1 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2 # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4 # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
9 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
10 "POT-Creation-Date: 2012-04-23 07:55+0900\n"
11 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
12 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
13 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
16 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
17 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
20 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:25
26 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:25
32 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:25 build/C/man3/ctermid.3:24 build/C/man3/dprintf.3:25 build/C/man3/fclose.3:42 build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:24 build/C/man3/fflush.3:43 build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:16 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:6 build/C/man3/fopen.3:42 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:14 build/C/man3/fread.3:43 build/C/man3/fseek.3:40 build/C/man3/getline.3:24 build/C/man3/gets.3:25 build/C/man3/getw.3:23 build/C/man3/popen.3:38 build/C/man3/printf.3:34 build/C/man3/puts.3:24 build/C/man3/remove.3:31 build/C/man3/scanf.3:50 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:14
38 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:25 build/C/man3/ctermid.3:24 build/C/man3/dprintf.3:25 build/C/man3/fclose.3:42 build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:24 build/C/man3/ferror.3:42 build/C/man3/fflush.3:43 build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:16 build/C/man3/flockfile.3:23 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:6 build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:9 build/C/man3/fopen.3:42 build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:24 build/C/man3/fpurge.3:23 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:14 build/C/man3/fread.3:43 build/C/man3/fseek.3:40 build/C/man3/fseeko.3:23 build/C/man3/getline.3:24 build/C/man3/gets.3:25 build/C/man3/getw.3:23 build/C/man2/link.2:31 build/C/man2/llseek.2:26 build/C/man2/lseek.2:45 build/C/man3/lseek64.3:23 build/C/man2/open.2:52 build/C/man3/perror.3:30 build/C/man2/pipe.2:36 build/C/man3/popen.3:38 build/C/man3/printf.3:34 build/C/man3/puts.3:24 build/C/man2/read.2:35 build/C/man2/readlink.2:41 build/C/man2/readv.2:30 build/C/man3/remove.3:31 build/C/man2/rename.2:32 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:30 build/C/man3/scanf.3:50 build/C/man3/setbuf.3:46 build/C/man3/stdin.3:9 build/C/man3/stdio.3:37 build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:23 build/C/man2/symlink.2:32 build/C/man7/symlink.7:35 build/C/man3/tempnam.3:23 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:29 build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:25 build/C/man2/unlink.2:32 build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:23 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:14 build/C/man2/write.2:39
40 msgid "Linux Programmer's Manual"
44 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:26 build/C/man3/ctermid.3:25 build/C/man3/dprintf.3:26 build/C/man3/fclose.3:43 build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:25 build/C/man3/ferror.3:43 build/C/man3/fflush.3:44 build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:17 build/C/man3/flockfile.3:24 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:7 build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:10 build/C/man3/fopen.3:43 build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:25 build/C/man3/fpurge.3:24 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:15 build/C/man3/fread.3:44 build/C/man3/fseek.3:41 build/C/man3/fseeko.3:24 build/C/man3/getline.3:25 build/C/man3/gets.3:26 build/C/man3/getw.3:24 build/C/man2/link.2:32 build/C/man2/llseek.2:27 build/C/man2/lseek.2:46 build/C/man3/lseek64.3:24 build/C/man2/open.2:53 build/C/man3/perror.3:31 build/C/man2/pipe.2:37 build/C/man3/popen.3:39 build/C/man3/printf.3:35 build/C/man3/puts.3:25 build/C/man2/read.2:36 build/C/man2/readlink.2:42 build/C/man2/readv.2:31 build/C/man3/remove.3:32 build/C/man2/rename.2:33 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:31 build/C/man3/scanf.3:51 build/C/man3/setbuf.3:47 build/C/man3/stdin.3:10 build/C/man3/stdio.3:38 build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:24 build/C/man2/symlink.2:33 build/C/man7/symlink.7:36 build/C/man3/tempnam.3:24 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:30 build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:26 build/C/man2/unlink.2:33 build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:24 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:15 build/C/man2/write.2:40
50 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:28
51 msgid "asprintf, vasprintf - print to allocated string"
55 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:28 build/C/man3/ctermid.3:27 build/C/man3/dprintf.3:28 build/C/man3/fclose.3:45 build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:27 build/C/man3/ferror.3:45 build/C/man3/fflush.3:46 build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:19 build/C/man3/flockfile.3:26 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:9 build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:12 build/C/man3/fopen.3:45 build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:27 build/C/man3/fpurge.3:26 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:17 build/C/man3/fread.3:46 build/C/man3/fseek.3:43 build/C/man3/fseeko.3:26 build/C/man3/getline.3:27 build/C/man3/gets.3:28 build/C/man3/getw.3:26 build/C/man2/link.2:34 build/C/man2/llseek.2:29 build/C/man2/lseek.2:48 build/C/man3/lseek64.3:26 build/C/man2/open.2:55 build/C/man3/perror.3:33 build/C/man2/pipe.2:39 build/C/man3/popen.3:41 build/C/man3/printf.3:38 build/C/man3/puts.3:27 build/C/man2/read.2:38 build/C/man2/readlink.2:44 build/C/man2/readv.2:33 build/C/man3/remove.3:34 build/C/man2/rename.2:35 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:33 build/C/man3/scanf.3:53 build/C/man3/setbuf.3:49 build/C/man3/stdin.3:12 build/C/man3/stdio.3:40 build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:28 build/C/man2/symlink.2:35 build/C/man3/tempnam.3:26 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:32 build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:28 build/C/man2/unlink.2:35 build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:27 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:18 build/C/man2/write.2:42
61 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:30
62 msgid "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
66 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:32 build/C/man3/dprintf.3:30 build/C/man3/fclose.3:47 build/C/man3/ferror.3:47 build/C/man3/fflush.3:48 build/C/man3/fseek.3:45 build/C/man3/perror.3:35 build/C/man3/printf.3:40 build/C/man3/remove.3:36 build/C/man2/rename.2:37 build/C/man3/stdio.3:42 build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:30
67 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>"
71 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:34
72 msgid "B<int asprintf(char **>I<strp>B<, const char *>I<fmt>B<, ...);>"
76 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:36
78 "B<int vasprintf(char **>I<strp>B<, const char *>I<fmt>B<, va_list "
83 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:36 build/C/man3/ctermid.3:44 build/C/man3/dprintf.3:54 build/C/man3/fclose.3:49 build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:34 build/C/man3/ferror.3:63 build/C/man3/fflush.3:50 build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:28 build/C/man3/flockfile.3:49 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:42 build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:22 build/C/man3/fopen.3:63 build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:35 build/C/man3/fpurge.3:40 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:26 build/C/man3/fread.3:56 build/C/man3/fseek.3:55 build/C/man3/fseeko.3:35 build/C/man3/getline.3:56 build/C/man3/gets.3:44 build/C/man3/getw.3:57 build/C/man2/link.2:38 build/C/man2/llseek.2:38 build/C/man2/lseek.2:54 build/C/man3/lseek64.3:34 build/C/man2/open.2:66 build/C/man3/perror.3:54 build/C/man2/pipe.2:51 build/C/man3/popen.3:62 build/C/man3/printf.3:76 build/C/man3/puts.3:41 build/C/man2/read.2:44 build/C/man2/readlink.2:61 build/C/man2/readv.2:56 build/C/man3/remove.3:38 build/C/man2/rename.2:39 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:37 build/C/man3/scanf.3:85 build/C/man3/setbuf.3:71 build/C/man3/stdin.3:20 build/C/man3/stdio.3:48 build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:52 build/C/man2/symlink.2:52 build/C/man3/tempnam.3:40 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:38 build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:34 build/C/man2/unlink.2:39 build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:104 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:58 build/C/man2/write.2:46
89 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:51
91 "The functions B<asprintf>() and B<vasprintf>() are analogs of "
92 "B<sprintf>(3) and B<vsprintf>(3), except that they allocate a string large "
93 "enough to hold the output including the terminating null byte, and return a "
94 "pointer to it via the first argument. This pointer should be passed to "
95 "B<free>(3) to release the allocated storage when it is no longer needed."
