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[linuxjm/jm.git] / manual / GNU_bash / work / P04

.\"O .SH EXPANSION
.SH Ÿ³«
.\"O Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into
.\"O words.  There are seven kinds of expansion performed:
.\"O .IR "brace expansion" ,
.\"O .IR "tilde expansion" ,
.\"O .IR "parameter and variable expansion" ,
.\"O .IR "command substitution" ,
.\"O .IR "arithmetic expansion" ,
.\"O .IR "word splitting" ,
.\"O and
.\"O .IR "pathname expansion" .
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.IR "¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹¤ÎŸ³« (brace expansion)" ,
.IR "¥Á¥ë¥À¤ÎŸ³« (tilde expansion)" ,
.IR "¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤ÈÊÑ¿ô¤ÎŸ³« (parameter and variable expansion)" ,
.IR "¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹ (command substitution)" ,
.IR "»»½Ñ¼°Å¸³« (arithmetic expansion)" ,
.IR "ñ¸ì¤Îʬ³ä (word splitting)" ,
.IR "¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾¤ÎŸ³« (pathname expansion)" ¡£
.PP
.\"O The order of expansions is: brace expansion, tilde expansion,
.\"O parameter, variable and arithmetic expansion and
.\"O command substitution
.\"O (done in a left-to-right fashion), word splitting, and pathname
.\"O expansion.
Ÿ³«¤Î½ç½ø¤Ï¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹: ¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹Å¸³«¡¢¥Á¥ë¥ÀŸ³«¡¢¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¡¦
ÊÑ¿ô¡¦»»½Ñ¼°Å¸³«¡¢¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹ (º¸¤«¤é±¦¤Ø)¡¢Ã±¸ìʬ³ä¡¢¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾Å¸³«¡£
.PP
.\"O On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion
.\"O available: \fIprocess substitution\fP.
¤³¤ì¤é¤Ë²Ã¤¨¤Æ \fI¥×¥í¥»¥¹ÃÖ´¹ (process substitution)\fP ¤ò¥µ¥Ý¡¼¥È¤Ç¤­
¤ë¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤â¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion
.\"O can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions
.\"O expand a single word to a single word.
.\"O The only exceptions to this are the expansions of
.\"O "\fB$@\fP" and "\fB${\fP\fIname\fP\fB[@]}\fP"
.\"O as explained above (see
.\"O .SM
.\"O .BR PARAMETERS ).
Ÿ³«¤·¤¿Éôʬ¤Îñ¸ì¤Î¿ô¤¬ÊѲ½¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤ë¤Î¤Ï¡¢¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹Å¸³«¡¢Ã±¸ì¤Î
ʬ³ä¡¢¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾Å¸³«¤À¤±¤Ç¤¹¡£Â¾¤ÎŸ³«¤Ç¤Ï¡¢1 ¤Ä¤Îñ¸ì¤Ï 1 ¤Ä¤Îñ¸ì¤ËŸ³«
¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³¤Îµ¬Â§¤ÎÍ£°ì¤ÎÎã³°¤ÏÀè¤ËÀâÌÀ¤·¤¿
 "\fB$@\fP" ¤È "\fB${\fP\fIname\fP\fB[@]}\fP" ¤ÎŸ³« (
.SM
.B ¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿
¤ò»²¾È) ¤À¤±¤Ç¤¹¡£
.\"O .SS Brace Expansion
.SS ¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹Å¸³«
.PP
.\"O .I "Brace expansion"
.\"O is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings
.\"O may be generated.  This mechanism is similar to
.\"O \fIpathname expansion\fP, but the filenames generated
.\"O need not exist.  Patterns to be brace expanded take
.\"O the form of an optional
.\"O .IR preamble ,
.\"O followed by a series of comma-separated strings
.\"O between a pair of braces, followed by an optional
.\"O .IR postscript .
.\"O The preamble is prefixed to each string contained
.\"O within the braces, and the postscript is then appended
.\"O to each resulting string, expanding left to right.
.I "¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹Å¸³« (brace expansion)"
¤Ï¡¢Ç¤°Õ¤Îʸ»úÎó¤òÀ¸À®¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ëµ¡¹½¤Ç¤¹¡£¤³¤Îµ¡¹½¤Ï
\fI¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾Å¸³«\fP¤Ë»÷¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¤¬¡¢À¸À®¤µ¤ì¤¿¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë̾¤¬¼Âºß¤¹¤ëɬÍפϤ¢
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.IR "Á°ÃÖÉôʬ (preamble)" ¡¢
ÂФˤʤë¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹¤Î´Ö¤Ë¥³¥ó¥Þ¤Ç¶èÀڤäÆʤ٤¿Ê¸»úÎó¡¢
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.I ¸åÃÖÉôʬ (postscript)
¤ò½ç¤Ëʤ٤¿¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¹¡£Á°ÃÖÉôʬ¤Ï¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹Æâ¤Ë¤¢¤ëʸ»úÎ󤽤줾¤ì¤ÎÀèƬÉô
ʬ¤ËÄɲ䵤졢¸åÃÖÉôʬ¤Ïº¸¤«¤é±¦¤Ë½ç¤ËŸ³«¤µ¤ì¤ÆÆÀ¤é¤ì¤¿¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤Îʸ»úÎó
¤ÎËöÈø¤ËÄɲ䵤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O Brace expansions may be nested.  The results of each expanded
.\"O string are not sorted; left to right order is preserved.
.\"O For example, a\fB{\fPd,c,b\fB}\fPe expands into `ade ace abe'.
¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹¤ÎŸ³«¤ÏÆþ¤ì»Ò¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£Å¸³«¤·¤ÆÆÀ¤é¤ì¤¿Ê¸»úÎó¤Ï¥½¡¼
¥È¤µ¤ì¤º¡¢º¸¤«¤é±¦¤Ø¤Î½çÈÖ¤¬¤½¤Î¤Þ¤Þ»Ä¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£Î㤨¤Ð¡¢
a\fB{\fPd,c,b\fB}\fPe ¤Ï `ade ace abe' ¤ÈŸ³«¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions,
.\"O and any characters special to other expansions are preserved
.\"O in the result.  It is strictly textual.
.\"O .B Bash
.\"O does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the
.\"O expansion or the text between the braces.
¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹¤ÎŸ³«¤Ï¾¤Î¤É¤ÎŸ³«¤è¤ê¤âÁ°¤Ë¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤Þ¤¿¡¢Â¾¤ÎŸ³«¤Ë¤ª
¤¤¤ÆÆüì¤Ê°ÕÌ£¤ò»ý¤Äʸ»ú¤â¤½¤Î¤Þ¤Þ·ë²Ì¤Ë»Ä¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¡¢¸·Ì©¤Ë¥Æ¥­¥¹
¥ÈÁàºî¤À¤±¤ò¹Ô¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£
.B bash
¤Ï¡¢Å¸³«¤Îʸ̮¤ä¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹¤Î´Ö¤Î¥Æ¥­¥¹¥È¤ËÂФ·¤ÆʸˡŪ¤Ê²ò¼á¤òŬÍѤ¹¤ë¤³
¤È¤Ï°ìÀÚ¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
.PP
.\"O A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening
.\"O and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma.
.\"O Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged.
.\"O A \fB{\fP or \fB,\fP may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its
.\"O being considered part of a brace expression.
Àµ¤·¤¤·Á¤Î¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹Å¸³«¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤³«¤­¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹¤ÈÊĤ¸¥Ö¥ì¡¼
¥¹¡¢¤Þ¤¿¾¯¤Ê¤¯¤È¤â 1 ¤Ä¤Î¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¥³¥ó¥Þ¤¬´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤±¤ì
¤Ð¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£Àµ¤·¤¤·Á¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹Å¸³«¤ÏÁ´¤Æ¡¢Êѹ¹¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤Ç¤½¤Î¤Þ¤Þ
»Ä¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£\fB{\fP ¤ä \fB,\fP ¤ò¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¥¹¥é¥Ã¥·¥å¤Ç¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤¹¤ì¤Ð¡¢¥Ö¥ì¡¼
¥¹Å¸³«¤Î°ìÉô¤È²ò¼á¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤è¤¦¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string \fB${\fP
.\"O is not considered eligible for brace expansion.
¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿Å¸³«¤È¤Î¾×ÆͤòÈò¤±¤ë¤¿¤á¡¢Ê¸»úÎó \fB${\fP
¤Ï¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹Å¸³«¤ÎÂоݤȤϲò¼á¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
.PP
.\"O This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common
.\"O prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the
.\"O above example:
¤³¤Î»ÅÁȤߤϡ¢À¸À®¤µ¤ì¤ëʸ»úÎó¤Î¶¦ÄÌÀèƬÉôʬ¤¬¡¢¾åµ­¤ÎÎã¤è¤êŤ¤¾ì¹ç
¤Ë¡¢Ã»½Ìɽ¸½¤È¤·¤Æ¤è¤¯»ÈÍѤµ¤ì¤Þ¤¹:
.RS
.PP
mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,new,dist,bugs}
.RE
.\"O or
¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï
.RS
chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}
.RE
.PP
.\"O Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with
.\"O historical versions of
.\"O .BR sh .
