[linuxjm/LDP_man-pages.git] / draft / man3 / scanf.3

.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1991 The Regents of the University of California.
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
.\" Chris Torek and the American National Standards Committee X3,
.\" on Information Processing Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
.\"     This product includes software developed by the University of
.\"     California, Berkeley and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.\"     @(#)scanf.3     6.14 (Berkeley) 1/8/93
.\"
.\" Converted for Linux, Mon Nov 29 15:22:01 1993, faith@cs.unc.edu
.\" modified to resemble the GNU libio setup used in the Linux libc
.\" used in versions 4.x (x>4) and 5   Helmut.Geyer@iwr.uni-heidelberg.de
.\" Modified, aeb, 970121
.\" 2005-07-14, mtk, added description of %n$ form; various text
.\"     incorporated from the GNU C library documentation ((C) The
.\"     Free Software Foundation); other parts substantially rewritten.
.\"
.\" 2008-06-23, mtk
.\"     Add ERRORS section.
.\"     Document the 'a' and 'm' modifiers for dynamic string allocation.
.\"
.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 YOSHINO Takashi
.\"       all rights reserved.
.\" Translated 1998-02-17, YOSHINO Takashi <yoshino@civil.jcn.nihon-u.ac.jp>
.\" Updated 2003-02-23, Kentaro Shirakata <argrath@ub32.org>
.\" Updated 2005-09-18, Akihiro MOTOKI <amotoki@dd.iij4u.or.jp>
.\" Updated 2008-08-11, Akihiro MOTOKI, LDP v3.05
.\"
.\"WORD:        conversion specifications       ÊÑ´¹»ØÄê
.\"WORD:        type modifier                   ·¿½¤¾þ»Ò
.\"
.TH SCANF 3  2011-09-28 "GNU" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.\"O .SH NAME
.SH ̾Á°
.\"O scanf, fscanf, sscanf, vscanf, vsscanf, vfscanf \- input format conversion
scanf, fscanf, sscanf, vscanf, vsscanf, vfscanf \- ½ñ¼°ÉÕ¤­ÆþÎÏÊÑ´¹
.\"O .SH SYNOPSIS
.SH ½ñ¼°
.nf
.B #include <stdio.h>

.BI "int scanf(const char *" format ", ...);"
.BI "int fscanf(FILE *" stream ", const char *" format ", ...);"
.BI "int sscanf(const char *" str ", const char *" format ", ...);"
.sp
.B #include <stdarg.h>

.BI "int vscanf(const char *" format ", va_list " ap );
.BI "int vsscanf(const char *" str ", const char *" format ", va_list " ap );
.BI "int vfscanf(FILE *" stream ", const char *" format ", va_list " ap );
.fi
.sp
.in -4n
.\"O Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
.\"O .BR feature_test_macros (7)):
glibc ¸þ¤±¤Îµ¡Ç½¸¡ºº¥Þ¥¯¥í¤ÎÍ×·ï
.RB ( feature_test_macros (7)
»²¾È):
.in
.ad l
.sp
.BR vscanf (),
.BR vsscanf (),
.BR vfscanf ():
.RS 4
_XOPEN_SOURCE\ >=\ 600 || _ISOC99_SOURCE ||
_POSIX_C_SOURCE\ >=\ 200112L;
.br
or
.I "cc -std=c99"
.ad
.RE
.\"O .SH DESCRIPTION
.SH ÀâÌÀ
.\"O The
.\"O .BR scanf ()
.\"O family of functions scans input according to
.\"O .I format
.\"O as described below.
.\"O This format may contain
.\"O .IR "conversion specifications" ;
.\"O the results from such conversions, if any,
.\"O are stored in the locations pointed to by the
.\"O .I pointer
.\"O arguments that follow
.\"O .IR format .
.\"O Each
.\"O .I pointer
.\"O argument must be of a type that is appropriate for the value returned
.\"O by the corresponding conversion specification.
.BR scanf ()
´Ø¿ô¥°¥ë¡¼¥×¤Ï¡¢°Ê²¼¤Ë½Ò¤Ù¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢
.I format
¤Ë½¾¤Ã¤ÆÆþÎϤòÆɤ߹þ¤à¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¤³¤Î½ñ¼°¤Ë¤Ï
.I "¡ÖÊÑ´¹»ØÄê¡× (conversion specifications)"
¤ò´Þ¤á¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¡¢ÊÑ´¹»ØÄ꤬¤¢¤ì¤Ð¡¢¤½¤ÎÊÑ´¹¤Î·ë²Ì¤Ï
.I format
¤Ë³¤¯
.I pointer
°ú¤­¿ô¤¬»Ø¤¹¾ì½ê¤Ë³ÊǼ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤Î
.I pointer
°ú¤­¿ô¤Î·¿¤Ï¡¢Âбþ¤¹¤ëÊÑ´¹»ØÄ꤬ÊÖ¤¹ÃͤË
Ŭ¹ç¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£

.\"O If the number of conversion specifications in
.\"O .I format
.\"O exceeds the number of
.\"O .I pointer
.\"O arguments, the results are undefined.
.\"O If the number of
.\"O .I pointer
.\"O arguments exceeds the number of conversion specifications, then the excess
.\"O .I pointer
.\"O arguments are evaluated, but are otherwise ignored.