99 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:51 build/C/man3/ctermid.3:57 build/C/man3/fclose.3:57 build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:49 build/C/man3/fflush.3:72 build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:53 build/C/man3/flockfile.3:112 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:172 build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:148 build/C/man3/fopen.3:189 build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:235 build/C/man3/fpurge.3:56 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:52 build/C/man3/fread.3:81 build/C/man3/fseek.3:117 build/C/man3/fseeko.3:63 build/C/man3/getline.3:108 build/C/man3/gets.3:109 build/C/man3/getw.3:71 build/C/man2/link.2:52 build/C/man2/llseek.2:57 build/C/man2/lseek.2:151 build/C/man2/open.2:464 build/C/man2/pipe.2:92 build/C/man3/popen.3:121 build/C/man3/puts.3:82 build/C/man2/read.2:63 build/C/man2/readlink.2:75 build/C/man2/readv.2:175 build/C/man3/remove.3:60 build/C/man2/rename.2:91 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:40 build/C/man3/scanf.3:528 build/C/man3/setbuf.3:150 build/C/man2/symlink.2:84 build/C/man3/tempnam.3:85 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:45 build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:68 build/C/man2/unlink.2:55 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:185 build/C/man2/write.2:89
105 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:59
107 "When successful, these functions return the number of bytes printed, just "
108 "like B<sprintf>(3). If memory allocation wasn't possible, or some other "
109 "error occurs, these functions will return -1, and the contents of I<strp> is "
114 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:59 build/C/man3/ctermid.3:59 build/C/man3/dprintf.3:68 build/C/man3/fclose.3:88 build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:54 build/C/man3/ferror.3:105 build/C/man3/fflush.3:91 build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:65 build/C/man3/flockfile.3:119 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:191 build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:221 build/C/man3/fopen.3:246 build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:242 build/C/man3/fpurge.3:68 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:63 build/C/man3/fread.3:96 build/C/man3/fseek.3:164 build/C/man3/fseeko.3:75 build/C/man3/getline.3:132 build/C/man3/gets.3:136 build/C/man3/getw.3:78 build/C/man2/link.2:128 build/C/man2/llseek.2:76 build/C/man2/lseek.2:189 build/C/man2/open.2:610 build/C/man3/perror.3:107 build/C/man2/pipe.2:118 build/C/man3/popen.3:167 build/C/man3/printf.3:807 build/C/man3/puts.3:101 build/C/man2/read.2:155 build/C/man2/readlink.2:123 build/C/man2/readv.2:212 build/C/man3/remove.3:70 build/C/man2/rename.2:229 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:127 build/C/man3/scanf.3:575 build/C/man3/setbuf.3:162 build/C/man3/stdin.3:109 build/C/man3/stdio.3:244 build/C/man2/symlink.2:144 build/C/man3/tempnam.3:94 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:74 build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:75 build/C/man2/unlink.2:141 build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:111 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:193 build/C/man2/write.2:179
116 msgid "CONFORMING TO"
120 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:65
122 "These functions are GNU extensions, not in C or POSIX. They are also "
123 "available under *BSD. The FreeBSD implementation sets I<strp> to NULL on "
128 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:65 build/C/man3/ctermid.3:69 build/C/man3/dprintf.3:94 build/C/man3/fclose.3:100 build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:56 build/C/man3/ferror.3:112 build/C/man3/fflush.3:106 build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:82 build/C/man3/flockfile.3:127 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:273 build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:293 build/C/man3/fopen.3:302 build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:434 build/C/man3/fpurge.3:78 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:80 build/C/man3/fread.3:98 build/C/man3/fseek.3:166 build/C/man3/fseeko.3:81 build/C/man3/getline.3:166 build/C/man3/gets.3:171 build/C/man3/getw.3:84 build/C/man2/link.2:177 build/C/man2/llseek.2:82 build/C/man2/lseek.2:234 build/C/man3/lseek64.3:157 build/C/man2/open.2:849 build/C/man3/perror.3:135 build/C/man2/pipe.2:190 build/C/man3/popen.3:196 build/C/man3/printf.3:1074 build/C/man3/puts.3:110 build/C/man2/read.2:178 build/C/man2/readlink.2:212 build/C/man2/readv.2:282 build/C/man3/remove.3:81 build/C/man2/rename.2:242 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:132 build/C/man3/scanf.3:717 build/C/man3/setbuf.3:198 build/C/man3/stdin.3:150 build/C/man3/stdio.3:248 build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:130 build/C/man2/symlink.2:159 build/C/man7/symlink.7:470 build/C/man3/tempnam.3:164 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:86 build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:151 build/C/man2/unlink.2:148 build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:134 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:229 build/C/man2/write.2:205
134 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:69
135 msgid "B<free>(3), B<malloc>(3), B<printf>(3)"
139 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:69 build/C/man3/ctermid.3:71 build/C/man3/dprintf.3:96 build/C/man3/fclose.3:106 build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:62 build/C/man3/ferror.3:117 build/C/man3/fflush.3:114 build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:87 build/C/man3/flockfile.3:129 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:276 build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:296 build/C/man3/fopen.3:308 build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:439 build/C/man3/fpurge.3:83 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:84 build/C/man3/fread.3:104 build/C/man3/fseek.3:169 build/C/man3/fseeko.3:83 build/C/man3/getline.3:173 build/C/man3/gets.3:187 build/C/man3/getw.3:90 build/C/man2/link.2:187 build/C/man2/llseek.2:85 build/C/man2/lseek.2:241 build/C/man3/lseek64.3:160 build/C/man2/open.2:871 build/C/man3/perror.3:140 build/C/man2/pipe.2:197 build/C/man3/popen.3:206 build/C/man3/printf.3:1083 build/C/man3/puts.3:122 build/C/man2/read.2:191 build/C/man2/readlink.2:220 build/C/man2/readv.2:286 build/C/man3/remove.3:92 build/C/man2/rename.2:251 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:141 build/C/man3/scanf.3:724 build/C/man3/setbuf.3:206 build/C/man3/stdin.3:156 build/C/man3/stdio.3:255 build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:133 build/C/man2/symlink.2:171 build/C/man7/symlink.7:488 build/C/man3/tempnam.3:169 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:92 build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:156 build/C/man2/unlink.2:161 build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:137 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:236 build/C/man2/write.2:217
145 #: build/C/man3/asprintf.3:76 build/C/man3/ctermid.3:78 build/C/man3/dprintf.3:103 build/C/man3/fclose.3:113 build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:69 build/C/man3/ferror.3:124 build/C/man3/fflush.3:121 build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:94 build/C/man3/flockfile.3:136 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:283 build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:303 build/C/man3/fopen.3:315 build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:446 build/C/man3/fpurge.3:90 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:91 build/C/man3/fread.3:111 build/C/man3/fseek.3:176 build/C/man3/fseeko.3:90 build/C/man3/getline.3:180 build/C/man3/gets.3:194 build/C/man3/getw.3:97 build/C/man2/link.2:194 build/C/man2/llseek.2:92 build/C/man2/lseek.2:248 build/C/man3/lseek64.3:167 build/C/man2/open.2:878 build/C/man3/perror.3:147 build/C/man2/pipe.2:204 build/C/man3/popen.3:213 build/C/man3/printf.3:1090 build/C/man3/puts.3:129 build/C/man2/read.2:198 build/C/man2/readlink.2:227 build/C/man2/readv.2:293 build/C/man3/remove.3:99 build/C/man2/rename.2:258 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:148 build/C/man3/scanf.3:731 build/C/man3/setbuf.3:213 build/C/man3/stdin.3:163 build/C/man3/stdio.3:262 build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:140 build/C/man2/symlink.2:178 build/C/man7/symlink.7:495 build/C/man3/tempnam.3:176 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:99 build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:163 build/C/man2/unlink.2:168 build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:144 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:243 build/C/man2/write.2:224
147 "This page is part of release 3.38 of the Linux I<man-pages> project. A "
148 "description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be "
149 "found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/."
153 #: build/C/man3/ctermid.3:24
159 #: build/C/man3/ctermid.3:24 build/C/man3/perror.3:30
165 #: build/C/man3/ctermid.3:27
166 msgid "ctermid - get controlling terminal name"
170 #: build/C/man3/ctermid.3:32 build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:22 build/C/man3/flockfile.3:29 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:12 build/C/man3/fopen.3:48 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:20 build/C/man3/fread.3:49 build/C/man3/fseeko.3:29 build/C/man3/getline.3:30 build/C/man3/gets.3:31 build/C/man3/getw.3:29 build/C/man3/popen.3:44 build/C/man3/puts.3:30 build/C/man3/scanf.3:56 build/C/man3/setbuf.3:52 build/C/man3/stdin.3:15 build/C/man3/tempnam.3:29 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:35 build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:31 build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:30
172 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>\n"
176 #: build/C/man3/ctermid.3:34
178 msgid "B<char *ctermid(char *>I<s>B<);>\n"
182 #: build/C/man3/ctermid.3:39 build/C/man3/dprintf.3:38 build/C/man3/ferror.3:59 build/C/man3/flockfile.3:40 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:25 build/C/man3/fopen.3:59 build/C/man3/getline.3:40 build/C/man3/getw.3:38 build/C/man3/perror.3:49 build/C/man3/popen.3:53 build/C/man3/printf.3:63 build/C/man2/readlink.2:52 build/C/man2/readv.2:51 build/C/man3/scanf.3:71 build/C/man3/setbuf.3:66 build/C/man2/symlink.2:43 build/C/man3/tempnam.3:36 build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:66 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:37
183 msgid "Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see B<feature_test_macros>(7)):"
186 #. From <unistd.h>: _XOPEN_SOURCE
188 #: build/C/man3/ctermid.3:44
189 msgid "B<ctermid>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 1 || _XOPEN_SOURCE || _POSIX_SOURCE"
193 #: build/C/man3/ctermid.3:57
195 "B<ctermid>() returns a string which is the pathname for the current "
196 "controlling terminal for this process. If I<s> is NULL, a static buffer is "
197 "used, otherwise I<s> points to a buffer used to hold the terminal pathname. "
198 "The symbolic constant B<L_ctermid> is the maximum number of characters in "
199 "the returned pathname."
203 #: build/C/man3/ctermid.3:59
204 msgid "The pointer to the pathname."
208 #: build/C/man3/ctermid.3:61
209 msgid "Svr4, POSIX.1-2001."
213 #: build/C/man3/ctermid.3:61 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:201 build/C/man3/gets.3:150 build/C/man3/getw.3:80 build/C/man2/link.2:171 build/C/man2/open.2:838 build/C/man3/popen.3:173 build/C/man3/printf.3:930 build/C/man3/puts.3:103 build/C/man2/readv.2:256 build/C/man3/remove.3:78 build/C/man2/rename.2:231 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:129 build/C/man3/scanf.3:682 build/C/man3/setbuf.3:168 build/C/man3/tempnam.3:154 build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:144 build/C/man2/unlink.2:145
219 #: build/C/man3/ctermid.3:65
221 "The path returned may not uniquely identify the controlling terminal; it "
222 "may, for example, be I</dev/tty>."
225 #. in glibc 2.3.x, x >= 4, the glibc headers threw an error
226 #. if ctermid() was given an argument; fixed in 2.4.
228 #: build/C/man3/ctermid.3:69
229 msgid "It is not assured that the program can open the terminal."
233 #: build/C/man3/ctermid.3:71
234 msgid "B<ttyname>(3)"
238 #: build/C/man3/dprintf.3:25
244 #: build/C/man3/dprintf.3:25 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:6
250 #: build/C/man3/dprintf.3:28
251 msgid "dprintf, vdprintf - print to a file descriptor"
255 #: build/C/man3/dprintf.3:32
256 msgid "B<int dprintf(int >I<fd>B<, const char *>I<format>B<, ...);>"
260 #: build/C/man3/dprintf.3:34
261 msgid "B<int vdprintf(int >I<fd>B<, const char *>I<format>B<, va_list >I<ap>B<);>"
265 #: build/C/man3/dprintf.3:42
266 msgid "B<dprintf>(), B<vdprintf>():"
270 #: build/C/man3/dprintf.3:45 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:33 build/C/man3/getline.3:47
272 msgid "Since glibc 2.10:"
276 #: build/C/man3/dprintf.3:48 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:36
277 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700 || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L"
281 #: build/C/man3/dprintf.3:48 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:36 build/C/man3/getline.3:50
283 msgid "Before glibc 2.10:"
287 #: build/C/man3/dprintf.3:51 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:39 build/C/man3/getline.3:53 build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:102
292 #: build/C/man3/dprintf.3:68
294 "The functions B<dprintf>() and B<vdprintf>() (as found in the glibc2 "
295 "library) are exact analogs of B<fprintf>(3) and B<vfprintf>(3), except that "
296 "they output to a file descriptor I<fd> instead of to a I<stdio> stream."
