1 .\" Copyright (c) 1985, 1991 The Regents of the University of California.
2 .\" All rights reserved.
4 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
5 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
7 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
8 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
9 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
10 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
11 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
12 .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
13 .\" must display the following acknowledgement:
14 .\" This product includes software developed by the University of
15 .\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
16 .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
17 .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
18 .\" without specific prior written permission.
20 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
21 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
22 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
23 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
24 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
25 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
26 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
27 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
28 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
29 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
32 .\" from: @(#)ping.8 6.7 (Berkeley) 3/16/91
33 .\" $Id: ping.8,v 1.1.1.1 2000/10/19 08:22:16 ysato Exp $
35 .\" Japanese version copyright (c) 1999 Tatsuo SEKINE <tsekine@isoternet.org>
36 .\" all rights reserved
38 .\" Translated on Tue Dec 07 16:28:28 JST 1999
39 .\" by Tatsuo SEKINE <tsekine@isoternet.org>
40 .\" Updated Sun Jan 14 20:51:42 JST 2001
41 .\" by Yuichi SATO <sato@complex.eng.hokudai.ac.jp>
43 .\"WORD: Time To Live ¼÷Ì¿»þ´Ö
44 .\"WORD: round-trip ±ýÉü
46 .\"WORD: Berkeley Unix System BSD Unix ¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à
50 .Os "Linux NetKit (0.17)"
55 .\"O .Tn ICMP ECHO_REQUEST
56 .\"O packets to network hosts
59 ¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤ò¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯¾å¤Î¥Û¥¹¥È¤ËÁ÷¤ë
64 .\"O .Op Fl c Ar count
66 .\"O .Op Fl l Ar preload
67 .\"O .Op Fl p Ar pattern
68 .\"O .Op Fl s Ar packetsize
69 .\"O .Op Fl w Ar waittime
76 .Op Fl s Ar packetsize
79 .Op Fl I Ar interface address
85 .\"O protocol's mandatory
87 .\"O datagram to elicit an
88 .\"O .Tn ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE
89 .\"O from a host or gateway.
95 ¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥°¥é¥à¤òÍѤ¤¤Æ¡¢»ØÄꤷ¤¿¥Û¥¹¥È¤ä¥²¡¼¥È¥¦¥§¥¤¤«¤é¤Î
96 .Tn ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE
99 .\"O datagrams (``pings'') have an IP and
103 .\"O .Dq struct timeval
104 .\"O and then an arbitrary number of ``pad'' bytes used to fill out the
107 ¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥°¥é¥à (``pings'') ¤Ï IP ¤È
111 ¤¬Â³¤¡¢¤½¤·¤Æ¡¢¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Î»Ä¤ê¤òËä¤á¤ë¤¿¤á¤ËǤ°Õ¸Ä¤Î ``pad'' ¥Ð¥¤¥È¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
112 .\"O The options are as follows:
113 .\"O Other options are:
114 ¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ï°Ê²¼¤ÎÄ̤ê:
115 ¤½¤Î¾¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ï:
118 .\"O Stop after sending (and receiving)
120 .\"O packets. After the packets are sent,
122 .\"O will wait up to ten seconds for replies to arrive, then exit.
124 ¸Ä¤Î¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤òÁ÷¤Ã¤¿ (¤½¤·¤Æ¤½¤Î±þÅú¤ò¼õ¤±¼è¤Ã¤¿) ¸å¡¢Ää»ß¤¹¤ë¡£
125 ¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤¬Á÷¤é¤ì¤¿¸å¡¢
127 ¤Ï±þÅú¤ò¼õ¤±¼è¤ë¤Þ¤Ç 10 ÉôÖÂÔ¤Á¡¢½ªÎ»¤¹¤ë¡£
131 .\"O option on the socket being used.
134 ¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤òÀßÄꤹ¤ë¡£
137 .\"O Outputs packets as fast as they come back or one hundred times per second,
138 .\"O whichever is more.
140 .\"O .Tn ECHO_REQUEST
141 .\"O sent a period ``.'' is printed, while for ever
143 .\"O received a backspace is printed.
144 .\"O This provides a rapid display of how many packets are being dropped.
