(split) LDP v3.30, v3.31 の定型的な変更内容を反映。

[linuxjm/LDP_man-pages.git] / draft / man3 / alloca.3

.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1991 Regents of the University of California.
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
.\"     This product includes software developed by the University of
.\"     California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\"     @(#)alloca.3    5.1 (Berkeley) 5/2/91
.\"
.\" Converted Mon Nov 29 11:05:55 1993 by Rik Faith <faith@cs.unc.edu>
.\" Modified Tue Oct 22 23:41:56 1996 by Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
.\" Modified 2002-07-17, aeb
.\" 2008-01-24, mtk:
.\"     Various rewrites and additions (notes on longjmp() and SIGSEGV).
.\"     Weaken warning against use of alloca() (as per Debian bug 461100).
.\"
.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1996 Kentaro OGAWA
.\"         all rights reserved.
.\" Translated Sat, 13 Jul 1996 22:44:04 +0900
.\"         by Kentaro OGAWA <k_ogawa@oyna.cc.muroran-it.ac.jp>
.\" Updated & Modified Tue Oct 16 01:01:48 JST 2001
.\"         by Yuichi SATO <ysato@mail.sbvl.muroran-it.ac.jp>
.\" Updated & Modified Sat Aug 31 04:42:49 JST 2002 by Yuichi SATO
.\"
.TH ALLOCA 3 2008-01-24 "GNU" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.\"O .SH NAME
.SH ̾Á°
.\"O alloca \- allocate memory that is automatically freed
alloca \- ¼«Æ°Åª¤Ë²òÊü¤µ¤ì¤ë¥á¥â¥ê¤ò³ä¤êÅö¤Æ¤ë
.\"O .SH SYNOPSIS
.SH ½ñ¼°
.B #include <alloca.h>
.sp
.BI "void *alloca(size_t " size );
.\"O .SH DESCRIPTION
.SH ÀâÌÀ
.\"O The
.\"O .BR alloca ()
.\"O function allocates
.\"O .I size
.\"O bytes of space in the stack frame of the caller.
.\"O This temporary space is
.\"O automatically freed when the function that called
.\"O .BR alloca ()
.\"O returns to its caller.
.BR alloca ()
´Ø¿ô¤Ï¡¢
.I size
¥Ð¥¤¥È¤ÎÎΰè¤ò¸Æ½Ð¸µ¤Î¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯¡¦¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤Ë³ä¤êÉÕ¤±¤ë¡£
¤³¤Î°ì»þŪ¤ÊÎΰè¤Ï¡¢
.BR alloca ()
¤ò¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤¿´Ø¿ô¤¬¸Æ½Ð¸µ¤ËÊÖ¤ë¤È¤­¤Ë¼«Æ°Åª¤Ë²òÊü¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
.\"O .SH "RETURN VALUE"
.SH ÊÖ¤êÃÍ
.\"O The
.\"O .BR alloca ()
.\"O function returns a pointer to the beginning of the allocated space.
.\"O If the allocation causes stack overflow, program behavior is undefined.
.BR alloca ()
´Ø¿ô¤Ï¡¢³ä¤êÉÕ¤±¤¿Îΰè¤Î»Ï¤Þ¤ê¤ò»Ø¤¹¥Ý¥¤¥ó¥¿¤òÊÖ¤¹¡£
³ä¤êÉÕ¤±¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯¥ª¡¼¥Ð¡¼¥Õ¥í¡¼¤¬µ¯¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Î
¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤ÎÆ°ºî¤ÏÄêµÁ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡£
.\"O .SH "CONFORMING TO"
.SH ½àµò
.\"O This function is not in POSIX.1-2001.
¤³¤Î´Ø¿ô¤Ï POSIX.1-2001 ¤Ë¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£