300 #. These functions are GNU extensions, not in C or POSIX.
301 #. Clearly, the names were badly chosen.
302 #. Many systems (like MacOS) have incompatible functions called
304 #. usually some debugging version of
306 #. perhaps with a prototype like
308 #. .BI "void dprintf(int level, const char *" format ", ...);"
310 #. where the first argument is a debugging level (and output is to
316 #. is also a popular macro name for a debugging printf.
317 #. So, probably, it is better to avoid this function in programs
318 #. intended to be portable.
320 #. A better name would have been
323 #: build/C/man3/dprintf.3:94
325 "These functions are GNU extensions that are nowadays specified in "
330 #: build/C/man3/dprintf.3:96
335 #: build/C/man3/fclose.3:42
341 #: build/C/man3/fclose.3:42 build/C/man3/fopen.3:42 build/C/man2/read.2:35
347 #: build/C/man3/fclose.3:45
348 msgid "fclose - close a stream"
352 #: build/C/man3/fclose.3:49
353 msgid "B<int fclose(FILE *>I<fp>B<);>"
357 #: build/C/man3/fclose.3:57
359 "The B<fclose>() function will flushes the stream pointed to by I<fp> "
360 "(writing any buffered output data using B<fflush>(3)) and closes the "
361 "underlying file descriptor."
365 #: build/C/man3/fclose.3:68
367 "Upon successful completion 0 is returned. Otherwise, B<EOF> is returned and "
368 "I<errno> is set to indicate the error. In either case any further access "
369 "(including another call to B<fclose>()) to the stream results in undefined "
374 #: build/C/man3/fclose.3:68 build/C/man3/ferror.3:95 build/C/man3/fflush.3:79 build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:59 build/C/man3/flockfile.3:117 build/C/man3/fopen.3:201 build/C/man3/fpurge.3:63 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:58 build/C/man3/fseek.3:132 build/C/man3/fseeko.3:72 build/C/man3/getline.3:120 build/C/man2/link.2:57 build/C/man2/llseek.2:64 build/C/man2/lseek.2:159 build/C/man2/open.2:472 build/C/man2/pipe.2:97 build/C/man3/popen.3:141 build/C/man2/read.2:77 build/C/man2/readlink.2:83 build/C/man2/readv.2:186 build/C/man3/remove.3:65 build/C/man2/rename.2:96 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:45 build/C/man3/scanf.3:545 build/C/man2/symlink.2:89 build/C/man3/tempnam.3:90 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:52 build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:73 build/C/man2/unlink.2:60 build/C/man2/write.2:107
380 #: build/C/man3/fclose.3:69 build/C/man3/fflush.3:80 build/C/man3/fpurge.3:64 build/C/man3/fseek.3:133 build/C/man2/llseek.2:65 build/C/man2/lseek.2:160 build/C/man2/read.2:96 build/C/man3/scanf.3:551 build/C/man2/write.2:126
385 #. This error cannot occur unless you are mixing ANSI C stdio operations and
386 #. low-level file operations on the same stream. If you do get this error,
387 #. you must have closed the stream's low-level file descriptor using
388 #. something like close(fileno(fp)).
390 #: build/C/man3/fclose.3:78
391 msgid "The file descriptor underlying I<fp> is not valid."
395 #: build/C/man3/fclose.3:88
397 "The B<fclose>() function may also fail and set I<errno> for any of the "
398 "errors specified for the routines B<close>(2), B<write>(2) or B<fflush>(3)."
402 #: build/C/man3/fclose.3:90 build/C/man3/fseek.3:166 build/C/man3/puts.3:103
407 #: build/C/man3/fclose.3:90 build/C/man3/fflush.3:97 build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:67 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:195 build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:236 build/C/man3/fopen.3:255 build/C/man3/fpurge.3:76 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:65 build/C/man3/fseeko.3:77 build/C/man2/link.2:133 build/C/man2/llseek.2:79 build/C/man2/lseek.2:199 build/C/man2/open.2:636 build/C/man3/perror.3:120 build/C/man3/printf.3:868 build/C/man2/read.2:157 build/C/man2/readlink.2:128 build/C/man2/readv.2:224 build/C/man3/remove.3:72 build/C/man3/scanf.3:606 build/C/man3/stdin.3:118 build/C/man2/symlink.2:150 build/C/man3/tempnam.3:99 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:76 build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:80 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:195 build/C/man2/write.2:188
413 #: build/C/man3/fclose.3:100
415 "Note that B<fclose>() only flushes the user space buffers provided by the C "
416 "library. To ensure that the data is physically stored on disk the kernel "
417 "buffers must be flushed too, for example, with B<sync>(2) or B<fsync>(2)."
421 #: build/C/man3/fclose.3:106
422 msgid "B<close>(2), B<fcloseall>(3), B<fflush>(3), B<fopen>(3), B<setbuf>(3)"
426 #: build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:24
432 #: build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:24
438 #: build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:27
439 msgid "fcloseall - close all open streams"
443 #: build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:31 build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:31
446 "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
447 "B<#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>\n"
451 #: build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:33
453 msgid "B<int fcloseall(void);>\n"
457 #: build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:42
459 "The B<fcloseall>() function closes all of the calling process's open "
460 "streams. Buffered output for each stream is written before it is closed (as "
461 "for B<fflush>(3)); buffered input is discarded."
465 #: build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:49
466 msgid "The standard streams, I<stdin>, I<stdout>, and I<stderr> are also closed."
470 #: build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:54
472 "This function returns 0 if all files were successfully closed; on error, "
473 "B<EOF> is returned."
477 #: build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:56
478 msgid "This function is a GNU extension."
482 #: build/C/man3/fcloseall.3:62
483 msgid "B<close>(2), B<fclose>(3), B<fflush>(3), B<fopen>(3), B<setbuf>(3)"
487 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:42
493 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:42 build/C/man3/flockfile.3:23 build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:23
499 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:45
500 msgid "clearerr, feof, ferror, fileno - check and reset stream status"
504 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:49
505 msgid "B<void clearerr(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>"
509 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:51
510 msgid "B<int feof(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>"
514 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:53
515 msgid "B<int ferror(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>"
519 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:55
520 msgid "B<int fileno(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>"
524 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:63
525 msgid "B<fileno>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 1 || _XOPEN_SOURCE || _POSIX_SOURCE"
529 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:68
531 "The function B<clearerr>() clears the end-of-file and error indicators for "
532 "the stream pointed to by I<stream>."
536 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:77
538 "The function B<feof>() tests the end-of-file indicator for the stream "
539 "pointed to by I<stream>, returning nonzero if it is set. The end-of-file "
540 "indicator can only be cleared by the function B<clearerr>()."
544 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:86
546 "The function B<ferror>() tests the error indicator for the stream pointed "
547 "to by I<stream>, returning nonzero if it is set. The error indicator can "
548 "only be reset by the B<clearerr>() function."
552 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:92
554 "The function B<fileno>() examines the argument I<stream> and returns its "
555 "integer descriptor."
559 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:95 build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:53 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:52 build/C/man3/fread.3:81 build/C/man3/gets.3:109 build/C/man3/puts.3:82
560 msgid "For nonlocking counterparts, see B<unlocked_stdio>(3)."
564 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:105
566 "These functions should not fail and do not set the external variable "
567 "I<errno>. (However, in case B<fileno>() detects that its argument is not a "
568 "valid stream, it must return -1 and set I<errno> to B<EBADF>.)"
572 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:112
574 "The functions B<clearerr>(), B<feof>(), and B<ferror>() conform to C89 and "
579 #: build/C/man3/ferror.3:117
580 msgid "B<open>(2), B<fdopen>(3), B<stdio>(3), B<unlocked_stdio>(3)"
584 #: build/C/man3/fflush.3:43
590 #: build/C/man3/fflush.3:43
596 #: build/C/man3/fflush.3:46
597 msgid "fflush - flush a stream"
601 #: build/C/man3/fflush.3:50
602 msgid "B<int fflush(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>"
606 #: build/C/man3/fflush.3:61
608 "For output streams, B<fflush>() forces a write of all user-space buffered "
609 "data for the given output or update I<stream> via the stream's underlying "
610 "write function. For input streams, B<fflush>() discards any buffered data "
611 "that has been fetched from the underlying file, but has not been consumed by "
612 "the application. The open status of the stream is unaffected."
616 #: build/C/man3/fflush.3:69
618 "If the I<stream> argument is NULL, B<fflush>() flushes I<all> open output "
623 #: build/C/man3/fflush.3:72
624 msgid "For a nonlocking counterpart, see B<unlocked_stdio>(3)."
628 #: build/C/man3/fflush.3:79
630 "Upon successful completion 0 is returned. Otherwise, B<EOF> is returned and "
631 "I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
635 #: build/C/man3/fflush.3:84
636 msgid "I<Stream> is not an open stream, or is not open for writing."
640 #: build/C/man3/fflush.3:91
642 "The function B<fflush>() may also fail and set I<errno> for any of the "
643 "errors specified for B<write>(2)."
647 #: build/C/man3/fflush.3:93
648 msgid "C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008."
651 #. Verified on: Solaris 8.
653 #: build/C/man3/fflush.3:97
655 "The standards do not specify the behavior for input streams. Most other "
656 "implementations behave the same as Linux."
660 #: build/C/man3/fflush.3:106
662 "Note that B<fflush>() only flushes the user space buffers provided by the C "
663 "library. To ensure that the data is physically stored on disk the kernel "
664 "buffers must be flushed too, for example, with B<sync>(2) or B<fsync>(2)."
668 #: build/C/man3/fflush.3:114
670 "B<fsync>(2), B<sync>(2), B<write>(2), B<fclose>(3), B<fopen>(3), "
671 "B<setbuf>(3), B<unlocked_stdio>(3)"
675 #: build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:16
681 #: build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:16 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:14
687 #: build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:19
688 msgid "fgetwc, getwc - read a wide character from a FILE stream"
692 #: build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:24 build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:18 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:22 build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:52
694 msgid "B<#include E<lt>wchar.hE<gt>>\n"
698 #: build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:27
701 "B<wint_t fgetwc(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
702 "B<wint_t getwc(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
706 #: build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:42
708 "The B<fgetwc>() function is the wide-character equivalent of the "
709 "B<fgetc>(3) function. It reads a wide character from I<stream> and returns "
710 "it. If the end of stream is reached, or if I<ferror(stream)> becomes true, "
711 "it returns B<WEOF>. If a wide-character conversion error occurs, it sets "
712 "I<errno> to B<EILSEQ> and returns B<WEOF>."