145 .\"O Only the super-user may use this option.
147 .\"O This can be very hard on a network and should be used with caution.
148 flood ping (ping ¤Î¹¿¿å)¡£¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤¬Ìá¤Ã¤Æ¤¯¤ë¤È¤¹¤°¡¢
149 ¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï¡¢1 ÉÃ´Ö¤Ë 100 ²ó¤Î¡¢¤¤¤º¤ì¤«Â¿¤¤²ó¿ô¤À¤±¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤òÁ÷¤ë¡£
151 ¤¬Á÷¤é¤ì¤ë¤¿¤Ó¤Ë¥Ô¥ê¥ª¥É ``.'' ¤¬É½¼¨¤µ¤ì¡¢
153 ¤ò¼õ¤±¼è¤ë¤´¤È¤Ë¡¢¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¥¹¥Ú¡¼¥¹¤¬É½¼¨¤µ¤ì¤ë
154 (ÌõÃí: ¤¹¤Ê¤ï¤Á ``.'' ¤¬¾Ãµî¤µ¤ì¤ë)¡£
155 ¤³¤ì¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¢¤É¤Î¤¯¤é¤¤¤Î¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤¬¼è¤ê¤³¤Ü¤µ¤ì¤ë¤«¤ò¡¢
156 ¤¹¤Ð¤ä¤¯É½¼¨¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£¥¹¡¼¥Ñ¡¼¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤À¤±¤¬¤³¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤ò»È¤¨¤ë¡£
158 ¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¢¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯¤ËÈó¾ï¤ËÉé²Ù¤ò¤«¤±¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¢Ãí°Õ¤·¤Æ»È¤¦¤Ù¤¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
164 .\"O .Em between sending each packet .
165 .\"O The default is to wait for one second between each packet.
166 .\"O This option is incompatible with the
172 ¥Ç¥Õ¥©¥ë¥È¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¸Ä¡¹¤Î¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Î´Ö¤Ë 1 ÉÃÂԤġ£¤³¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ï
174 ¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤È¤ÏƱ»þ¤Ë»ØÄê¤Ç¤¤Ê¤¤¡£
180 .\"O sends that many packets as fast as possible before falling into its normal
181 .\"O mode of behavior.
182 .\"O Only the super-user may use this option.
187 ¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤ò½ÐÍè¤ë¤À¤±Â®¤¯Á÷¿®¤·¡¢Ä̾ï¤ÎÆ°ºî¤ËÌá¤ë¡£
188 ¥¹¡¼¥Ñ¡¼¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤À¤±¤¬¤³¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤ò»ÈÍѤǤ¤ë¡£
190 .\"O Numeric output only.
191 .\"O No attempt will be made to lookup symbolic names for host addresses.
193 ¥Û¥¹¥È¤Î¥¢¥É¥ì¥¹¤«¤é¡¢¥Û¥¹¥È̾¤Î¸¡º÷¤ò»î¤ß¤Ê¤¤¡£
195 .\"O You may specify up to 16 ``pad'' bytes to fill out the packet you send.
196 .\"O This is useful for diagnosing data-dependent problems in a network.
199 .\"O will cause the sent packet to be filled with all
201 Á÷½Ð¤¹¤ë¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤òËä¤á¤ë¤¿¤á¤Î 16 ¸Ä¤Þ¤Ç¤Î ``pad'' ¥Ð¥¤¥È¤ò»ØÄê¤Ç¤¤ë¡£
202 ¤³¤ì¤Ï¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯¤Ç¤Î¡¢¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤Ë°Í¸¤·¤¿ÌäÂê¤Î¿ÇÃǤËÍÍѤǤ¢¤ë¡£
205 ¤ÏÁ´¤Æ 1 ¤ÇËä¤á¤é¤ì¤¿¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤òÁ÷¤ë¡£
208 .\"O Nothing is displayed except the summary lines at startup time and
211 ³«»Ï¤È½ªÎ»»þ¤ÎÍ×Ìó°Ê³°¤Ï¡¢²¿¤âɽ¼¨¤·¤Ê¤¤¡£
215 .\"O .Tn RECORD_ROUTE
217 .\"O .Tn ECHO_REQUEST
218 .\"O packet and displays
219 .\"O the route buffer on returned packets.