.I format
Ãæ¤ÎÊÑ´¹»ØÄê¤Î¸Ä¿ô¤¬
.I pointer
°ú¤­¿ô¤Î¿ô¤è¤ê¿¤«¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Î·ë²Ì¤Ï̤ÄêµÁ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
.I pointer
°ú¤­¿ô¤Î¿ô¤¬ÊÑ´¹»ØÄê¤Î¸Ä¿ô¤è¤ê¤â¿¤«¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¡¢
;ʬ¤Ê
.I pointer
°ú¤­¿ô¤Îɾ²Á¤Ï¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¢¤½¤ì°Ê³°¤Ï¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤ºÌµ»ë¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

.\"O The
.\"O .BR scanf ()
.\"O function reads input from the standard input stream
.\"O .IR stdin ,
.\"O .BR fscanf ()
.\"O reads input from the stream pointer
.\"O .IR stream ,
.\"O and
.\"O .BR sscanf ()
.\"O reads its input from the character string pointed to by
.\"O .IR str .
.BR scanf ()
´Ø¿ô¤Ïɸ½àÆþÎÏ¥¹¥È¥ê¡¼¥à
.I stdin
¤«¤é¤ÎÆþÎϤòÆɤ߹þ¤à¡£
.BR fscanf ()
¤Ï¥¹¥È¥ê¡¼¥à¥Ý¥¤¥ó¥¿
.I stream
¤«¤é¤ÎÆþÎϤòÆɤ߹þ¤à¡£
.BR sscanf ()
¤Ïʸ»úÎó¥Ý¥¤¥ó¥¿
.I str
¤Ç¼¨¤µ¤ì¤¿Ê¸»úÎ󤫤é¤ÎÆþÎϤòÆɤ߹þ¤à¡£
.PP
.\"O The
.\"O .BR vfscanf ()
.\"O function is analogous to
.\"O .BR vfprintf (3)
.\"O and reads input from the stream pointer
.\"O .I stream
.\"O using a variable argument list of pointers (see
.\"O .BR stdarg (3).
.BR vfscanf ()
´Ø¿ô¤Ï
.BR vfprintf (3)
¤ÈƱÍͤˡ¢¥¹¥È¥ê¡¼¥à¥Ý¥¤¥ó¥¿
.I stream
¤«¤é¤ÎÆþÎϤò¥Ý¥¤¥ó¥¿¤Î²ÄÊÑĹ°ú¤­¿ô¥ê¥¹¥È¤òÍѤ¤¤ÆÆɤ߹þ¤à
.RB ( stdarg (3)
¤ò»²¾È)¡£
.\"O The
.\"O .BR vscanf ()
.\"O function scans a variable argument list from the standard input and the
.\"O .BR vsscanf ()
.\"O function scans it from a string; these are analogous to the
.\"O .BR vprintf (3)
.\"O and
.\"O .BR vsprintf (3)
.\"O functions respectively.
.BR vscanf ()
´Ø¿ô¤Ï¡¢²ÄÊÑĹ°ú¤­¿ô¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ë´ð¤Å¤­É¸½àÆþÎϤ«¤é¤ÎÆɤ߼è¤ê¤ò¹Ô¤¦¡£
.BR vsscanf ()
´Ø¿ô¤Ï¤½¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ë´ð¤Å¤­Ê¸»úÎ󤫤éÆɤ߼è¤ë¡£
¤³¤ì¤é¤Î´Ø·¸¤Ï
.BR vprintf (3)
¤È
.BR vsprintf (3)
´Ø¿ô¤Î´Ø·¸¤ÈƱÍͤǤ¢¤ë¡£
.PP
.\"O The
.\"O .I format
.\"O string consists of a sequence of
.\"O .I directives
.\"O which describe how to process the sequence of input characters.
.\"O If processing of a directive fails, no further input is read, and
.\"O .BR scanf ()
.\"O returns.
.\"O A "failure" can be either of the following:
.\"O .IR "input failure" ,
.\"O meaning that input characters were unavailable, or
.\"O .IR "matching failure" ,
.\"O meaning that the input was inappropriate (see below).
.I format
ʸ»úÎó¤Ï
.I "¡ÖÌ¿Îá¡× (directive)"
¤ÎÎó¤Ç¹½À®¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£Ì¿Îá¤ÏÆþÎÏʸ»ú¤Î·ÏÎó¤ò¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë½èÍý¤¹¤ë¤«¤ò»Ø¼¨¤¹¤ë
¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¤¢¤ëÌ¿Îá¤Î½èÍý¤¬¼ºÇÔ¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢ÆþÎϤϤ½¤ì°Ê¾åÆɤ߹þ¤Þ¤ì¤º¡¢
.BR scanf ()
¤ÏÊ֤롣¡Ö¼ºÇԡפÏ
.I "¡ÖÆþÎϤμºÇÔ¡× (input failure)"
¤È
.I "¡Ö°ìÃפμºÇÔ¡× (matching failure)"
¤Î¤¤¤º¤ì¤«¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
ÆþÎϤμºÇÔ¤ÏÆþÎÏʸ»ú¤¬»ÈÍѤǤ­¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¤³¤È¤ò°ÕÌ£¤·¡¢
°ìÃפμºÇÔ¤ÏÆþÎϤ¬ÉÔŬÀڤǤ¢¤Ã¤¿¤³¤È (²¼µ­»²¾È) ¤ò°ÕÌ£¤¹¤ë¡£

.\"O A directive is one of the following:
Ì¿Îá¤Ï°Ê²¼¤Î¤¤¤º¤ì¤«¤Ç¤¢¤ë:
.TP
\(bu
.\"O A sequence of white-space characters (space, tab, newline, etc.; see
.\"O .BR isspace (3)).