.\"O .B sh
.\"O does not treat opening or closing braces specially when they
.\"O appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output.
¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹Å¸³«¤ÎƳÆþ¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¡¢ÅÁÅýŪ¤Ê
.B sh
¤È¤Ï¾¯¤·Èó¸ß´¹¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤¿Éôʬ¤¬¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
.B sh
¤Ïñ¸ì¤Î°ìÉô¤È¤·¤Æ³«¤­¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹¤äÊĤ¸¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹¤¬¸½¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤âÆÃÊÌ°·¤¤¤Ï¤»¤º¡¢
¤½¤Î¤Þ¤Þ½ÐÎϤ˻Ĥ·¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O .B Bash
.\"O removes braces from words as a consequence of brace
.\"O expansion.  For example, a word entered to
.\"O .B sh
.\"O as \fIfile{1,2}\fP
.\"O appears identically in the output.  The same word is
.\"O output as
.\"O .I file1 file2
.\"O after expansion by
.\"O .BR bash .
.B bash
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.B sh
¤Ë \fIfile{1,2}\fP ¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÆþÎϤµ¤ì¤¿Ã±¸ì¤Ï¡¢¤½¤Î¤Þ¤Þ¤Î·Á¤Ç½ÐÎϤµ¤ì¤Þ
¤¹¡£
.BR bash
¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¤³¤ì¤ÈƱ¤¸Ã±¸ì¤ÏŸ³«¤µ¤ì¤Æ
.I file1 file2
¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë½ÐÎϤµ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O If strict compatibility with
.\"O .B sh
.\"O is desired, start
.\"O .B bash
.\"O with the
.\"O .B +B 
.\"O option or disable brace expansion with the
.\"O .B +B
.\"O option to the
.\"O .B set
.\"O command (see
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
.\"O below).
¸·Ì©¤Ë
.B sh
¤È¸ß´¹¤Ë¤·¤¿¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢
.B bash
¤ò
.B +B 
¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤òÉÕ¤±¤Æµ¯Æ°¤¹¤ë¤«¡¢
.B set
¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ë
.B +B
¤ò»ØÄꤷ¤Æ¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹Å¸³«¤ò̵¸ú¤Ë¤·¤Æ¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤
(¸å½Ò¤¹¤ë
.SM
.B ¥·¥§¥ëÁȤ߹þ¤ß¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É
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.\"O .SS Tilde Expansion
.SS ¥Á¥ë¥ÀŸ³«
.PP
.\"O If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`\fB~\fP'), all of
.\"O the characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters,
.\"O if there is no unquoted slash) are considered a \fItilde-prefix\fP.
¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¥Á¥ë¥À (`\fB~\fP') ¤Çñ¸ì¤¬»Ï¤Þ¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¡¢¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤µ
¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¥¹¥é¥Ã¥·¥å¤è¤ê¤âÁ°¤Ë¤¢¤ëʸ»ú¤¹¤Ù¤Æ (¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¥¹¥é¥Ã
¥·¥å¤¬Ìµ¤±¤ì¤Ð¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤Îʸ»ú) ¤Ï¥Á¥ë¥À¥×¥ì¥Õ¥£¥Ã¥¯¥¹ (\fItilde-prefix\fP) ¤È
²ò¼á¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O If none of the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the
.\"O characters in the tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a
.\"O possible \fIlogin name\fP.
.\"O If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the
.\"O value of the shell parameter
.\"O .SM
.\"O .BR HOME .
¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëʸ»ú¤¬¥Á¥ë¥À¥×¥ì¥Õ¥£¥Ã¥¯¥¹Ãæ¤Ë̵¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢
¥Á¥ë¥À¥×¥ì¥Õ¥£¥Ã¥¯¥¹Ãæ¤Î¥Á¥ë¥À°Ê¹ß¤Îʸ»ú¤Ï¡¢\fI¥í¥°¥¤¥ó̾ (login
name)\fP ¤Ë¤Ê¤ë²ÄǽÀ­¤¬¤¢¤ëʸ»úÎó¤È¤·¤Æ°·¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³¤Î¥í¥°¥¤¥ó̾¤¬
¶õʸ»úÎó¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢¥Á¥ë¥À¤Ï¥·¥§¥ë¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿
.SM
.B HOME
¤ÎÃͤËÃÖ¤­´¹¤¨¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O If
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B HOME
.\"O is unset, the home directory of the user executing the shell is
.\"O substituted instead.
.\"O Otherwise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory
.\"O associated with the specified login name.
.SM
.B HOME
¤¬ÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¾ì¹ç¤Ï¡¢Âå¤ï¤ê¤Ë¥·¥§¥ë¤ò¼Â¹Ô¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¥æ¡¼¥¶¤Î¥Û¡¼
¥à¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤ËÃÖ¤­´¹¤¨¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤½¤¦¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¾ì¹ç¤Ï¡¢¥Á¥ë¥À¥×¥ì¥Õ¥£¥Ã¥¯
¥¹¤Ï»ØÄꤵ¤ì¤¿¥í¥°¥¤¥ó̾¤ËÂбþ¤¹¤ë¥Û¡¼¥à¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤ËÃÖ¤­´¹¤¨¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B PWD
.\"O replaces the tilde-prefix.
¥Á¥ë¥À¥×¥ì¥Õ¥£¥Ã¥¯¥¹¤¬ `~+' ¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢¥Á¥ë¥À¥×¥ì¥Õ¥£¥Ã¥¯¥¹¤Ï¥·¥§¥ëÊÑ¿ô
.SM
.B PWD
¤ÎÃͤËÃÖ¤­´¹¤¨¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O If the tilde-prefix is a `~\-', the value of the shell variable
.\"O .SM
.\"O .BR OLDPWD ,
.\"O if it is set, is substituted.
¥Á¥ë¥À¥×¥ì¥Õ¥£¥Ã¥¯¥¹¤¬ `~\-' ¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢¥·¥§¥ëÊÑ¿ô
.SM
.B OLDPWD
¤ÎÃͤËÃÖ¤­´¹¤¨¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹ (Ãͤ¬ÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ì¤Ð)¡£
.\"O If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist
.\"O of a number \fIN\fP, optionally prefixed
.\"O by a `+' or a `\-', the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding
.\"O element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the
.\"O .B dirs
.\"O builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argument.
.\"O If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a
.\"O number without a leading `+' or `\-', `+' is assumed.
¥Á¥ë¥À¥×¥ì¥Õ¥£¥Ã¥¯¥¹Ãæ¤Î¥Á¥ë¥À¤è¤ê¸å¤Îʸ»ú¤¬¿ôÃÍ \fIN\fP ¤Ç¤¢¤ì¤Ð (
¿ôÃͤÎÁ°¤Ë `+' ¤ä `\-' ¤òÃÖ¤¯¤³¤È¤â¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹)¡¢¥Á¥ë¥À¥×¥ì¥Õ¥£¥Ã¥¯¥¹¤Ï¥Ç¥£
¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯Æâ¤ÎÂбþ¤¹¤ëÍ×ÁǤËÃÖ´¹¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
ÃÖ´¹¤µ¤ì¤ëÍ×ÁǤϡ¢¥Á¥ë¥À¥×¥ì¥Õ¥£¥Ã¥¯¥¹¤ò°ú¤­¿ô¤È¤·¤ÆÁȤ߹þ¤ß¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É
.B dirs
¤ò¼Â¹Ô¤·¤¿¤È¤­¤Ëɽ¼¨¤µ¤ì¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¹¡£
¥Á¥ë¥À¥×¥ì¥Õ¥£¥Ã¥¯¥¹¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë¥Á¥ë¥À°Ê¹ß¤Îʸ»ú¤¬¡¢Àè¹Ô¤¹¤ë `+' ¤ä `-' ¤Î¤Ê¤¤
¿ôÃͤǤ¢¤ë¾ì¹ç¤Ï¡¢`+' ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤ß¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word
.\"O is unchanged.
¥í¥°¥¤¥ó̾¤¬Í­¸ú¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¾ì¹ç¤ä¡¢¥Á¥ë¥ÀŸ³«¤¬¼ºÇÔ¤·¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¢Ã±¸ì¤ÏÃÖ¤­
´¹¤¨¤é¤ì¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
.PP
.\"O Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immediately
.\"O following a
.\"O .B :
.\"O or
.\"O .BR = .
