GNU_bash: Merge upstream changes for bashbug.1, builtins.1, rbash.1 in bash-4.2.

[linuxjm/jm.git] / manual / GNU_bash / work / P05

.\"O .SH REDIRECTION
.SH ¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥È
.\"O Before a command is executed, its input and output
.\"O may be
.\"O .I redirected
.\"O using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
.\"O Redirection may also be used to open and close files for the
.\"O current shell execution environment.  The following redirection
.\"O operators may precede or appear anywhere within a
.\"O .I simple command
.\"O or may follow a
.\"O .IR command .
.\"O Redirections are processed in the order they appear, from
.\"O left to right.
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.I ¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È
¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£¤Þ¤¿¡¢¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤ò»È¤¦¤È¡¢¸½ºß¤Î¥·¥§¥ë¼Â¹Ô´Ä
¶­¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ò¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó¤Þ¤¿¤Ï¥¯¥í¡¼¥º¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£°Ê²¼¤Ë
¼¨¤¹¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È±é»»»Ò¤Ï
.I ñ½ã¤Ê¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É
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.I ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É
¤Î¸å¤ËÃÖ¤¯¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤Ïº¸¤«¤é±¦¤Ø¤È
¸½¤ï¤ì¤¿½ç¤Ë½èÍý¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is
.\"O omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is
.\"O .BR < ,
.\"O the redirection refers to the standard input (file descriptor
.\"O 0).  If the first character of the redirection operator is
.\"O .BR > ,
.\"O the redirection refers to the standard output (file descriptor
.\"O 1).
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¤«¤Ä¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È±é»»»Ò¤ÎºÇ½é¤Îʸ»ú¤¬
.BR <
¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤Ïɸ½àÆþÎÏ(¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼ 0)¤ò»²¾È¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£
¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È±é»»»Ò¤ÎºÇ½é¤Îʸ»ú¤¬
.BR >
¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤Ïɸ½à½ÐÎÏ(¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼ 1)¤ò»²¾È¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O The word following the redirection operator in the following
.\"O descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is subjected to brace expansion,
.\"O tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic
.\"O expansion, quote removal, pathname expansion, and word splitting.
.\"O If it expands to more than one word,
.\"O .B bash
.\"O reports an error.
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¤Ê¤¤¸Â¤ê¡¢¥Ö¥ì¡¼¥¹Å¸³«¡¢¥Á¥ë¥ÀŸ³«¡¢¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿Å¸³«¡¢¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹¡¢
»»½Ñ¼°Å¸³«¡¢¥¯¥©¡¼¥Èºï½ü¡¢¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾Å¸³«¡¢Ã±¸ìʬ³ä¤¬¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
¤¢¤ëñ¸ì¤¬Ê£¿ô¤Îñ¸ì¤ËŸ³«¤µ¤ì¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ï¥¨¥é¡¼¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O Note that the order of redirections is significant.  For example, 
.\"O the command
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Î㤨¤Ð¡¢¼¡¤Î¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É
.RS
.PP
ls \fB>\fP dirlist 2\fB>&\fP1
.RE
.PP
.\"O directs both standard output and standard error to the file 
.\"O .IR dirlist ,
.\"O while the command
¤Ïɸ½à½ÐÎϤÈɸ½à¥¨¥é¡¼½ÐÎϤòξÊý¤È¤â¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë
.IR dirlist
¤Ë½ñ¤­¹þ¤ß¤Þ¤¹¤¬¡¢¼¡¤Î¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É
.RS
.PP
ls 2\fB>&\fP1 \fB>\fP dirlist
.RE
.PP
.\"O directs only the standard output to file
.\"O .IR dirlist ,
.\"O because the standard error was duplicated as standard output
.\"O before the standard output was redirected to
.\"O .IR dirlist .
