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[linuxjm/jm.git] / manual / LDP_man-pages / draft / man2 / execve.2

.\" Hey Emacs! This file is -*- nroff -*- source.
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1992 Drew Eckhardt (drew@cs.colorado.edu), March 28, 1992
.\" and Copyright (c) 2006 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\"
.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
.\" preserved on all copies.
.\"
.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
.\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
.\" permission notice identical to this one.
.\"
.\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
.\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date.  The author(s) assume no
.\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
.\" the use of the information contained herein.  The author(s) may not
.\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
.\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
.\" professionally.
.\"
.\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
.\"
.\" Modified by Michael Haardt <michael@moria.de>
.\" Modified 1993-07-21 by Rik Faith <faith@cs.unc.edu>
.\" Modified 1994-08-21 by Michael Chastain <mec@shell.portal.com>:
.\" Modified 1997-01-31 by Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
.\" Modified 1999-11-12 by Urs Thuermann <urs@isnogud.escape.de>
.\" Modified 2004-06-23 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\" 2006-09-04 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\"     Added list of process attributes that are not preserved on exec().
.\" 2007-09-14 Ollie Wild <aaw@google.com>, mtk
.\"     Add text describing limits on command-line arguments + environment
.\"
.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1996 TABATA Tomohira
.\"         all rights reserved.
.\" Translated 1996-07-04, TABATA Tomohira <loba@k2.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp>
.\" Updated 1997-12-14, HANATAKA Shinya <hanataka@abyss.rim.or.jp>
.\" Updated 2001-08-17, HANATAKA Shinya <hanataka@abyss.rim.or.jp>
.\" Updated 2005-02-05, Yuichi SATO <ysato444@yahoo.co.jp>
.\" Updated 2005-09-06, Akihiro MOTOKI <amotoki@dd.iij4u.or.jp>
.\" Updated 2005-11-19, Akihiro MOTOKI
.\" Updated 2006-08-13, Akihiro MOTOKI, LDP v2.39
.\" Updated 2007-01-09, Akihiro MOTOKI, LDP v2.43
.\" Updated 2007-06-03, Akihiro MOTOKI, LDP v2.51
.\" Updated 2007-10-12, Akihiro MOTOKI, LDP v2.66
.\" Updated 2008-04-04, Akihiro MOTOKI, LDP v2.79
.\" Updated 2008-11-05, Akihiro MOTOKI, LDP v3.12
.\"
.TH EXECVE 2 2010-01-06 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.\"O .SH NAME
.SH ̾Á°
.\"O execve \- execute program
execve \- ¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤ò¼Â¹Ô¤¹¤ë
.\"O .SH SYNOPSIS
.SH ½ñ¼°
.B #include <unistd.h>
.sp
.BI "int execve(const char *" filename ", char *const " argv "[], "
.br
.BI "           char *const " envp []);
.\"O .SH DESCRIPTION
.SH ÀâÌÀ
.\"O .BR execve ()
.\"O executes the program pointed to by \fIfilename\fP.
.\"O \fIfilename\fP must be either a binary executable, or a script
.\"O starting with a line of the form:
.BR execve ()
¤Ï¡¢\fIfilename\fP ¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ»ØÄꤵ¤ì¤¿¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤ò¼Â¹Ô¤¹¤ë¡£
\fIfilename\fP ¤Ï¡¢¥Ð¥¤¥Ê¥ê¼Â¹Ô·Á¼°¤«¡¢
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.in +4n
.nf
\fB#!\fP \fIinterpreter \fP[optional-arg]
.fi
.in

.\"O For details of the latter case, see "Interpreter scripts" below.
¸å¼Ô¤Î¾ÜºÙ¤Ï¡¢¸å¤í¤Î¡Ö¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¡¦¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥È¡×¤ÎÀá¤ò»²¾È¤Î¤³¤È¡£

.\"O \fIargv\fP is an array of argument strings passed to the new program.
.\"O \fIenvp\fP is an array of strings, conventionally of the form
.\"O \fBkey=value\fP, which are passed as environment to the new program.
.\"O Both \fIargv\fP and \fIenvp\fP must be terminated by a null pointer.
.\"O The argument vector and environment can be accessed by the
.\"O called program's main function, when it is defined as:
\fIargv\fP ¤Ï¿·¤·¤¤¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤ËÅϤµ¤ì¤ë°ú¤­¿ôʸ»úÎó¤ÎÇÛÎó¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
\fIenvp\fP ¤Ïʸ»úÎó¤ÎÇÛÎó¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢ÅÁÅýŪ¤Ë \fBkey=value\fP ¤Î·Á¼°¤ò
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\fIargv\fP ¤È \fIenvp\fP ¤Ï¤¤¤º¤ì¤â¤Î NULL ¥Ý¥¤¥ó¥¿¤Ç½ª¤ï¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë
ɬÍפ¬¤¢¤ë¡£°ú¤­¿ôÇÛÎó¤È´Ä¶­ÊÑ¿ô¤Ï¡¢¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤Î main ´Ø¿ô¤ò
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.in +4n
.nf
int main(int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[])
.fi
.in

.\"O .BR execve ()
.\"O does not return on success, and the text, data, bss, and
.\"O stack of the calling process are overwritten by that of the program
.\"O loaded.
À®¸ù¤·¤¿¾ì¹ç¡¢
.BR execve ()
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Æɤ߹þ¤Þ¤ì¤¿¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ¾å½ñ¤­¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

.\"O If the current program is being ptraced, a \fBSIGTRAP\fP is sent to it
.\"O after a successful
.\"O .BR execve ().
¸µ¤Î¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤¬ ptrace ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢
.BR execve ()
¤¬À®¸ù¤·¤¿¸å¤Ë
¤½¤Î¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤Ë \fBSIGTRAP\fP ¤¬Á÷¤é¤ì¤ë¡£

