GNU General Public License</h3>
226 The GNU General Public License is often called the GNU GPL for short;
227 it is used by most GNU programs, and by more than half of all free
228 software packages. The latest version is version 3.
232 <li>The GNU General Public License is available in these formats:
233 <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">HTML</a>,
234 <a href="/licenses/gpl.txt">plain text</a>,
235 <a href="/licenses/gpl.odt">ODF</a>,
236 <a href="/licenses/gpl.dbk">Docbook</a>,
237 <a href="/licenses/gpl.texi">Texinfo</a>, and
238 <a href="/licenses/gpl.tex">LaTeX</a>.
239 These documents are not formatted for standalone publishing, and
240 are intended to be included in another document.</li>
241 <li><a href="/licenses/quick-guide-gplv3.html">A Quick Guide to
243 <li><a href="/licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.html#GPL">Older
244 versions of the GNU GPL</a></li>
247 <h3 id="LGPL">The GNU Lesser General Public License</h3>
250 The GNU Lesser General Public License is used by a few (not by any means
251 all) GNU libraries. The latest version is version 3.
255 <li>The GNU Lesser General Public License text is available in
257 <a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">HTML</a>,
258 <a href="/licenses/lgpl.txt">plain text</a>,
259 <a href="/licenses/lgpl.dbk">Docbook</a>, and
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261 These documents are not formatted for standalone publishing, and
262 are intended to be included in another document.</li>
263 <li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">Why you shouldn't use
264 the Lesser GPL for your next library</a></li>
265 <li><a href="/licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.html#LGPL">Older
266 versions of the GNU LGPL</a></li>
269 <h3 id="AGPL">The GNU Affero General Public License</h3>
272 The GNU Affero General Public License is based on the GNU GPL, but has an
273 additional term to allow users who interact with the licensed software over
274 a network to receive the source for that program. We recommend that people
275 consider using the GNU AGPL for any software which will commonly be run
276 over a network. The latest version is version 3.
280 <li>The GNU Affero General Public License text is available in
282 <a href="/licenses/agpl.html">HTML</a>,
283 <a href="/licenses/agpl.txt">plain text</a>,
284 <a href="/licenses/agpl.dbk">Docbook</a>,
285 <a href="/licenses/agpl.texi">Texinfo</a>, and
286 <a href="/licenses/agpl.tex">LaTeX</a>.
287 These documents are not formatted for standalone publishing, and
288 are intended to be included in another document.</li>
289 <li><a href="/licenses/why-affero-gpl.html">Why the Affero GPL</a></li>
292 <h3 id="FDL">The GNU Free Documentation License</h3>
295 The GNU Free Documentation License is a form of copyleft intended
296 for use on a manual, textbook or other document to assure everyone
297 the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
298 modifications, either commercially or non-commercially. The latest version
303 <li>The GNU Free Documentation License text is available in these formats:
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305 <a href="/licenses/fdl.txt">plain text</a>,
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309 These documents are not formatted for standalone publishing, and
310 are intended to be included in another document.</li>
311 <li><a href="/licenses/why-gfdl.html">Why publishers should use
313 <li><a href="/licenses/fdl.html#addendum">How to use
314 the GNU FDL for your documentation</a></li>
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316 <li><a href="/licenses/fdl-howto-opt.html">How to use the optional
317 features of the GNU FDL</a></li>
318 <li><a href="/licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.html#FDL">
319 Older versions of the GNU FDL</a></li>
322 <h3 id="Exceptions">Exceptions to GNU Licenses</h3>
324 <p>Some GNU programs have additional permissions or special exceptions
325 to specific terms in one of the main licenses. Since some of those
326 are commonly used or inspire a lot of questions on their own, we've
327 started collecting them on
328 our <a href="/licenses/exceptions.html">exceptions page</a>.</p>
330 <h3 id="LicenseURLs">License URLs</h3>
332 <p>When linking to our licenses, it's usually best to link to the latest
333 version; hence the standard URLs such as
334 <tt>http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html</tt> have no version number.