220 .\"O Note that the IP header is only large enough for nine such routes.
221 .\"O Many hosts ignore or discard this option.
226 ¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤òÀßÄꤷ¡¢Ê֤äƤ¤¿¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Î·ÐÏ©¥Ð¥Ã¥Õ¥¡
227 (route buffer) ¤òɽ¼¨¤¹¤ë¡£
228 IP ¥Ø¥Ã¥À¤Ï 9 ¤Ä¤Î·Ðϩʬ¤ÎÂ礤µ¤·¤«¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤ËÃí°Õ¤»¤è¡£
229 ¤Þ¤¿¡¢Â¿¤¯¤Î¥Û¥¹¥È¤Ï¤³¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤ò̵»ë¤¹¤ë¤«¡¢ÇË´þ¤·¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¡£
231 .\"O Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on an attached
233 .\"O If the host is not on a directly-attached network, an error is returned.
234 .\"O This option can be used to ping a local host through an interface
235 .\"O that has no route through it (e.g., after the interface was dropped by
236 .\"O .Xr routed 8 ) .
237 Ä̾ï¤Î¥ë¡¼¥Æ¥£¥ó¥°¤ò̵»ë¤·¡¢Àܳ¤µ¤ì¤¿¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯¤Î¥Û¥¹¥È¤ËľÀÜÁ÷¤ë¡£
238 ¤â¤·¡¢¥Û¥¹¥È¤¬Ä¾¤ËÀܳ¤µ¤ì¤¿¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯¤Ë¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢¥¨¥é¡¼¤¬Ê֤롣
239 ·ÐÏ©¾ðÊó¤ò»ý¤¿¤Ê¤¤¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¡¼¥¹¤òÄ̤·¤Æ¡¢
240 ¥í¡¼¥«¥ë¤Ê¥Û¥¹¥È¤Ø¤È ping ¤¹¤ë¤Î¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£(Î㤨¤Ð¡¢¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¡¼¥¹¤¬
243 .It Fl s Ar packetsize
244 .\"O Specifies the number of data bytes to be sent.
245 .\"O The default is 56, which translates into 64
247 .\"O data bytes when combined
248 .\"O with the 8 bytes of
251 .\"O Only the super-user may use this option.
252 ²¿¥Ð¥¤¥È¤Î¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤¬Á÷¤é¤ì¤ë¤«¤ò»ØÄꤹ¤ë¡£¥Ç¥Õ¥©¥ë¥È¤Ï 56 ¤Ç¡¢
254 ¥Ø¥Ã¥À¤Î 8 ¥Ð¥¤¥È¤ò²Ã¤¨¤Æ¡¢
258 ¥¹¡¼¥Ñ¡¼¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¤À¤±¤¬¤³¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤ò»ÈÍѤǤ¤ë¡£
262 .\"O packets other than
263 .\"O .Tn ECHO_RESPONSE
264 .\"O that are received are listed.
276 .\"O seconds, independently of other considerations.
277 ¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¾ì¹ç¤Ç¤â´Ø·¸¤Ê¤¯¡¢
284 °Ê²¼¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëµ½Ò¤Ï¡¢
286 ¤Î¥½¡¼¥¹¡¢¤Ê¤é¤Ó¤Ë FreeBSD ¤Î man ¥Ú¡¼¥¸¤ò»²¹Í¤Ë
287 ÆüËܸìÌõ¤ËºÝ¤·¤ÆÄɲ䵤줿¡£
288 .Bl -tag -width indent
289 .It Fl I Ar interface
290 Í¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤¿¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¡¼¥¹¤«¤é¡¢¥Þ¥ë¥Á¥¥ã¥¹¥È¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤òÁ÷¤ë¡£
292 ¥Þ¥ë¥Á¥¥ã¥¹¥È¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Î¥ë¡¼¥×¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¤òÍÞÀ©¤¹¤ë¡£
294 ¥Þ¥ë¥Á¥¥ã¥¹¥È¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Î IP ¼÷Ì¿»þ´Ö (Time To Live) ¤òÀßÄꤹ¤ë¡£
299 .\"O for fault isolation, it should first be run on the local host, to verify
300 .\"O that the local network interface is up and running.