716 #: build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:50
718 "The B<getwc>() function or macro functions identically to B<fgetwc>(). It "
719 "may be implemented as a macro, and may evaluate its argument more than "
720 "once. There is no reason ever to use it."
724 #: build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:59
726 "The B<fgetwc>() function returns the next wide-character from the stream, "
731 #: build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:61 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:60
732 msgid "Apart from the usual ones, there is"
736 #: build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:61 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:60 build/C/man3/scanf.3:556
742 #: build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:65
743 msgid "The data obtained from the input stream does not form a valid character."
747 #: build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:67 build/C/man3/fputwc.3:65
748 msgid "C99, POSIX.1-2001."
752 #: build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:74
754 "The behavior of B<fgetwc>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
759 #: build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:82
761 "In the absence of additional information passed to the B<fopen>(3) call, it "
762 "is reasonable to expect that B<fgetwc>() will actually read a multibyte "
763 "sequence from the stream and then convert it to a wide character."
767 #: build/C/man3/fgetwc.3:87
768 msgid "B<fgetws>(3), B<fputwc>(3), B<ungetwc>(3), B<unlocked_stdio>(3)"
772 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:23
778 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:26
779 msgid "flockfile, ftrylockfile, funlockfile - lock FILE for stdio"
783 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:31
785 msgid "B<void flockfile(FILE *>I<filehandle>B<);>\n"
789 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:33
791 msgid "B<int ftrylockfile(FILE *>I<filehandle>B<);>\n"
795 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:35
797 msgid "B<void funlockfile(FILE *>I<filehandle>B<);>\n"
801 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:44 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:41
802 msgid "All functions shown above:"
806 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:47
808 "_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 1 || _XOPEN_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE "
813 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:61
815 "The stdio functions are thread-safe. This is achieved by assigning to each "
816 "I<FILE> object a lockcount and (if the lockcount is nonzero) an owning "
817 "thread. For each library call, these functions wait until the I<FILE> "
818 "object is no longer locked by a different thread, then lock it, do the "
819 "requested I/O, and unlock the object again."
823 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:67
825 "(Note: this locking has nothing to do with the file locking done by "
826 "functions like B<flock>(2) and B<lockf>(3).)"
830 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:75
832 "All this is invisible to the C-programmer, but there may be two reasons to "
833 "wish for more detailed control. On the one hand, maybe a series of I/O "
834 "actions by one thread belongs together, and should not be interrupted by the "
835 "I/O of some other thread. On the other hand, maybe the locking overhead "
836 "should be avoided for greater efficiency."
840 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:92
842 "To this end, a thread can explicitly lock the I<FILE> object, then do its "
843 "series of I/O actions, then unlock. This prevents other threads from coming "
844 "in between. If the reason for doing this was to achieve greater efficiency, "
845 "one does the I/O with the nonlocking versions of the stdio functions: with "
846 "B<getc_unlocked>(3) and B<putc_unlocked>(3) instead of B<getc>(3) and "
851 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:99
853 "The B<flockfile>() function waits for I<*filehandle> to be no longer locked "
854 "by a different thread, then makes the current thread owner of "
855 "I<*filehandle>, and increments the lockcount."
859 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:103
860 msgid "The B<funlockfile>() function decrements the lock count."
864 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:112
866 "The B<ftrylockfile>() function is a nonblocking version of B<flockfile>(). "
867 "It does nothing in case some other thread owns I<*filehandle>, and it "
868 "obtains ownership and increments the lockcount otherwise."
872 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:117
874 "The B<ftrylockfile>() function returns zero for success (the lock was "
875 "obtained), and nonzero for failure."
879 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:119
884 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:121 build/C/man3/popen.3:169
885 msgid "POSIX.1-2001."
889 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:121
895 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:127
897 "These functions are available when B<_POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS> is "
898 "defined. They are in libc since libc 5.1.1 and in glibc since glibc 2.0."
902 #: build/C/man3/flockfile.3:129
903 msgid "B<unlocked_stdio>(3)"
907 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:6
913 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:9
914 msgid "fmemopen, open_memstream, open_wmemstream - open memory as stream"
918 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:14
921 "B<FILE *fmemopen(void *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<size>B<, const char "
926 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:16
928 msgid "B<FILE *open_memstream(char **>I<ptr>B<, size_t *>I<sizeloc>B<);>\n"
932 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:20
934 msgid "B<FILE *open_wmemstream(wchar_t **>I<ptr>B<, size_t *>I<sizeloc>B<);>\n"
938 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:30
939 msgid "B<fmemopen>(), B<open_memstream>(), B<open_wmemstream>():"
943 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:53
945 "The B<fmemopen>() function opens a stream that permits the access specified "
946 "by I<mode>. The stream allows I/O to be performed on the string or memory "
947 "buffer pointed to by I<buf>. This buffer must be at least I<size> bytes "
952 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:73
954 "The argument I<mode> is the same as for B<fopen>(3). If I<mode> specifies "
955 "an append mode, then the initial file position is set to the location of the "
956 "first null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) in the buffer; otherwise the initial file "
957 "position is set to the start of the buffer. Since glibc 2.9, the letter 'b' "
958 "may be specified as the second character in I<mode>. This provides "
959 "\"binary\" mode: writes don't implicitly add a terminating null byte, and "
960 "B<fseek>(3) B<SEEK_END> is relative to the end of the buffer (i.e., the "
961 "value specified by the I<size> argument), rather than the current string "
966 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:85
968 "When a stream that has been opened for writing is flushed (B<fflush>(3)) or "
969 "closed (B<fclose>(3)), a null byte is written at the end of the buffer if "
970 "there is space. The caller should ensure that an extra byte is available in "
971 "the buffer (and that I<size> counts that byte) to allow for this."
974 #. See http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=1995
976 #. http://sources.redhat.com/ml/libc-alpha/2006-04/msg00064.html
978 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:103
980 "Attempts to write more than I<size> bytes to the buffer result in an error. "
981 "(By default, such errors will only be visible when the I<stdio> buffer is "
982 "flushed. Disabling buffering with I<setbuf(fp,\\ NULL)> may be useful to "
983 "detect errors at the time of an output operation. Alternatively, the caller "
984 "can explicitly set I<buf> as the stdio stream buffer, at the same time "
985 "informing stdio of the buffer's size, using I<setbuffer(fp, buf, size)>.)"
989 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:111
991 "In a stream opened for reading, null bytes (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) in the buffer do "
992 "not cause read operations to return an end-of-file indication. A read from "
993 "the buffer will only indicate end-of-file when the file pointer advances "
994 "I<size> bytes past the start of the buffer."
998 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:126
1000 "If I<buf> is specified as NULL, then B<fmemopen>() dynamically allocates a "
1001 "buffer I<size> bytes long. This is useful for an application that wants to "
1002 "write data to a temporary buffer and then read it back again. The buffer is "
1003 "automatically freed when the stream is closed. Note that the caller has no "
1004 "way to obtain a pointer to the temporary buffer allocated by this call (but "
1005 "see B<open_memstream>() below)."
1009 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:137
1011 "The B<open_memstream>() function opens a stream for writing to a buffer. "
1012 "The buffer is dynamically allocated (as with B<malloc>(3)), and "
1013 "automatically grows as required. After closing the stream, the caller "
1014 "should B<free>(3) this buffer."
1018 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:152
1020 "When the stream is closed (B<fclose>(3)) or flushed (B<fflush>(3)), the "
1021 "locations pointed to by I<ptr> and I<sizeloc> are updated to contain, "
1022 "respectively, a pointer to the buffer and the current size of the buffer. "
1023 "These values remain valid only as long as the caller performs no further "
1024 "output on the stream. If further output is performed, then the stream must "
1025 "again be flushed before trying to access these variables."
1029 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:158
1031 "A null byte is maintained at the end of the buffer. This byte is I<not> "
1032 "included in the size value stored at I<sizeloc>."
1036 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:166
1038 "The stream's file position can be changed with B<fseek>(3) or "
1039 "B<fseeko>(3). Moving the file position past the end of the data already "
1040 "written fills the intervening space with zeros."
1044 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:172
1046 "The B<open_wmemstream>() is similar to B<open_memstream>(), but operates on "
1047 "wide characters instead of bytes."
1051 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:184
1053 "Upon successful completion B<fmemopen>(), B<open_memstream>() and "
1054 "B<open_wmemstream>() return a I<FILE> pointer. Otherwise, NULL is returned "
1055 "and I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
1059 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:184 build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:218 build/C/man3/getline.3:130 build/C/man2/pipe.2:113 build/C/man2/readv.2:207
1065 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:191
1067 "B<fmemopen>() and B<open_memstream>() were already available in glibc "
1068 "1.0.x. B<open_wmemstream>() is available since glibc 2.4."
1072 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:195
1074 "POSIX.1-2008. These functions are not specified in POSIX.1-2001, and are "
1075 "not widely available on other systems."
1079 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:201
1081 "There is no file descriptor associated with the file stream returned by "
1082 "these functions (i.e., B<fileno>(3) will return an error if called on the "
1086 #. http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=1996
1088 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:208
1090 "In glibc before version 2.7, seeking past the end of a stream created by "
1091 "B<open_memstream>() does not enlarge the buffer; instead the B<fseek>(3) "
1092 "call fails, returning -1."