¤Ç¤Ïɸ½à½ÐÎϤÀ¤±¤¬¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë
.IR dirlist
¤Ë½ñ¤­¹þ¤Þ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤Ê¤¼¤Ê¤é¸å¼Ô¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¢É¸½à¥¨¥é¡¼½ÐÎϤÏ
.IR dirlist
¤Ë¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤µ¤ì¤ëÁ°¤Îɸ½à½ÐÎϤÎÊ£À½¤È¤Ê¤ë¤«¤é¤Ç¤¹¡£
¤Ç¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O \fBBash\fP handles several filenames specially when they are used in
.\"O redirections, as described in the following table:
\fBbash\fP ¤Ï¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤Ë»ÈÍѤ·¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ë¡¢°Ê²¼¤Îɽ¤Ë¤¢¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ê
¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤ÎÆÃÊ̤ʥե¡¥¤¥ë̾»ØÄê¤ò°·¤¦¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£
.RS
.PP
.PD 0
.TP
.B /dev/fd/\fIfd\fP
.\"O If \fIfd\fP is a valid integer, file descriptor \fIfd\fP is duplicated.
\fIfd\fP ¤¬Í­¸ú¤ÊÀ°¿ô¤Ê¤é¤Ð¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼ \fIfd\fP ¤¬Ê£À½¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.TP
.B /dev/stdin
.\"O File descriptor 0 is duplicated.
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼ 0 ¤¬Ê£À½¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.TP
.B /dev/stdout
.\"O File descriptor 1 is duplicated.
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼ 1 ¤¬Ê£À½¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.TP
.B /dev/stderr
.\"O File descriptor 2 is duplicated.
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼ 2 ¤¬Ê£À½¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.TP
.B /dev/tcp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP
.\"O If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP
.\"O is an integer port number, \fBbash\fP attempts to open a TCP connection
.\"O to the corresponding socket.
\fIhost\fP ¤¬Í­¸ú¤Ê¥Û¥¹¥È̾¤Þ¤¿¤Ï¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥Í¥Ã¥È¥¢¥É¥ì¥¹¤Ç
\fIport\fP ¤¬À°¿ô¤Î¥Ý¡¼¥ÈÈÖ¹æ¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢\fBbash\fP ¤ÏÂбþ¤¹¤ë¥½¥±¥Ã¥È¤Ë
ÂФ·¤Æ TCP Àܳ¤Î¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó¤ò»î¤ß¤Þ¤¹¡£
.TP
.B /dev/udp/\fIhost\fP/\fIport\fP
.\"O If \fIhost\fP is a valid hostname or Internet address, and \fIport\fP
.\"O is an integer port number, \fBbash\fP attempts to open a UDP connection
.\"O to the corresponding socket.
\fIhost\fP ¤¬Í­¸ú¤Ê¥Û¥¹¥È̾¤Þ¤¿¤Ï¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥Í¥Ã¥È¥¢¥É¥ì¥¹¤Ç
\fIport\fP ¤¬À°¿ô¤Î¥Ý¡¼¥ÈÈÖ¹æ¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢\fBbash\fP ¤ÏÂбþ¤¹¤ë¥½¥±¥Ã¥È¤Ë
ÂФ·¤Æ UDP Àܳ¤Î¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó¤ò»î¤ß¤Þ¤¹¡£
\" ÌõÃí UDP connection ¤È¤¤¤¦¤Î¤Ï¥Ê¥ó¥»¥ó¥¹?!?
.PD
.RE
.PP
.\"O A failure to open or create a file causes the redirection to fail.
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Î¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó¤äºîÀ®¤Ë¼ºÇÔ¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤â¼ºÇÔ¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O .SS Redirecting Input
.SS ÆþÎϤΥê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È
.PP
.\"O Redirection of input causes the file whose name results from
.\"O the expansion of
.\"O .I word
.\"O to be opened for reading on file descriptor
.\"O .IR n ,
.\"O or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if
.\"O .I n
.\"O is not specified.