301 .\"O Then, hosts and gateways further and further away should be ``pinged''.
302 ÌäÂê¤ÎÀÚ¤êʬ¤±¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë
304 ¤òÍѤ¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¡¢¤½¤Î¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¡¼¥¹¤¬ up ¤«¤Ä running ¤Ç¤¢¤ë
305 ¤³¤È¤ò³Îǧ¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¡¢¤Þ¤º¥í¡¼¥«¥ë¥Û¥¹¥È¾å¤Ç¼Â¹Ô¤¹¤ë¤Ù¤¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
306 ¤½¤Î¸å¤Ë¤è¤ê±ó¤¯¤Î¥Û¥¹¥È¤ä¥²¡¼¥È¥¦¥§¥¤¤Ë
309 .\"O Round-trip times and packet loss statistics are computed.
310 .\"O If duplicate packets are received, they are not included in the packet
311 .\"O loss calculation, although the round trip time of these packets is used
312 .\"O in calculating the minimum/average/maximum round-trip time numbers.
313 ±ýÉü»þ´Ö (round-trip time) ¤È¾Ã¼º¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤ÎÅý·×¤¬·×»»¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
314 ½ÅÊ£¤·¤¿±þÅú¥á¥Ã¥»¡¼¥¸¤ò¼õ¤±¼è¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¡¢
315 ¤½¤ì¤é¤Ï¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Î»¼º¤Î·×»»¤Ë¤Ï»È¤ï¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¢
316 ¤½¤ì¤Ë¤â¤«¤«¤ï¤é¤º¤½¤¦¤·¤¿¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Î±ýÉü»þ´Ö¤Ï¡¢
317 ¤½¤ÎºÇ¾®ÃÍ¡¦Ê¿¶ÑÃÍ¡¦ºÇÂçÃͤη׻»¤ËÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¡£
318 .\"O When the specified number of packets have been sent (and received) or
319 .\"O if the program is terminated with a
321 .\"O a brief summary is displayed.
322 »ØÄꤷ¤¿¿ô¤Î¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤¬Á÷¤é¤ì¤¿ (¤½¤·¤Æ¤½¤Î±þÅú¤ò¼õ¤±¼è¤Ã¤¿) ¤«¡¢¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤¬
324 ¤Ç½ªÎ»¤µ¤»¤é¤ì¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ï¡¢´Êñ¤ÊÍ×Ìó¤¬É½¼¨¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
328 .\"O does not receive any reply packets at all it will exit with code 1.
329 .\"O On error it exits with code 2. Otherwise it exits with code 0. This
330 .\"O makes it possible to use the exit code to see if a host is alive or
334 ¤¬Á´¤¯±þÅú¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤ò¼õ¤±¼è¤é¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤Ï¡¢½ªÎ»¥³¡¼¥É 1 ¤Ç½ªÎ»¤¹¤ë¡£
335 ¥¨¥é¡¼¤¬¤¢¤ì¤Ð¥³¡¼¥É 2 ¤Ç½ªÎ»¤¹¤ë¡£¤½¤ì°Ê³°¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ï¥³¡¼¥É 0 ¤Ç½ªÎ»¤¹¤ë¡£
336 ¤³¤ì¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¢½ªÎ»¥³¡¼¥É¤Ç¡¢¤¢¤ë¥Û¥¹¥È¤¬Æ°¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤É¤¦¤«¤òȽÃǤ¹¤ë¤³¤È
339 .\"O This program is intended for use in network testing, measurement and
341 .\"O Because of the load it can impose on the network, it is unwise to use
343 .\"O during normal operations or from automated scripts.
344 ¤³¤Î¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤Ï¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯¤Î¥Æ¥¹¥È¡¦·×¬¡¦´ÉÍý¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Î»ÈÍѤò°Õ¿Þ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
345 ¤³¤Î¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤¬¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯¤Ë¶¯¤¤¤ëÉé²Ù¤ò¹Í¤¨¤ì¤Ð¡¢
347 ¤ò¥È¥é¥Ö¥ë¤Î¤Ê¤¤¤È¤¤ä¼«Æ°¥¹¥¯¥ê¥×¥È¤«¤é¼Â¹Ô¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¾©¤á¤é¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£
348 .\"O .Sh ICMP PACKET DETAILS
349 .Sh ICMP ¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Î¾ÜºÙ
350 .\"O An IP header without options is 20 bytes.