1096 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:208 build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:240 build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:244 build/C/man3/getline.3:139 build/C/man2/pipe.2:124 build/C/man3/printf.3:974 build/C/man2/readlink.2:155 build/C/man2/readv.2:263
1102 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:218
1104 "The program below uses B<fmemopen>() to open an input buffer, and "
1105 "B<open_memstream>() to open a dynamically sized output buffer. The program "
1106 "scans its input string (taken from the program's first command-line "
1107 "argument) reading integers, and writes the squares of these integers to the "
1108 "output buffer. An example of the output produced by this program is the "
1113 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:223
1116 "$B< ./a.out \\(aq1 23 43\\(aq>\n"
1117 "size=11; ptr=1 529 1849\n"
1121 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:225 build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:268
1123 msgid "Program source"
1127 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:232
1130 "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n"
1131 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
1132 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
1133 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
1137 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:235
1140 "#define handle_error(msg) \\e\n"
1141 " do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)\n"
1145 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:243
1149 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
1151 " FILE *out, *in;\n"
1158 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:248
1161 " if (argc != 2) {\n"
1162 "\tfprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>fileE<gt>\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
1163 "\texit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
1168 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:252
1171 " in = fmemopen(argv[1], strlen(argv[1]), \"r\");\n"
1172 " if (in == NULL)\n"
1173 " handle_error(\"fmemopen\");\n"
1177 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:256
1180 " out = open_memstream(&ptr, &size);\n"
1181 " if (out == NULL)\n"
1182 " handle_error(\"open_memstream\");\n"
1186 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:261
1190 " s = fscanf(in, \"%d\", &v);\n"
1191 " if (s E<lt>= 0)\n"
1196 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:272
1199 " s = fprintf(out, \"%d \", v * v);\n"
1201 " handle_error(\"fprintf\");\n"
1205 " printf(\"size=%ld; ptr=%s\\en\", (long) size, ptr);\n"
1207 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
1212 #: build/C/man3/fmemopen.3:276
1213 msgid "B<fopen>(3), B<fopencookie>(3)"
1217 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:9
1223 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:9
1229 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:12
1230 msgid "fmtmsg - print formatted error messages"
1234 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:15
1236 msgid "B<#include E<lt>fmtmsg.hE<gt>>\n"
1240 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:17
1242 msgid "B<int fmtmsg(long >I<classification>B<, const char *>I<label>B<,>\n"
1246 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:19
1248 msgid "B< int >I<severity>B<, const char *>I<text>B<,>\n"
1252 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:21
1254 msgid "B< const char *>I<action>B<, const char *>I<tag>B<);>\n"
1258 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:32
1260 "This function displays a message described by its arguments on the device(s) "
1261 "specified in the I<classification> argument. For messages written to "
1262 "I<stderr>, the format depends on the B<MSGVERB> environment variable."
1266 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:39
1268 "The I<label> argument identifies the source of the message. The string must "
1269 "consist of two colon separated parts where the first part has not more than "
1270 "10 and the second part not more than 14 characters."
1274 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:43
1275 msgid "The I<text> argument describes the condition of the error."
1279 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:48
1281 "The I<action> argument describes possible steps to recover from the error. "
1282 "If it is printed, it is prefixed by \"TO FIX: \"."
1286 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:56
1288 "The I<tag> argument is a reference to the online documentation where more "
1289 "information can be found. It should contain the I<label> value and a unique "
1290 "identification number."
1294 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:56
1296 msgid "Dummy arguments"
1300 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:75
1302 "Each of the arguments can have a dummy value. The dummy classification "
1303 "value B<MM_NULLMC> (0L) does not specify any output, so nothing is printed. "
1304 "The dummy severity value B<NO_SEV> (0) says that no severity is supplied. "
1305 "The values B<MM_NULLLBL>, B<MM_NULLTXT>, B<MM_NULLACT>, B<MM_NULLTAG> are "
1306 "synonyms for I<((char *) 0)>, the empty string, and B<MM_NULLSEV> is a "
1307 "synonym for B<NO_SEV>."
1311 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:75
1313 msgid "The classification argument"
1317 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:79
1319 "The I<classification> argument is the sum of values describing 4 types of "
1324 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:82
1325 msgid "The first value defines the output channel."
1329 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:82
1335 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:86
1336 msgid "Output to I<stderr>."
1340 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:86
1342 msgid "B<MM_CONSOLE>"
1346 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:89
1347 msgid "Output to the system console."
1351 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:89
1353 msgid "B<MM_PRINT | MM_CONSOLE>"
1357 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:92
1358 msgid "Output to both."
1362 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:94
1363 msgid "The second value is the source of the error:"
1367 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:94
1373 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:97
1374 msgid "A hardware error occurred."
1378 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:97
1384 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:100
1385 msgid "A firmware error occurred."
1389 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:100
1395 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:103
1396 msgid "A software error occurred."
1400 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:105
1401 msgid "The third value encodes the detector of the problem:"
1405 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:105
1411 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:108
1412 msgid "It is detected by an application."
1416 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:108
1422 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:111
1423 msgid "It is detected by a utility."
1427 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:111
1433 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:114
1434 msgid "It is detected by the operating system."
1438 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:116
1439 msgid "The fourth value shows the severity of the incident:"
1443 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:116
1445 msgid "B<MM_RECOVER>"
1449 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:119
1450 msgid "It is a recoverable error."
1454 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:119
1456 msgid "B<MM_NRECOV>"
1460 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:122
1461 msgid "It is a nonrecoverable error."
1465 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:122
1467 msgid "The severity argument"
1471 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:126
1472 msgid "The I<severity> argument can take one of the following values:"
1476 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:126
1482 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:129
1483 msgid "No severity is printed."
1487 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:129
1493 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:132
1494 msgid "This value is printed as HALT."
1498 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:132
1504 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:135
1505 msgid "This value is printed as ERROR."
1509 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:135
1511 msgid "B<MM_WARNING>"
1515 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:138
1516 msgid "This value is printed as WARNING."
1520 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:138
1526 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:141
1527 msgid "This value is printed as INFO."
1531 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:148
1533 "The numeric values are between 0 and 4. Using B<addseverity>(3) or the "
1534 "environment variable B<SEV_LEVEL> you can add more levels and strings to "
1539 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:150
1540 msgid "The function can return 4 values:"
1544 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:150
1550 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:153
1551 msgid "Everything went smooth."
1555 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:153
1561 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:156
1562 msgid "Complete failure."
1566 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:156
1572 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:160
1573 msgid "Error writing to I<stderr>."
1577 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:160
1583 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:163
1584 msgid "Error writing to the console."
1588 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:163
1594 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:174
1596 "The environment variable B<MSGVERB> (\"message verbosity\") can be used to "
1597 "suppress parts of the output to I<stderr>. (It does not influence output to "
1598 "the console.) When this variable is defined, is non-NULL, and is a "
1599 "colon-separated list of valid keywords, then only the parts of the message "
1600 "corresponding to these keywords is printed. Valid keywords are \"label\", "
1601 "\"severity\", \"text\", \"action\" and \"tag\"."
1605 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:186
1607 "The environment variable B<SEV_LEVEL> can be used to introduce new severity "
1608 "levels. By default, only the five severity levels described above are "
1609 "available. Any other numeric value would make B<fmtmsg>() print nothing. "
1610 "If the user puts B<SEV_LEVEL> with a format like"
1614 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:189
1615 msgid "SEV_LEVEL=[description[:description[:...]]]"
1619 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:194
1621 "in the environment of the process before the first call to B<fmtmsg>(), "
1622 "where each description is of the form"
1626 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:197
1627 msgid "severity-keyword,level,printstring"
1631 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:204
1633 "then B<fmtmsg>() will also accept the indicated values for the level (in "
1634 "addition to the standard levels 0-4), and use the indicated printstring when "
1635 "such a level occurs."
1639 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:218
1641 "The severity-keyword part is not used by B<fmtmsg>() but it has to be "
1642 "present. The level part is a string representation of a number. The "
1643 "numeric value must be a number greater than 4. This value must be used in "
1644 "the severity argument of B<fmtmsg>() to select this class. It is not "
1645 "possible to overwrite any of the predefined classes. The printstring is the "
1646 "string printed when a message of this class is processed by B<fmtmsg>()."
1650 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:221
1651 msgid "B<fmtmsg>() is provided in glibc since version 2.1."
1655 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:236
1657 "The functions B<fmtmsg>() and B<addseverity>(3), and environment variables "
1658 "B<MSGVERB> and B<SEV_LEVEL> come from System V. The function B<fmtmsg>() "
1659 "and the environment variable B<MSGVERB> are described in POSIX.1-2001."
1663 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:240
1665 "System V and UnixWare man pages tell us that these functions have been "
1666 "replaced by \"pfmt() and addsev()\" or by \"pfmt(), vpfmt(), lfmt(), and "
1667 "vlfmt()\", and will be removed later."
1671 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:245
1674 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
1675 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
1676 "#include E<lt>fmtmsg.hE<gt>\n"
1680 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:251
1686 " long class = MM_PRINT | MM_SOFT | MM_OPSYS | MM_RECOVER;\n"
1691 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:272
1694 " err = fmtmsg(class, \"util-linux:mount\", MM_ERROR,\n"
1695 " \"unknown mount option\", \"See mount(8).\",\n"
1696 " \"util-linux:mount:017\");\n"
1701 " printf(\"Nothing printed\\en\");\n"
1704 " printf(\"Nothing printed to stderr\\en\");\n"
1707 " printf(\"No console output\\en\");\n"
1710 " printf(\"Unknown error from fmtmsg()\\en\");\n"
1712 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
1717 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:275
1718 msgid "The output should be:"
1722 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:279
1725 " util-linux:mount: ERROR: unknown mount option\n"
1726 " TO FIX: See mount(8). util-linux:mount:017\n"
1730 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:282
1735 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:285
1737 msgid " MSGVERB=text:action; export MSGVERB\n"
1741 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:288
1742 msgid "the output becomes:"
1746 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:292
1749 " unknown mount option\n"
1750 " TO FIX: See mount(8).\n"
1754 #: build/C/man3/fmtmsg.3:296
1755 msgid "B<addseverity>(3), B<perror>(3)"
1759 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:42
1765 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:45
1766 msgid "fopen, fdopen, freopen - stream open functions"
1770 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:50
1772 msgid "B<FILE *fopen(const char *>I<path>B<, const char *>I<mode>B<);>\n"
1776 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:52
1778 msgid "B<FILE *fdopen(int >I<fd>B<, const char *>I<mode>B<);>\n"
1782 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:54
1785 "B<FILE *freopen(const char *>I<path>B<, const char *>I<mode>B<, FILE "
1786 "*>I<stream>B<);>\n"
1790 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:63
1791 msgid "B<fdopen>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 1 || _XOPEN_SOURCE || _POSIX_SOURCE"
1795 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:69
1797 "The B<fopen>() function opens the file whose name is the string pointed to "
1798 "by I<path> and associates a stream with it."
1802 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:74
1804 "The argument I<mode> points to a string beginning with one of the following "
1805 "sequences (Additional characters may follow these sequences.):"
1809 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:74
1815 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:78
1817 "Open text file for reading. The stream is positioned at the beginning of "
1822 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:78
1828 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:82
1830 "Open for reading and writing. The stream is positioned at the beginning of "
1835 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:82
1841 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:86
1843 "Truncate file to zero length or create text file for writing. The stream is "
1844 "positioned at the beginning of the file."