.\"O If the set-user-ID bit is set on the program file pointed to by
.\"O \fIfilename\fP,
.\"O and the underlying file system is not mounted
.\"O .I nosuid
.\"O (the
.\"O .B MS_NOSUID
.\"O flag for
.\"O .BR mount (2)),
.\"O and the calling process is not being ptraced,
.\"O then the effective user ID of the calling process is changed
.\"O to that of the owner of the program file.
.\"O Similarly, when the set-group-ID
.\"O bit of the program file is set the effective group ID of the calling
.\"O process is set to the group of the program file.
.I filename
¤Ç»ØÄꤵ¤ì¤¿¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ë set-user-ID ¥Ó¥Ã¥È¤¬ÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬Â¸ºß¤¹¤ë¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤¬
.I nosuid
.RB ( mount (2)
¤Î
.B MS_NOSUID
¥Õ¥é¥°) ¤Ç¥Þ¥¦¥ó¥È¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤é¤º¡¢
¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤¿¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤¬ ptrace ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¾ì¹ç¡¢
¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤¿¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤Î¼Â¸ú (effective) ¥æ¡¼¥¶ ID ¤Ï
¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Î½êÍ­¼Ô (owner) ¤ËÊѹ¹¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
ƱÍͤˡ¢¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ë set-group-ID ¥Ó¥Ã¥È¤¬ÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¾ì¹ç¡¢
¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤¿¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤ÎÍ­¸ú¥°¥ë¡¼¥× ID ¤Ï
¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Î¥°¥ë¡¼¥×¤ËÊѹ¹¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£

.\"O The effective user ID of the process is copied to the saved set-user-ID;
.\"O similarly, the effective group ID is copied to the saved set-group-ID.
.\"O This copying takes place after any effective ID changes that occur
.\"O because of the set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission bits.
¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤Î¼Â¸ú¥æ¡¼¥¶ ID ¤ÏÊݸ (saved) set-user-ID ¤Ë¥³¥Ô¡¼¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
ƱÍͤˡ¢¼Â¸ú¥°¥ë¡¼¥× ID ¤ÏÊݸ set-group-ID ¤Ë¥³¥Ô¡¼¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
¤³¤Î¥³¥Ô¡¼¤Ï¡¢set-user-ID / set-group-ID µö²Ä¥Ó¥Ã¥È¤Ë¤è¤êȯÀ¸¤¹¤ë
¼Â¸ú ID ¤ÎÊѹ¹¸å¤Ë¹Ô¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£

.\"O If the executable is an a.out dynamically linked
.\"O binary executable containing
.\"O shared-library stubs, the Linux dynamic linker
.\"O .BR ld.so (8)
.\"O is called at the start of execution to bring
.\"O needed shared libraries into memory
.\"O and link the executable with them.
¼Â¹Ô¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬Æ°Åª¥ê¥ó¥¯¤µ¤ì¤¿ a.out ¼Â¹Ô·Á¼°¤Ç¡¢¶¦Í­¥é¥¤¥Ö¥é¥ê¤Î
¥¹¥¿¥Ö¤ò´Þ¤à¤â¤Î¤À¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¡¢¼Â¹Ô¤Î³«»Ï»þ¤Ë Linux ¤Î
¥À¥¤¥Ê¥ß¥Ã¥¯¡¦¥ê¥ó¥«
.BR ld.so (8)
¤¬¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤µ¤ì¡¢É¬Íפʶ¦Í­¥é¥¤¥Ö¥é¥ê¤ò¥á¥â¥ê¤ËÆɤ߹þ¤ó¤Ç¥ê¥ó¥¯¤ò¹Ô¤¦¡£

.\"O If the executable is a dynamically linked ELF executable, the
.\"O interpreter named in the PT_INTERP segment is used to load the needed
.\"O shared libraries.
.\"O This interpreter is typically
.\"O \fI/lib/ld-linux.so.1\fP for binaries linked with the
.\"O Linux libc 5, or \fI/lib/ld-linux.so.2\fP for binaries linked with the
.\"O glibc 2.
¼Â¹Ô¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬¥À¥¤¥Ê¥ß¥Ã¥¯¡¦¥ê¥ó¥¯¤µ¤ì¤¿ ELF ¼Â¹Ô·Á¼°¤À¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¡¢
PT_INTERP ¥»¥°¥á¥ó¥È¤Ë»ØÄꤵ¤ì¤¿¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¤¬É¬ÍפÊ
¶¦Í­¥é¥¤¥Ö¥é¥ê (shared library) ¤òÆɤ߹þ¤à¤Î¤Ë»ÈÍѤµ¤ì¤ë¡£
Ä̾¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¤È¤·¤Æ¤Ï¡¢
Linux libc 5 ¤ò¥ê¥ó¥¯¤·¤¿¥Ð¥¤¥Ê¥ê¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï
\fI/lib/ld-linux.so.1\fP ¤¬¡¢
glibc 2 ¤ò¥ê¥ó¥¯¤·¤¿¥Ð¥¤¥Ê¥ê¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï
\fI/lib/ld-linux.so.2\fP ¤¬»ÈÍѤµ¤ì¤ë¡£

