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[linuxjm/jm.git] / manual / util-linux / draft / man1 / getopt.1

.\"
.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 2001-2003 Yuichi SATO
.\"         all rights reserved.
.\" Translated Tue 11 Jan 1994
.\"         by NetBSD jman proj. <jman@spa.is.uec.ac.jp>
.\" Updated Sun Jan 14 04:46:37 JST 2001
.\"         by Yuichi SATO <sato@complex.eng.hokudai.ac.jp>
.\" Updated & Modified Sun Mar  2 15:11:49 JST 2003
.\"         by Yuichi SATO <ysato444@yahoo.co.jp>
.\"
.\"WORD:        parse           ²òÀϤ¹¤ë
.\"WORD:        interpret       ²ò¼á¤¹¤ë
.\"
.TH GETOPT 1 "May 31, 1997" Linux ""
.\"O .SH NAME
.SH ̾Á°
.\"O getopt \- parse command options (enhanced)
getopt \- ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Î°ú¤­¿ô¤ò²òÀϤ¹¤ë (³ÈÄ¥ÈÇ)
.\"O .SH SYNOPSIS
.SH ½ñ¼°
.BR getopt " optstring parameters"

.BR getopt " [options] [" \-\- "] optstring parameters"

.BR getopt " [options] " \-o | \-\-options " optstring [options] [" \-\- "] parameters"
.\"O .SH DESCRIPTION
.SH ÀâÌÀ
.\"O .B getopt
.\"O is used to break up 
.\"O .RI ( parse )
.\"O options in command lines for easy parsing by
.\"O shell procedures, and to check for legal options.
.\"O It uses the 
.\"O .SM GNU
.\"O .BR getopt (3) 
.\"O routines to do this.
.B getopt
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.SM GNU
.BR getopt (3) 
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.\"O The parameters 
.\"O .B getopt
.\"O is called with can be divided into two parts: options
.\"O which modify the way getopt will parse
.\"O .RI ( options
.\"O and
.\"O .I \-o|\-\-options optstring
.\"O in the 
.\"O .BR SYNOPSIS), 
.\"O and the parameters which are to be
.\"O parsed
.\"O .RI ( parameters
.\"O in the 
.\"O .BR SYNOPSIS).
.B getopt
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.\"O The second part will start at the first non\-option parameter
.\"O that is not an option argument, or after the first occurrence of 
.\"O .RB ` \-\- '.
.\"O If no 
.\"O .RB ` \-o ' 
.\"O or 
.\"O .RB ` \-\-options ' 
.\"O option is found in the first part, the first
.\"O parameter of the second part is used as the short options string.
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.\"O If the environment variable
.\"O .B GETOPT_COMPATIBLE
.\"O is set, or if its first parameter 
.\"O is not an option (does not start with a
.\"O .RB ` \- ',
.\"O this is the first format in the 
.\"O .BR SYNOPSIS),
.\"O .B getopt
.\"O will generate output that is compatible with that of other versions of 
.\"O .BR getopt (1). 
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.\"O It will still do parameter shuffling and recognize optional
.\"O arguments (see section
.\"O .B COMPATIBILITY
.\"O for more information). 
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.\"O Traditional implementations of
.\"O .BR getopt (1)
.\"O are unable to cope with whitespace and other (shell\-specific) special characters
.\"O in arguments and non\-option parameters. 
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.BR getopt (1)
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.\"O To solve this problem, this 
.\"O implementation can generate
.\"O quoted output which must once again be interpreted by the shell (usually
.\"O by using the
.\"O .B eval
.\"O command). 
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.\"O This has the effect of preserving those characters, but
.\"O you must call 
.\"O .B getopt
.\"O in a way that is no longer compatible with other versions (the second 
.\"O or third format in the 
.\"O .BR SYNOPSIS). 
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.\"O To determine whether this enhanced version of
.\"O .BR getopt (1)
.\"O is installed, a special test option
.\"O .RB ( \-T ) 
.\"O can be used.