353 .\"O .Tn ECHO_REQUEST
354 .\"O packet contains an additional 8 bytes worth
357 .\"O header followed by an arbitrary amount of data.
358 ¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ê¤·¤Î IP ¥Ø¥Ã¥À¤Ï 20 ¥Ð¥¤¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
361 ¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Ï¡¢¤µ¤é¤Ê¤ë 8 ¥Ð¥¤¥È¤Î
363 ¥Ø¥Ã¥À¤È¤½¤ì¤Ë³¤¯Ç¤°Õ¤ÎÎ̤Υǡ¼¥¿¤«¤é¤Ê¤ë¡£
366 .\"O is given, this indicated the size of this extra piece of data (the
368 .\"O Thus the amount of data received inside of an IP packet of type
371 .\"O will always be 8 bytes more than the requested data space
376 ¤¬Í¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤¿»þ¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¤½¤ì¤ÏÉÕ²ÃŪ¤Ê¥Ç¡¼¥¿Éôʬ¤Î¥µ¥¤¥º (¥Ç¥Õ¥©¥ë¥È¤Ï 56) ¤ò¼¨¤¹¡£
380 ¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Î IP ¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥ÈÆâ¤Ç¼õ¤±¼è¤ë¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤ÎÎ̤ϡ¢
381 Í׵ᤵ¤ì¤¿¥Ç¡¼¥¿Îΰè¤è¤ê 8 ¥Ð¥¤¥È
385 .\"O If the data space is at least eight bytes large,
387 .\"O uses the first eight bytes of this space to include a timestamp which
388 .\"O it uses in the computation of round trip times.
389 .\"O If less than eight bytes of pad are specified, no round trip times are
391 ¤â¤·¥Ç¡¼¥¿Îΰ褬 8 ¥Ð¥¤¥È¤è¤ê¤âÂ礤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢
393 ¤Ï¤½¤ÎÎΰè¤ÎÀèƬ 8 ¥Ð¥¤¥È¤ò¡¢±ýÉü»þ´Ö¤ò·×»»¤¹¤ë¤Î¤Ë»È¤¦¥¿¥¤¥à¥¹¥¿¥ó¥×¤ò
394 ´Þ¤á¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë»ÈÍѤ¹¤ë¡£
395 ¤â¤· 8 ¥Ð¥¤¥È¤è¤ê¤â¾¯¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¡¢±ýÉü»þ´Ö¤ÏÆÀ¤é¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£
396 .\"O .Sh DUPLICATE AND DAMAGED PACKETS
397 .Sh ½ÅÊ£¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤È¾ã³²¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È
399 .\"O will report duplicate and damaged packets.
400 .\"O Duplicate packets should never occur, and seem to be caused by
401 .\"O inappropriate link-level retransmissions.
402 .\"O Duplicates may occur in many situations and are rarely (if ever) a
403 .\"O good sign, although the presence of low levels of duplicates may not
404 .\"O always be cause for alarm.
406 ¤Ï¡¢½ÅÊ£¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤È¾ã³²¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÊó¹ð¤¹¤ë¡£
407 ½ÅÊ£¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Ï (¥æ¥Ë¥¥ã¥¹¥È¥¢¥É¥ì¥¹¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¤Ï) µ¯¤¤ë¤Ï¤º¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¢
408 ÉÔŬÀڤʥê¥ó¥¯ÁؤǤκÆÁ÷¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ°ú¤µ¯¤³¤µ¤ì¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£
409 ½ÅÊ£¤ÏÍÍ¡¹¤Ê¾õ¶·¤Çµ¯¤³¤ë²ÄǽÀ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£Ä㤤¥ì¥Ù¥ë¤Î½ÅÊ£¤Î¸ºß¤Ï
410 ɬ¤º¤·¤â·Ù¹ð¤Ë¤Ï¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¢¤è¤¤Ãû¸õ¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£
412 .\"O Damaged packets are obviously serious cause for alarm and often
413 .\"O indicate broken hardware somewhere in the
415 .\"O packet's path (in the network or in the hosts).