.\"O All process attributes are preserved during an
.\"O .BR execve (),
.\"O except the following:
°Ê²¼¤Ë¼¨¤¹°Ê³°¤Î¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤Î¥×¥í¥»¥¹Â°À­¤Ï
.BR execve ()
¤ÎÁ°¸å¤ÇÊÝ»ý¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
.IP *
.\"O The dispositions of any signals that are being caught are
.\"O reset to the default
.\"O .RB ( signal (7)).
Ê᪤µ¤ì¤¿¥·¥°¥Ê¥ë¤Î½èÍýÊýË¡ (disposition) ¤Ï
¥Ç¥Õ¥©¥ë¥ÈÆ°ºî¤Ë¥ê¥»¥Ã¥È¤µ¤ì¤ë
.RB ( signal (7))¡£
.IP *
.\"O Any alternate signal stack is not preserved
.\"O .RB ( sigaltstack (2)).
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.RB ( sigaltstack (2))¡£
.IP *
.\"O Memory mappings are not preserved
.\"O .RB ( mmap (2)).
¥á¥â¥ê¥Þ¥Ã¥Ô¥ó¥°¤ÏÊÝ»ý¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤
.RB ( mmap (2))¡£
.IP *
.\"O Attached System V shared memory segments are detached
.\"O .RB ( shmat (2)).
Éղ䵤줿 (attached) System V ¶¦Í­¥á¥â¥ê¥»¥°¥á¥ó¥È¤ÏʬΥ¤µ¤ì¤ë
.RB ( shmat (2))¡£
.IP *
.\"O POSIX shared memory regions are unmapped
.\"O .RB ( shm_open (3)).
POSIX ¶¦Í­¥á¥â¥êÎΰè¤Ï¥Þ¥Ã¥Ô¥ó¥°¤ò²ò½ü¤µ¤ì¤ë
.RB ( shm_open (3))¡£
.IP *
.\"O Open POSIX message queue descriptors are closed
.\"O .RB ( mq_overview (7)).
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.RB ( mq_overview (7))¡£
.IP *
.\"O Any open POSIX named semaphores are closed
.\"O .RB ( sem_overview (7)).
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.RB ( sem_overview (7))¡£
.IP *
.\"O POSIX timers are not preserved
.\"O .RB ( timer_create (2)).
POSIX ¥¿¥¤¥Þ¤ÏÊÝ»ý¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤
.RB ( timer_create (2))¡£
.IP *
.\"O Any open directory streams are closed
.\"O .RB ( opendir (3)).
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.RB ( opendir (3))¡£
.IP *
.\"O Memory locks are not preserved
.\"O .RB ( mlock (2),
.\"O .BR mlockall (2)).
¥á¥â¥ê¥í¥Ã¥¯¤ÏÊÝ»ý¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤
.RB ( mlock (2),
.BR mlockall (2))¡£
.IP *
.\"O Exit handlers are not preserved
.\"O .RB ( atexit (3),
.\"O .BR on_exit (3)).
½ªÎ» (exit) ¥Ï¥ó¥É¥é¤ÏÊÝ»ý¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤
.RB ( atexit (3),
.BR on_exit (3))¡£
.IP *
.\"O The floating-point environment is reset to the default (see
.\"O .BR fenv (3)).
ÉâÆ°¾®¿ôÅÀ´ØÏ¢¤Î´Ä¶­¤Ï¥Ç¥Õ¥©¥ë¥È¤Ë¥ê¥»¥Ã¥È¤µ¤ì¤ë
.RB ( fenv (3)
»²¾È)¡£
.PP
.\"O The process attributes in the preceding list are all specified
.\"O in POSIX.1-2001.
.\"O The following Linux-specific process attributes are also
.\"O not preserved during an
.\"O .BR execve ():
¾åµ­¤Î¥ê¥¹¥È¤Î¥×¥í¥»¥¹Â°À­¤Ï¤¤¤º¤ì¤â POSIX.1-2001 ¤Çµ¬Äꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
°Ê²¼¤Ë¼¨¤¹ Linux ¸ÇÍ­¤Î¥×¥í¥»¥¹Â°À­¤â
.BR execve ()
¤ÎÁ°¸å¤ÇÊÝ»ý¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£
.IP * 3
.\"O The
.\"O .BR prctl (2)
.\"O .B PR_SET_DUMPABLE
.\"O flag is set,
.\"O unless a set-user-ID or set-group ID program is being executed,
.\"O in which case it is cleared.
set-user-ID ¤« set-group-ID ¤µ¤ì¤¿¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤¬¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢
.BR prctl (2)
¤Î
.B PR_SET_DUMPABLE
¥Õ¥é¥°¤Ï¥¯¥ê¥¢¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£¤½¤ì°Ê³°¤Î¾ì¹ç¡¢¤³¤Î¥Õ¥é¥°¤Ï¥»¥Ã¥È¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
.IP *
.\"O The
.\"O .BR prctl (2)
.\"O .B PR_SET_KEEPCAPS
.\"O flag is cleared.
.BR prctl (2)
¤Î
.B PR_SET_KEEPCAPS
¥Õ¥é¥°¤Ï¥¯¥ê¥¢¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
.IP *
.\"O The process name, as set by
.\"O .BR prctl (2)
.\"O .B PR_SET_NAME
.\"O (and displayed by
.\"O .IR "ps\ \-o comm" ),
.\"O is reset to the name of the new executable file.
¥×¥í¥»¥¹Ì¾¤Ï¿·¤·¤¤¼Â¹Ô¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Î̾Á°¤Ë¥ê¥»¥Ã¥È¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
¥×¥í¥»¥¹Ì¾¤Ï
.BR prctl (2)
¤Î
.B PR_SET_NAME
¤ÇÀßÄê¤Ç¤­¡¢
.I "ps\ \-o comm"
¤Çɽ¼¨¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£
.IP *
.\"O The termination signal is reset to
.\"O .B SIGCHLD
.\"O (see
.\"O .BR clone (2)).
½ªÎ»¥·¥°¥Ê¥ë (termination signal) ¤Ï
.B SIGCHLD
¤Ë¥ê¥»¥Ã¥È¤µ¤ì¤ë
.RB ( clone (2)
»²¾È)¡£
.PP
.\"O Note the following further points:
°Ê²¼¤ÎÅÀ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤âÃí°Õ¤¹¤ë¤³¤È:
.IP * 3
.\"O All threads other than the calling thread are destroyed during an
.\"O .BR execve ().
.\"O Mutexes, condition variables, and other pthreads objects are not preserved.
¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¸µ¥¹¥ì¥Ã¥É°Ê³°¤ÎÁ´¤Æ¤Î¥¹¥ì¥Ã¥É¤Ï
.BR execve ()
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mutex¡¢¾ò·ïÊÑ¿ô¡¢¤½¤Î¾¤Î pthread ¥ª¥Ö¥¸¥§¥¯¥È¤ÏÊÝ»ý¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£
.IP *
.\"O The equivalent of \fIsetlocale(LC_ALL, "C")\fP
.\"O is executed at program start-up.