.\"O This directive matches any amount of white space,
.\"O including none, in the input.
¥Û¥ï¥¤¥È¥¹¥Ú¡¼¥¹ (¥¹¥Ú¡¼¥¹¡¢¥¿¥Ö¡¢²þ¹Ô¤Ê¤É;
.BR isspace (3)
»²¾È) ¤ÎÎó¡£
¤³¤ÎÌ¿Îá¤Ï¡¢ÆþÎÏÃæ¤ÎǤ°Õ¤Î¸Ä¿ô¤Î¥Û¥ï¥¤¥È¥¹¥Ú¡¼¥¹¤Ë°ìÃפ¹¤ë¡£
(¡Ö²¿¤â¤Ê¤·¡×¤Ë¤â°ìÃפ¹¤ë)¡£
.TP
\(bu
.\"O An ordinary character (i.e., one other than white space or \(aq%\(aq).
.\"O This character must exactly match the next character of input.
Ä̾ïʸ»ú (¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡¢¥Û¥ï¥¤¥È¥¹¥Ú¡¼¥¹¤È \(aq%\(aq °Ê³°¤Îʸ»ú)¡£
¤³¤Îʸ»ú¤ÏÆþÎϤμ¡¤Îʸ»ú¤ËÀµ³Î¤Ë°ìÃפ·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£
.TP
\(bu
.\"O A conversion specification,
.\"O which commences with a \(aq%\(aq (percent) character.
.\"O A sequence of characters from the input is converted according to
.\"O this specification, and the result is placed in the corresponding
.\"O .I pointer
.\"O argument.
.\"O If the next item of input does not match the conversion specification,
.\"O the conversion fails\(emthis is a
.\"O .IR "matching failure" .
ÊÑ´¹»ØÄê¡£ÊÑ´¹»ØÄê¤Ï \(aq%\(aq (¥Ñ¡¼¥»¥ó¥È) ʸ»ú¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤ë¡£
ÆþÎϤµ¤ì¤¿Ê¸»ú¤Î·ÏÎó¤Ï¤³¤Î»ØÄê¤Ë¤â¤È¤Å¤¤¤ÆÊÑ´¹¤µ¤ì¡¢
ÊÑ´¹·ë²Ì¤ÏÂбþ¤¹¤ë
.I pointer
°ú¤­¿ô¤¬»Ø¤¹¾ì½ê¤Ë³ÊǼ¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
ÆþÎϤμ¡¤Îʸ»ú¤¬ÊÑ´¹»ØÄê¤È°ìÃפ·¤Ê¤¤¾ì¹ç¤Ï¡¢ÊÑ´¹¤Ï¼ºÇÔ¤¹¤ë
\(em¤³¤ì¤¬
.I "¡Ö°ìÃפμºÇÔ¡× (matching failure)"
¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
.PP
.\"O Each
.\"O .I conversion specification
.\"O in
.\"O .I format
.\"O begins with either the character \(aq%\(aq or the character sequence
.\"O "\fB%\fP\fIn\fP\fB$\fP"
.\"O (see below for the distinction) followed by:
.I format
Ãæ¤Î³Æ¡¹¤Î
.I "¡ÖÊÑ´¹»ØÄê¡×"
¤Ïʸ»ú \(aq%\(aq ¤«Ê¸»ú·ÏÎó "\fB%\fP\fIn\fP\fB$\fP"
(°ã¤¤¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¸å½Ò) ¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤ê¡¢°Ê²¼¤ÎÍ×ÁǤ¬Â³¤¯¡£
.TP
\(bu
.\"O An optional \(aq*\(aq assignment-suppression character:
.\"O .BR scanf ()
.\"O reads input as directed by the conversion specification,
.\"O but discards the input.
.\"O No corresponding
.\"O .I pointer
.\"O argument is required, and this specification is not
.\"O included in the count of successful assignments returned by
.\"O .BR scanf ().
ÂåÆþÍÞÀ©Ê¸»ú \(aq*\(aq (¾Êά²Äǽ)¡£
.BR scanf ()
¤ÏÊÑ´¹»ØÄê¤Ë»Ø¼¨¤µ¤ì¤¿Ä̤êÆþÎϤòÆɤ߹þ¤à¤¬¡¢¤½¤ÎÆþÎϤϼΤƤé¤ì¤ë¡£
Âбþ¤¹¤ë
.I pointer
°ú¤­¿ô¤ÏɬÍפʤ¯¡¢
.BR scanf ()
¤¬ÊÖ¤¹ÂåÆþ¤¬À®¸ù¤·¤¿¿ô¤Ë¤³¤Î»ØÄê¤Ï´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£
.TP
\(bu
.\"O An optional \(aqa\(aq character.
.\"O This is used with string conversions, and relieves the caller of the
.\"O need to allocate a corresponding buffer to hold the input: instead,
.\"O .BR scanf ()
.\"O allocates a buffer of sufficient size,
.\"O and assigns the address of this buffer to the corresponding
.\"O .I pointer
.\"O argument, which should be a pointer to a
.\"O .I "char *"
.\"O variable (this variable does not need to be initialized before the call).