.\"O In these cases, tilde expansion is also performed.
Á´¤Æ¤ÎÊÑ¿ôÂåÆþ¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ
.B :
¤ä
.B =
¤Îľ¸å¤Ë¤¢¤ë¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¥Á¥ë¥À¥×¥ì¥Õ¥£¥Ã¥¯¥¹¤Î¥Á¥§¥Ã¥¯¤¬¹Ô¤ï¤ì
¤Þ¤¹¡£¤â¤·¸«¤Ä¤«¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¤³¤ì¤é¤â¥Á¥ë¥ÀŸ³«¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O Consequently, one may use file names with tildes in assignments to
.\"O .SM
.\"O .BR PATH ,
.\"O .SM
.\"O .BR MAILPATH ,
.\"O and
.\"O .SM
.\"O .BR CDPATH ,
.\"O and the shell assigns the expanded value.
¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¡¢
.SM
.BR PATH ,
.SM
.BR MAILPATH ,
.SM
.BR CDPATH
¤Ø¤ÎÂåÆþ¤Ë¥Á¥ë¥À¤ò´Þ¤à¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë̾¤ò»È¤¤¡¢Å¸³«¤µ¤ì¤¿Ãͤò¥·¥§¥ë¤ËÂåÆþ¤µ¤»
¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O .SS Parameter Expansion
.SS ¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤ÎŸ³«
.PP
.\"O The `\fB$\fP' character introduces parameter expansion,
.\"O command substitution, or arithmetic expansion.  The parameter name
.\"O or symbol to be expanded may be enclosed in braces, which
.\"O are optional but serve to protect the variable to be expanded from
.\"O characters immediately following it which could be
.\"O interpreted as part of the name.
`\fB$\fP' ʸ»ú¤¬¤¢¤ë¤È¡¢¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿Å¸³«¡¢¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹¡¢»»½Ñ¼°Å¸³«¤¬¹Ô¤ï
¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£Å¸³«¤µ¤ì¤ë¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿Ì¾¤ä¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë¤Ï¡¢¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹¤Ç³ç¤ë¤³¤È¤â¤Ç¤­¤Þ
¤¹¡£¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹¤Ï¾Êά²Äǽ¤Ç¤¹¤¬¡¢ÊÑ¿ô¤Îľ¸å¤Ë¤¢¤ê¡¢¤½¤Î̾Á°¤Î°ìÉô¤È²ò¼á¤¹
¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ëʸ»ú¤È°ì½ï¤ËÊÑ¿ô¤¬Å¸³«¤µ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤òËɤ°ÊýË¡¤È¤·¤ÆÍÑ°Õ¤µ¤ì
¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `\fB}\fP'
.\"O not escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an
.\"O embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or paramter
.\"O expansion.
¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹¤ò»È¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¡¢¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¥ó¥°¤ò½ª¤¨¤ë¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹¤ÏºÇ½é¤Î `\fB}\fP' ¤Ç
¤¹¡£¤¿¤À¤·¡¢¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¥¹¥é¥Ã¥·¥å¤Ç¥¨¥¹¥±¡¼¥×¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤â¤Î¤ä¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤µ¤ì¤Æ
¤¤¤ëʸ»úÎóÃæ¤Î¤â¤Î¤Ï´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Þ¤»¤ó¤·¡¢»»½Ñ¼°Å¸³«¤ä¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹¡¢¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼
¥¿Å¸³«¤ËÆþ¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤â¤Î¤â´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
.PP
.PD 0
.TP
${\fIparameter\fP}
.\"O The value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted.  The braces are required
.\"O when
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is a positional parameter with more than one digit,
.\"O or when
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is followed by a character which is not to be
.\"O interpreted as part of its name.
\fIparameter\fP ¤ÎÃͤ¬ÃÖ´¹¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹¤¬É¬Íפˤʤë¤Î¤Ï¡¢
.I parameter
¤¬ 2 ·å°Ê¾å¤Î¿ô»ú¤ò»ý¤Ä°ÌÃÖÉÕ¤­¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤Î¾ì¹ç¤ä¡¢
.I parameter
¤Îľ¸å¤Îʸ»ú¤ò̾Á°¤Î°ìÉô¤È¤·¤Æ²ò¼á¤µ¤»¤¿¤¯¤Ê¤¤¾ì¹ç¤Ç¤¹¡£
.PD
.PP
.\"O If the first character of \fIparameter\fP is an exclamation point,
.\"O a level of variable indirection is introduced.
.\"O \fBBash\fP uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of
.\"O \fIparameter\fP as the name of the variable; this variable is then
.\"O expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather
.\"O than the value of \fIparameter\fP itself.
.\"O This is known as \fIindirect expansion\fP.
\fIparameter\fP ¤ÎºÇ½é¤Îʸ»ú¤¬´¶Ã²Éä¤Ç¤¢¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢´ÖÀÜÊÑ¿ô¥ì¥Ù¥ë
(level of variable indirection) ¤È¤¤¤¦³µÇ°¤¬Æ³Æþ¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£\fBbash\fP ¤Ï¡¢
Ÿ³«¤Ë \fIparameter\fP  ¤½¤Î¤â¤Î¤ÎÃͤò»ÈÍѤ¹¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤Ê¤¯¡¢
\fIparameter\fP ¤Î´¶Ã²Éä¤ò½ü¤¤¤¿»Ä¤ê¤Îʸ»ú¤òÊÑ¿ô̾¤È¤·¤Æ°·¤¤¡¢¤½¤ÎÊÑ¿ô
¤ÎÃͤò¤½¤Î¸åŸ³«¤Ë»ÈÍѤ·¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³¤ì¤¬\fI´ÖÀÜŸ³« (indirect expansion)\fP
¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¹¡£
.\"O The exception to this is the expansion of ${!\fIprefix\fP*}
.\"O described below.
¤¿¤À¤·Îã³°¤È¤·¤Æ¡¢°Ê²¼¤ÇÀâÌÀ¤¹¤ë ${!\fIprefix\fP*} ¤ÎŸ³«¤¬¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O In each of the cases below, \fIword\fP is subject to tilde expansion,
.\"O parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
.\"O When not performing substring expansion, \fBbash\fP tests for a parameter
.\"O that is unset or null; omitting the colon results in a test only for a
.\"O parameter that is unset.
°Ê²¼¤Ë¼¨¤¹¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤Î¾ì¹ç¡¢\fIword\fP ¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¥Á¥ë¥ÀŸ³«¡¢¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿Å¸
³«¡¢¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹¡¢»»½Ñ¼°Å¸³«¤¬¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£Éôʬʸ»úÎ󟳫°Ê³°¤Î¾ì¹ç¡¢ 
\fBbash\fP ¤Ï¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤¬ÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¡¢¶õ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¤òÄ´¤Ù¤Þ¤¹¡£¥³
¥í¥ó¤ò¾Êά¤·¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤ÏÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤É¤¦¤«¤Î¤ß¤òÄ´¤Ù¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.PD 0
.TP
${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\-\fP\fIword\fP}
.\"O \fBUse Default Values\fP.  If
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is unset or null, the expansion of
.\"O .I word
.\"O is substituted.  Otherwise, the value of
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is substituted.
\fB¥Ç¥Õ¥©¥ë¥È¤ÎÃͤò»È¤¤¤Þ¤¹\fP¡£
.I parameter
¤¬ÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤«¶õʸ»úÎó¤Ç¤¢¤ì¤Ð¡¢
.I word
¤òŸ³«¤·¤¿¤â¤Î¤ËÃÖ´¹¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤½¤¦¤Ç¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢
.I parameter
¤ÎÃͤËÃÖ´¹¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.TP
${\fIparameter\fP\fB:=\fP\fIword\fP}
.\"O \fBAssign Default Values\fP.
\fB¥Ç¥Õ¥©¥ë¥ÈÃͤòÂåÆþ¤·¤Þ¤¹\fP¡£
.\"O If
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is unset or null, the expansion of
.\"O .I word
.\"O is assigned to
.\"O .IR parameter .
.\"O The value of
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is then substituted.  Positional parameters and special parameters may
.\"O not be assigned to in this way.
.I parameter
¤¬ÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤«¶õʸ»úÎó¤Ç¤¢¤ì¤Ð¡¢
.I word
¤òŸ³«¤·¤¿¤â¤Î¤¬
.I parameter
¤ËÂåÆþ¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤½¤ì¤«¤é
.I parameter
¤ÎÃͤؤÎÃÖ´¹¤¬¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£°ÌÃÖÉÕ¤­¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤äÆüì¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤Ø¤ÎÂå
Æþ¤ò¤³¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¹Ô¤¦¤³¤È¤Ï¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
.TP
${\fIparameter\fP\fB:?\fP\fIword\fP}
.\"O \fBDisplay Error if Null or Unset\fP.