ÆþÎϤò¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢
.I word
¤ÎŸ³«¤ÇÆÀ¤¿Ì¾Á°¤ò»ý¤Ä¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó¤µ¤ì¡¢¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼
.IR n
¤ÇÆɤ߹þ¤á¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
.I n
¤¬»ØÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢Æɤ߹þ¤ß¤Ïɸ½àÆþÎÏ(¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼ 0)¤Ç
¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O The general format for redirecting input is:
ÆþÎϤΥê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤Ï¡¢°ìÈÌŪ¤Ë¤Ï°Ê²¼¤Î·Á¼°¤Ç¤¹:
.RS
.PP
[\fIn\fP]\fB<\fP\fIword\fP
.RE
.\"O .SS Redirecting Output
.SS ½ÐÎϤΥê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È
.PP
.\"O Redirection of output causes the file whose name results from
.\"O the expansion of
.\"O .I word
.\"O to be opened for writing on file descriptor
.\"O .IR n ,
.\"O or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if
.\"O .I n
.\"O is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created;
.\"O if it does exist it is truncated to zero size.
½ÐÎϤò¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢
.I word
¤ÎŸ³«¤ÇÆÀ¤¿Ì¾Á°¤ò»ý¤Ä¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó¤µ¤ì¡¢¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼
.IR n
¤Ç½ñ¤­¹þ¤á¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
.I n
¤¬»ØÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢Æɤ߹þ¤ß¤Ïɸ½à½ÐÎÏ(¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼ 1)¤Ç
¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬Â¸ºß¤·¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¤ÏºîÀ®¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬Â¸ºß¤·¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ï
¥µ¥¤¥º 0 ¤ËÀÚ¤êµÍ¤á¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O The general format for redirecting output is:
½ÐÎϤΥê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤Ï¡¢°ìÈÌŪ¤Ë¤Ï°Ê²¼¤Î·Á¼°¤Ç¤¹:
.RS
.PP
[\fIn\fP]\fB>\fP\fIword\fP
.RE
.PP
.\"O If the redirection operator is
.\"O .BR > ,
.\"O and the
.\"O .B noclobber
.\"O option to the
.\"O .B set
.\"O builtin has been enabled, the redirection will fail if the file
.\"O whose name results from the expansion of \fIword\fP exists and is
.\"O a regular file.
¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È±é»»»Ò¤¬
.BR >
¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¤«¤Ä
.B noclobber
¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤¬ÁȤ߹þ¤ß¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É
.B set
¤ËÂФ·¤ÆÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢\fIword\fP ¤ÎŸ³«¤ÇÆÀ¤¿¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬Â¸ºß¤·¡¢
¤«¤Ä¤½¤ì¤¬Ä̾ï¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤Ï¼ºÇÔ¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O If the redirection operator is
.\"O .BR >| ,
.\"O or the redirection operator is
.\"O .B >
.\"O and the
.\"O .B noclobber
.\"O option to the
.\"O .B set
.\"O builtin command is not enabled, the redirection is attempted even
.\"O if the file named by \fIword\fP exists.
¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È±é»»»Ò¤¬
.BR >|
¤Î¾ì¹ç¤ä¡¢
¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È±é»»»Ò¤¬
.B >
¤ÇÁȤ߹þ¤ß¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É
.B set
¤ËÂФ¹¤ë
.B noclobber
¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤¬ÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¾ì¹ç¡¢\fIword\fP ¤È¤¤¤¦Ì¾Á°¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬
¸ºß¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Æ¤â¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤¬»î¤ß¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O .SS Appending Redirected Output
.SS ¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤Ë¤è¤ëÄɲýÐÎÏ
.PP
.\"O Redirection of output in this fashion
.\"O causes the file whose name results from
.\"O the expansion of
.\"O .I word
.\"O to be opened for appending on file descriptor
.\"O .IR n ,
.\"O or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if
.\"O .I n
.\"O is not specified.  If the file does not exist it is created.