\fIsetlocale(LC_ALL, "C")\fP ÁêÅö¤Î½èÍý¤¬¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à³«»Ï»þ¤Ë¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
.IP *
.\"O POSIX.1-2001 specifies that the dispositions of any signals that
.\"O are ignored or set to the default are left unchanged.
.\"O POSIX.1-2001 specifies one exception: if
.\"O .B SIGCHLD
.\"O is being ignored,
.\"O then an implementation may leave the disposition unchanged or
.\"O reset it to the default; Linux does the former.
POSIX.1-2001 ¤Ï¡¢Æ°ºî¤¬Ìµ»ë¤«¥Ç¥Õ¥©¥ë¥È¤ËÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëÁ´¤Æ¤Î¥·¥°¥Ê¥ë
¤Î½èÍýÊýË¡¤ÏÊѹ¹¤»¤º¤½¤Î¤Þ¤Þ¤Ë¤¹¤ë¡¢¤Èµ¬Äꤷ¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
⤷¡¢POSIX.1-2001 ¤Ë¤Ï°ì¤ÄÎã³°¤¬¤¢¤ê¡¢
.B SIGCHLD
¤¬Ìµ»ë¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢
¤½¤Î½èÍýÊýË¡¤òÊѹ¹¤»¤º¤Ë¤½¤Î¤Þ¤Þ¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤«¡¢¥Ç¥Õ¥©¥ë¥ÈÆ°ºî¤Ë¥ê¥»¥Ã¥È¤¹¤ë¤«¤Ï
¼ÂÁõ°Í¸¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
Linux ¤Ç¤ÏÁ°¼Ô (Êѹ¹¤·¤Ê¤¤) ¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
.IP *
.\"O Any outstanding asynchronous I/O operations are canceled
.\"O .RB ( aio_read (3),
.\"O .BR aio_write (3)).
´°Î»¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤ÈóƱ´ü I/O Áàºî¤Ï¥­¥ã¥ó¥»¥ë¤µ¤ì¤ë
.RB ( aio_read (3),
.BR aio_write (3))¡£
.IP *
.\"O For the handling of capabilities during
.\"O .BR execve (),
.\"O see
.\"O .BR capabilities (7).
.BR execve (2)
»þ¤Î¥±¡¼¥Ñ¥Ó¥ê¥Æ¥£¤Î°·¤¤¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¡¢
.BR capabilities (7)
¤ò»²¾È¡£
.IP *
.\"O By default, file descriptors remain open across an
.\"O .BR execve ().
.\"O File descriptors that are marked close-on-exec are closed;
.\"O see the description of
.\"O .B FD_CLOEXEC
.\"O in
.\"O .BR fcntl (2).
.\"O (If a file descriptor is closed, this will cause the release
.\"O of all record locks obtained on the underlying file by this process.
.\"O See
.\"O .BR fcntl (2)
.\"O for details.)
¥Ç¥Õ¥©¥ë¥È¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¤Ï
.BR execve ()
¤ò¹Ô¤Ã¤¿¸å¤Ç¤â¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó¤µ¤ì¤¿¤Þ¤Þ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
close-on-exec ¤Î°õ¤¬ÉÕ¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¤Ï¥¯¥í¡¼¥º¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
.BR fcntl (2)
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.B FD_CLOEXEC
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(¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¤¬¥¯¥í¡¼¥º¤µ¤ì¤ë¤È¡¢¤³¤Î¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤¬
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿¤ËÂбþ¤¹¤ë¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ËÂФ·¤Æ³ÍÆÀ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤¿
¥ì¥³¡¼¥É¤Î¥í¥Ã¥¯¤¬Á´¤Æ²òÊü¤µ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£)
.\"O POSIX.1-2001 says that if file descriptors 0, 1, and 2 would
.\"O otherwise be closed after a successful
.\"O .BR execve (),
.\"O and the process would gain privilege because the set-user_ID or
.\"O set-group_ID permission bit was set on the executed file,
.\"O then the system may open an unspecified file for each of these
.\"O file descriptors.
.\"O As a general principle, no portable program, whether privileged or not,
.\"O can assume that these three file descriptors will remain
.\"O closed across an
.\"O .BR execve ().
POSIX.1-2001 ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥¿ 0, 1, 2 ¤¬
.BR execve ()
À®¸ù¸å¤Ë¤É¤³¤«¤Ç¥¯¥í¡¼¥º¤µ¤ì¡¢¤«¤Ä
¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤ë¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ë set-user_ID ¤« set-group_ID ¤Îµö²Ä¥Ó¥Ã¥È¤¬
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¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ï²¿¤é¤«¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ò¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó¤¹¤ëºÝ¤Ë
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.BR execve ()
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.\" On Linux it appears that these file descriptors are
.\" always open after an execve(), and it looks like
.\" Solaris 8 and FreeBSD 6.1 are the same. -- mtk, 30 Apr 2007
.\"O .SS Interpreter scripts
.SS ¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¡¦¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥È
.\"O An interpreter script is a text file that has execute
.\"O permission enabled and whose first line is of the form:
¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¡¦¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥È¤È¤Ï¡¢¼Â¹Ôµö²Ä¤¬Í­¸ú¤Ë¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Æ¡¢
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.in +4n
.nf
\fB#!\fP \fIinterpreter \fP[optional-arg]
.fi
.in