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.BR getopt (1)
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.RB ( \-T ) 
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.\"O .SH OPTIONS
.SH ¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó
.IP "\-a, \-\-alternative"
.\"O Allow long options to start with a single 
.\"O .RB ` - '.
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.RB ` \- '
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.IP "\-h, \-\-help"
.\"O Output a small usage guide and exit succesfully. No other output is generated. 
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.IP "\-l, \-\-longoptions longopts"
.\"O The long (multi\-character) options to be recognized. 
.\"O More than one option name
.\"O may be specified at once, by separating the names with commas. This option 
.\"O may be given more than once, the 
.\"O .I longopts 
.\"O are cumulative.
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.I longopts 
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.\"O Each long option name
.\"O in 
.\"O .I longopts 
.\"O may be followed by one colon to indicate it has a required argument,and by two colons to indicate it has an optional argument.
.I longopts 
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.IP "\-n, \-\-name progname"
.\"O The name that will be used by the 
.\"O .BR getopt (3)
.\"O routines when it reports errors. Note that errors of
.\"O .BR getopt (1)
.\"O are still reported as coming from getopt.
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.IP "\-o, \-\-options shortopts"
.\"O The short (one\-character) options to be recognized. If this options is not
.\"O found, the first parameter of 
.\"O .B getopt 
.\"O that does not start with
.\"O a 
.\"O .RB ` \- ' 
.\"O (and is not an option argument) is used as the short options string.
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.\"O Each short option character
.\"O in 
.\"O .I shortopts 
.\"O may be followed by one colon to indicate it has a required argument,
.\"O and by two colons to indicate it has an optional argument.
.I shortopts 
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.\"O The first character of shortopts may be 
.\"O .RB ` + ' 
.\"O or
.\"O .RB ` \- ' 
.\"O to influence the way
.\"O options are parsed and output is generated (see section 
.\"O .B SCANNING MODES
.\"O for details).
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.\"O Disable error reporting by getopt(3).
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.IP "\-Q, \-\-quiet\-output"
.\"O Do not generate normal output. Errors are still reported by
.\"O .BR getopt (3), 
.\"O unless you also use 
.\"O .IR \-q .
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.IP "\-s, \-\-shell shell"
.\"O Set quoting conventions to those of shell. If no \-s argument is found,
.\"O the
.\"O .SM BASH
.\"O conventions are used. Valid arguments are currently
.\"O .RB ` sh '
.\"O .RB ` bash ',
.\"O .RB ` csh ',
.\"O and
.\"O .RB ` tcsh '.
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.IP "\-u, \-\-unquoted"
.\"O Do not quote the output. Note that whitespace and special (shell\-dependent)
.\"O characters can cause havoc in this mode (like they do with other
.\"O .BR getopt (1)
.\"O implementations).
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.\"O Test if your 
.\"O .BR getopt (1) 
.\"O is this enhanced version or an old version. This generates no output, 
.\"O and sets the error status to 4. Other implementations of 
.\"O .BR getopt (1),
.\"O and this version if the environment variable
.\"O .B GETOPT_COMPATIBLE
.\"O is set,
.\"O will return 
.\"O .RB ` \-\- ' 
.\"O and error status 0.
.BR getopt (1) 
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.IP "\-V, \-\-version"
.\"O Output version information and exit succesfully. No other output is generated. 
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.\"O .SH PARSING
.SH ²òÀÏ
.\"O This section specifies the format of the second part of the parameters of
.\"O .B getopt
.\"O (the 
.\"O .I parameters 
.\"O in the 
.\"O .BR SYNOPSIS ). 
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.\"O The next section 
.\"O .RB ( OUTPUT ) 
.\"O describes the output that is 
.\"O generated. These parameters were typically the parameters a shell function
.\"O was called with. 
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.\"O Care must be taken that each parameter the shell function was
.\"O called with corresponds to exactly one parameter in the parameter list of
.\"O .B getopt 
.\"O (see the 
.\"O .BR EXAMPLES ). 