\fB¶õʸ»úÎó¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¾ì¹ç¤Ë¥¨¥é¡¼¤òɽ¼¨¤·¤Þ¤¹\fP¡£
.\"O If
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is null or unset, the expansion of \fIword\fP (or a message to that effect
.\"O if
.\"O .I word
.\"O is not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it
.\"O is not interactive, exits.  Otherwise, the value of \fIparameter\fP is
.\"O substituted.
.I parameter
¤¬¶õʸ»úÎó¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¾ì¹ç¡¢\fIword\fP ¤òŸ³«¤·¤¿¤â¤Î (
.I word
¤¬¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤¬¶õʸ»úÎó¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤ò¼¨¤¹¥á¥Ã¥»¡¼
¥¸) ¤¬É¸½à¥¨¥é¡¼½ÐÎϤ˽ÐÎϤµ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¥·¥§¥ë¤¬ÂÐÏÃŪ¤Ç¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢¥·¥§¥ë¤Ï
½ªÎ»¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤Ë¶õʸ»úÎó°Ê³°¤¬ÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ì¤Ð¡¢
\fIparameter\fP ¤ÎÃͤؤÎÃÖ´¹¤¬¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.TP
${\fIparameter\fP\fB:+\fP\fIword\fP}
.\"O \fBUse Alternate Value\fP.
\fBÊ̤ÎÃͤò»ÈÍѤ·¤Þ¤¹\fP¡£
.\"O If
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of
.\"O .I word
.\"O is substituted.
.I parameter
¤¬¶õʸ»úÎó¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢¶õʸ»úÎó¤ËÃÖ´¹¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤½¤¦¤Ç¤Ê
¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢
.I word
¤òŸ³«¤·¤¿¤â¤Î¤ËÃÖ´¹¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.TP
.PD 0
${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP}
.TP
${\fIparameter\fP\fB:\fP\fIoffset\fP\fB:\fP\fIlength\fP}
.PD
.\"O \fBSubstring Expansion.\fP
\fBÉôʬʸ»úÎ󟳫\fP¡£
.\"O Expands to up to \fIlength\fP characters of \fIparameter\fP
.\"O starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP.
.\"O If \fIlength\fP is omitted, expands to the substring of
.\"O \fIparameter\fP, starting at the character specified by \fIoffset\fP.
.\"O \fIlength\fP and \fIoffset\fP are arithmetic expressions (see
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B
.\"O ARITHMETIC EVALUATION
.\"O below).
\fIparameter\fP ¤òŸ³«¤·¤¿¤â¤Î¤«¤éºÇÂç \fIlength\fP ʸ»ú¤ò¼è¤ê½Ð¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£
ÀèƬ¤Îʸ»ú¤Ï \fIoffset\fP ¤Ç»ØÄꤷ¤Þ¤¹¡£\fIlength\fP ¤ò¾Êά¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢
\fIoffset\fP ¤Ç»ØÄꤷ¤¿Ê¸»ú¤òÀèƬ¤Ë¤·¤Æ¡¢\fIparameter\fP ¤Î»Ä¤êÁ´Éô¤¬
´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤ëÉôʬʸ»úÎó¤ËŸ³«¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£\fIlength\fP ¤È \fIoffset\fP ¤Ï»»½Ñ¼°
¤Ç¤¹ (¸å½Ò¤Î
.SM
.B »»½Ñ¼°É¾²Á
¤ò»²¾È)¡£
.\"O \fIlength\fP must evaluate to a number greater than or equal to zero.
.\"O If \fIoffset\fP evaluates to a number less than zero, the value
.\"O is used as an offset from the end of the value of \fIparameter\fP.
\fIlength\fP ¤Îɾ²Á·ë²Ì¤Ï 0 °Ê¾å¤Î¿ô¤Ç¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
\fIoffset\fP ¤òɾ²Á¤¹¤ë¤È 0 ̤Ëþ¤Î¿ô¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢¤³¤ÎÃͤÏ
\fIparameter\fP ¤ÎÃͤÎËöÈø¤«¤é¤Î¥ª¥Õ¥»¥Ã¥È¤È¤·¤Æ»È¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O If \fIparameter\fP is \fB@\fP, the result is \fIlength\fP positional
.\"O parameters beginning at \fIoffset\fP.
.\"O If \fIparameter\fP is an array name indexed by @ or *,
.\"O the result is the \fIlength\fP
.\"O members of the array beginning with ${\fIparameter\fP[\fIoffset\fP]}.
.\"O Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parameters 
.\"O are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1.
\fIparameter\fP ¤¬ \fB@\fP ¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢·ë²Ì¤Ï \fIoffset\fP ¤«¤é»Ï¤Þ¤ë
\fIlength\fP ¸Ä¤Î°ÌÃÖÉÕ¤­¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
\fIparameter\fP ¤¬ @ ¤Þ¤¿¤Ï * ¤Î¥¤¥ó¥Ç¥Ã¥¯¥¹¤¬ÉÕ¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ëÇÛÎó̾¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢
·ë²Ì¤ÏÇÛÎó¤Î ${\fIparameter\fP[\fIoffset\fP]} ¤òÀèƬ¤È¤¹¤ëÍ×ÁÇ
\fIlength\fP ¸Ä¤È¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£°ÌÃÖÉÕ¤­¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤ò»È¤¦¾ì¹ç°Ê³°¤Ï¡¢Éôʬʸ
»úÎó¤Î¥¤¥ó¥Ç¥Ã¥¯¥¹¤Ï 0 ¤«¤é»Ï¤Þ¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£°ÌÃÖÉÕ¤­¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¢
¥¤¥ó¥Ç¥Ã¥¯¥¹¤Ï 1 ¤«¤é»Ï¤Þ¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
.TP
${\fB!\fP\fIprefix\fP\fB*\fP}
.\"O Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with \fIprefix\fP,
.\"O separated by the first character of the
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B IFS
.\"O special variable.
\fIprefix\fP ¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤ë¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤ÎÊÑ¿ô¤Î̾Á°¤ËŸ³«¤·¤Æ¡¢
.SM
.B IFS
ÆüìÊÑ¿ô¤ÎºÇ½é¤Îʸ»ú¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¶èÀÚ¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
.TP
${\fB#\fP\fIparameter\fP}
.\"O The length in characters of the value of \fIparameter\fP is substituted.
.\"O If
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is
.\"O .B *
.\"O or 
.\"O .BR @ ,
.\"O the value substituted is the number of positional parameters.
.\"O If
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is an array name subscripted by
.\"O .B *
.\"O or
.\"O .BR @ ,
.\"O the value substituted is the number of elements in the array.
\fIparameter\fP ¤ÎÃͤ˴ޤޤì¤ëʸ»ú¿ô¤ËÃÖ´¹¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.I parameter
¤¬
.B *
¤Þ¤¿¤Ï
.B @
¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢°ÌÃÖÉÕ¤­¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤Î¿ô¤ËÃÖ´¹¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.I parameter
¤¬
.B *
¤Þ¤¿¤Ï
.B @
¤¬Åº»ú¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ëÇÛÎó̾¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢ÇÛÎóÃæ¤ÎÍ×ÁÇ¿ô¤ËÃÖ´¹¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.TP
.PD 0
${\fIparameter\fP\fB#\fP\fIword\fP}
.TP
${\fIparameter\fP\fB##\fP\fIword\fP}
.PD
.\"O The 
.\"O .I word
.\"O is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname
.\"O expansion.  If the pattern matches the beginning of
.\"O the value of
.\"O .IR parameter ,
.\"O then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O with the shortest matching pattern (the ``\fB#\fP'' case) or the
.\"O longest matching pattern (the ``\fB##\fP'' case) deleted.