.\"O The
.\"O .I interpreter
.\"O must be a valid pathname for an
.\"O executable which is not itself a script.
.I interpreter
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¤½¤ì¼«¿È¤¬¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥È¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤Æ¤Ï¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£
.\"O If the
.\"O .I filename
.\"O argument of
.\"O .BR execve ()
.\"O specifies an interpreter script, then
.\"O .I interpreter
.\"O will be invoked with the following arguments:
.BR execve ()
¤Î
.I filename
°ú¤­¿ô¤¬¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥È¤ò»ØÄꤷ¤Æ¤¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢
.I interpreter
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.in +4n
.nf
\fIinterpreter\fP [optional-arg] \fIfilename\fP arg...
.fi
.in

.\"O where
.\"O .I arg...
.\"O is the series of words pointed to by the
.\"O .I argv
.\"O argument of
.\"O .BR execve ().
.I arg...
¤Ï
.BR execve ()
¤Î
.I argv
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.\"O For portable use,
.\"O .I optional-arg
.\"O should either be absent, or be specified as a single word (i.e., it
.\"O should not contain white space); see NOTES below.
°Ü¿¢À­¤ò»ý¤¿¤¹¤Ë¤Ï¡¢
.I optional-arg
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²¼µ­¤Î¡ÖÃí°Õ¡×¤ÎÀá¤ò»²¾È¡£
.\"O .SS "Limits on size of arguments and environment"
.SS "°ú¤­¿ô¤È´Ä¶­ÊÑ¿ô¤Î¹ç·×¥µ¥¤¥º¤Î¾å¸Â"
.\"O Most Unix implementations impose some limit on the total size
.\"O of the command-line argument
.\"O .RI ( argv )
.\"O and environment
.\"O .RI ( envp )
.\"O strings that may be passed to a new program.
.\"O POSIX.1 allows an implementation to advertise this limit using the
.\"O .B ARG_MAX
.\"O constant (either defined in
.\"O .I <limits.h>
.\"O or available at run time using the call
.\"O .IR "sysconf(_SC_ARG_MAX)" ).
¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤Î Unix ¤Î¼ÂÁõ¤Ï¡¢¿·¤·¤¤¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤ËÅϤ¹¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë
¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¥é¥¤¥ó°ú¤­¿ô
.RI ( argv )
¤È´Ä¶­ÊÑ¿ô
.RI ( envp )
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POSIX.1 ¤Ï¡¢
.B ARG_MAX
Äê¿ô¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æ¤³¤Î¾å¸Â¤ò·è¤á¤ë¼ÂÁõ¤òǧ¤á¤Æ¤¤¤ë
.RB ( ARG_MAX
¤Ï
.I <limits.h>
¤ÇÄêµÁ¤µ¤ì¤ë¤«¡¢¼Â¹Ô»þ¤Ë
.I "sysconf(_SC_ARG_MAX)"
¤Î¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤·¤ÇÆþ¼ê¤Ç¤­¤ë¤«¤Î¤¤¤º¤ì¤«¤Ç¤¢¤ë)¡£

.\"O On Linux prior to kernel 2.6.23, the memory used to store the
.\"O environment and argument strings was limited to 32 pages
.\"O (defined by the kernel constant
.\"O .BR MAX_ARG_PAGES ).
.\"O On architectures with a 4-kB page size,
.\"O this yields a maximum size of 128 kB.
¥«¡¼¥Í¥ë 2.6.23 ¤è¤êÁ°¤Î Linux ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢´Ä¶­ÊÑ¿ô¤È°ú¤­¿ô¤Îʸ»úÎ󷲤ò
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(32 ¥Ú¡¼¥¸¤È¤¤¤¦¤Î¤Ï¥«¡¼¥Í¥ëÄê¿ô
.B MAX_ARG_PAGES
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¥Ú¡¼¥¸¥µ¥¤¥º¤¬ 4 kB ¤Î¥¢¡¼¥­¥Æ¥¯¥Á¥ã¤Ç¤Ï¡¢
ºÇÂ祵¥¤¥º¤Ï 128 kB ¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£