1848 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:86
1854 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:92
1856 "Open for reading and writing. The file is created if it does not exist, "
1857 "otherwise it is truncated. The stream is positioned at the beginning of the "
1862 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:92 build/C/man3/scanf.3:444
1868 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:97
1870 "Open for appending (writing at end of file). The file is created if it does "
1871 "not exist. The stream is positioned at the end of the file."
1875 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:97
1881 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:103
1883 "Open for reading and appending (writing at end of file). The file is "
1884 "created if it does not exist. The initial file position for reading is at "
1885 "the beginning of the file, but output is always appended to the end of the "
1890 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:116
1892 "The I<mode> string can also include the letter \\(aqb\\(aq either as a last "
1893 "character or as a character between the characters in any of the "
1894 "two-character strings described above. This is strictly for compatibility "
1895 "with C89 and has no effect; the \\(aqb\\(aq is ignored on all POSIX "
1896 "conforming systems, including Linux. (Other systems may treat text files "
1897 "and binary files differently, and adding the \\(aqb\\(aq may be a good idea "
1898 "if you do I/O to a binary file and expect that your program may be ported to "
1899 "non-UNIX environments.)"
1903 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:119
1904 msgid "See NOTES below for details of glibc extensions for I<mode>."
1908 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:124
1910 "Any created files will have mode B<S_IRUSR> | B<S_IWUSR> | B<S_IRGRP> | "
1911 "B<S_IWGRP> | B<S_IROTH> | B<S_IWOTH> (0666), as modified by the process's "
1912 "umask value (see B<umask>(2))."
1916 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:139
1918 "Reads and writes may be intermixed on read/write streams in any order. Note "
1919 "that ANSI C requires that a file positioning function intervene between "
1920 "output and input, unless an input operation encounters end-of-file. (If "
1921 "this condition is not met, then a read is allowed to return the result of "
1922 "writes other than the most recent.) Therefore it is good practice (and "
1923 "indeed sometimes necessary under Linux) to put an B<fseek>(3) or "
1924 "B<fgetpos>(3) operation between write and read operations on such a "
1925 "stream. This operation may be an apparent no-op (as in I<fseek(..., 0L, "
1926 "SEEK_CUR)> called for its synchronizing side effect."
1930 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:144
1932 "Opening a file in append mode (B<a> as the first character of I<mode>) "
1933 "causes all subsequent write operations to this stream to occur at "
1934 "end-of-file, as if preceded by an"
1938 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:147
1940 msgid " fseek(stream,0,SEEK_END);\n"
1944 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:150
1949 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:171
1951 "The B<fdopen>() function associates a stream with the existing file "
1952 "descriptor, I<fd>. The I<mode> of the stream (one of the values \"r\", "
1953 "\"r+\", \"w\", \"w+\", \"a\", \"a+\") must be compatible with the mode of "
1954 "the file descriptor. The file position indicator of the new stream is set "
1955 "to that belonging to I<fd>, and the error and end-of-file indicators are "
1956 "cleared. Modes \"w\" or \"w+\" do not cause truncation of the file. The "
1957 "file descriptor is not dup'ed, and will be closed when the stream created by "
1958 "B<fdopen>() is closed. The result of applying B<fdopen>() to a shared "
1959 "memory object is undefined."
1963 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:189
1965 "The B<freopen>() function opens the file whose name is the string pointed "
1966 "to by I<path> and associates the stream pointed to by I<stream> with it. "
1967 "The original stream (if it exists) is closed. The I<mode> argument is used "
1968 "just as in the B<fopen>() function. The primary use of the B<freopen>() "
1969 "function is to change the file associated with a standard text stream "
1970 "(I<stderr>, I<stdin>, or I<stdout>)."
1974 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:201
1976 "Upon successful completion B<fopen>(), B<fdopen>() and B<freopen>() return "
1977 "a I<FILE> pointer. Otherwise, NULL is returned and I<errno> is set to "
1978 "indicate the error."
1982 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:202 build/C/man3/fseek.3:138 build/C/man3/getline.3:121 build/C/man2/llseek.2:72 build/C/man2/lseek.2:164 build/C/man2/pipe.2:102 build/C/man2/read.2:108 build/C/man2/read.2:119 build/C/man2/readlink.2:93 build/C/man2/readlink.2:102 build/C/man2/readv.2:198 build/C/man2/rename.2:136 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:67 build/C/man3/scanf.3:563 build/C/man2/write.2:148
1988 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:212
1990 "The I<mode> provided to B<fopen>(), B<fdopen>(), or B<freopen>() was "
1995 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:222
1997 "The B<fopen>(), B<fdopen>() and B<freopen>() functions may also fail and "
1998 "set I<errno> for any of the errors specified for the routine B<malloc>(3)."
2002 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:229
2004 "The B<fopen>() function may also fail and set I<errno> for any of the "
2005 "errors specified for the routine B<open>(2)."
2009 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:236
2011 "The B<fdopen>() function may also fail and set I<errno> for any of the "
2012 "errors specified for the routine B<fcntl>(2)."
2016 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:246
2018 "The B<freopen>() function may also fail and set I<errno> for any of the "
2019 "errors specified for the routines B<open>(2), B<fclose>(3) and "
2024 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:255
2026 "The B<fopen>() and B<freopen>() functions conform to C89. The B<fdopen>() "
2027 "function conforms to POSIX.1-1990."
2031 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:256
2037 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:259
2039 "The GNU C library allows the following extensions for the string specified "
2044 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:259
2046 msgid "B<c> (since glibc 2.3.3)"
2050 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:264
2052 "Do not make the open operation, or subsequent read and write operations, "
2053 "thread cancellation points."
2057 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:264
2059 msgid "B<e> (since glibc 2.7)"
2063 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:272
2065 "Open the file with the B<O_CLOEXEC> flag. See B<open>(2) for more "
2070 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:272
2072 msgid "B<m> (since glibc 2.3)"
2077 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:284
2079 "Attempt to access the file using B<mmap>(2), rather than I/O system calls "
2080 "(B<read>(2), B<write>(2)). Currently, use of B<mmap>(2) is only attempted "
2081 "for a file opened for reading."
2085 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:284 build/C/man3/scanf.3:418
2091 #. FIXME C11 specifies this flag
2092 #. FIXME document /,ccs= charset/
2094 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:302
2096 "Open the file exclusively (like the B<O_EXCL> flag of B<open>(2)). If the "
2097 "file already exists, B<fopen>() fails, and sets I<errno> to B<EEXIST>. "
2098 "This flag is ignored for B<fdopen>()."
2102 #: build/C/man3/fopen.3:308
2103 msgid "B<open>(2), B<fclose>(3), B<fileno>(3), B<fmemopen>(3), B<fopencookie>(3)"
2107 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:24
2113 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:24
2119 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:24 build/C/man2/link.2:31 build/C/man2/llseek.2:26 build/C/man2/lseek.2:45 build/C/man3/lseek64.3:23 build/C/man2/open.2:52 build/C/man2/pipe.2:36 build/C/man2/read.2:35 build/C/man2/readlink.2:41 build/C/man2/readv.2:30 build/C/man2/rename.2:32 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:30 build/C/man3/setbuf.3:46 build/C/man3/stdin.3:9 build/C/man2/symlink.2:32 build/C/man7/symlink.7:35 build/C/man2/unlink.2:32 build/C/man2/write.2:39
2125 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:27
2126 msgid "fopencookie - opening a custom stream"
2130 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:34
2133 "B<FILE *fopencookie(void *>I<cookie>B<, const char *>I<mode>B<,>\n"
2134 "B< cookie_io_functions_t >I<io_funcs>B<);>\n"
2138 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:47
2140 "The B<fopencookie>() function allows the programmer to create a custom "
2141 "implementation for a standard I/O stream. This implementation can store the "
2142 "stream's data at a location of its own choosing; for example, "
2143 "B<fopencookie>() is used to implement B<fmemopen>(3), which provides a "
2144 "stream interface to data that is stored in a buffer in memory."
2148 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:49
2149 msgid "In order to create a custom stream the programmer must:"
2153 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:49 build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:52 build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:63 build/C/man3/scanf.3:669 build/C/man3/scanf.3:674 build/C/man3/scanf.3:680 build/C/man7/symlink.7:248 build/C/man7/symlink.7:258 build/C/man7/symlink.7:288 build/C/man7/symlink.7:348 build/C/man7/symlink.7:377 build/C/man7/symlink.7:406 build/C/man7/symlink.7:437 build/C/man7/symlink.7:450
2159 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:52
2161 "Implement four \"hook\" functions that are used internally by the standard "
2162 "I/O library when performing I/O on the stream."
2166 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:63
2168 "Define a \"cookie\" data type, a structure that provides bookkeeping "
2169 "information (e.g., where to store data) used by the aforementioned hook "
2170 "functions. The standard I/O package knows nothing about the contents of "
2171 "this cookie (thus it is typed as I<void\\ *> when passed to "
2172 "B<fopencookie>()), but automatically supplies the cookie as the first "
2173 "argument when calling the hook functions."
2177 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:68
2179 "Call B<fopencookie>() to open a new stream and associate the cookie and "
2180 "hook functions with that stream."
2184 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:76
2186 "The B<fopencookie>() function serves a purpose similar to B<fopen>(3): it "
2187 "opens a new stream and returns a pointer to a I<FILE> object that is used to "
2188 "operate on that stream."
2192 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:83
2194 "The I<cookie> argument is a pointer to the caller's cookie structure that is "
2195 "to be associated with the new stream. This pointer is supplied as the first "
2196 "argument when the standard I/O library invokes any of the hook functions "
2201 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:99
2203 "The I<mode> argument serves the same purpose as for B<fopen>(3). The "
2204 "following modes are supported: I<r>, I<w>, I<a>, I<r+>, I<w+>, and I<a+>. "
2205 "See B<fopen>(3) for details."
2209 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:105
2211 "The I<io_funcs> argument is a structure that contains four fields pointing "
2212 "to the programmer-defined hook functions that are used to implement this "
2213 "stream. The structure is defined as follows"
2217 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:114
2220 "struct cookie_io_functions_t {\n"
2221 " cookie_read_function_t *read;\n"
2222 " cookie_write_function_t *write;\n"
2223 " cookie_seek_function_t *seek;\n"
2224 " cookie_close_function_t *close;\n"
2229 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:118
2230 msgid "The four fields are as follows:"
2234 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:118
2236 msgid "I<cookie_read_function_t *read>"
2240 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:122
2242 "This function implements read operations for the stream. When called, it "
2243 "receives three arguments:"
2247 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:124
2249 msgid " ssize_t read(void *cookie, char *buf, size_t size);\n"
2253 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:139
2255 "The I<buf> and I<size> arguments are, respectively, a buffer into which "
2256 "input data can be placed and the size of that buffer. As its function "
2257 "result, the I<read> function should return the number of bytes copied into "
2258 "I<buf>, 0 on end of file, or -1 on error. The I<read> function should "
2259 "update the stream offset appropriately."