.I word
¤¬Å¸³«¤µ¤ì¡¢¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾Å¸³«¤Î¾ì¹ç¤ÈƱ¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ê¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤òºî¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³
¤Î¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤¬
.I parameter
¤ÎÃͤÎÀèƬÉôʬ¤È¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤¹¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢Å¸³«¤·¤ÆÆÀ¤é¤ì¤ëÃͤÏ
.I parameter
¤òŸ³«¤·¤¿Ãͤ«¤éºÇû°ìÃץѥ¿¡¼¥ó (``\fB#\fP''¤Î¾ì¹ç) ¤Þ¤¿¤ÏºÇĹ°ìÃץѥ¿¡¼
¥ó (``\fB##\fP'' ¤Î¾ì¹ç) ¤ò¼è¤ê½ü¤¤¤¿¤â¤Î¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O If
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is
.\"O .B @
.\"O or
.\"O .BR * ,
.\"O the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
.\"O parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
.I parameter
¤¬
.B @
¤Þ¤¿¤Ï
.BR *
¤Ç¤¢¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤òºï½ü¤¹¤ëÁàºî¤ÏÁ´¤Æ¤Î°ÌÃÖÉÕ¤­¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤Ë½çÈÖ¤ËŬ
ÍѤµ¤ì¡¢Å¸³«·ë²Ì¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥È¤È¤·¤ÆÆÀ¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O If
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is an array variable subscripted with
.\"O .B @
.\"O or
.\"O .BR * ,
.\"O the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
.\"O array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
.I parameter
¤¬
.B @
¤Þ¤¿¤Ï
.B *
¤¬Åº»ú¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ëÇÛÎóÊÑ¿ô¤Ç¤¢¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤òºï½ü¤¹¤ëÁàºî¤ÏÇÛÎó¤ÎÁ´
¤Æ¤ÎÍ×ÁǤ˽çÈÖ¤ËŬÍѤµ¤ì¡¢Å¸³«·ë²Ì¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥È¤È¤·¤ÆÆÀ¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.TP
.PD 0
${\fIparameter\fP\fB%\fP\fIword\fP}
.TP
${\fIparameter\fP\fB%%\fP\fIword\fP}
.PD
.\"O The \fIword\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
.\"O pathname expansion.
.\"O If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of
.\"O .IR parameter ,
.\"O then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O with the shortest matching pattern (the ``\fB%\fP'' case) or the
.\"O longest matching pattern (the ``\fB%%\fP'' case) deleted.
.I word
¤¬Å¸³«¤µ¤ì¡¢¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾Å¸³«¤Î¾ì¹ç¤ÈƱ¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ê¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤òºî¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³
¤Î¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤¬
.I parameter
¤òŸ³«¤·¤¿ÃͤÎËöÈø¤ÎÉôʬ¤È¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤¹¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢Å¸³«·ë²Ì¤Ï
.I parameter
¤òŸ³«¤·¤¿Ãͤ«¤éºÇû°ìÃץѥ¿¡¼¥ó (``\fB%\fP'' ¤Î¾ì¹ç) ¤Þ¤¿¤ÏºÇĹ°ìÃץѥ¿¡¼
¥ó (``\fB%%\fP'' ¤Î¾ì¹ç) ¤ò¼è¤ê½ü¤¤¤¿¤â¤Î¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O If
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is
.\"O .B @
.\"O or
.\"O .BR * ,
.\"O the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional
.\"O parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
.I parameter
¤¬
.B @
¤Þ¤¿¤Ï
.B *
¤Ç¤¢¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤òºï½ü¤¹¤ëÁàºî¤ÏÁ´¤Æ¤Î°ÌÃÖÉÕ¤­¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤Ë½çÈÖ¤ËŬ
ÍѤµ¤ì¡¢Å¸³«·ë²Ì¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥È¤È¤·¤ÆÆÀ¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O If
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is an array variable subscripted with
.\"O .B @
.\"O or
.\"O .BR * ,
.\"O the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the
.\"O array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
.I parameter
¤¬
.B @
¤Þ¤¿¤Ï
.B *
¤¬Åº»ú¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ëÇÛÎóÊÑ¿ô¤Ç¤¢¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤òºï½ü¤¹¤ëÁàºî¤ÏÇÛÎó¤ÎÁ´
¤Æ¤ÎÍ×ÁǤ˽çÈÖ¤ËŬÍѤµ¤ì¡¢Å¸³«·ë²Ì¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥È¤È¤·¤ÆÆÀ¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.TP
.PD 0
${\fIparameter\fP\fB/\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP}
.TP
${\fIparameter\fP\fB//\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP}
.PD
.\"O The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in
.\"O pathname expansion.
\fIpattern\fP ¤¬Å¸³«¤µ¤ì¡¢¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾Å¸³«¤Î¾ì¹ç¤ÈƱ¤¸¤è¤¦¤Ê¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó
¤òºî¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O \fIParameter\fP is expanded and the longest match of \fIpattern\fP
.\"O against its value is replaced with \fIstring\fP.
\fIparameter\fP ¤ÎŸ³«¤¬¹Ô¤ï¤ì¡¢¤½¤ÎÃͤΤ¦¤Á \fIpattern\fP ¤ËºÇĹ°ìÃ×
¤¹¤ëÉôʬ¤¬ \fIstring\fP ¤ËÃÖ´¹¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O In the first form, only the first match is replaced.
Á°¼Ô¤Î·Á¼°¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¢ºÇ½é¤Ë¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤·¤¿Éôʬ¤À¤±¤¬ÃÖ´¹¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O The second form causes all matches of \fIpattern\fP to be
.\"O replaced with \fIstring\fP.
¸å¼Ô¤Î·Á¼°¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤·¤¿Éôʬ¤ÏÁ´¤Æ \fIstring\fP ¤ËÃÖ´¹¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB#\fP, it must match at the beginning
.\"O of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP.
\fIpattern\fP ¤¬ \fB#\fP ¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤ë¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤Ï \fIparameter\fP 
¤òŸ³«¤·¤¿ÃͤÎÀèƬ¤Ë¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
.\"O If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB%\fP, it must match at the end
.\"O of the expanded value of \fIparameter\fP.
\fIpattern\fP ¤¬ \fB%\fP ¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤ë¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤Ï \fIparameter\fP 
¤òŸ³«¤·¤¿ÃͤÎËöÈø¤Ë¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
.\"O If \fIstring\fP is null, matches of \fIpattern\fP are deleted
.\"O and the \fB/\fP following \fIpattern\fP may be omitted.
\fIstring\fP ¤¬¶õ¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï \fIpattern\fP ¤Ë¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤·¤¿Éôʬ¤Ïºï½ü¤µ¤ì¤Þ
¤¹¡£¤Þ¤¿¤³¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¢\fIpattern\fP ¤Î¸å¤Ë³¤¯ \fB/\fP ¤Ï¾Êά²Äǽ¤Ç¤¹¡£
.\"O If
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is
.\"O .B @
.\"O or
.\"O .BR * ,
.\"O the substitution operation is applied to each positional
.\"O parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
.I parameter
¤¬
.B @
¤Þ¤¿¤Ï
.B *
¤Ç¤¢¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢ÃÖ´¹Áàºî¤ÏÁ´¤Æ¤Î°ÌÃÖÉÕ¤­¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤Ë½çÈÖ¤ËŬÍѤµ¤ì¡¢Å¸³«·ë
²Ì¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥È¤È¤·¤ÆÆÀ¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O If
.\"O .I parameter
.\"O is an array variable subscripted with
.\"O .B @
.\"O or
.\"O .BR * ,
.\"O the substitution operation is applied to each member of the
.\"O array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list.
.I parameter
¤¬
.B @
¤Þ¤¿¤Ï
.B *
¤¬Åº»ú¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ëÇÛÎóÊÑ¿ô¤Ç¤¢¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢ÃÖ´¹Áàºî¤ÏÇÛÎó¤ÎÁ´¤Æ¤ÎÍ×ÁǤ˽çÈÖ
¤ËŬÍѤµ¤ì¡¢Å¸³«·ë²Ì¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥È¤È¤·¤ÆÆÀ¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O .SS Command Substitution
.SS ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹
.PP
.\"O \fICommand substitution\fP allows the output of a command to replace
.\"O the command name.  There are two forms:
\fI¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹ (command substitution)\fP ¤òÍѤ¤¤ë¤È¡¢¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É̾¤ò¥³¥Þ¥ó
¥É¤Î½ÐÎϤÇÃÖ¤­´¹¤¨¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹¤Ë¤Ï°Ê²¼¤Î 2 ¤Ä¤Î·Á¼°
¤¬¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹:
.PP
.RS
.PP
\fB$(\fP\fIcommand\fP\|\fB)\fP
.RE
.\"O or
¤Þ¤¿¤Ï
.RS
\fB`\fP\fIcommand\fP\fB`\fP
.RE
.PP
.\"O .B Bash
.\"O performs the expansion by executing \fIcommand\fP and
.\"O replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the
.\"O command, with any trailing newlines deleted.
.\"O Embedded newlines are not deleted, but they may be removed during
.\"O word splitting.
.\"O The command substitution \fB$(cat \fIfile\fP)\fR can be replaced by
.\"O the equivalent but faster \fB$(< \fIfile\fP)\fR.