.\"O On kernel 2.6.23 and later, most architectures support a size limit
.\"O derived from the soft
.\"O .B RLIMIT_STACK
.\"O resource limit (see
.\"O .BR getrlimit (2))
.\"O that is in force at the time of the
.\"O .BR execve ()
.\"O call.
¥«¡¼¥Í¥ë 2.6.23 °Ê¹ß¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤Î¥¢¡¼¥­¥Æ¥¯¥Á¥ã¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¡¢
.BR execve ()
¤¬¸Æ¤Ó½Ð¤µ¤ì¤¿»þÅÀ¤ÇŬÍѤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¥ê¥½¡¼¥¹¤Î¥½¥Õ¥È¾å¸Â
.B RLIMIT_STACK
¤Ë´ð¤Å¤¤¤¿¥µ¥¤¥º¾å¸Â¤¬»È¤ï¤ì¤ë
.\"O (Architectures with no memory management unit are excepted:
.\"O they maintain the limit that was in effect before kernel 2.6.23.)
.\"O This change allows programs to have a much larger
.\"O argument and/or environment list.
(¥á¥â¥ê´ÉÍý¥æ¥Ë¥Ã¥È (MMU) ¤ò»ý¤¿¤Ê¤¤¥¢¡¼¥­¥Æ¥¯¥Á¥ã¤Ï¾åµ­¤ÎÊѹ¹¤Î
Îã³°¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¥¢¡¼¥­¥Æ¥¯¥Á¥ã¤Ç¤Ï¥«¡¼¥Í¥ë 2.6.23 ¤è¤êÁ°¤È
Ʊ¤¸¾å¸Â¤¬¤½¤Î¤Þ¤Þ»ÈÍѤµ¤ì¤ë)¡£
.\" For some background on the changes to ARG_MAX in kernels 2.6.23 and
.\" 2.6.25, see:
.\"     http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=5786
.\"     http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=10095
.\"     http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/646709/focus=648101,
.\"     checked into 2.6.25 as commit a64e715fc74b1a7dcc5944f848acc38b2c4d4ee2.
.\"O For these architectures, the total size is limited to 1/4 of the allowed
.\"O stack size.
.\"O (Imposing the 1/4-limit
.\"O ensures that the new program always has some stack space.)
¤³¤ì¤é¤Î¥¢¡¼¥­¥Æ¥¯¥Á¥ã¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¹ç·×¥µ¥¤¥º¤Ïµö²Ä¤µ¤ì¤¿¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯¥µ¥¤¥º¤Î
1/4 ¤ËÀ©¸Â¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë
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¥¹¥¿¥Ã¥¯¶õ´Ö¤ò»ý¤Æ¤ë¤³¤È¤òÊݾڤ¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ç¤¢¤ë)¡£
.\" Ollie: That doesn't include the lists of pointers, though,
.\" so the actual usage is a bit higher (1 pointer per argument).
.\"O Since Linux 2.6.25,
.\"O the kernel places a floor of 32 pages on this size limit,
.\"O so that, even when
.\"O .BR RLIMIT_STACK
.\"O is set very low,
.\"O applications are guaranteed to have at least as much argument and
.\"O environment space as was provided by Linux 2.6.23 and earlier.
.\"O (This guarantee was not provided in Linux 2.6.23 and 2.6.24.)
Linux 2.6.25 °Ê¹ß¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¥«¡¼¥Í¥ë¤Ï¤³¤Î¥µ¥¤¥º¾å¸Â¤Ë 32 ¥Ú¡¼¥¸¤Î²¼¸Â¤ò
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.B RLIMIT_STACK
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Linux 2.6.23 °ÊÁ°¤ÇÄ󶡤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤Î¤ÈƱ¤¸Â礭¤µ¤Î°ú¤­¿ô¤È´Ä¶­ÊÑ¿ô¤Î¶õ´Ö
¤ÈƱ¤¸¤À¤±¤Ï³ÎÊݤǤ­¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Êݾڤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë
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.\"O Additionally, the limit per string is 32 pages (the kernel constant
.\"O .BR MAX_ARG_STRLEN ),
.\"O and the maximum number of strings is 0x7FFFFFFF.
¤Þ¤¿¡¢³Æʸ»úÎó¤Î¾å¸Â¤Ï 32 ¥Ú¡¼¥¸ (¥«¡¼¥Í¥ëÄê¿ô
.BR MAX_ARG_STRLEN )
¤Ç¡¢Ê¸»úÎó¿ô¤ÎºÇÂçÃÍ¤Ï 0x7FFFFFFF ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
.\"O .SH "RETURN VALUE"
.SH ÊÖ¤êÃÍ
.\"O On success,
.\"O .BR execve ()
.\"O does not return, on error \-1 is returned, and
.\"O .I errno
.\"O is set appropriately.
À®¸ù¤¹¤ë¤È
.BR execve ()
¤ÏÊÖ¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£¥¨¥é¡¼¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ï \-1 ¤òÊÖ¤·¡¢
.I errno
¤òŬÀÚ¤ËÀßÄꤹ¤ë¡£
.\"O .SH ERRORS
.SH ¥¨¥é¡¼
.TP
.B E2BIG
.\"O The total number of bytes in the environment
.\"O .RI ( envp )
.\"O and argument list
.\"O .RI ( argv )
.\"O is too large.
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.RI ( envp )
¤È°ú¤­¿ô¥ê¥¹¥È
.RI ( argv )
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.TP
.B EACCES
.\"O Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix of
.\"O .I filename
.\"O or the name of a script interpreter.
.\"O (See also
.\"O .BR path_resolution (7).)
.I filename
¤ä¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥È¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿Ì¾¤Î¹½À®Í×ÁǤ˸¡º÷µö²Ä (search permission)
¤¬Í¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤
.RB ( path_resolution (7)
¤â»²¾È¤¹¤ë¤³¤È)¡£
.TP
.B EACCES
.\"O The file or a script interpreter is not a regular file.
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥È¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¤¬Ä̾ï¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë (regular file)
¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¡£
.TP
.B EACCES
.\"O Execute permission is denied for the file or a script or ELF interpreter.
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ä¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥È¤ä ELF ¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¤Ë
¼Â¹Ôµö²Ä (execute permission) ¤¬Í¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡£
.TP
.B EACCES
.\"O The file system is mounted
.\"O .IR noexec .
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤¬
.I noexec
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.TP
.B EFAULT
.\"O .I filename
.\"O points outside your accessible address space.
.I filename
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.TP
.B EINVAL
.\"O An ELF executable had more than one PT_INTERP segment (i.e., tried to
.\"O name more than one interpreter).
ELF ¼Â¹Ô·Á¼°¤ÇÊ£¿ô¤Î PT_INTERP ¥»¥°¥á¥ó¥È¤¬Â¸ºß¤¹¤ë¡£
(¤¹¤Ê¤ï¤ÁÊ£¿ô¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¤ò»ØÄꤷ¤¿¡£)
.TP
.B EIO
.\"O An I/O error occurred.
I/O ¥¨¥é¡¼¤¬È¯À¸¤·¤¿¡£
.TP
.B EISDIR
.\"O An ELF interpreter was a directory.
ELF ¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¤¬¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤À¤Ã¤¿¡£
.TP
.B ELIBBAD
.\"O An ELF interpreter was not in a recognized format.
ELF ¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¤¬Íý²ò¤Ç¤­¤ë¥Õ¥©¡¼¥Þ¥Ã¥È¤Ç¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡£
.TP
.B ELOOP
.\"O Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving
.\"O .I filename
.\"O or the name of a script or ELF interpreter.
.I filename
¤ä¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥È¤ä ELF ¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¤ò²ò·è¤¹¤ëºÝ¤ËÁø¶ø¤·¤¿
¥·¥ó¥Ü¥ê¥Ã¥¯¡¦¥ê¥ó¥¯¤¬Â¿²á¤®¤ë¡£
.TP
.B EMFILE
.\"O The process has the maximum number of files open.
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.TP
.B ENAMETOOLONG
.\"O .I filename
.\"O is too long.
.I filename
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.TP
.B ENFILE
.\"O The system limit on the total number of open files has been reached.
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.TP
.B ENOENT
.\"O The file
.\"O .I filename
.\"O or a script or ELF interpreter does not exist, or a shared library
.\"O needed for file or interpreter cannot be found.
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë
.I filename
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.TP
.B ENOEXEC
.\"O An executable is not in a recognized format, is for the wrong
.\"O architecture, or has some other format error that means it cannot be
.\"O executed.
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¤½¤Î¾¤Î¥Õ¥©¡¼¥Þ¥Ã¥È¡¦¥¨¥é¡¼¤Ë¤è¤ê¼Â¹Ô¤¬¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡£
.TP
.B ENOMEM
.\"O Insufficient kernel memory was available.
¥«¡¼¥Í¥ë¤Ë½½Ê¬¤Ê¥á¥â¥ê¤¬¤Ê¤¤¡£
.TP
.B ENOTDIR
.\"O A component of the path prefix of
.\"O .I filename
.\"O or a script or ELF interpreter is not a directory.
.I filename
¤ä¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥È¤ä ELF ¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¤Î¹½À®Í×ÁǤ¬¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¡£
.TP
.B EPERM
.\"O The file system is mounted
.\"O .IR nosuid ,
.\"O the user is not the superuser,
.\"O and the file has the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit set.
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¡¦¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤¬
.I nosuid
¤Ç¥Þ¥¦¥ó¥È¤µ¤ì¡¢¥æ¡¼¥¶¤¬¥¹¡¼¥Ñ¡¼¥æ¡¼¥¶¤Ç¤Ê¤¯¡¢
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ë set-user-ID ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï set-group-ID ¥Ó¥Ã¥È¤¬ÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
.TP
.B EPERM
.\"O The process is being traced, the user is not the superuser and the
.\"O file has the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit set.
¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤¬¥È¥ì¡¼¥¹¤µ¤ì¡¢¥æ¡¼¥¶¤¬¥¹¡¼¥Ñ¡¼¥æ¡¼¥¶¤Ç¤Ê¤¯¡¢
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ë set-user-ID ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï set-group-ID ¥Ó¥Ã¥È¤¬ÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
.TP
.B ETXTBSY
.\"O Executable was open for writing by one or more processes.
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.\"O .SH "CONFORMING TO"
.SH ½àµò
.\"O SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001.
.\"O POSIX.1-2001 does not document the #!  behavior
.\"O but is otherwise compatible.
.\"O .\" SVr4 documents additional error
.\"O .\" conditions EAGAIN, EINTR, ELIBACC, ENOLINK, EMULTIHOP; POSIX does not
.\"O .\" document ETXTBSY, EPERM, EFAULT, ELOOP, EIO, ENFILE, EMFILE, EINVAL,
.\"O .\" EISDIR or ELIBBAD error conditions.
SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001.
POSIX.1-2001 ¤Ë¤Ï #! Æ°ºî¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Îµ­½Ò¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¢
¾¤Ï¸ß´¹À­¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
.\" SVr4 ¤Ë¤Ï¾¤Ë EAGAIN, EINTR, ELIBACC, ENOLINK, EMULTIHOP
.\" ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Îµ­½Ò¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
.\" POSIX ¤Ë¤Ï ETXTBSY, EPERM, EFAULT, ELOOP, EIO, ENFILE, EMFILE,
.\" EINVAL, EISDIR, ELIBBAD ¥¨¥é¡¼¾õÂ֤ˤĤ¤¤Æ¤Îµ­½Ò¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£
.\"O .SH NOTES
.SH Ãí°Õ
.\"O Set-user-ID and set-group-ID processes can not be
.\"O .BR ptrace (2)d.
set-user-id ¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤È set-group-ID ¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤Ï
.BR ptrace (2)
¤Ç¤­¤Ê¤¤¡£