416 ¾ã³²¤ò¼õ¤±¤¿¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Ï¡¢ÌÀ¤é¤«¤Ë¿¼¹ï¤Ê·Ù¹ð¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢Â¿¤¯¤Î¾ì¹ç
418 ¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Î·ÐÏ©¾å (¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯Æâ¡¢¤â¤·¤¯¤Ï¤½¤Î¥Û¥¹¥ÈÆâ) ¤Î¤É¤³¤«¤Ë
419 ²õ¤ì¤¿¥Ï¡¼¥É¥¦¥§¥¢¤¬¤¢¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¼¨¤¹¡£
420 .\"O .Sh TRYING DIFFERENT DATA PATTERNS
421 .Sh °Û¤Ê¤ë¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤Î»î¹Ô
422 .\"O The (inter)network layer should never treat packets differently depending
423 .\"O on the data contained in the data portion.
424 (¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼) ¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯Áؤϡ¢·è¤·¤Æ¥Ç¡¼¥¿Éôʬ¤Ë´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤ë¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ
425 ¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Î°·¤¤¤òÊѤ¨¤¿¤ê¤·¤Ê¤¤¡£
426 .\"O Unfortunately, data-dependent problems have been known to sneak into
427 .\"O networks and remain undetected for long periods of time.
428 ÉÔ¹¬¤Ë¤â¡¢¥Ç¡¼¥¿¤Ë°Í¸¤·¤¿ÌäÂ꤬¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯¤Ø¤È¿¯Æþ¤·¡¢
429 Ť¤»þ´Öȯ¸«¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤Þ¤Þ¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦²ÄǽÀ¤¬ÃΤé¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
430 .\"O In many cases the particular pattern that will have problems is something
431 .\"O that doesn't have sufficient ``transitions'', such as all ones or all
432 .\"O zeros, or a pattern right at the edge, such as almost all zeros.
433 ÌäÂê¤Î¤¢¤ë¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤ÎÆÃÄê¤Î¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤Ï¿¤¯¤Î¾ì¹ç¡¢
434 Á´¤Æ¤¬ 0 ¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÁ´¤Æ¤¬ 1 ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¤â¤Î¡¢
435 ¤¢¤ë¤¤¤Ï±¦Ã¼°Ê³°¤¬Ëؤó¤É 0 ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¡¢
436 ½½Ê¬¤Ê ``Á«°Ü (transitions)'' ¤ò»ý¤¿¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
437 .\"O It isn't necessarily enough to specify a data pattern of all zeros (for
438 .\"O example) on the command line because the pattern that is of interest is
439 .\"O at the data link level, and the relationship between what you type and
440 .\"O what the controllers transmit can be complicated.
441 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¥é¥¤¥ó¤Ç (Î㤨¤Ð) Á´¤Æ 0 ¤È¤¤¤¦¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤ò»ØÄꤹ¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¡¢
442 ɬ¤º¤·¤â½½Ê¬¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£
443 ¤Ê¤¼¤Ê¤é¤Ð¡¢¤½¤Î´Ø¿´¤Î¤¢¤ë¤Î¤Ï¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥ê¥ó¥¯Áؤˤª¤±¤ë¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢
444 ¤¢¤Ê¤¿¤¬ÆþÎϤ·¤¿¤â¤Î¤È¡¢¥³¥ó¥È¥í¡¼¥é¡¼¤¬Á÷¿®¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤È¤Î´Ø·¸¤Ï
447 .\"O This means that if you have a data-dependent problem you will probably
448 .\"O have to do a lot of testing to find it.
449 ¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¢¤â¤·¤¢¤Ê¤¿¤¬¥Ç¡¼¥¿°Í¸À¤ÎÌäÂê¤òÊú¤¨¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Ê¤é¡¢
450 ¤½¤ì¤òȯ¸«¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¤Ï
451 ²¿²ó¤â¤Î¥Æ¥¹¥È¤ò¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤³¤È¤ò°ÕÌ£¤¹¤ë¡£
452 .\"O If you are lucky, you may manage to find a file that either can't be sent
453 .\"O across your network or that takes much longer to transfer than other
454 .\"O similar length files.