2263 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:144
2265 "If I<*read> is a NULL pointer, then reads from the custom stream always "
2266 "return end of file."
2270 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:144
2272 msgid "I<cookie_write_function_t *write>"
2276 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:148
2278 "This function implements write operations for the stream. When called, it "
2279 "receives three arguments:"
2283 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:150
2285 msgid " ssize_t write(void *cookie, const char *buf, size_t size);\n"
2289 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:165
2291 "The I<buf> and I<size> arguments are, respectively, a buffer of data to be "
2292 "output to the stream and the size of that buffer. As its function result, "
2293 "the I<write> function should return the number of bytes copied from I<buf>, "
2294 "or -1 on error. The I<write> function should update the stream offset "
2299 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:170
2300 msgid "If I<*write> is a NULL pointer, then output to the stream is discarded."
2304 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:170
2306 msgid "I<cookie_seek_function_t *seek>"
2310 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:174
2312 "This function implements seek operations on the stream. When called, it "
2313 "receives three arguments:"
2317 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:176
2319 msgid " int seek(void *cookie, off64_t *offset, int whence);\n"
2323 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:182
2325 "The I<*offset> argument specifies the new file offset depending on which of "
2326 "the following three values is supplied in I<whence>:"
2330 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:183 build/C/man2/lseek.2:65
2336 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:188
2338 "The stream offset should be set I<*offset> bytes from the start of the "
2343 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:188 build/C/man2/lseek.2:70
2349 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:192
2350 msgid "I<*offset> should be added to the current stream offset."
2354 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:192 build/C/man2/lseek.2:75
2360 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:196
2361 msgid "The stream offset should be set to the size of the stream plus I<*offset>."
2365 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:203
2367 "Before returning, the I<seek> function should update I<*offset> to indicate "
2368 "the new stream offset."
2372 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:207
2374 "As its function result, the I<seek> function should return 0 on success, and "
2379 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:212
2381 "If I<*seek> is a NULL pointer, then it is not possible to perform seek "
2382 "operations on the stream."
2386 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:212
2388 msgid "I<cookie_close_function_t *close>"
2392 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:218
2394 "This function closes the stream. The hook function can do things such as "
2395 "freeing buffers allocated for the stream. When called, it receives one "
2400 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:220
2402 msgid " int close(void *cookie);\n"
2406 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:225
2408 "The I<cookie> argument is the cookie that the programmer supplied when "
2409 "calling B<fopencookie>()."
2413 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:231
2415 "As its function result, the I<close> function should return 0 on success, "
2416 "and B<EOF> on error."
2420 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:235
2422 "If I<*close> is NULL, then no special action is performed when the stream is "
2427 #. It's not clear if errno ever gets set...
2429 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:242
2431 "On success B<fopencookie>() returns a pointer to the new stream. On error, "
2436 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:244
2437 msgid "This function is a nonstandard GNU extension."
2441 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:253
2443 "The program below implements a custom stream whose functionality is similar "
2444 "(but not identical) to that available via B<fmemopen>(3). It implements a "
2445 "stream whose data is stored in a memory buffer. The program writes its "
2446 "command-line arguments to the stream, and then seeks through the stream "
2447 "reading two out of every five characters and writing them to standard "
2448 "output. The following shell session demonstrates the use of the program:"
2452 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:261
2455 "$B< ./a.out \\(aqhello world\\(aq>\n"
2459 "Reached end of file\n"
2463 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:268
2465 "Note that a more general version of the program below could be improved to "
2466 "more robustly handle various error situations (e.g., opening a stream with a "
2467 "cookie that already has an open stream; closing a stream that has already "
2472 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:277
2475 "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n"
2476 "#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>\n"
2477 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
2478 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
2479 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
2480 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
2484 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:279
2486 msgid "#define INIT_BUF_SIZE 4\n"
2490 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:286
2493 "struct memfile_cookie {\n"
2494 " char *buf; /* Dynamically sized buffer for data */\n"
2495 " size_t allocated; /* Size of buf */\n"
2496 " size_t endpos; /* Number of characters in buf */\n"
2497 " off_t offset; /* Current file offset in buf */\n"
2502 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:292
2506 "memfile_write(void *c, const char *buf, size_t size)\n"
2508 " char *new_buff;\n"
2509 " struct memfile_cookie *cookie = c;\n"
2513 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:294
2515 msgid " /* Buffer too small? Keep doubling size until big enough */\n"
2519 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:304
2522 " while (size + cookie-E<gt>offset E<gt> cookie-E<gt>allocated) {\n"
2523 " new_buff = realloc(cookie-E<gt>buf, cookie-E<gt>allocated * 2);\n"
2524 " if (new_buff == NULL) {\n"
2527 " cookie-E<gt>allocated *= 2;\n"
2528 " cookie-E<gt>buf = new_buff;\n"
2534 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:306
2536 msgid " memcpy(cookie-E<gt>buf + cookie-E<gt>offset, buf, size);\n"
2540 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:310
2543 " cookie-E<gt>offset += size;\n"
2544 " if (cookie-E<gt>offset E<gt> cookie-E<gt>endpos)\n"
2545 " cookie-E<gt>endpos = cookie-E<gt>offset;\n"
2549 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:313
2557 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:319
2561 "memfile_read(void *c, char *buf, size_t size)\n"
2563 " ssize_t xbytes;\n"
2564 " struct memfile_cookie *cookie = c;\n"
2568 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:321
2570 msgid " /* Fetch minimum of bytes requested and bytes available */\n"
2574 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:327
2578 " if (cookie-E<gt>offset + size E<gt> cookie-E<gt>endpos)\n"
2579 " xbytes = cookie-E<gt>endpos - cookie-E<gt>offset;\n"
2580 " if (xbytes E<lt> 0) /* offset may be past endpos */\n"
2585 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:329
2587 msgid " memcpy(buf, cookie-E<gt>buf + cookie-E<gt>offset, xbytes);\n"
2591 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:333
2594 " cookie-E<gt>offset += xbytes;\n"
2600 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:339
2604 "memfile_seek(void *c, off64_t *offset, int whence)\n"
2606 " off64_t new_offset;\n"
2607 " struct memfile_cookie *cookie = c;\n"
2611 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:348
2614 " if (whence == SEEK_SET)\n"
2615 " new_offset = *offset;\n"
2616 " else if (whence == SEEK_END)\n"
2617 " new_offset = cookie-E<gt>endpos + *offset;\n"
2618 " else if (whence == SEEK_CUR)\n"
2619 " new_offset = cookie-E<gt>offset + *offset;\n"
2625 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:351
2628 " if (new_offset E<lt> 0)\n"
2633 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:356
2636 " cookie-E<gt>offset = new_offset;\n"
2637 " *offset = new_offset;\n"
2643 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:361
2647 "memfile_close(void *c)\n"
2649 " struct memfile_cookie *cookie = c;\n"
2653 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:365
2656 " free(cookie-E<gt>buf);\n"
2657 " cookie-E<gt>allocated = 0;\n"
2658 " cookie-E<gt>buf = NULL;\n"
2662 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:368
2670 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:384
2674 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
2676 " cookie_io_functions_t memfile_func = {\n"
2677 " .read = memfile_read,\n"
2678 " .write = memfile_write,\n"
2679 " .seek = memfile_seek,\n"
2680 " .close = memfile_close\n"
2683 " struct memfile_cookie mycookie;\n"
2687 " char buf[1000];\n"
2691 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:386
2693 msgid " /* Set up the cookie before calling fopencookie() */\n"
2697 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:392
2700 " mycookie.buf = malloc(INIT_BUF_SIZE);\n"
2701 " if (mycookie.buf == NULL) {\n"
2702 " perror(\"malloc\");\n"
2703 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2708 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:396
2711 " mycookie.allocated = INIT_BUF_SIZE;\n"
2712 " mycookie.offset = 0;\n"
2713 " mycookie.endpos = 0;\n"
2717 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:402
2720 " fp = fopencookie(&mycookie,\"w+\", memfile_func);\n"
2721 " if (fp == NULL) {\n"
2722 " perror(\"fopencookie\");\n"
2723 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2728 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:404
2730 msgid " /* Write command-line arguments to our file */\n"
2734 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:410
2737 " for (j = 1; j E<lt> argc; j++)\n"
2738 " if (fputs(argv[j], fp) == EOF) {\n"
2739 " perror(\"fputs\");\n"
2740 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2745 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:412
2747 msgid " /* Read two bytes out of every five, until EOF */\n"
2751 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:427
2754 " for (p = 0; ; p += 5) {\n"
2755 " if (fseek(fp, p, SEEK_SET) == -1) {\n"
2756 " perror(\"fseek\");\n"
2757 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2759 " nread = fread(buf, 1, 2, fp);\n"
2760 " if (nread == -1) {\n"
2761 " perror(\"fread\");\n"
2762 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2764 " if (nread == 0) {\n"
2765 " printf(\"Reached end of file\\en\");\n"
2771 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:430
2774 " printf(\"/%.*s/\\en\", nread, buf);\n"
2779 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:433 build/C/man2/readlink.2:211
2782 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
2787 #: build/C/man3/fopencookie.3:439
2788 msgid "B<fclose>(3), B<fmemopen>(3), B<fopen>(3), B<fseek>(3)"
2792 #: build/C/man3/fpurge.3:23
2798 #: build/C/man3/fpurge.3:23
2804 #: build/C/man3/fpurge.3:26
2805 msgid "fpurge, __fpurge - purge a stream"
2809 #: build/C/man3/fpurge.3:30
2812 "/* unsupported */\n"
2813 "B<#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>\n"
2817 #: build/C/man3/fpurge.3:32
2819 msgid "B<int fpurge(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
2823 #: build/C/man3/fpurge.3:35
2827 "B<#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>\n"
2831 #: build/C/man3/fpurge.3:37
2833 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdio_ext.hE<gt>>\n"
2837 #: build/C/man3/fpurge.3:39
2839 msgid "B<void __fpurge(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
2843 #: build/C/man3/fpurge.3:52
2845 "The function B<fpurge>() clears the buffers of the given stream. For "
2846 "output streams this discards any unwritten output. For input streams this "
2847 "discards any input read from the underlying object but not yet obtained via "
2848 "B<getc>(3); this includes any text pushed back via B<ungetc>(3). See also "
2853 #: build/C/man3/fpurge.3:56
2855 "The function B<__fpurge>() does precisely the same, but without returning a "
2860 #: build/C/man3/fpurge.3:63
2862 "Upon successful completion B<fpurge>() returns 0. On error, it returns -1 "
2863 "and sets I<errno> appropriately."