.\"O Linux ignores the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits on scripts.
Linux ¤Ï¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥È¤Î set-user-ID ¤È set-group-ID ¥Ó¥Ã¥È¤ò̵»ë¤¹¤ë¡£

.\"O The result of mounting a file system
.\"O .I nosuid
.\"O varies across Linux kernel versions:
.\"O some will refuse execution of set-user-ID and set-group-ID
.\"O executables when this would
.\"O give the user powers she did not have already (and return
.\"O .BR EPERM ),
.\"O some will just ignore the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits and
.\"O .BR exec ()
.\"O successfully.
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤ò
.I nosuid
¤Ç¥Þ¥¦¥ó¥È¤·¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ë set-user-ID/set-group-ID ¤Î¼Â¹Ô¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ò
¤É¤ÎÍͤ˰·¤¦¤«¤Ï¡¢Linux ¥«¡¼¥Í¥ë¤Î¥Ð¡¼¥¸¥ç¥ó¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ°Û¤Ê¤ë:
¤¢¤ë¥Ð¡¼¥¸¥ç¥ó¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¤¹¤Ç¤ËɬÍפʸ¢¸Â¤ò»ý¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¤ò½ü¤¤¤Æ¡¢
¤½¤Î¼Â¹Ô¤òµñÈݤ¹¤ë (¤½¤·¤Æ
.B EPERM
¤òÊÖ¤¹)¡£Ê̤Τ¢¤ë¥Ð¡¼¥¸¥ç¥ó¤Ç¤Ï
set-user-ID/set-group-ID ¥Ó¥Ã¥È¤Î¤ß¤ò̵»ë¤·
.BR exec ()
¤ÏÀ®¸ù¤¹¤ë¡£

.\"O A maximum line length of 127 characters is allowed for the first line in
.\"O a #! executable shell script.
#! ¼Â¹Ô·Á¼°¤Î¥·¥§¥ë¡¦¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥È¤Î 1¹ÔÌܤ˵ö¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëʸ»ú¿ô¤Ï¡¢
ºÇÂç 127 ʸ»ú¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£

.\"O The semantics of the
.\"O .I optional-arg
.\"O argument of an interpreter script vary across implementations.
.\"O On Linux, the entire string following the
.\"O .I interpreter
.\"O name is passed as a single argument to the interpreter,
.\"O and this string can include white space.
.\"O However, behavior differs on some other systems.
.\"O Some systems
.\"O .\" e.g., Solaris 8
.\"O use the first white space to terminate
.\"O .IR optional-arg .
.\"O On some systems,
.\"O .\" e.g., FreeBSD before 6.0, but not FreeBSD 6.0 onwards
.\"O an interpreter script can have multiple arguments,
.\"O and white spaces in
.\"O .I optional-arg
.\"O are used to delimit the arguments.
¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¡¦¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥È¤Î
.I optional-arg
°ú¤­¿ô¤Î²ò¼áÊýË¡¤Ï¼ÂÁõ¤Ë¤è¤ê°Û¤Ê¤ë¡£
Linux ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿Ì¾
.I interpreter
¤Ë³¤¯Ê¸»úÎóÁ´ÂΤ¬¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¤Ë 1¸Ä¤Î°ú¤­¿ô¤È¤·¤ÆÅϤµ¤ì¤ë¡£
¤·¤«¤·¡¢Æ°ºî¤¬°Û¤Ê¤ë¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤â¤¢¤ë¡£
¤¢¤ë¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ç¤Ï¡¢
.\" Î㤨¤Ð¡¢Solaris 8
.I optional-arg
¤Î¤¦¤ÁºÇ½é¤Î¥Û¥ï¥¤¥È¡¦¥¹¥Ú¡¼¥¹¤Þ¤Ç¤¬
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.I optional-arg
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.\"O On Linux,
.\"O .I argv
.\"O can be specified as NULL,
.\"O which has the same effect as specifying this argument
.\"O as a pointer to a list containing a single NULL pointer.
.\"O .B "Do not take advantage of this misfeature!"
.\"O It is nonstandard and nonportable:
.\"O on most other Unix systems doing this will result in an error
.\"O .RB ( EFAULT ).
Linux ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢
.I argv
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.BR ¡Ö¤³¤Î´Ö°ã¤Ã¤¿µ¡Ç½¤òÍøÍѤ·¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¡× ¡£
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.RB ( EFAULT )
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.\" e.g., EFAULT on Solaris 8 and FreeBSD 6.1; but
.\" HP-UX 11 is like Linux -- mtk, Apr 2007
.\" Bug filed 30 Apr 2007: http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=8408
.\" Bug rejected (because fix would constitute an ABI change).
.\"