335 Occasionally, however, you may want to link to a specific version of a
336 given license. In those situations, you can use the following links
337 [<a href="#urlskip">skip links</a>]:</p>
340 <dt>GNU General Public License (GPL)</dt>
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344 <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GPLv2</a>,
345 <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-1.0.html">GPLv1</a></dd>
347 <dt>GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)</dt>
348 <dd><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.html">LGPLv3</a>,
349 <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-2.1.html">LGPLv2.1</a></dd>
351 <dt>GNU Affero General Public License (AGPL)</dt>
352 <dd><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html">GNU
354 href="http://www.affero.org/oagpl.html">Affero General
355 Public License version 1</a> is not a GNU license, but it was
356 designed to serve a purpose much like the GNU AGPL's.)</dd>
358 <dt>GNU Free Documentation License (FDL)</dt>
359 <dd><a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.html">FDLv1.3</a>,
360 <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.2.html">FDLv1.2</a>,
361 <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.1.html">FDLv1.1</a></dd>
364 <p><a name="urlskip"></a>Stable links to each license's alternative
365 formats are available on its respective page. Not every version of
366 every license is available in every format. If you need one that is
367 missing, please <a href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">email us</a>.</p>
369 <p>See also the <a href="old-licenses/">old licenses page</a>.</p>
372 <h3>Unofficial Translations</h3>
375 Legally speaking, the original (English) version of the licenses is what
376 specifies the actual distribution terms for GNU programs and others that
377 use them. But to help people better understand the licenses, we give
378 permission to publish translations into other languages provided that
379 they follow our regulations for unofficial translations:
384 <a href="/licenses/translations.html">List of unofficial translations</a>
386 <li><a href="/licenses/translations.html#rules">How to create an unofficial
390 <h3 id="VerbatimCopying">Verbatim Copying and Distribution</h3>
392 <p>The standard copyright terms for GNU web pages is now the <a
393 href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
394 Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>. It used to
395 be (and for a few pages still is): <em><span class="highlight">Verbatim
396 copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted worldwide,
397 without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is
398 preserved</span>.</em> Please note the following commentary about this
399 “verbatim license” by Eben Moglen:</p>
402 “Our intention in using the phrase ‘verbatim copying in
403 any medium’ is not to require retention of page headings and
404 footers or other formatting features. Retention of weblinks in both
405 hyperlinked and non-hyperlinked media (as notes or some other form of
406 printed URL in non-HTML media) is required”.
409 <h3>List of Free Software Licenses</h3>
413 <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">List of Free Software Licenses</a>
415 <p> If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the
417 href="mailto:licensing@fsf.org"><licensing@fsf.org></a>. The
418 proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work
419 for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you
420 find an existing Free Software license that meets your needs.
424 If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
425 help you can ensure that the license really is a Free Software license
426 and avoid various practical problems.
433 <h3 id="WhatIsCopyleft">What Is Copyleft?</h3>
436 <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html"><em>Copyleft</em></a> is a general
437 method for making a program free
438 software and requiring all modified and extended versions of the
439 program to be free software as well.
443 The simplest way to make a program free is to put it in the
444 <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#PublicDomainSoftware">public
445 domain</a>, uncopyrighted. This allows people to share the program
446 and their improvements, if they are so minded. But it also allows
447 uncooperative people to convert the program into
448 <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary
449 software</a>. They can make changes, many or few, and distribute the
450 result as a proprietary product. People who receive the program in
451 that modified form do not have the freedom that the original author
452 gave them; the middleman has stripped it away.