.B bash
¤Ë¤è¤ëŸ³«¤Ï¡¢\fIcommand\fP ¤Î¼Â¹Ô¤ª¤è¤Ó¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹¤ÎÉôʬ¤ò¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Î
ɸ½à½ÐÎϤÈÃÖ´¹¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤ê¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³¤ÎºÝ¡¢ËöÈø¤Î²þ¹Ôʸ»ú¤Ïºï½ü
¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£Ê¸»úÎó¤ÎÅÓÃæ¤Ë¤¢¤ë²þ¹Ôʸ»ú¤Ïºï½ü¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤»¤ó¤¬¡¢Ã±¸ìʬ³ä¤ÎºÝ¤Ë
ºï½ü¤µ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹ \fB$(cat \fIfile\fP)\fR ¤Ï¡¢Æ±
¤¸°ÕÌ£¤ò»ý¤Á¡¢¤·¤«¤â¹â®¤Ê \fB$(< \fIfile\fP)\fR ¤ËÃÖ¤­´¹¤¨¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç
¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O When the old-style backquote form of substitution is used,
.\"O backslash retains its literal meaning except when followed by
.\"O .BR $ ,
.\"O .BR ` ,
.\"O or
.\"O .BR \e .
.\"O The first backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the
.\"O command substitution.
.\"O When using the $(\^\fIcommand\fP\|) form, all characters between the
.\"O parentheses make up the command; none are treated specially.
¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤ò»È¤¦¸Å¤¤·Á¼°¤ÎÃÖ´¹¤òÍѤ¤¤¿¤È¤­¡¢¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¥¹¥é¥Ã¥·¥å¤Ïʸ»ú
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.BR $ ,
.BR ` ,
.B \e
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½é¤Î¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤¬¤¢¤ë¤È¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹¤ÏÊĤ¸¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
$(\^\fIcommand\fP\|) ¤È¤¤¤¦·Á¼°¤òÍѤ¤¤¿¤È¤­¤Ï¡¢³ç¸Ì¤Î´Ö¤Ë¤¢¤ëÁ´¤Æ¤Îʸ
»ú¤¬¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤È¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£ÆÃÊÌ°·¤¤¤µ¤ì¤ëʸ»ú¤Ï¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
.PP
.\"O Command substitutions may be nested.  To nest when using the backquoted form,
.\"O escape the inner backquotes with backslashes.
¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹¤ÏÆþ¤ì»Ò¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¥¯¥©¡¼¥È·Á¼°¤Î»þ¤ËÆþ¤ì
»Ò¤ò¹Ô¤¦¤Ë¤Ï¡¢Æ⦤ΥХ寥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤ò¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¥¹¥é¥Ã¥·¥å¤Ç¥¨¥¹¥±¡¼¥×¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O If the substitution appears within double quotes, word splitting and
.\"O pathname expansion are not performed on the results.
ÃÖ´¹¤¬¥À¥Ö¥ë¥¯¥©¡¼¥ÈÆâÉô¤Ë¤¢¤ë¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¢ÃÖ´¹¤Î·ë²Ì¤ËÂФ¹¤ëñ¸ìʬ³ä¤È
¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾Å¸³«¤Ï¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
.\"O .SS Arithmetic Expansion
.SS »»½Ñ¼°Å¸³«
.PP
.\"O Arithmetic expansion allows the evaluation of an arithmetic expression
.\"O and the substitution of the result.  The format for arithmetic expansion is:
»»½Ñ¼°Å¸³«¤ò»È¤¦¤È¡¢»»½Ñ¼°¤òɾ²Á¤·¤Æ¡¢¤½¤Î·ë²Ì¤ËÃÖ´¹¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£
»»½Ñ¼°Å¸³«¤Î¥Õ¥©¡¼¥Þ¥Ã¥È¤ò¼¡¤Ë¼¨¤·¤Þ¤¹:
.RS
.PP
\fB$((\fP\fIexpression\fP\fB))\fP
.RE
.PP
.\"O The
.\"O .I expression
.\"O is treated as if it were within double quotes, but a double quote
.\"O inside the parentheses is not treated specially.
.\"O All tokens in the expression undergo parameter expansion, string
.\"O expansion, command substitution, and quote removal.
.\"O Arithmetic substitutions may be nested.
.I expression
¤Ï¥À¥Ö¥ë¥¯¥©¡¼¥ÈÆâÉô¤Ë¤¢¤ë¾ì¹ç¤ÈƱÍͤ˰·¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¤¬¡¢³ç¸Ì¤ÎÆ⦤ΥÀ¥Ö¥ë
¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤¬ÆÃÊÌ°·¤¤¤µ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£¼°¤Ë´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤ëÁ´¤Æ¤Î¥È¡¼¥¯¥ó¤Ë
ÂФ·¤Æ¡¢¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿Å¸³«¡¢Ê¸»úÎ󟳫¡¢¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹¡¢¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤Îºï½ü¤¬¹Ô¤ï
¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£»»½Ñ¼°ÃÖ´¹¤ÏÆþ¤ì»Ò¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O The evaluation is performed according to the rules listed below under
.\"O .SM
.\"O .BR "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" .
.\"O If
.\"O .I expression
.\"O is invalid,
.\"O .B bash
.\"O prints a message indicating failure and no substitution occurs.
ɾ²Á¤Ï¸å½Ò¤Î
.SM
.B "»»½Ñ¼°É¾²Á"
¤Ç¼¨¤¹µ¬Â§¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¤¤Æ¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.I expression
¤¬ÉÔÀµ¤Ç¤¢¤ì¤Ð¡¢
.B bash
¤Ïɾ²Á¤Î¼ºÇÔ¤ò¼¨¤¹¥á¥Ã¥»¡¼¥¸¤ò½ÐÎϤ·¡¢ÃÖ´¹¤òÁ´¤¯¹Ô¤¤¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
.\"O .SS Process Substitution
.SS ¥×¥í¥»¥¹ÃÖ´¹
.PP
.\"O \fIProcess substitution\fP is supported on systems that support named
.\"O pipes (\fIFIFOs\fP) or the \fB/dev/fd\fP method of naming open files.
.\"O It takes the form of
.\"O \fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP
.\"O or
.\"O \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP.
\fI¥×¥í¥»¥¹ÃÖ´¹ (process substitution)\fP ¤¬¥µ¥Ý¡¼¥È¤µ¤ì¤ë¤Î¤Ï¡¢Ì¾Á°ÉÕ¤­
¥Ñ¥¤¥× (\fIFIFO\fP) ¤Þ¤¿¤Ï̾Á°ÉÕ¤­¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Î \fB/dev/fd\fP ¥á¥½¥Ã
¥É¤ò¥µ¥Ý¡¼¥È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ç¤¹¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï
\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP
¤Þ¤¿¤Ï
\fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP
¤Î·Á¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O [³Îǧ] naming open file ¤ÎÌõ¸ì
.\"O The process \fIlist\fP is run with its input or output connected to a
.\"O \fIFIFO\fP or some file in \fB/dev/fd\fP.  The name of this file is
.\"O passed as an argument to the current command as the result of the
.\"O expansion.  If the \fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, writing to
.\"O the file will provide input for \fIlist\fP.  If the
.\"O \fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP form is used, the file passed as an
.\"O argument should be read to obtain the output of \fIlist\fP.
¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È \fIlist\fP ¤Î¼Â¹Ô»þ¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¤½¤ÎÆþÎϤޤ¿¤Ï½ÐÎϤϡ¢
\fIFIFO\fP ¤Þ¤¿¤Ï \fB/dev/fd\fP Ãæ¤Î²¿¤é¤«¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ËÀܳ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£
¤³¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Î̾Á°¤ÏŸ³«¤Î·ë²Ì¤È¤·¤Æ¡¢°ú¤­¿ô¤È¤·¤Æ¸½ºß¤Î¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤ËÅϤµ
¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£\fB>(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP ¤Î·Á¼°¤ò»È¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¡¢¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ø¤Î½ñ
¤­¹þ¤ß¤Ï \fIlist\fP ¤Ø¤ÎÆþÎϤȤʤê¤Þ¤¹¡£\fB<(\fP\fIlist\^\fP\fB)\fP ¤Î
·Á¼°¤ò»È¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¡¢°ú¤­¿ô¤È¤·¤ÆÅϤµ¤ì¤¿¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ï \fIlist\fP ¤Î½ÐÎϤòÆÀ
¤ë¤¿¤á¤ËÆɤ߹þ¤Þ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O When available, process substitution is performed
.\"O simultaneously with parameter and variable expansion, 
.\"O command substitution,
.\"O and arithmetic expansion.
ÍøÍѲÄǽ¤Ç¤¢¤ì¤Ð¡¢¥×¥í¥»¥¹ÃÖ´¹ (process substitution) ¤Ï¡¢
¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿Å¸³«¤äÊÑ¿ôŸ³«¡¢¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹¡¢»»½Ñ¼°Å¸³«¤ÈƱ»þ¤Ë¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O .SS Word Splitting
.SS ñ¸ì¤Îʬ³ä
.PP
.\"O The shell scans the results of
.\"O parameter expansion,
.\"O command substitution,
.\"O and
.\"O arithmetic expansion
.\"O that did not occur within double quotes for
.\"O .IR "word splitting" .
