4 GNU Free Documentation License
5 Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
10 Copyright \(co 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
16 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies \
17 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
22 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
23 functional and useful document \(lqfree\(rq in the sense of freedom: to
24 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
25 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
26 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
27 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
28 for modifications made by others.
30 This License is a kind of \(lqcopyleft\(rq, which means that derivative
31 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
32 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
33 license designed for free software.
35 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
36 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
37 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
38 software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
39 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
40 whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
41 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
44 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
46 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
47 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
48 distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
49 \%world-wide, \%royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
50 work under the conditions stated herein. The \(lqDocument\(rq, below,
51 refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
52 licensee, and is addressed as \(lqyou\(rq. You accept the license if you
53 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
56 A \(lqModified Version\(rq of the Document means any work containing the
57 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
58 modifications and/or translated into another language.
60 A \(lqSecondary Section\(rq is a named appendix or a \%front-matter section of
61 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
62 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
63 subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
64 directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
65 part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
66 any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
67 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
68 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
71 The \(lqInvariant Sections\(rq are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
72 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
73 that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
74 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
75 allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
76 Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
77 Sections then there are none.
79 The \(lqCover Texts\(rq are certain short passages of text that are listed,
80 as \%Front-Cover Texts or \%Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
81 the Document is released under this License. A \%Front-Cover Text may
82 be at most 5 words, and a \%Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
84 A \(lqTransparent\(rq copy of the Document means a \%machine-readable copy,
85 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
86 general public, that is suitable for revising the document
87 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
88 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
89 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
90 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
91 to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
92 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
93 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
94 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
95 of text. A copy that is not \(lqTransparent\(rq is called \(lqOpaque\(rq.
97 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
98 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
99 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and \%standard-conforming simple
100 HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
101 transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
102 include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
103 proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
104 processing tools are not generally available, and the
105 \%machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
106 processors for output purposes only.
108 The \(lqTitle Page\(rq means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
109 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
110 this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
111 formats which do not have any title page as such, \(lqTitle Page\(rq means
112 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
113 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
115 The \(lqpublisher\(rq means any person or entity that distributes copies of
116 the Document to the public.
118 A section \(lqEntitled XYZ\(rq means a named subunit of the Document whose
119 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
120 text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
121 specific section name mentioned below, such as \(lqAcknowledgements\(rq,
122 \(lqDedications\(rq, \(lqEndorsements\(rq, or \(lqHistory\(rq.) To \(lqPreserve the Title\(rq
123 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
124 section \(lqEntitled XYZ\(rq according to this definition.
126 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
127 states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
128 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
129 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
130 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
131 no effect on the meaning of this License.
136 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
137 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
138 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
139 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no
140 other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
141 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
142 copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
143 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
144 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
146 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
147 you may publicly display copies.
150 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
152 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
153 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
154 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
155 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
156 Texts: \%Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and \%Back-Cover Texts on
157 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
158 you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
159 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
160 visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
161 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
162 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
163 as verbatim copying in other respects.
165 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
166 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
167 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
170 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
171 more than 100, you must either include a \%machine-readable Transparent
172 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
173 a \%computer-network location from which the general \%network-using
174 public has access to download using \%public-standard network protocols
175 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
176 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
177 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
178 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
179 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
180 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
181 edition to the public.
183 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
184 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
185 give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
191 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
192 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
193 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
194 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
195 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
196 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
199 Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
200 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
201 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
202 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
203 if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
205 List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
206 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
207 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
208 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
209 unless they release you from this requirement.
211 State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
212 Modified Version, as the publisher.
214 Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
216 Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
217 adjacent to the other copyright notices.
219 Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
220 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
221 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
223 Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
224 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
226 Include an unaltered copy of this License.
228 Preserve the section Entitled \(lqHistory\(rq, Preserve its Title, and add
229 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
230 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
231 there is no section Entitled \(lqHistory\(rq in the Document, create one
232 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
233 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
234 Version as stated in the previous sentence.
236 Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
237 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
238 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
239 it was based on. These may be placed in the \(lqHistory\(rq section.