¤³¤Î·Á¼°¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æ½ÐÎϤΥê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤ò¹Ô¤¦¤È¡¢
.I word
¤òŸ³«¤·¤¿·ë²Ì¤Î̾Á°¤ò»ý¤Ä¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó¤µ¤ì¡¢¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼
.IR n
¤ËÂФ¹¤ë½ÐÎϤ¬¤³¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ËÄɲ䵤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤¹¡£
.I n
¤ò»ØÄꤷ¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢É¸½à½ÐÎÏ(¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼ 1)¤ÇÄɲ䵤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬Â¸ºß¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢¿·¤·¤¯ºî¤é¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O The general format for appending output is:
ÄɲýÐÎϤϰìÈÌŪ¤Ë¤Ï°Ê²¼¤Î·Á¼°¤Ç¤¹:
.RS
.PP
[\fIn\fP]\fB>>\fP\fIword\fP
.RE
.PP
.\"O .SS Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
.SS ɸ½à½ÐÎϤÈɸ½à¥¨¥é¡¼½ÐÎϤΥê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È
.PP
.\"O .B Bash
.\"O allows both the
.\"O standard output (file descriptor 1) and
.\"O the standard error output (file descriptor 2)
.\"O to be redirected to the file whose name is the
.\"O expansion of
.\"O .I word
.\"O with this construct.
.B bash
¤Ç¤Ï¤³¤Î¹½Â¤¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æ¡¢É¸½à½ÐÎÏ(¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼ 1)¤Èɸ½à¥¨¥é¡¼½ÐÎÏ
(¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼ 2)¤ÎξÊý¤ò¡¢
.I word
¤òŸ³«¤·¤ÆÆÀ¤¿Ì¾Á°¤ò»ý¤Ä¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ë¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤µ¤»¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O There are two formats for redirecting standard output and
.\"O standard error:
ɸ½à½ÐÎϤÈɸ½à¥¨¥é¡¼½ÐÎϤËÂФ¹¤ë·Á¼°¤Ï 2 ¤Ä¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤¹:
.RS
.PP
\fB&>\fP\fIword\fP
.RE
.\"O and
¤ª¤è¤Ó
.RS
\fB>&\fP\fIword\fP
.RE
.PP
.\"O Of the two forms, the first is preferred.
.\"O This is semantically equivalent to
ξ¼Ô¤Î¤¦¤Á˾¤Þ¤·¤¤¤Î¤ÏÁ°¼Ô¤ÎÊý¤Ç¤¹¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï¼¡¤Î¤â¤Î¤ÈƱ¤¸°ÕÌ£¤Ç¤¹:
.RS
.PP
\fB>\fP\fIword\fP 2\fB>&\fP1
.RE
.\"O .SS Here Documents
.SS ¥Ò¥¢¥É¥­¥å¥á¥ó¥È(Here Documents)
.PP
.\"O This type of redirection instructs the shell to read input from the
.\"O current source until a line containing only
.\"O .I word
.\"O (with no trailing blanks)
.\"O is seen.  All of
.\"O the lines read up to that point are then used as the standard
.\"O input for a command.
¤³¤Î¥¿¥¤¥×¤Î¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È¤Ï¸½ºß¤Î¥½¡¼¥¹¤«¤éÆþÎϤòÆɤ߹þ¤à¤è¤¦¤Ë
¥·¥§¥ë¤Ë»Ø¼¨¤·¤Þ¤¹¡£¤³¤ÎÆɤ߹þ¤ß¤Ï
.I word
¤òñÆȤǴޤà¹Ô(ËöÈø¤Ë¥Ö¥é¥ó¥¯Ê¸»ú¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤Æ¤Ï¤Ê¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó)¤¬¸½¤ï¤ì¤ë¤Þ¤Ç
¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£¤½¤ÎÉôʬ¤Þ¤Ç¤ËÆɤ߹þ¤ó¤À¹Ô¤ÏÁ´¤Æ¤¢¤ë¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤ËÂФ¹¤ë
ɸ½àÆþÎϤȤ·¤Æ»È¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.PP
.\"O The format of here-documents is as follows:
¥Ò¥¢¥É¥­¥å¥á¥ó¥È¤Î·Á¼°¤ò°Ê²¼¤Ë¼¨¤·¤Þ¤¹:
.RS
.PP
.nf
\fB<<\fP[\fB\-\fP]\fIword\fP
        \fIhere\-document\fP
\fIdelimiter\fP
.fi
.RE
.PP
.\"O No parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion,
.\"O or pathname expansion is performed on
.\"O .IR word .