.\"O The caller should subsequently
.\"O .BR free (3)
.\"O this buffer when it is no longer required.
.\"O This is a GNU extension;
.\"O C99 employs the \(aqa\(aq character as a conversion specifier (and
.\"O it can also be used as such in the GNU implementation).
ʸ»ú \(aqa\(aq (¾Êά²Äǽ)¡£¤³¤ì¤Ïʸ»úÎóÊÑ´¹¤È¤È¤â¤Ë»ÈÍѤµ¤ì¡¢¤³¤ì¤ò»È¤¦¤È
¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¸µ¤¬ÆþÎϤòÊÝ»ý¤¹¤ëÂбþ¤¹¤ë¥Ð¥Ã¥Õ¥¡¤ò³ÎÊݤ¹¤ëɬÍפ¬¤Ê¤¯¤Ê¤ë¡£
Âå¤ï¤ê¤Ë
.BR scanf ()
¤¬É¬ÍפÊÂ礭¤µ¤Î¥Ð¥Ã¥Õ¥¡¤ò³ÎÊݤ·¡¢¤³¤Î¥Ð¥Ã¥Õ¥¡¤Î¥¢¥É¥ì¥¹¤ò
Âбþ¤¹¤ë
.I pointer
°ú¤­¿ô¤ËÂåÆþ¤¹¤ë¡£
.I pointer
°ú¤­¿ô¤Ï
.I "char *"
·¿¤ÎÊÑ¿ô¤Ø¤Î¥Ý¥¤¥ó¥¿¤Ç¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤
(ÊÑ¿ô¼«ÂΤϸƤӽФ·Á°¤Ë½é´ü²½¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëɬÍפϤʤ¤)¡£
¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¸µ¤Ï¡¢ÉÔÍפˤʤä¿»þÅÀ¤Ç¡¢¤³¤Î¥Ð¥Ã¥Õ¥¡¤ò
.BR free (3)
¤¹¤Ù¤­¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¤³¤Îµ¡Ç½¤Ï GNU ¤Ë¤è¤ë³ÈÄ¥¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
C99 ¤Ï \(aqa\(aq ʸ»ú¤òÊÑ´¹»ØÄê¤È¤·¤Æ»ÈÍѤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë
(¤³¤Á¤é¤â GNU ¤Î¼ÂÁõ¤ÈƱ¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ë»ÈÍѤ¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë)¡£
.TP
\(bu
.\"O An optional decimal integer which specifies the
.\"O .IR "maximum field width" .
.\"O Reading of characters stops either when this maximum is reached or
.\"O when a nonmatching character is found, whichever happens first.
.\"O Most conversions discard initial white space characters (the exceptions
.\"O are noted below),
.\"O and these discarded characters don't count toward the maximum field width.
.\"O String input conversions store a terminating null byte (\(aq\\0\(aq)
.\"O to mark the end of the input;
.\"O the maximum field width does not include this terminator.
.I "¡ÖºÇÂç¥Õ¥£¡¼¥ë¥ÉÉý¡×"
¤ò»ØÄꤹ¤ë 10¿Ê¿ô (¾Êά²Äǽ)¡£
¤³¤ÎºÇÂçÃͤË㤹¤ë¤«¡¢°ìÃפ·¤Ê¤¤Ê¸»ú¤¬¸«¤Ä¤«¤ë¤«¡¢¤Î¤É¤Á¤é¤«¤Ë
¤Ê¤ë¤È¡¢Ê¸»ú¤ÎÆɤ߹þ¤ß¤òÄä»ß¤¹¤ë¡£
¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤ÎÊÑ´¹¤Ç¤Ï¡¢ÀèƬ¤Î¥Û¥ï¥¤¥È¥¹¥Ú¡¼¥¹Ê¸»ú¤Ï¼Î¤Æ¤é¤ì
(Îã³°¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¸å½Ò¤¹¤ë)¡¢
¼Î¤Æ¤é¤ì¤¿¤³¤ì¤é¤Îʸ»ú¤ÏºÇÂç¥Õ¥£¡¼¥ë¥ÉÉý¤Î·×»»¤Ë¤Ï´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£
ʸ»úÎó¤ÎÆþÎÏÊÑ´¹¤Ç¤Ï¡¢ÆþÎϤÎËöÈø¤ò¼¨¤¹½ªÃ¼¤Î NULL ¥Ð¥¤¥È (\(aq\\0\(aq)
¤â³ÊǼ¤µ¤ì¤ë¤¬¡¢ºÇÂç¥Õ¥£¡¼¥ë¥ÉÉý¤Ë¤Ï¤³¤Î½ªÃ¼¥Ð¥¤¥È¤Ï´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£
.TP
\(bu
.\"O An optional
.\"O .IR "type modifier character" .
.\"O For example, the
.\"O .B l
.\"O type modifier is used with integer conversions such as
.\"O .B %d
.\"O to specify that the corresponding
.\"O .I pointer
.\"O argument refers to a
.\"O .I "long int"
.\"O rather than a pointer to an
.\"O .IR int .