.\"O All parsing is done by the GNU 
.\"O .BR getopt (3) 
.\"O routines. 
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.\"O The parameters are parsed from left to right. Each parameter is classified as a
.\"O short option, a long option, an argument to an option,
.\"O or a non\-option parameter.
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.\"O A simple short option is a 
.\"O .RB ` \- ' 
.\"O followed by a short option character. If
.\"O the option has a required argument, it may be written directly after the option
.\"O character or as the next parameter (ie. separated by whitespace on the 
.\"O command line). If the
.\"O option has an optional argument, it must be written directly after the
.\"O option character if present.
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.\"O It is possible to specify several short options after one 
.\"O .RB ` \- ', 
.\"O as long as all (except possibly the last) do not have required or optional
.\"O arguments.
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.\"O A long option normally begins with 
.\"O .RB ` \-\- ' 
.\"O followed by the long option name.
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.\"O If the option has a required argument, it may be written directly after
.\"O the long option name, separated by 
.\"O .RB ` = ', 
.\"O or as the next argument (ie. separated by whitespace on the command line). 
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.\"O If the option has an optional argument, it must
.\"O be written directly after the long option name, separated by 
.\"O .RB ` = ', 
.\"O if present (if you add the 
.\"O .RB ` = ' 
.\"O but nothing behind it, it is interpreted
.\"O as if no argument was present; this is a slight bug, see the 
.\"O .BR BUGS ).
.\"O Long options may be abbreviated, as long as the abbreviation is not
.\"O ambiguous.
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.\"O Each parameter not starting with a 
.\"O .RB ` \- ', 
.\"O and not a required argument of
.\"O a previous option, is a non\-option parameter. Each parameter after
.\"O a 
.\"O .RB ` \-\- ' 
.\"O parameter is always interpreted as a non\-option parameter.
.RB ` \- '
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.\"O If the environment variable 
.\"O .B POSIXLY_CORRECT 
.\"O is set, or if the short
.\"O option string started with a 
.\"O .RB ` + ', 
.\"O all remaining parameters are interpreted
.\"O as non\-option parameters as soon as the first non\-option parameter is
.\"O found.
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.B POSIXLY_CORRECT 
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.\"O .SH OUTPUT
.SH ½ÐÎÏ
.\"O Output is generated for each element described in the previous section. 
.\"O Output is done
.\"O in the same order as the elements are specified in the input, except
.\"O for non\-option parameters. Output can be done in 
.\"O .I compatible 
.\"O .RI ( unquoted )
.\"O mode, or in such way that whitespace and other special characters within
.\"O arguments and non\-option parameters are preserved (see 
.\"O .BR QUOTING ).
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.\"O When the output is processed in the shell script, it will seem to be
.\"O composed of distinct elements that can be processed one by one (by using the
.\"O shift command in most shell languages). This is imperfect in unquoted mode,
.\"O as elements can be split at unexpected places if they contain whitespace
.\"O or special characters.
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.\"O If there are problems parsing the parameters, for example because a
.\"O required argument is not found or an option is not recognized, an error
.\"O will be reported on stderr, there will be no output for the offending
.\"O element, and a non\-zero error status is returned.
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.\"O For a short option, a single 
.\"O .RB ` \- ' 
.\"O and the option character are generated
.\"O as one parameter. If the option has an argument, the next
.\"O parameter will be the argument. If the option takes an optional argument,
.\"O but none was found, the next parameter will be generated but be empty in
.\"O quoting mode,
.\"O but no second parameter will be generated in unquoted (compatible) mode.
.\"O Note that many other 
.\"O .BR getopt (1) 
.\"O implemetations do not support optional arguments.
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¤Î¼ÂÁõ¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¼è¤Ã¤Æ¤â¼è¤é¤Ê¤¯¤Æ¤â¤è¤¤°ú¤­¿ô¤Ï
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.\"O If several short options were specified after a single 
.\"O .RB ` \- ', 
.\"O each will be present in the output as a separate parameter.