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¥À¥Ö¥ë¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤ÎÆâÉô¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¤³¤ì¤é¤ÎŸ³«¤Ï
.I "ñ¸ìʬ³ä"
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.\"O The shell treats each character of
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B IFS
.\"O as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other
.\"O expansions into words on these characters.  If
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B IFS
.\"O is unset, or its
.\"O value is exactly
.\"O .BR <space><tab><newline> ,
.\"O the default, then
.\"O any sequence of
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B IFS
.\"O characters serves to delimit words.  If
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B IFS
.\"O has a value other than the default, then sequences of
.\"O the whitespace characters
.\"O .B space
.\"O and
.\"O .B tab
.\"O are ignored at the beginning and end of the
.\"O word, as long as the whitespace character is in the
.\"O value of
.\"O .SM
.\"O .BR IFS
.\"O (an
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B IFS
.\"O whitespace character).
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.SM
.B IFS
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.SM
.B IFS
¤¬ÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤«¡¢¤½¤ÎÃͤ¬Àµ³Î¤Ë¥Ç¥Õ¥©¥ë¥ÈÃͤÎ
.BR <¥¹¥Ú¡¼¥¹><¥¿¥Ö><²þ¹Ô>
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.SM
.B IFS
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.SM
.B IFS
¤¬¥Ç¥Õ¥©¥ë¥È°Ê³°¤ÎÃͤò»ý¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ì¤Ð¡¢¶õÇòʸ»ú (
.B ¥¹¥Ú¡¼¥¹
¤ª¤è¤Ó
.B ¥¿¥Ö
) ¤ÎÎó¤Ïñ¸ì¤ÎÀèƬ¤ÈËöÈø¤Ç¤Ï̵»ë¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï¶õÇòʸ»ú¤¬
.SM
.BR IFS
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.SM
.B IFS
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.\"O Any character in
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B IFS
.\"O that is not
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B IFS
.\"O whitespace, along with any adjacent
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B IFS
.\"O whitespace characters, delimits a field.
.SM
.B IFS
¤Ë´Þ¤Þ¤ì¡¢
.SM
.B IFS
¶õÇòʸ»ú¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤Ê¸»ú¤ÏÁ´¤Æ¡¢ÎÙÀܤ¹¤ëǤ°Õ¤Î
.SM
.B IFS
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.\"O A sequence of
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B IFS
.\"O whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter.
.\"O If the value of
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B IFS
.\"O is null, no word splitting occurs.
.SM
.B IFS
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.SM
.B IFS
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.PP
.\"O Explicit null arguments (\^\f3"\^"\fP or \^\f3'\^'\fP\^) are retained.
.\"O Unquoted implicit null arguments, resulting from the expansion of
.\"O parameters that have no values, are removed.
.\"O If a parameter with no value is expanded within double quotes, a
.\"O null argument results and is retained.
ÌÀ¼¨Åª¤Ë»ØÄꤷ¤¿¶õ¤Î°ú¤­¿ô(\^\f3"\^"\fP ¤Þ¤¿¤Ï \^\f3'\^'\fP\^)¤Ïºï½ü¤µ
¤ì¤º¤Ë»Ä¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡¢°ÅÌÛŪ¤Ë»ØÄꤵ¤ì¤¿¶õ¤Î°ú¤­¿ô¤Ï¡¢
Ãͤò»ý¤¿¤Ê¤¤¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤òŸ³«¤·¤¿·ë²Ì¤È¤·¤ÆÆÀ¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¤¬¡¢¤³¤ì¤é¤Ïºï½ü¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
Ãͤò»ý¤¿¤Ê¤¤¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤¬¥À¥Ö¥ë¥¯¥©¡¼¥ÈÆâÉô¤ÇŸ³«¤µ¤ì¤ë¤È¡¢
¤³¤ì¤Ï¶õ¤Ç¤¢¤ë°ú¤­¿ô¤È¤Ê¤ê¡¢¾Ã¤µ¤ì¤º¤Ë»Ä¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O Note that if no expansion occurs, no splitting
.\"O is performed.
Ÿ³«¤¬¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ðñ¸ìʬ³ä¤â¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Ê¤¤ÅÀ¤ËÃí°Õ¤·¤Æ¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£
.\"O .SS Pathname Expansion
.SS ¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾Å¸³«
.PP
.\"O After word splitting,
.\"O unless the
.\"O .B \-f
.\"O option has been set,
.\"O .B bash
.\"O scans each word for the characters
.\"O .BR * ,
.\"O .BR ? ,
.\"O and
.\"O .BR [ .
.B \-f
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.B bash
¤Ï¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤Îñ¸ì¤¬
.BR * ,
.BR ? ,
.B [
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.\"O If one of these characters appears, then the word is
.\"O regarded as a
.\"O .IR pattern ,
.\"O and replaced with an alphabetically sorted list of
.\"O file names matching the pattern.
¤³¤ì¤é¤Îʸ»ú¤Î¤¤¤º¤ì¤«¤¬¸«¤Ä¤«¤ë¤È¡¢¤½¤Îñ¸ì¤Ï
.IR ¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó
¤È¸«¤Ê¤µ¤ì¡¢¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤Ë¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤¹¤ë¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë̾¤ò¥¢¥ë¥Õ¥¡¥Ù¥Ã¥È½ç¤Ë¥½¡¼¥È¤·
¤¿¥ê¥¹¥È¤ËÃÖ´¹¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O If no matching file names are found,
.\"O and the shell option
.\"O .B nullglob
.\"O is disabled, the word is left unchanged.
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.B nullglob
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.\"O If the 
.\"O .B nullglob
.\"O option is set, and no matches are found,
.\"O the word is removed.
.B nullglob
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.\"O If the shell option
.\"O .B nocaseglob
.\"O is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case
.\"O of alphabetic characters.
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.B nocaseglob
¤¬Í­¸ú¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¥ó¥°¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¥¢¥ë¥Õ¥¡¥Ù¥Ã¥È¤ÎÂçʸ»ú¤È¾®Ê¸»ú¤Ï¶èÊ̤µ
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.\"O When a pattern is used for pathname expansion,
.\"O the character
.\"O .B ``.''
.\"O at the start of a name or immediately following a slash
.\"O must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option
.\"O .B dotglob
.\"O is set.
¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤ò¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾Å¸³«¤Ë»È¤¦¤È¤­¡¢Ì¾Á°¤ÎÀèƬ¤ä¥¹¥é¥Ã¥·¥å¤Îľ¸å¤Î
.B ``.''
¤ÏÌÀ¼¨Åª¤Ë¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤µ¤»¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£¤¿¤À¤·¡¢¥·¥§¥ë¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó
.B dotglob
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.\"O When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be
.\"O matched explicitly.
.\"O In other cases, the
.\"O .B ``.''
.\"O character is not treated specially.
¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾¤Î¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¥ó¥°¤ò¹Ô¤¦¤È¤­¡¢¥¹¥é¥Ã¥·¥åʸ»ú¤Ïɬ¤ºÌÀ¼¨Åª¤Ë¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤µ¤»¤Ê
¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£¤³¤ì°Ê³°¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¢
.B ``.''
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.\"O See the description of
.\"O .B shopt
.\"O below under
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
.\"O for a description of the
.\"O .BR nocaseglob ,
.\"O .BR nullglob ,
.\"O and
.\"O .B dotglob
.\"O shell options.
¥·¥§¥ë¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó
.BR nocaseglob ,
.BR nullglob ,
.B dotglob
¤Î¾Ü¤·¤¤ÀâÌÀ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¢¸å½Ò¤Î
.SM
.B ¥·¥§¥ë¤ÎÁȤ߹þ¤ß¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É
¤Ë½ñ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë
.B shopt
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.PP
.\"O The
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B GLOBIGNORE
.\"O shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a
.\"O .IR pattern .
¥·¥§¥ëÊÑ¿ô
.SM
.B GLOBIGNORE
¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æ¡¢
.I ¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó
¤Ë¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤¹¤ë¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë̾¤Î½¸¹ç¤òÀ©¸Â¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O If
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B GLOBIGNORE
.\"O is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B GLOBIGNORE
.\"O is removed from the list of matches.
.SM
.B GLOBIGNORE
¤¬ÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ì¤Ð¡¢¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤¹¤ë¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë̾¤Î¤¦¤Á
.SM
.B GLOBIGNORE
Ãæ¤Î¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤Ë¤â¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤·¤¿¤â¤Î¤Ï¡¢¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤·¤¿¤â¤Î¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤«¤é¼è¤ê½ü¤«¤ì
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.\"O The file names
.\"O .B ``.''