.I "¡Ö·¿½¤¾þ»Ò¡× (type modifier characters)"
(¾Êά²Äǽ)¡£
Î㤨¤Ð¡¢·¿½¤¾þ»Ò
.B l
¤ò
.B %d
¤Ê¤É¤ÎÀ°¿ôÊÑ´¹¤È°ì½ï¤Ë»È¤¦¤È¡¢Âбþ¤¹¤ë
.I pointer
°ú¤­¿ô¤¬
.I int
¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯
.I "long int"
¤ò»²¾È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤³¤È¤ò»ØÄê¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£
.TP
\(bu
.\"O A
.\"O .I "conversion specifier"
.\"O that specifies the type of input conversion to be performed.
.I "¡ÖÊÑ´¹»ØÄê¡×"
: ¼Â¹Ô¤¹¤Ù¤­ÆþÎÏÊÑ´¹¤Î¼ïÎà¤ò»ØÄꤹ¤ë¡£
.PP
.\"O The conversion specifications in
.\"O .I format
.\"O are of two forms, either beginning with \(aq%\(aq or beginning with
.\"O "\fB%\fP\fIn\fP\fB$\fP".
.\"O The two forms should not be mixed in the same
.\"O .I format
.\"O string, except that a string containing
.\"O "\fB%\fP\fIn\fP\fB$\fP"
.\"O specifications can include
.\"O .B %%
.\"O and
.\"O .BR %* .
.I format
Ãæ¤ÎÊÑ´¹»ØÄê¤Ï¡¢\(aq%\(aq ¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤ë¤«¡¢
"\fB%\fP\fIn\fP\fB$\fP" ¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤ë¤«¤Î¡¢¤¤¤º¤ì¤«¤Î·Á¼°¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¤³¤ì¤é 2¤Ä¤Î·Á¼°¤òƱ¤¸
.I format
ʸ»úÎó¤Ëº®¤¼¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤¡£Ã¢¤·¡¢"\fB%\fP\fIn\fP\fB$\fP" ¤ò
´Þ¤àʸ»úÎó¤Ë
.B %%
¤È
.B %*
¤ò´Þ¤á¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£
.\"O If
.\"O .I format
.\"O contains \(aq%\(aq
.\"O specifications then these correspond in order with successive
.\"O .I pointer
.\"O arguments.
.I format
¤Ë \(aq%\(aq »ØÄ꤬´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢³Æ¡¹¤Î \(aq%\(aq »ØÄê¤È
¸å³¤Î
.I pointer
°ú¤­¿ô¤Ï¤½¤Î½çÈÖÄ̤ê¤ËÂбþ¤¹¤ë¡£
.\"O In the
.\"O "\fB%\fP\fIn\fP\fB$\fP"
.\"O form (which is specified in POSIX.1-2001, but not C99),
.\"O .I n
.\"O is a decimal integer that specifies that the converted input should
.\"O be placed in the location referred to by the
.\"O .IR n -th
.\"O .I pointer
.\"O argument following
.\"O .IR format .
"\fB%\fP\fIn\fP\fB$\fP" ·Á¼°
(POSIX.1-2001 ¤Ç¤Ïµ¬Äꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¢C99 ¤Ë¤Ï¤Ê¤¤)
¤Ç¤Ï¡¢
.I n
¤Ï 10¿Ê¿ô¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢ÊÑ´¹¸å¤ÎÆþÎϤò
.I format
¤Î¸å¤í¤Î
.I n
ÈÖÌܤÎ
.I pointer
°ú¤­¿ô¤¬»²¾È¤¹¤ë¾ì½ê¤Ë³ÊǼ¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤ò»ØÄꤹ¤ë¡£
.\"O .SS Conversions
.SS ÊÑ´¹
.\"O The following
.\"O .I "type modifier characters"
.\"O can appear in a conversion specification:
ÊÑ´¹»ØÄê¤Ë¤Ï¡¢°Ê²¼¤Î
.I "¡Ö·¿½¤¾þ»Ò¡×"
¤òÆþ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£
.TP
.B h
.\"O Indicates that the conversion will be one of
.\"O \fBd\fP, \fBi\fP, \fBo\fP, \fBu\fP, \fBx\fP, \fBX\fP, or \fBn\fP
.\"O and the next pointer is a pointer to a
.\"O .I short int
.\"O or
.\"O .I unsigned short int
.\"O (rather than
.\"O .IR int ).
ÊÑ´¹¤¬
\fBd\fP, \fBi\fP, \fBo\fP, \fBu\fP, \fBx\fP, \fBX\fP, \fBn\fP
¤Î¤¤¤º¤ì¤«¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¼¡¤Î¥Ý¥¤¥ó¥¿¤¬
.RI ( int
¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯)
.I short int
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.\"O As for
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.\"O but the next pointer is a pointer to a
.\"O .I signed char
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.\"O As for
.\"O .BR h ,
.\"O but the next pointer is a pointer to an
.\"O .I intmax_t
.\"O or a
.\"O .IR uintmax_t .
.\"O This modifier was introduced in C99.
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.B l
.\"O Indicates either that the conversion will be one of
.\"O \fBd\fP, \fBi\fP, \fBo\fP, \fBu\fP, \fBx\fP, \fBX\fP, or \fBn\fP
.\"O and the next pointer is a pointer to a
.\"O .I long int
.\"O or
.\"O .I unsigned long int
.\"O (rather than
.\"O .IR int ),
.\"O or that the conversion will be one of
.\"O \fBe\fP, \fBf\fP, or \fBg\fP
.\"O and the next pointer is a pointer to
.\"O .I double
.\"O (rather than
.\"O .IR float ).