.\"O There is evidence that the
.\"O .BR alloca ()
.\"O function appeared in 32V, PWB, PWB.2, 3BSD, and 4BSD.
.\"O There is a man page for it in 4.3BSD.
.\"O Linux uses the GNU version.
.\"O This function is not in POSIX.1-2001.
32V, PWB, PWB.2, 3BSD, 4BSD ¤Ë
.BR alloca ()
´Ø¿ô¤¬Åо줷¤¿¾Úµò¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
4.3BSD ¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¥Þ¥Ë¥å¥¢¥ë¥Ú¡¼¥¸¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
Linux ¤Ï¡¢GNU ÈǤò»È¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¤³¤Î´Ø¿ô¤Ï POSIX.1-2001 ¤Ë¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£
.\"O .SH NOTES
.SH Ãí°Õ
.\"O The
.\"O .BR alloca ()
.\"O function is machine- and compiler-dependent.
.BR alloca ()
´Ø¿ô¤Ï¡¢µ¡¼ï¤È¥³¥ó¥Ñ¥¤¥é¤Ë°Í¸¤¹¤ë¡£
.\"O For certain applications,
.\"O its use can improve efficiency compared to the use of
.\"O .BR malloc (3)
.\"O plus
.\"O .BR free (3).
.\"O In certain cases,
.\"O it can also simplify memory deallocation in applications that use
.\"O .BR longjmp (3)
.\"O or
.\"O .BR siglongjmp (3).
.\"O Otherwise, its use is discouraged.
ÆÃÄê¤Î¥¢¥×¥ê¥±¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¤³¤Î´Ø¿ô¤ò»È¤¦¤È
.BR malloc (3)
¤È
.BR free (3)
¤òÁȤ߹ç¤ï¤»¤Æ»È¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¤ËÈæ¤Ù¤Æ¸úΨ¤ò²þÁ±¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£
ÆÃÄê¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¤³¤Î´Ø¿ô¤ò»È¤¦¤³¤È¤Ç¡¢
.BR longjmp (3)
¤ä
.BR siglongjmp (3)
¤ò»È¤¦¥¢¥×¥ê¥±¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ç¤Î¥á¥â¥ê¤Î³«Êü¤ò´Êñ¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£
¤½¤ì°Ê³°¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¤³¤Î´Ø¿ô¤Î»ÈÍѤϿ侩¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£

.\"O Because the space allocated by
.\"O .BR alloca ()
.\"O is allocated within the stack frame,
.\"O that space is automatically freed if the function return
.\"O is jumped over by a call to
.\"O .BR longjmp (3)
.\"O or
.\"O .BR siglongjmp (3).
.BR alloca ()
¤Ë¤è¤ê³ä¤êÅö¤Æ¤é¤ì¤ë¶õ´Ö¤Ï¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤«¤é³ä¤êÅö¤Æ¤é¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¢
´Ø¿ô¤ÎÌá¤êÀ褬
.BR longjmp (3)
¤ä
.BR siglongjmp (3)
¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤Ë¤è¤ê¥¸¥ã¥ó¥×¤·¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¢
³ä¤êÅö¤Æ¤é¤ì¤¿¶õ´Ö¤Ï¼«Æ°Åª¤Ë²òÊü¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

.\"O Do not attempt to
.\"O .BR free (3)
.\"O space allocated by
.\"O .BR alloca ()!
.BR alloca ()
¤Ç³ä¤êÅö¤Æ¤é¤ì¤¿¶õ´Ö¤ò
.BR free (3)
¤·¤è¤¦¤È¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Î¤Ê¤¤¤è¤¦¤Ë¡ª
.\"O .SS Notes on the GNU Version
.SH Ãí°Õ
.SS GNU ÈǤˤĤ¤¤Æ¤ÎÃí°Õ
.\"O Normally,
.\"O .BR gcc (1)
.\"O translates calls to
.\"O .BR alloca ()
.\"O with inlined code.
.\"O This is not done when either the
.\"O .IR "\-ansi" ,
.\"O .IR "\-std=c89" ,
.\"O .IR "\-std=c99" ,
.\"O or the
.\"O .IR "\-fno\-builtin"
.\"O option is given
.\"O (and the header
.\"O .I <alloca.h>
.\"O is not included).
.\"O But beware!
.\"O By default the glibc version of
.\"O .I <stdlib.h>
.\"O includes
.\"O .I <alloca.h>
.\"O and that contains the line:
.\"O .nf
.\"O 
.\"O     #define alloca(size)   __builtin_alloca (size)
.\"O 
.\"O .fi
.\"O with messy consequences if one has a private version of this function.
Ä̾ï
.BR gcc (1)
¤Ï
.BR alloca ()
¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤ò¥¤¥ó¥é¥¤¥ó¥³¡¼¥É¤ËÊÑ´¹¤¹¤ë¡£
.IR "\-ansi" ,
.IR "\-std=c89" ,
.IR "\-std=c99" ,
.IR "\-fno\-builtin"
¤Î¤¤¤º¤ì¤«¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤¬»ØÄꤵ¤ì¤¿¾ì¹ç¡¢¤³¤ÎÊÑ´¹¤Ï¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Ê¤¤
(¤Þ¤¿
.I <alloca.h>
¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¯¥ë¡¼¥É¤â¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Ê¤¤)¡£
¤À¤À¤·¡¢¥Ç¥Õ¥©¥ë¥È¤Ç¤Ï glibc ÈǤÎ
.I <stdlib.h>
¤Ï
.I <alloca.h>
¤ò¥¤¥ó¥¯¥ë¡¼¥É¤·¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ë¤Ï°Ê²¼¤Î¹Ô¤¬´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤ÇÃí°Õ¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¡£
.nf