240 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
241 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
242 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
244 For any section Entitled \(lqAcknowledgements\(rq or \(lqDedications\(rq,
245 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
246 the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
247 and/or dedications given therein.
249 Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
250 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
251 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
253 Delete any section Entitled \(lqEndorsements\(rq. Such a section
254 may not be included in the Modified Version.
256 Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled \(lqEndorsements\(rq
257 or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
259 Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
262 If the Modified Version includes new \%front-matter sections or
263 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
264 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
265 of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
266 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
267 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
269 You may add a section Entitled \(lqEndorsements\(rq, provided it contains
270 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
271 parties\(emfor example, statements of peer review or that the text has
272 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
275 You may add a passage of up to five words as a \%Front-Cover Text, and a
276 passage of up to 25 words as a \%Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
277 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
278 \%Front-Cover Text and one of \%Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
279 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
280 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
281 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
282 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
283 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
285 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
286 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
287 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
290 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
292 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
293 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
294 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
295 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
296 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
297 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
299 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
300 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
301 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
302 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
303 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
304 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
305 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
306 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
308 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled \(lqHistory\(rq
309 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
310 \(lqHistory\(rq; likewise combine any sections Entitled \(lqAcknowledgements\(rq,
311 and any sections Entitled \(lqDedications\(rq. You must delete all sections
312 Entitled \(lqEndorsements\(rq.
315 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
317 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
318 documents released under this License, and replace the individual
319 copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
320 that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules
321 of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
324 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
325 distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
326 copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
327 License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
331 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
333 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
334 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
335 distribution medium, is called an \(lqaggregate\(rq if the copyright
336 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
337 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
338 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
339 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
340 derivative works of the Document.
342 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
343 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
344 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
345 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
346 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
347 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
353 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
354 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
355 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
356 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
357 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
358 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
359 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
360 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
361 the original English version of this License and the original versions
362 of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
363 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
364 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
366 If a section in the Document is Entitled \(lqAcknowledgements\(rq,
367 \(lqDedications\(rq, or \(lqHistory\(rq, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
368 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
374 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
375 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
376 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
377 will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
379 However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
380 from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
381 unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
382 terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
383 fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
384 60 days after the cessation.
386 Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
387 reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
388 violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
389 received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
390 copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
391 your receipt of the notice.
393 Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
394 licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
395 this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
396 reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
397 not give you any rights to use it.
400 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
402 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
403 GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
404 will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
405 detail to address new problems or concerns. See
406 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
408 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
409 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
410 License \(lqor any later version\(rq applies to it, you have the option of
411 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
412 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
413 Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
414 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
415 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
416 specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
417 License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
418 version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
424 \(lqMassive Multiauthor Collaboration Site\(rq (or \(lqMMC Site\(rq) means any
425 World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
426 provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
427 public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
428 \(lqMassive Multiauthor Collaboration\(rq (or \(lqMMC\(rq) contained in the site
429 means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
431 \%\(lqCC-BY-SA\(rq means the Creative Commons \%Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
432 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a \%not-for-profit
433 corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
434 California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
435 published by that same organization.
437 \(lqIncorporate\(rq means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in
438 part, as part of another Document.
440 An MMC is \(lqeligible for relicensing\(rq if it is licensed under this
441 License, and if all works that were first published under this License
442 somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or
443 in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and
444 (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
446 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
447 under \%CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
448 provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
451 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
453 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
454 the License in the document and put the following copyright and
455 license notices just after the title page:
458 Copyright (c) YEAR \& YOUR NAME.
460 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
461 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
462 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
463 with no Invariant Sections, no \%Front-Cover Texts, and no \%Back-Cover Texts.
464 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \(lqGNU
465 Free Documentation License\(rq.
468 If you have Invariant Sections, \%Front-Cover Texts and \%Back-Cover Texts,
469 replace the \(lqwith...Texts.\(rq line with this:
471 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
472 \%Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the \%Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
475 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
476 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
479 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
480 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
481 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
482 to permit their use in free software.
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