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.\"O .B l
.\"O characters is equivalent to
.\"O .BR L .
.\"O If used with
.\"O .B %c
.\"O or
.\"O .B %s
.\"O the corresponding parameter is considered
.\"O as a pointer to a wide character or wide-character string respectively.
.\"O .\" This use of l was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90.
.B l
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.\"O Indicates that the conversion will be either
.\"O \fBe\fP, \fBf\fP, or \fBg\fP
.\"O and the next pointer is a pointer to
.\"O .I "long double"
.\"O or the conversion will be
.\"O \fBd\fP, \fBi\fP, \fBo\fP, \fBu\fP, or \fBx\fP
.\"O and the next pointer is a pointer to
.\"O .IR "long long" .
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.\"O .\" ANSI C (i.e., C99):
.\"O .\" (Note that long long is not an
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.\"O .\" architectures).
.\" MTK, Jul 05: °Ê²¼¤ÎÆâÍƤϿ·¤·¤¤ ANSI C (¤Ä¤Þ¤ê C99) ¤Ç¤Ï
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.\"O equivalent to
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.\"O This specifier does not exist in ANSI C.
.B L
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.\"O .BR h ,
.\"O but the next pointer is a pointer to a
.\"O .IR ptrdiff_t .
.\"O This modifier was introduced in C99.
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.B z
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.\"O but the next pointer is a pointer to a
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.\"O This modifier was introduced in C99.
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.\"O The following
.\"O .I "conversion specifiers"
.\"O are available:
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.\"O Matches a literal \(aq%\(aq.
.\"O That is,
.\"O .B %\&%
.\"O in the format string matches a
.\"O single input \(aq%\(aq character.
.\"O No conversion is done (but initial white space characters are discarded),
.\"O and assignment does not occur.
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.\"O the next pointer must be a pointer to
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.B D
.\"O Equivalent to
.\"O .IR ld ;
.\"O this exists only for backward compatibility.
.\"O (Note: thus only in libc4.
.\"O In libc5 and glibc the
.\"O .B %D
.\"O is silently ignored, causing old programs to fail mysteriously.)
.I ld
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.B i
.\"O Matches an optionally signed integer; the next pointer must be a pointer to
.\"O .IR int .
.\"O The integer is read in base 16 if it begins with
.\"O .I 0x
.\"O or
.\"O .IR 0X ,
.\"O in base 8 if it begins with
.\"O .IR 0 ,
.\"O and in base 10 otherwise.
.\"O Only characters that correspond to the base are used.
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.\"O Matches an unsigned octal integer; the next pointer must be a pointer to
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.\"O pointer to
.\"O .IR "unsigned int" .
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.\"O Matches an unsigned hexadecimal integer; the next pointer must
.\"O be a pointer to
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.\"O Equivalent to
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.\"O Matches an optionally signed floating-point number; the next pointer must
.\"O be a pointer to
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.\"O Equivalent to
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.\"O Equivalent to
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.\"O Equivalent to
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.B f
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.B s
.\"O Matches a sequence of non-white-space characters;
.\"O the next pointer must be a pointer to character array that is
.\"O long enough to hold the input sequence and
.\"O the terminating null byte (\(aq\\0\(aq), which is added automatically.
.\"O The input string stops at white space or at the maximum field
.\"O width, whichever occurs first.
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.B c
.\"O Matches a sequence of characters whose length is specified by the
.\"O .I maximum field width
.\"O (default 1); the next pointer must be a pointer to
.\"O .IR char ,
.\"O and there must be enough room for all the characters (no terminating
.\"O null byte
.\"O is added).
.\"O The usual skip of leading white space is suppressed.
.\"O To skip white space first, use an explicit space in the format.
.I "¡ÖºÇÂç¥Õ¥£¡¼¥ë¥ÉÉý¡×"
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.B \&[
.\"O Matches a nonempty sequence of characters from the specified set of
.\"O accepted characters; the next pointer must be a pointer to
.\"O .IR char ,
.\"O and there must be enough room for all the characters in the string, plus a
.\"O terminating null byte.
.\"O The usual skip of leading white space is suppressed.
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.\"O The string is to be made up of characters in (or not in) a particular set;
.\"O the set is defined by the characters between the open bracket
.\"O .B [
.\"O character and a close bracket
.\"O .B ]
.\"O character.
.\"O The set
.\"O .I excludes
.\"O those characters if the first character after the open bracket is a
.\"O circumflex
.\"O .RB ( ^ ).
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.\"O To include a close bracket in the set, make it the first character after
.\"O the open bracket or the circumflex; any other position will end the set.
.\"O The hyphen character
.\"O .B \-
.\"O is also special; when placed between two other characters, it adds all
.\"O intervening characters to the set.
.\"O To include a hyphen, make it the last
.\"O character before the final close bracket.
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.\"O For instance,
.\"O .B [^]0\-9\-]
.\"O means
.\"O the set "everything except close bracket, zero through nine, and hyphen".
.\"O The string ends with the appearance of a character not in the (or, with a
.\"O circumflex, in) set or when the field width runs out.
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.B p
.\"O Matches a pointer value (as printed by
.\"O .B %p
.\"O in
.\"O .BR printf (3);
.\"O the next pointer must be a pointer to a pointer to
.\"O .IR void .