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.\"O For a long option, 
.\"O .RB ` \-\- ' 
.\"O and the full option name are generated as one
.\"O parameter. This is done regardless whether the option was abbreviated or
.\"O specified with a single 
.\"O .RB ` \- ' 
.\"O in the input. Arguments are handled as with short options.
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.\"O Normally, no non\-option parameters output is generated until all options
.\"O and their arguments have been generated. Then 
.\"O .RB ` \-\- ' 
.\"O is generated as a
.\"O single parameter, and after it the non\-option parameters in the order
.\"O they were found, each as a separate parameter.
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.\"O Only if the first character of the short options string was a 
.\"O .RB ` \- ',
.\"O non\-option parameter output is generated at the place they are found in the 
.\"O input (this is not supported if the first format of the 
.\"O .B SYNOPSIS
.\"O is used; in that case all preceding occurrences of
.\"O .RB ` \- '
.\"O and 
.\"O .RB ` + '
.\"O are ignored). 
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.\"O .SH QUOTING
.SH ¥¯¥©¡¼¥È
.\"O In compatible mode, whitespace or 'special' characters in arguments or
.\"O non\-option parameters are not handled correctly. As the output is 
.\"O fed to the shell script, the script does not know how it is supposed to break 
.\"O the output into separate parameters.  To circumvent this
.\"O problem, this implementation offers quoting. The idea is that output
.\"O is generated with quotes around each parameter. When this output is once
.\"O again fed to the shell (usually by a shell 
.\"O .B eval 
.\"O command), it is split correctly into separate parameters.
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.\"O Quoting is not enabled if the environment variable
.\"O .B GETOPT_COMPATIBLE
.\"O is set, if the first form of the
.\"O .B SYNOPSIS
.\"O is used, or if the option
.\"O .RB ` \-u '
.\"O is found.
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.\"O Different shells use different quoting conventions. You can use the 
.\"O .RB ` \-s '
.\"O option to select the shell you are using. The following shells are
.\"O currently supported:
.\"O .RB ` sh ',
.\"O .RB ` bash ',
.\"O .RB ` csh ' 
.\"O and
.\"O .RB ` tcsh '.
.\"O Actually, only two `flavors' are distinguished: sh\-like quoting conventions 
.\"O and csh\-like quoting conventions. Chances are that if you use another shell
.\"O script language, one of these flavors can still be used.
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.RB ` bash ',
.RB ` csh ' ,
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.\"O .SH "SCANNING MODES"
.SH ¥¹¥­¥ã¥ó¥â¡¼¥É
.\"O The first character of the short options string may be a
.\"O .RB ` \- '
.\"O or a
.\"O .RB ` + '
.\"O to indicate a special scanning mode. If the first calling form
.\"O in the
.\"O .B SYNOPSIS 
.\"O is used they are ignored; the environment variable
.\"O .B POSIXLY_CORRECT
.\"O is still examined, though.
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.\"O If the first character is 
.\"O .RB ` + ',
.\"O or if the environment variable 
.\"O .B POSIXLY_CORRECT
.\"O is set, parsing stops as soon as the first non\-option parameter 
.\"O (ie. a parameter that does not start with a 
.\"O .RB ` \- ')
.\"O is found that
.\"O is not an option argument. The remaining parameters are all interpreted as
.\"O non\-option parameters.
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.\"O If the first character is a
.\"O .RB ` \- ',
.\"O non\-option parameters are outputed at the place where they are found; in normal
.\"O operation, they are all collected at the end of output after a 
.\"O .RB ` \-\- ' 
.\"O parameter has been generated. Note that this
.\"O .RB ` \-\- '
.\"O parameter is still generated, but it will always be the last parameter in
.\"O this mode.
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.\"O .SH COMPATIBILITY
.SH ¸ß´¹À­
.\"O This version of 
.\"O .BR getopt (1)
.\"O is written to be as compatible as possible to 
.\"O other versions. Usually you can just replace them with this version
.\"O without any modifications, and with some advantages.