.IR word
¤ËÂФ¹¤ë¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿Å¸³«¡¢¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹¡¢»»½Ñ¼°Å¸³«¡¢¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾Å¸³«¤Ï
Á´¤¯¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
.\"O If any characters in
.\"O .I word
.\"O are quoted, the
.\"O .I delimiter
.\"O is the result of quote removal on
.\"O .IR word ,
.\"O and the lines in the here-document are not expanded.
.I word
¤¬°ìÉô¤Ç¤â¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢
.I delimiter
¤Ë¤Ï
.IR word
¤Î¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤òºï½ü¤·¤¿·ë²Ì¤ò»ÈÍѤ·¡¢
¥Ò¥¢¥É¥­¥å¥á¥ó¥È¤Ë´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤ë¹Ô¤ÎŸ³«¤Ï¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£
.\"O If \fIword\fP is unquoted,
.\"O all lines of the here-document are subjected to parameter expansion,
.\"O command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.  In the latter
.\"O case, the character sequence
.\"O .B \e<newline>
.\"O is ignored, and
.\"O .B \e
.\"O must be used to quote the characters
.\"O .BR \e ,
.\"O .BR $ ,
.\"O and
.\"O .BR ` .
\fIword\fP ¤¬¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢¥Ò¥¢¥É¥­¥å¥á¥ó¥ÈÃæ¤ÎÁ´¤Æ¤Î¹Ô¤Ë
ÂФ·¤Æ¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿Å¸³«¡¢¥³¥Þ¥ó¥ÉÃÖ´¹¡¢»»½Ñ¼°Å¸³«¤¬¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
¸å¼Ô¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¢
.B \e<newline>
¤ÎÁȤ߹ç¤ï¤»¤Ï̵»ë¤µ¤ì¡¢
.BR \e ,
.BR $ ,
.BR `
¤ò¥¯¥©¡¼¥È¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¤Ï
.B \e
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.PP
.\"O If the redirection operator is
.\"O .BR <<\- ,
.\"O then all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and the
.\"O line containing
.\"O .IR delimiter .
¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È±é»»»Ò¤¬
.BR <<\-
¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢¹ÔƬ¤Ë¤¢¤ë¥¿¥Öʸ»ú¤ÏÁ´¤ÆÆþÎϹԤª¤è¤Ó
.IR delimiter
¤ò´Þ¤à¹Ô¤«¤é¼è¤ê½ü¤«¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O This allows
.\"O here-documents within shell scripts to be indented in a
.\"O natural fashion.
¤³¤ì¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¢¥·¥§¥ë¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥ÈÃæ¤Î¥Ò¥¢¥É¥­¥å¥á¥ó¥È¤ò¼«Á³¤Ê·Á¤Ç¥¤¥ó¥Ç¥ó¥È
¤µ¤»¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O .SS "Duplicating File Descriptors"
.SS ¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼¤ÎÊ£À½
.PP
.\"O The redirection operator
¥ê¥À¥¤¥ì¥¯¥È±é»»»Ò
.RS
.PP
[\fIn\fP]\fB<&\fP\fIword\fP
.RE
.PP
.\"O is used to duplicate input file descriptors.