.\"O POSIX.1-2001 says that values returned by
.\"O .BR sysconf (3)
.\"O should be invariant over the lifetime of a process.
.\"O However, since Linux 2.6.23, if the
.\"O .BR RLIMIT_STACK
.\"O resource limit changes, then the value reported by
.\"O .B _SC_ARG_MAX
.\"O will also change,
.\"O to reflect the fact that the limit on space for holding
.\"O command-line arguments and environment variables has changed.
POSIX.1-2001 ¤Ï¡¢
.BR sysconf (3)
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.\"
.\"O .\" .SH BUGS
.\"O .\" Some Linux versions have failed to check permissions on ELF
.\"O .\" interpreters.  This is a security hole, because it allows users to
.\"O .\" open any file, such as a rewinding tape device, for reading.  Some
.\"O .\" Linux versions have also had other security holes in
.\"O .\" .BR execve ()
.\"O .\" that could be exploited for denial of service by a suitably crafted
.\"O .\" ELF binary. There are no known problems with 2.0.34 or 2.2.15.
.\" .SH ¥Ð¥°
.\" Linux ÈǤÎÃæ¤Ë¤Ï¡¢ELF ¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë
.\" ¸¢¸Â¤Î¥Á¥§¥Ã¥¯¤Ë¼ºÇÔ¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
.\" ¤³¤ì¤Ï¥»¥­¥å¥ê¥Æ¥£¥Û¡¼¥ë¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
.\" ¤Ê¤¼¤Ê¤é¡¢¥æ¡¼¥¶¤ËǤ°Õ¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ò¥ª¡¼¥×¥ó¤òµö²Ä¤·¤¿¤ê¡¢
.\" Æɤ߹þ¤ß¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë¥Æ¡¼¥×¥Ç¥Ð¥¤¥¹¤ò´¬¤­Ìᤷ¤òµö²Ä¤·¤¿¤ê¤¹¤ë¡£
.\" Linux ÈǤÎÃæ¤Ë¤Ï
.\" .BR execve ()
.\" ¤Ë¾¤Î¥»¥­¥å¥ê¥Æ¥£¥Û¡¼¥ë¤¬
.\" ¸ºß¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤â¤¢¤ê¡¢¹ªÌ¯¤ËºÙ¹©¤µ¤ì¤¿ ELF ¥Ð¥¤¥Ê¥ê¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ
.\" ¥µ¡¼¥Ó¥¹µñÈÝ (denial of service) ¤ËÍøÍѤµ¤ì¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¡£
.\" 2.0.34 ¤Þ¤¿ 2.2.15 ¤Ë¤Ï¡¢ÃΤé¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ëÌäÂê¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£
.\"O .SS Historical
.SS Îò»Ë
.\"O With Unix V6 the argument list of an
.\"O .BR exec ()
.\"O call was ended by 0,
.\"O while the argument list of
.\"O .I main
.\"O was ended by \-1.
.\"O Thus, this argument list was not directly usable in a further
.\"O .BR exec ()
.\"O call.
.\"O Since Unix V7 both are NULL.
Unix V6 ¤Ç¤Ï
.BR exec ()
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.I main
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.I main
¤Î°ú¤­¿ô¥ê¥¹¥È¤Ï¡¢¤½¤Î¸å¤Î
.BR exec ()
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.\"O .SH EXAMPLE
.SH Îã
.\"O The following program is designed to be execed by the second program below.
.\"O It just echoes its command-line one per line.
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.in +4n
.nf
/* myecho.c */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int j;

    for (j = 0; j < argc; j++)
        printf("argv[%d]: %s\\n", j, argv[j]);

    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
.fi
.in

.\"O This program can be used to exec the program named in its command-line
.\"O argument:
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.in +4n
.nf

/* execve.c */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    char *newargv[] = { NULL, "hello", "world", NULL };
    char *newenviron[] = { NULL };

    if (argc != 2) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <file-to-exec>\\n", argv[0]);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    newargv[0] = argv[1];

    execve(argv[1], newargv, newenviron);
    perror("execve");   /* execve() only returns on error */
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
.fi
.in

.\"O We can use the second program to exec the first as follows:
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.in +4n
.nf
.RB "$" " cc myecho.c \-o myecho"
.RB "$" " cc execve.c \-o execve"
.RB "$" " ./execve ./myecho"
argv[0]: ./myecho
argv[1]: hello
argv[2]: world
.fi
.in

.\"O We can also use these programs to demonstrate the use of a script
.\"O interpreter.
.\"O To do this we create a script whose "interpreter" is our
.\"O .I myecho
.\"O program:
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¤³¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë¡¢¡Ö¥¤¥ó¥¿¥×¥ê¥¿¡×¤È¤·¤ÆÀè¤Û¤ÉºîÀ®¤·¤¿¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à
.I myecho
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.in +4n
.nf
.RB "$" " cat > script.sh"
.B #! ./myecho script-arg
.B ^D
.RB "$" " chmod +x script.sh"
.fi
.in

.\"O We can then use our program to exec the script:
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.in +4n
.nf
.RB "$" " ./execve ./script.sh"
argv[0]: ./myecho
argv[1]: script-arg
argv[2]: ./script.sh
argv[3]: hello
argv[4]: world
.fi
.in
.\"O .SH "SEE ALSO"
.SH ´ØÏ¢¹àÌÜ
.BR chmod (2),
.BR fork (2),
.BR ptrace (2),
.BR execl (3),
.BR fexecve (3),
.BR getopt (3),
.BR credentials (7),
.BR environ (7),
.BR path_resolution (7),
.BR ld.so (8)