.\"O and
.\"O .B ``..''
.\"O are always ignored, even when
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B GLOBIGNORE
.\"O is set.  However, setting
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B GLOBIGNORE
.\"O has the effect of enabling the
.\"O .B dotglob
.\"O shell option, so all other file names beginning with a
.\"O .B ``.''
.\"O will match.
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë̾
.B ``.''
¤È
.B ``..''
¤Ïɬ¤ºÌµ»ë¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï
.SM
.B GLOBIGNORE
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.SM
.B GLOBIGNORE
¤òÀßÄꤹ¤ë¤È¥·¥§¥ë¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤Î
.B dotglob
¤¬Í­¸ú¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¢
.B ``.''
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.\"O To get the old behavior of ignoring file names beginning with a
.\"O .BR ``.'' ,
.\"O make
.\"O .B ``.*''
.\"O one of the patterns in
.\"O .SM
.\"O .BR GLOBIGNORE .
.B ``.''
¤Ç»Ï¤á¤ë¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë̾¤ò̵»ë¤¹¤ë¸Å¤¤Æ°ºî¤ò¤µ¤»¤ë¤Ë¤Ï¡¢
.B ``.*''
¤ò
.SM
.B GLOBIGNORE
¤Î¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤Ë´Þ¤á¤Æ¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£
.\"O The
.\"O .B dotglob
.\"O option is disabled when
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B GLOBIGNORE
.\"O is unset.
.SM
.B GLOBIGNORE
¤¬ÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢
.B dotglob
¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ï̵¸ú¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O \fBPattern Matching\fP
\fB¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¥ó¥°\fP
.PP
.\"O Any character that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern
.\"O characters described below, matches itself.  The NUL character may not
.\"O occur in a pattern.  The special pattern characters must be quoted if
.\"O they are to be matched literally.
¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤Ë´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤ëʸ»ú¤Î¤¦¤Á¡¢¸å½Ò¤¹¤ëÆüì¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥óʸ»ú°Ê³°¤Îʸ»ú¤Ï¡¢¼«
ʬ¼«¿È¤Ë¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£NUL ʸ»ú¤¬¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥óÃæ¤Ë¸½¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤Ï¤¤¤±¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£Æüì
¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥óʸ»ú¤ò¤½¤Îʸ»ú¤½¤Î¤â¤Î¤Ë¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤µ¤»¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì
¤Ð¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
.PP
.\"O The special pattern characters have the following meanings:
Æüì¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥óʸ»ú¤Ï°Ê²¼¤Î°ÕÌ£¤ò»ý¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹:
.PP
.PD 0
.TP
.B *
.\"O Matches any string, including the null string.
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.TP
.B ?
.\"O Matches any single character.
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.TP
.B [...]
.\"O Matches any one of the enclosed characters.  A pair of characters
.\"O separated by a minus sign denotes a
.\"O .IR range ;
.\"O any character lexically between those two characters, inclusive,
.\"O is matched.  If the first character following the
.\"O .B [
.\"O is a
.\"O .B !
.\"O or a
.\"O .B ^
.\"O then any character not enclosed is matched.
³ç¤é¤ì¤¿Ê¸»ú¤Î¤¦¤ÁǤ°Õ¤Î 1 ʸ»ú¤Ë¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£2 ¤Ä¤Îʸ»ú¤Î´Ö¤Ë¥Þ¥¤¥Ê
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.B [
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.B !
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.B ^
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.\"O A 
.\"O .B \-
.\"O may be matched by including it as the first or last character
.\"O in the set.
.B \-
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.\"O A
.\"O .B ]
.\"O may be matched by including it as the first character
.\"O in the set.
.B ]
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.br
.if t .sp 0.5
.if n .sp 1
.\"O Within
.\"O .B [
.\"O and
.\"O .BR ] ,
.\"O \fIcharacter classes\fP can be specified using the syntax
.\"O \fB[:\fP\fIclass\fP\fB:]\fP, where \fIclass\fP is one of the
.\"O following classes defined in the POSIX.2 standard:
.B [
¤È
.B ]
¤Î´Ö¤Ç¤Ï¡¢\fIʸ»ú¥¯¥é¥¹ (character classes)\fP ¤ò»ØÄꤹ¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£
»ØÄê¤Ë¤Ï \fB[:\fP\fIclass\fP\fB:]\fP ¤È¤¤¤¦µ­Ë¡¤ò»È¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³¤³¤Ç¡¢
\fIclass\fP ¤Ï POSIX.2 ɸ½à¤ÇÄêµÁ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë°Ê²¼¤Î¥¯¥é¥¹¤Î¤¤¤º¤ì¤«¤Ç¤¹:
.PP
.RS
.B
.if n alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lower print punct space upper xdigit
.if t alnum   alpha   ascii   blank   cntrl   digit   graph   lower   print   punct   space   upper   xdigit
.br
.\"O A character class matches any character belonging to that class.
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.br
.if t .sp 0.5
.if n .sp 1
.\"O Within
.\"O .B [
.\"O and 
.\"O .BR ] ,
.\"O an \fIequivalence class\fP can be specified using the syntax
.\"O \fB[=\fP\fIc\fP\fB=]\fP, which matches all characters with the
.\"O same collation weight (as defined by the current locale) as
.\"O the character \fIc\fP.
.B [
¤È
.B ]
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»ØÄê¤Ë¤Ï \fB[=\fP\fIc\fP\fB=]\fP ¤È¤¤¤¦µ­Ë¡¤ò»È¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï \fIc\fP 
¤ÈƱ¤¸¾È¹ç¤Î½Å¤ßÉÕ¤± (collation weight, ¸½ºß¤Î¥í¥±¡¼¥ë¤ÇÄêµÁ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë
Ãͤ¬»ÈÍѤµ¤ì¤Þ¤¹) ¤ò»ý¤ÄÁ´¤Æ¤Îʸ»ú¤Ë¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£
.br
.if t .sp 0.5
.if n .sp 1
.\"O Within
.\"O .B [
.\"O and 
.\"O .BR ] ,
.\"O the syntax \fB[.\fP\fIsymbol\fP\fB.]\fP matches the collating symbol
.\"O \fIsymbol\fP.
.B [
¤È
.B ]
¤Î´Ö¤Ç¤Ï¡¢\fB[.\fP\fIsymbol\fP\fB.]\fP ¤È¤¤¤¦µ­½Ò¤Ï¾È¹ç¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë
\fIsymbol\fP ¤Ë¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O WORD: collating symbol     ¾È¹ç¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ë
.RE
.PD
.PP
.\"O If the \fBextglob\fP shell option is enabled using the \fBshopt\fP
.\"O builtin, several extended pattern matching operators are recognized.
.\"O In the following description, a \fIpattern-list\fP is a list of one
.\"O or more patterns separated by a \fB|\fP.
.\"O Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the following
.\"O sub-patterns:
ÁȤ߹þ¤ß¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Î \fBshopt\fP ¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æ¥·¥§¥ë¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó
\fBextglob\fP ¤¬Í­¸ú¤Ë¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¡¢³ÈÄ¥¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¥Þ¥Ã¥Á¥ó¥°±é»»»Ò¤¬¤¤¤¯
¤Ä¤«Ç§¼±¤µ¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£°Ê²¼¤ÎÀâÌÀ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢\fIpattern-list\fP ¤Ï
\fB|\fP ¤Ç¶èÀÚ¤é¤ì¤¿ 1 ¤Ä°Ê¾å¤Î¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤â¤Î¤È¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£°Ê
²¼¤Î¥µ¥Ö¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤ò 1 ¤Ä¤¢¤ë¤¤¤ÏÊ£¿ô»È¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¢Ê£¹ç¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤òºî¤ë
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.\"O WORD: composite pattern    Ê£¹ç¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó
.\"O WORD: sub-pattern  ¥µ¥Ö¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó
.sp 1
.PD 0
.RS
.TP
\fB?(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
.\"O Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns
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.TP
\fB*(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
.\"O Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns
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.TP
\fB+(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
.\"O Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns
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.TP
\fB@(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
.\"O Matches exactly one of the given patterns
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.TP
\fB!(\fP\^\fIpattern-list\^\fP\fB)\fP
.\"O Matches anything except one of the given patterns
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.RE
.PD
.\"O .SS Quote Removal
.SS ¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤Îºï½ü
.PP
.\"O After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the
.\"O characters
.\"O .BR \e ,
.\"O .BR ' ,
.\"O and \^\f3"\fP\^ that did not result from one of the above
.\"O expansions are removed.
Àè¤Ë½èÍý¤µ¤ì¤ëŸ³«¤Î¸å¡¢¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤
.BR \e ,
.BR ' ,
\^\f3"\fP\^ 
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