.RB ( printf (3)
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.B n
.\"O Nothing is expected; instead, the number of characters consumed thus far
.\"O from the input is stored through the next pointer, which must be a pointer
.\"O to
.\"O .IR int .
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.\"O This is
.\"O .I not
.\"O a conversion, although it can be suppressed with the
.\"O .B *
.\"O assignment-suppression character.
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.\"O The C standard says: "Execution of a
.\"O .B %n
.\"O directive does not increment
.\"O the assignment count returned at the completion of execution"
.\"O but the Corrigendum seems to contradict this.
.\"O Probably it is wise
.\"O not to make any assumptions on the effect of
.\"O .B %n
.\"O conversions on the return value.
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.\"O .SH "RETURN VALUE"
.SH ÊÖ¤êÃÍ
.\"O These functions return the number of input items
.\"O successfully matched and assigned,
.\"O which can be fewer than provided for,
.\"O or even zero in the event of an early matching failure.
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.\"O The value
.\"O .B EOF
.\"O is returned if the end of input is reached before either the first
.\"O successful conversion or a matching failure occurs.
.\"O .B EOF
.\"O is also returned if a read error occurs,
.\"O in which case the error indicator for the stream (see
.\"O .BR ferror (3))
.\"O is set, and
.\"O .I errno
.\"O is set indicate the error.
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.B EOF
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Æɤ߹þ¤ß¥¨¥é¡¼¤¬È¯À¸¤·¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤â
.B EOF
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.RB ( ferror (3)
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.I errno
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.\"O .SH ERRORS
.SH ¥¨¥é¡¼
.TP
.B EAGAIN
.\"O The file descriptor underlying
.\"O .I stream
.\"O is marked nonblocking, and the read operation would block.
.I stream
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.TP
.B EBADF
.\"O The file descriptor underlying
.\"O .I stream
.\"O is invalid, or not open for reading.
.I stream
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.TP
.B EILSEQ
.\"O Input byte sequence does not form a valid character.
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.TP
.B EINTR
.\"O The read operation was interrupted by a signal; see
.\"O .BR signal (7).
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.BR signal (7)
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.TP
.B EINVAL
.\"O Not enough arguments; or
.\"O .I format
.\"O is NULL.
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.I format
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.TP
.B ENOMEM
.\"O Out of memory.
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.TP
.B ERANGE
.\"O The result of an integer conversion would exceed the size
.\"O that can be stored in the corresponding integer type.
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.\"O .SH "CONFORMING TO"
.SH ½àµò
.\"O The functions
.\"O .BR fscanf (),
.\"O .BR scanf (),
.\"O and
.\"O .BR sscanf ()
.\"O conform to C89 and C99 and POSIX.1-2001.
.\"O These standards do not specify the
.\"O .B ERANGE
.\"O error.
.BR fscanf (),
.BR scanf (),
.BR sscanf ()
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.B ERANGE
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.PP
.\"O The
.\"O .B q
.\"O specifier is the 4.4BSD notation for
.\"O .IR "long long" ,
.B q
»ØÄê»Ò¤Ï
.I "long long"
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.\"O while
.\"O .B ll
.\"O or the usage of
.\"O .B L
.\"O in integer conversions is the GNU notation.
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.B ll
¤Þ¤¿¤Ï
.B L
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.PP
.\"O The Linux version of these functions is based on the
.\"O .I GNU
.\"O .I libio
.\"O library.
.\"O Take a look at the
.\"O .I info
.\"O documentation of
.\"O .I GNU
.\"O .I libc (glibc-1.08)
.\"O for a more concise description.
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.I libio
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.I GNU
.I libc (glibc-1.08)
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.I info
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.\"O .SH NOTES
.SH Ãí°Õ
.\"O The GNU C library supports a nonstandard extension that causes
.\"O the library to dynamically allocate a string of sufficient size
.\"O for input strings for the
.\"O .B %s
.\"O and
.\"O \fB%a[\fP\fIrange\fP\fB]\fP
.\"O conversion specifiers.
GNU C ¥é¥¤¥Ö¥é¥ê (glibc) ¤Ç¤ÏÈóɸ½à¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤ò¥µ¥Ý¡¼¥È¤·¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢
¤³¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤ò»È¤¦¤ÈÊÑ´¹»ØÄê»Ò
.B %s
¤ä
\fB%a[\fP\fIrange\fP\fB]\fP
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.\"O .\" This feature seems to be present at least as far back as glibc 2.0.
.\" ¤³¤Îµ¡Ç½¤Ï¾¯¤Ê¤¯¤È¤â glibc 2.0 »þÅÀ¤«¤é¸ºß¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤À¡£
.\"O To make use of this feature, specify
.\"O .B a
.\"O as a length modifier (thus
.\"O .B %as
.\"O or
.\"O \fB%a[\fP\fIrange\fP\fB]\fP).