¤ò»È¤Ã¤ÆÆþÎÏ¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼¤òÊ£À½¤Ç¤­¤Þ¤¹¡£
.\"O If
.\"O .I word
.\"O expands to one or more digits, the file descriptor denoted by
.\"O .I n
.\"O is made to be a copy of that file descriptor.
.I word
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.\"O If the digits in
.\"O .I word
.\"O do not specify a file descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs.
.I word
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.\"O If
.\"O .I word
.\"O evaluates to
.\"O .BR \- ,
.\"O file descriptor
.\"O .I n
.\"O is closed.  If
.\"O .I n
.\"O is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used.
.I word
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.\"O The operator
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.RS
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.RE
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.\"O is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors.  If
.\"O .I n
.\"O is not specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used.
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.\"O If the digits in
.\"O .I word
.\"O do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a redirection error occurs.
.\"O As a special case, if \fIn\fP is omitted, and \fIword\fP does not
.\"O expand to one or more digits, the standard output and standard
.\"O error are redirected as described previously.
.I word
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.\"O .SS "Opening File Descriptors for Reading and Writing"
.SS Æɤ߽ñ¤­¤Î¤¿¤á¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¡¼¤Î¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó
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.\"O The redirection operator
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.\"O causes the file whose name is the expansion of
.\"O .I word
.\"O to be opened for both reading and writing on file descriptor
.\"O .IR n ,
.\"O or on file descriptor 0 if
.\"O .I n
.\"O is not specified.  If the file does not exist, it is created.
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.\"O .SH ALIASES
.SH ¥¨¥¤¥ê¥¢¥¹
.\"O \fIAliases\fP allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used
.\"O as the first word of a simple command.
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.\"O The shell maintains a list of aliases that may be set and unset with the
.\"O .B alias
.\"O and
.\"O .B unalias
.\"O builtin commands (see
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
.\"O below).
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.\"O The first word of each command, if unquoted,
.\"O is checked to see if it has an
.\"O alias.  If so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias.
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.\"O The alias name and the replacement text may contain any valid
.\"O shell input, including the
.\"O .I metacharacters
.\"O listed above, with the exception that the alias name may not
.\"O contain \fI=\fP.  The first word of the replacement text is tested
.\"O for aliases, but a word that is identical to an alias being expanded
.\"O is not expanded a second time.  This means that one may alias
.\"O .B ls
.\"O to
.\"O .BR "ls \-F" ,
.\"O for instance, and
.\"O .B bash
.\"O does not try to recursively expand the replacement text.
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.\"O If the last character of the alias value is a
.\"O .IR blank ,
.\"O then the next command
.\"O word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion.
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.\"O Aliases are created and listed with the
.\"O .B alias
.\"O command, and removed with the
.\"O .B unalias
.\"O command.
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.\"O There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text.
.\"O If arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see
.\"O .SM
.\"O .B FUNCTIONS
.\"O below).
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.\"O Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless
.\"O the
.\"O .B expand_aliases
.\"O shell option is set using
.\"O .B shopt
.\"O (see the description of
.\"O .B shopt
.\"O under
.\"O .SM
.\"O \fBSHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\fP
.\"O below).
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.\"O The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are
.\"O somewhat confusing.
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.\"O .B Bash
.\"O always reads at least one complete line
.\"O of input before executing any
.\"O of the commands on that line.  Aliases are expanded when a
.\"O command is read, not when it is executed.  Therefore, an
.\"O alias definition appearing on the same line as another
.\"O command does not take effect until the next line of input is read.
.B bash
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.\"O The commands following the alias definition
.\"O on that line are not affected by the new alias.
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.\"O This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed.
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.\"O Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read,
.\"O not when the function is executed, because a function definition
.\"O is itself a compound command.  As a consequence, aliases
.\"O defined in a function are not available until after that
.\"O function is executed.  To be safe, always put
.\"O alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use
.\"O .B alias
.\"O in compound commands.
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.\"O For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by
.\"O shell functions.
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