    #define alloca(size)   __builtin_alloca (size)

.fi
Æȼ«ÈǤΠ__builtin_alloca (size) ´Ø¿ô¤¬¤¢¤ë¤ÈÌñ²ð¤Ê·ë²Ì¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£
.LP
.\"O The fact that the code is inlined means that it is impossible
.\"O to take the address of this function, or to change its behavior
.\"O by linking with a different library.
¤³¤Î¥³¡¼¥É¤Ï¥¤¥ó¥é¥¤¥ó²½¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¢
¤³¤Î´Ø¿ô¤Î¥¢¥É¥ì¥¹¤ò¼èÆÀ¤·¤¿¤ê¡¢
¾¤Î¥é¥¤¥Ö¥é¥ê¤ò¥ê¥ó¥¯¤·¤ÆÆ°ºî¤òÊѹ¹¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤¡£
.LP
.\"O The inlined code often consists of a single instruction adjusting
.\"O the stack pointer, and does not check for stack overflow.
.\"O Thus, there is no NULL error return.
Ä̾盧¤Î¥¤¥ó¥é¥¤¥ó¥³¡¼¥É¤Ï¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯¥Ý¥¤¥ó¥¿¤ò°ÜÆ°¤¹¤ë
1 ¤Ä¤ÎÌ¿Îá (instruction) ¤«¤é¹½À®¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢
¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯¥ª¡¼¥Ð¡¼¥Õ¥í¡¼¤ò¥Á¥§¥Ã¥¯¤·¤Ê¤¤¡£
¤è¤Ã¤Æ NULL ¥¨¥é¡¼¤¬ÊÖ¤µ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£
.\"O .SH BUGS
.SH ¥Ð¥°
.\"O There is no error indication if the stack frame cannot be extended.
.\"O (However, after a failed allocation, the program is likely to receive a
.\"O .B SIGSEGV
.\"O signal if it attempts to access the unallocated space.)
¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯¥Õ¥ì¡¼¥à¤¬³ÈÄ¥¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¡¢¥¨¥é¡¼ÄÌÃΤϹԤï¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£
(¤·¤«¤·¤Ê¤¬¤é¡¢³ä¤êÅö¤Æ¤Ë¼ºÇÔ¤·¤¿¸å¤Ç¡¢¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤¬³ä¤êÅö¤Æ¤é¤ì¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿
¶õ´Ö¤Ë¥¢¥¯¥»¥¹¤·¤è¤¦¤È¤·¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ë
.B SIGSEGV
¥·¥°¥Ê¥ë¤ò¼õ¿®¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤À¤í¤¦¡£)

.\"O On many systems
.\"O .BR alloca ()
.\"O cannot be used inside the list of arguments of a function call, because
.\"O the stack space reserved by
.\"O .BR alloca ()
.\"O would appear on the stack in the middle of the space for the
.\"O function arguments.
¿¤¯¤Î¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡¢´Ø¿ô¥³¡¼¥ë¤Î°ú¤­¿ô¤Î¥ê¥¹¥ÈÆâ¤Ç¤Ï
.BR alloca ()
¤¬»È¤¨¤Ê¤¤¡£
¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¢
.BR alloca ()
¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤ÆͽÌ󤵤ì¤ë¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯Îΰ褬¡¢
´Ø¿ô°ú¤­¿ô¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯Îΰè¤ÎÃæ¤Ë¸½¤ì¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¤¿¤á¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
.\"O .SH "SEE ALSO"
.SH ´ØÏ¢¹àÌÜ
.BR brk (2),
.BR longjmp (3),
.BR malloc (3)