.\"O The caller must
.\"O .BR free (3)
.\"O the returned string, as in the following example:
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.B a
¤ò»ØÄꤹ¤ë (¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¡¢Á´ÂΤȤ·¤Æ¤Ï
.B %as
¤ä
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°Ê²¼¤ÎÎã¤Ë¤¢¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·Â¦¤ÏÊÖ¤µ¤ì¤¿Ê¸»úÎó¤ò
.BR free (3)
¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£
.in +4n
.nf

char *p;
int n;

errno = 0;
n = scanf("%a[a-z]", &p);
if (n == 1) {
    printf("read: %s\\n", p);
    free(p);
} else if (errno != 0) {
    perror("scanf");
} else {
    fprintf(stderr, "No matching characters\\n"):
}
.fi
.in
.PP
.\"O As shown in the above example, it is only necessary to call
.\"O .BR free (3)
.\"O if the
.\"O .BR scanf ()
.\"O call successfully read a string.
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.BR scanf ()
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.BR free (3)
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.PP
.\"O The
.\"O .B a
.\"O modifier is not available if the program is compiled with
.\"O .I "gcc -std=c99"
.\"O or
.\"O .IR "gcc -D_ISOC99_SOURCE"
.\"O (unless
.\"O .B _GNU_SOURCE
.\"O is also specified), in which case the
.\"O .B a
.\"O is interpreted as a specifier for floating-point numbers (see above).
.I "gcc -std=c99"
¤ä
.I "gcc -D_ISOC99_SOURCE"
¤Ç¥³¥ó¥Ñ¥¤¥ë¤·¤¿¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤Ç¤Ï
.RB ( _GNU_SOURCE
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.B a
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.B a
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.\"O Since version 2.7, glibc also provides the
.\"O .B m
.\"O modifier for the same purpose as the
.\"O .BR a
.\"O modifier.
.\"O The
.\"O .B m
.\"O modifier has the following advantages:
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.IP * 2
.\"O It may also be applied to
.\"O .B %c
.\"O conversion specifiers (e.g.,
.\"O .BR %3mc ).
.B %c
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.IP *
.\"O It avoids ambiguity with respect to the
.\"O .B %a
.\"O floating-point conversion specifier (and is unaffected by
.\"O .IR "gcc -std=c99"
.\"O etc.)
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.B %a
¤È¤Îʶ¤é¤ï¤·¤µ¤¬Èò¤±¤é¤ì¤ë (¤Þ¤¿
.I "gcc -std=c99"
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.\"O It is specified in the upcoming revision of the POSIX.1 standard.
POSIX.1 ɸ½à¤Î¼¡¤Î²þÄûÈǤǵ¬Äꤵ¤ì¤ë¡£
.\"O .SH BUGS
.SH ¥Ð¥°
.\"O All functions are fully C89 conformant, but provide the
.\"O additional specifiers
.\"O .B q
.\"O and
.\"O .B a
.\"O as well as an additional behavior of the
.\"O .B L
.\"O and
.\"O .B l
.\"O specifiers.
.\"O The latter may be considered to be a bug, as it changes the
.\"O behavior of specifiers defined in C89.
Á´¤Æ¤Î´Ø¿ô¤Ï¡¢´°Á´¤Ë C89 ¤Ë½àµò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤·¤«¤·
ÄɲäÇ
.B q
¤È
.B a
»ØÄê»Ò¤¬Ä󶡤µ¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢Æ±ÍͤË
.B L
¤È
.B l
»ØÄê»Ò¤ÎÉÕ²ÃŪ¤Ê¿¶¤ëÉñ¤¤¤â¤¢¤ë¡£¸å¼Ô¤Ï¡¢
C89 ¤ÇÄêµÁ¤µ¤ì¤¿»ØÄê»Ò¤Î¿¶¤ëÉñ¤¤¤òÊѹ¹¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ê¤Î¤Ç¡¢
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.PP
.\"O Some combinations of the type modifiers and conversion
.\"O specifiers defined by ANSI C do not make sense
.\"O (e.g.
.\"O .BR "%Ld" ).
ANSI C ¤ÇÄêµÁ¤µ¤ì¤¿·¿½¤¾þ»Ò¤ÈÊÑ´¹»ØÄê»Ò¤ÎÁȤ߹ç¤ï¤»¤ÎÃæ¤Ë¤Ï
°ÕÌ£¤ò¤Ê¤µ¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¤¬¤¢¤ë
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.BR "%Ld" )¡£
.\"O While they may have a well-defined behavior on Linux, this need not
.\"O to be so on other architectures.
.\"O Therefore it usually is better to use
.\"O modifiers that are not defined by ANSI C at all, that is, use
.\"O .B q
.\"O instead of
.\"O .B L
.\"O in combination with
.\"O \fBd\fP, \fBi\fP, \fBo\fP, \fBu\fP, \fBx\fP, and \fBX\fP
.\"O conversions or
.\"O .BR ll .
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\fBd\fP, \fBi\fP, \fBo\fP, \fBu\fP, \fBx\fP, \fBX\fP
ÊÑ´¹¤ä
.B ll
¤ÈÁȤ߹ç¤ï¤»¤ë¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¢
.B L
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.B q
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.PP
.\"O The usage of
.\"O .B q
.\"O is not the same as on 4.4BSD,
.\"O as it may be used in float conversions equivalently to
.\"O .BR L .
.B q
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4.4BSD ¤Ç¤Ï
.B q
¤Ï
.B L
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.\"O .SH "SEE ALSO"
.SH ´ØÏ¢¹àÌÜ
.BR getc (3),
.BR printf (3)
.BR setlocale (3),
.BR strtod (3),
.BR strtol (3),
.BR strtoul (3),