456 In the <a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">GNU project</a>, our aim is
457 to give <em>all</em> users the freedom to redistribute and change GNU
458 software. If middlemen could strip off the freedom, we might have
459 many users, but those users would not have freedom. So instead of
460 putting GNU software in the public domain, we “copyleft”
461 it. Copyleft says that anyone who redistributes the software, with or
462 without changes, must pass along the freedom to further copy and
463 change it. Copyleft guarantees that every user has freedom.
467 Copyleft also provides an
468 <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">incentive</a>
469 for other programmers to add to free software.
470 Important free programs such as the GNU C++ compiler exist
471 only because of this.
475 Copyleft also helps programmers who want to contribute
476 <a href="/software/software.html#develop">improvements</a> to
477 <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> get permission to
478 do that. These programmers often work for companies or universities
479 that would do almost anything to get more money. A programmer may
480 want to contribute her changes to the community, but her employer may
481 want to turn the changes into a proprietary software product.
485 When we explain to the employer that it is illegal to distribute the
486 improved version except as free software, the employer usually decides
487 to release it as free software rather than throw it away.
491 To copyleft a program, we first state that it is copyrighted; then
492 we add distribution terms, which are a legal instrument that gives
493 everyone the rights to use, modify, and redistribute the program's
494 code <em>or any program derived from it</em> but only if the
495 distribution terms are unchanged. Thus, the code and the freedoms
496 become legally inseparable.
500 Proprietary software developers use copyright to take away the users'
501 freedom; we use copyright to guarantee their freedom. That's why we
502 reverse the name, changing “copyright” into
503 “copyleft”.
507 Copyleft is a general concept; there are many ways to fill in the
508 details. In the GNU Project, the specific distribution terms that we
509 use are contained in the GNU General Public License, the GNU Lesser
510 General Public License and the GNU Free Documentation License.
514 The appropriate license is included in many manuals and in each GNU
515 source code distribution.
519 The GNU GPL is designed so that you can easily apply it to your own
520 program if you are the copyright holder. You don't have to modify the
521 GNU GPL to do this, just add notices to your program which refer
522 properly to the GNU GPL. Please note that you must use the
523 entire text of the GPL, if you use it. It is an integral whole, and
524 partial copies are not permitted. (Likewise for the LGPL, AGPL, and FDL.)
528 Using the same distribution terms for many different programs makes it
529 easy to copy code between various different programs. Since they all
530 have the same distribution terms, there is no need to think about
531 whether the terms are compatible. The Lesser GPL includes a
532 provision that lets you alter the distribution terms to the ordinary
533 GPL, so that you can copy code into another program covered by the GPL.
536 <h3>Licenses for Other Types of Works</h3>
539 We believe that published software and documentation should be
540 <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">free software and free documentation</a>.
541 We recommend making all sorts of educational and reference works free
542 also, using free documentation licenses such as the
543 <a href="#FDL">GNU Free Documentation License</a> (GNU FDL).
546 <p>For essays of opinion and scientific papers, we recommend
548 href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
549 Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>, or the
550 simple “verbatim copying only” license stated above.</p>
553 We don't take the position that artistic or entertainment works must
554 be free, but if you want to make one free, we recommend
555 the <a href="//directory.fsf.org/wiki/License:Free-Art-L-v1.3">Free Art
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573 <div id="mission-statement">
576 <p><a href="http://www.fsf.org"><img id="fsfbanner"
577 src="/graphics/fsf-logo-notext.png" alt=" [FSF logo] "/></a><strong>“Our
578 mission is to preserve, protect and promote the freedom to use, study,
579 copy, modify, and redistribute computer software, and to defend the
580 rights of Free Software users.”</strong></p>
583 <p>The <a href="http://www.fsf.org">Free Software Foundation</a> is
584 the principal organizational sponsor of the GNU Operating System.
585 <strong>Support GNU and the FSF</strong> by <a
586 href="http://shop.fsf.org/">buying manuals and gear</a>, <a
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660 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
661 <!-- timestamp start -->
662 $Date: 2015/06/12 21:55:19 $
663 <!-- timestamp end -->