455 ¤â¤·±¿¤¬Îɤ±¤ì¤Ð¡¢¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯¤òÄ̤·¤ÆÁ÷¤ë¤³¤È¤Î¤Ç¤¤Ê¤¤¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤«¡¢
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457 ȯ¸«¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£
458 .\"O You can then examine this file for repeated patterns that you can test
463 ¤½¤¦¤·¤¿¤é¡¢¤½¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤òÄ´¤Ù·«¤êÊÖ¤·¸½¤ï¤ì¤ë¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥ó¤ò
467 ¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æ¥Æ¥¹¥È¤Ç¤¤ë¡£
472 .\"O value of an IP packet represents the maximum number of IP routers
473 .\"O that the packet can go through before being thrown away.
474 .\"O In current practice you can expect each router in the Internet to decrement
477 .\"O field by exactly one.
480 ¤È¤¤¤¦Ãͤϡ¢¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤¬ÇË´þ¤µ¤ì¤ëÁ°¤ËÄ̲᤹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë
481 IP ¥ë¡¼¥¿¤ÎºÇÂçÃͤò¼¨¤¹¡£
482 ¸½ºß¤Î´·Î㤫¤é¡¢¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥Í¥Ã¥È¤Î³Æ¥ë¡¼¥¿¤Ï
484 ¥Õ¥£¡¼¥ë¥É¤òÀµ³Î¤Ë 1 ¸º¤é¤¹¤³¤È¤ò´üÂԤǤ¤ë¡£
488 .\"O specification states that the
493 .\"O be set to 60, but many systems use smaller values (4.3
495 .\"O uses 30, 4.2 used
502 ¥Õ¥£¡¼¥ë¥É¤Ï 60 ¤ËÀßÄꤵ¤ì¤ë¤Ù¤¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¢Â¿¤¯¤Î¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ï
503 ¤â¤Ã¤È¾®¤µ¤ÊÃͤò»ÈÍѤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë (4.3
507 .\"O The maximum possible value of this field is 255, and most Unix systems set
511 .\"O .Tn ICMP ECHO_REQUEST
513 ¤³¤Î¥Õ¥£¡¼¥ë¥É¤ÎÀßÄê²Äǽ¤ÊºÇÂçÃÍ¤Ï 255 ¤Ç¡¢Ëؤó¤É¤Î Unix ¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ï
514 .Tn ICMP ECHO_REQUEST
517 ¥Õ¥£¡¼¥ë¥É¤ò 255 ¤ËÀßÄꤷ¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
518 .\"O This is why you will find you can ``ping'' some hosts, but not reach them
523 ¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¢¤¢¤ë¥Û¥¹¥È¤Ç¤Ï ``ping'' ¤¬Ä̤ë¤Î¤Ë¡¢
527 ¤Ç¤Ï¤½¤Î¥Û¥¹¥È¤ËÆϤ«¤Ê¤¤Íýͳ (¤Î°ì¤Ä) ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
529 .\"O In normal operation ping prints the ttl value from the packet it receives.
530 .\"O When a remote system receives a ping packet, it can do one of three things
533 .\"O field in its response:
534 ping ¤ÎÄ̾ï¤ÎÁàºî¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¼õ¤±¼è¤Ã¤¿¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Î ttl ¤ÎÃͤ¬É½¼¨¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
535 ¥ê¥â¡¼¥È¤Î¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤¬ ping ¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤ò¼õ¤±¼è¤Ã¤¿»þ¡¢¤½¤Î±þÅú¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë
537 ¥Õ¥£¡¼¥ë¥É¤Ë¤Ï°Ê²¼¤Î 3 ¤Ä¤Î¤¦¤Á¤Î 1 ¤Ä¤ò¼è¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£
540 .\"O Not change it; this is what Berkeley Unix systems did before the
545 ¥ê¥ê¡¼¥¹°ÊÁ°¤Î BSD Unix ¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤¬¹Ô¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤¿¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
546 .\"O In this case the
548 .\"O value in the received packet will be 255 minus the
549 .\"O number of routers in the round-trip path.