¤³¤Î¥Ð¡¼¥¸¥ç¥ó¤Î
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.\"O If the first character of the first parameter of getopt is not a 
.\"O .RB ` \- ', 
.\"O getopt goes into compatibility mode. It will interpret its first parameter as
.\"O the string of short options, and all other arguments will be parsed. It
.\"O will still do parameter shuffling (ie. all non\-option parameters are outputed
.\"O at the end), unless the environment variable 
.\"O .B POSIXLY_CORRECT 
.\"O is set.
getopt ¤ÎºÇ½é¤Î¥Ñ¥é¥á¡¼¥¿¤ÎºÇ½é¤Îʸ»ú¤¬
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.B POSIXLY_CORRECT 
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.\"O The environment variable 
.\"O .B GETOPT_COMPATIBLE 
.\"O forces 
.\"O .B getopt
.\"O into compatibility mode. Setting both this environment variable and
.\"O .B POSIXLY_CORRECT
.\"O offers 100% compatibility for `difficult' programs. Usually, though,
.\"O neither is needed.
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.B GETOPT_COMPATIBLE 
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.B getopt
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.B POSIXLY_CORRECT
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.\"O In compatibility mode, leading 
.\"O .RB ` \- '
.\"O and 
.\"O .RB ` + '
.\"O characters in the short options string are ignored.
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.RB ` \- '
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.\"O .SH RETURN CODES
.SH ¥ê¥¿¡¼¥ó¥³¡¼¥É
.\"O .B getopt
.\"O returns error code 
.\"O .B 0 
.\"O for succesful parsing, 
.\"O .B 1
.\"O if
.\"O .BR getopt (3)
.\"O returns errors,
.\"O .B 2 
.\"O if it does not understand its own parameters,
.\"O .B 3
.\"O if an internal error occurs like out\-of\-memory, and
.\"O .B 4
.\"O if it is called with 
.\"O .BR \-T .
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.B getopt
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.BR getopt (3)
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.B 2 
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.BR \-T
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.B 4
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.\"O .SH EXAMPLES
.SH Îã
.\"O Example scripts for (ba)sh and (t)csh are provided with the
.\"O .BR getopt (1)
.\"O distribution, and are optionally installed in 
.\"O .B /usr/local/lib/getopt 
.\"O or 
.\"O .BR /usr/lib/getopt .
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.BR getopt (1)
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.B /usr/local/lib/getopt 
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.B /usr/lib/getopt
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.\"O .SH ENVIRONMENT
.SH ´Ä¶­ÊÑ¿ô
.IP POSIXLY_CORRECT
.\"O This environment variable is examined by the
.\"O .BR getopt (3)
.\"O routines.
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.BR getopt (3)
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.\"O If it is set, parsing stops as soon as a parameter
.\"O is found that is not an option or an option argument. All remaining 
.\"O parameters are also interpreted as non\-option parameters, regardless
.\"O whether they start with a 
.\"O .RB ` \- '.
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.RB ` \- '
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.IP GETOPT_COMPATIBLE
.\"O Forces
.\"O .B getopt
.\"O to use the first calling format as specified in the
.\"O .BR SYNOPSIS .
.B getopt
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.B ¡Ö½ñ¼°¡×
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.\"O .SH BUGS
.SH ¥Ð¥°
.\"O .BR getopt (3)
.\"O can parse long options with optional arguments that are given an empty optional
.\"O argument (but can not do this for short options). This 
.\"O .BR getopt (1)
.\"O treats optional arguments that are empty as if they were not present.
.BR getopt (3)
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.BR getopt (1)
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.\"O The syntax if you do not want any short option variables at all is
.\"O not very intuitive (you have to set them explicitely to the empty
.\"O string).
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.\"O .SH AUTHOR
.SH Ãø¼Ô
Frodo Looijaard <frodol@dds.nl>
.\"O .SH "SEE ALSO"
.SH ´ØÏ¢¹àÌÜ
.BR getopt (3),
.BR bash (1),
.BR tcsh (1).