550 ¤³¤Î¾ì¹ç¡¢¼õ¤±¼è¤Ã¤¿¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Î
552 ¤ÎÃͤϡ¢255 ¤«¤é±ýÉü·ÐÏ©¾å¤Î¥ë¡¼¥¿¤Î¿ô¤ò°ú¤¤¤¿¤â¤Î¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£
554 .\"O Set it to 255; this is what current Berkeley Unix systems do.
555 .\"O In this case the
557 .\"O value in the received packet will be 255 minus the
558 .\"O number of routers in the path
560 .\"O the remote system
563 .\"O .Nm ping Ns Em ing
565 255 ¤Ë¥»¥Ã¥È¤¹¤ë; ¤³¤ì¤Ï¸½ºß¤Î BSD Unix ¤¬¹Ô¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
566 (ÌõÃí: Linux ¤â¤³¤ì¤Ë¤¢¤¿¤ë)¡£
567 ¤³¤Î¾ì¹ç¡¢¼õ¤±¼è¤ë¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤Î
569 ¤ÎÃͤϡ¢¥ê¥â¡¼¥È¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à
572 ¤ò¹Ô¤Ã¤¿¥Û¥¹¥È¤Ø¤Î·ÐÏ©¾å¤Î¥ë¡¼¥¿¤Î¿ô¤ò¡¢255 ¤«¤é°ú¤¤¤¿¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
574 .\"O Set it to some other value.
575 .\"O Some machines use the same value for
577 .\"O packets that they use for
579 .\"O packets, for example either 30 or 60.
580 .\"O Others may use completely wild values.
581 ¤½¤Î¾¤ÎÃͤ˥»¥Ã¥È¤¹¤ë¡£¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤Î¥Þ¥·¥ó¤Ï¡¢Î㤨¤Ð 30 ¤Þ¤¿¤Ï 60 ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê
583 ¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤ÎÃͤÈƱ¤¸¤â¤Î¤ò
585 ¥Ñ¥±¥Ã¥È¤ËÍѤ¤¤ë¡£¤Þ¤¿Á´¤¯°Û¤Ê¤ëÃͤòÍѤ¤¤ë¥Þ¥·¥ó¤â¤¢¤ë¤«¤âÃΤì¤Ê¤¤¡£
589 .\"O Many Hosts and Gateways ignore the
590 .\"O .Tn RECORD_ROUTE
592 ¿¤¯¤Î¥Û¥¹¥È¤È¥²¡¼¥È¥¦¥§¥¤¤Ï
594 ¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤ò̵»ë¤¹¤ë¡£
596 .\"O The maximum IP header length is too small for options like
597 .\"O .Tn RECORD_ROUTE
599 .\"O be completely useful.
600 .\"O There's not much that that can be done about this, however.
602 ¤ò´°Á´¤Ë͸ú¤Ë¤¹¤ë¤Ë¤Ï¡¢IP ¥Ø¥Ã¥À¤ÎºÇÂçŤÏû²á¤®¤ë¡£
603 ¤·¤«¤·¡¢¤³¤ì¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ç¤¤ë¤³¤È¤Ï¿¤¯¤Ê¤¤¡£
605 .\"O Flood pinging is not recommended in general, and flood pinging the
606 .\"O broadcast address should only be done under very controlled conditions.
607 flood ping ¤Ï°ìÈÌŪ¤Ë¤Ï¿ä¾©¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤·¡¢¥Ö¥í¡¼¥É¥¥ã¥¹¥È¥¢¥É¥ì¥¹¤Ø¤Î
608 flood ping ¤Ï¡¢¤¤Á¤ó¤È¾ò·ï¤òÀ°¤¨¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¤Î¤ß»ÈÍѤµ¤ì¤ë¤Ù¤¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
610 ÆüËܸìÌõ¤ËºÝ¤·¡¢¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëµ½Ò¤ò²Ã¤¨¤¿¤¬¡¢Àµ¤·¤¤¤«¤É
620 .\"O command appeared in