2867 #: build/C/man3/fpurge.3:68
2868 msgid "I<stream> is not an open stream."
2872 #: build/C/man3/fpurge.3:76
2874 "These functions are nonstandard and not portable. The function B<fpurge>() "
2875 "was introduced in 4.4BSD and is not available under Linux. The function "
2876 "B<__fpurge>() was introduced in Solaris, and is present in glibc 2.1.95 and "
2881 #: build/C/man3/fpurge.3:78
2882 msgid "Usually it is a mistake to want to discard input buffers."
2887 #: build/C/man3/fpurge.3:83
2888 msgid "B<fflush>(3), B<setbuf>(3), B<stdio_ext>(3)"
2892 #: build/C/man3/fputwc.3:14
2898 #: build/C/man3/fputwc.3:17
2899 msgid "fputwc, putwc - write a wide character to a FILE stream"
2903 #: build/C/man3/fputwc.3:25
2906 "B<wint_t fputwc(wchar_t >I<wc>B<, FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
2907 "B<wint_t putwc(wchar_t >I<wc>B<, FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
2911 #: build/C/man3/fputwc.3:41
2913 "The B<fputwc>() function is the wide-character equivalent of the "
2914 "B<fputc>(3) function. It writes the wide character I<wc> to I<stream>. If "
2915 "I<ferror(stream)> becomes true, it returns B<WEOF>. If a wide-character "
2916 "conversion error occurs, it sets I<errno> to B<EILSEQ> and returns B<WEOF>. "
2917 "Otherwise it returns I<wc>."
2921 #: build/C/man3/fputwc.3:49
2923 "The B<putwc>() function or macro functions identically to B<fputwc>(). It "
2924 "may be implemented as a macro, and may evaluate its argument more than "
2925 "once. There is no reason ever to use it."
2929 #: build/C/man3/fputwc.3:58
2931 "The B<fputwc>() function returns I<wc> if no error occurred, or B<WEOF> to "
2932 "indicate an error."
2936 #: build/C/man3/fputwc.3:63
2937 msgid "Conversion of I<wc> to the stream's encoding fails."
2941 #: build/C/man3/fputwc.3:72
2943 "The behavior of B<fputwc>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
2948 #: build/C/man3/fputwc.3:80
2950 "In the absence of additional information passed to the B<fopen>(3) call, it "
2951 "is reasonable to expect that B<fputwc>() will actually write the multibyte "
2952 "sequence corresponding to the wide character I<wc>."
2956 #: build/C/man3/fputwc.3:84
2957 msgid "B<fgetwc>(3), B<fputws>(3), B<unlocked_stdio>(3)"
2961 #: build/C/man3/fread.3:43
2967 #: build/C/man3/fread.3:43
2973 #: build/C/man3/fread.3:46
2974 msgid "fread, fwrite - binary stream input/output"
2978 #: build/C/man3/fread.3:52
2981 "B<size_t fread(void *>I<ptr>B<, size_t >I<size>B<, size_t >I<nmemb>B<, FILE "
2982 "*>I<stream>B<);>\n"
2986 #: build/C/man3/fread.3:55
2989 "B<size_t fwrite(const void *>I<ptr>B<, size_t >I<size>B<, size_t "
2991 "B< FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
2995 #: build/C/man3/fread.3:67
2997 "The function B<fread>() reads I<nmemb> elements of data, each I<size> bytes "
2998 "long, from the stream pointed to by I<stream>, storing them at the location "
3003 #: build/C/man3/fread.3:78
3005 "The function B<fwrite>() writes I<nmemb> elements of data, each I<size> "
3006 "bytes long, to the stream pointed to by I<stream>, obtaining them from the "
3007 "location given by I<ptr>."
3011 #: build/C/man3/fread.3:89
3013 "B<fread>() and B<fwrite>() return the number of items successfully read or "
3014 "written (i.e., not the number of characters). If an error occurs, or the "
3015 "end-of-file is reached, the return value is a short item count (or zero)."
3019 #: build/C/man3/fread.3:96
3021 "B<fread>() does not distinguish between end-of-file and error, and callers "
3022 "must use B<feof>(3) and B<ferror>(3) to determine which occurred."
3026 #: build/C/man3/fread.3:98
3027 msgid "C89, POSIX.1-2001."
3031 #: build/C/man3/fread.3:104
3032 msgid "B<read>(2), B<write>(2), B<feof>(3), B<ferror>(3), B<unlocked_stdio>(3)"
3036 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:40
3042 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:40
3048 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:43
3049 msgid "fgetpos, fseek, fsetpos, ftell, rewind - reposition a stream"
3053 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:47
3054 msgid "B<int fseek(FILE *>I<stream>B<, long >I<offset>B<, int >I<whence>B<);>"
3058 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:49
3059 msgid "B<long ftell(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>"
3063 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:51
3064 msgid "B<void rewind(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>"
3068 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:53
3069 msgid "B<int fgetpos(FILE *>I<stream>B<, fpos_t *>I<pos>B<);>"
3073 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:55
3074 msgid "B<int fsetpos(FILE *>I<stream>B<, fpos_t *>I<pos>B<);>"
3078 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:79
3080 "The B<fseek>() function sets the file position indicator for the stream "
3081 "pointed to by I<stream>. The new position, measured in bytes, is obtained "
3082 "by adding I<offset> bytes to the position specified by I<whence>. If "
3083 "I<whence> is set to B<SEEK_SET>, B<SEEK_CUR>, or B<SEEK_END>, the offset is "
3084 "relative to the start of the file, the current position indicator, or "
3085 "end-of-file, respectively. A successful call to the B<fseek>() function "
3086 "clears the end-of-file indicator for the stream and undoes any effects of "
3087 "the B<ungetc>(3) function on the same stream."
3091 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:85
3093 "The B<ftell>() function obtains the current value of the file position "
3094 "indicator for the stream pointed to by I<stream>."
3098 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:92
3100 "The B<rewind>() function sets the file position indicator for the stream "
3101 "pointed to by I<stream> to the beginning of the file. It is equivalent to:"
3105 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:95
3106 msgid "(void) fseek(stream, 0L, SEEK_SET)"
3110 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:99
3112 "except that the error indicator for the stream is also cleared (see "
3117 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:117
3119 "The B<fgetpos>() and B<fsetpos>() functions are alternate interfaces "
3120 "equivalent to B<ftell>() and B<fseek>() (with whence set to B<SEEK_SET>), "
3121 "setting and storing the current value of the file offset into or from the "
3122 "object referenced by I<pos>. On some non-UNIX systems an I<fpos_t> object "
3123 "may be a complex object and these routines may be the only way to portably "
3124 "reposition a text stream."
3128 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:132
3130 "The B<rewind>() function returns no value. Upon successful completion, "
3131 "B<fgetpos>(), B<fseek>(), B<fsetpos>() return 0, and B<ftell>() returns "
3132 "the current offset. Otherwise, -1 is returned and I<errno> is set to "
3133 "indicate the error."
3137 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:138
3138 msgid "The I<stream> specified is not a seekable stream."
3142 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:149
3144 "The I<whence> argument to B<fseek>() was not B<SEEK_SET>, B<SEEK_END>, or "
3149 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:164
3151 "The functions B<fgetpos>(), B<fseek>(), B<fsetpos>(), and B<ftell>() may "
3152 "also fail and set I<errno> for any of the errors specified for the routines "
3153 "B<fflush>(3), B<fstat>(2), B<lseek>(2), and B<malloc>(3)."
3157 #: build/C/man3/fseek.3:169
3158 msgid "B<lseek>(2), B<fseeko>(3)"
3162 #: build/C/man3/fseeko.3:23
3168 #: build/C/man3/fseeko.3:23
3174 #: build/C/man3/fseeko.3:26
3175 msgid "fseeko, ftello - seek to or report file position"
3179 #: build/C/man3/fseeko.3:31
3181 msgid "B<int fseeko(FILE *>I<stream>B<, off_t >I<offset>B<, int >I<whence>B<);>\n"
3185 #: build/C/man3/fseeko.3:34
3188 "B<off_t ftello(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
3193 #: build/C/man3/fseeko.3:52
3195 "The B<fseeko>() and B<ftello>() functions are identical to B<fseek>(3) "
3196 "and B<ftell>(3) (see B<fseek>(3)), respectively, except that the I<offset> "
3197 "argument of B<fseeko>() and the return value of B<ftello>() is of type "
3198 "I<off_t> instead of I<long>."
3202 #: build/C/man3/fseeko.3:55
3204 "On many architectures both I<off_t> and I<long> are 32-bit types, but "
3209 #: build/C/man3/fseeko.3:59 build/C/man3/lseek64.3:79
3211 msgid "#define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64\n"
3215 #: build/C/man3/fseeko.3:63
3216 msgid "will turn I<off_t> into a 64-bit type."
3220 #: build/C/man3/fseeko.3:72
3222 "On successful completion, B<fseeko>() returns 0, while B<ftello>() returns "
3223 "the current offset. Otherwise, -1 is returned and I<errno> is set to "
3224 "indicate the error."
3228 #: build/C/man3/fseeko.3:75
3229 msgid "See the ERRORS in B<fseek>(3)."
3233 #: build/C/man3/fseeko.3:77
3234 msgid "SUSv2, POSIX.1-2001."
3238 #: build/C/man3/fseeko.3:81
3240 "These functions are found on System V-like systems. They are not present in "
3241 "libc4, libc5, glibc 2.0 but are available since glibc 2.1."
3245 #: build/C/man3/fseeko.3:83
3250 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:24
3256 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:24
3262 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:27
3263 msgid "getline, getdelim - delimited string input"
3267 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:32
3270 "B<ssize_t getline(char **>I<lineptr>B<, size_t *>I<n>B<, FILE "
3271 "*>I<stream>B<);>\n"
3275 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:35
3278 "B<ssize_t getdelim(char **>I<lineptr>B<, size_t *>I<n>B<, int >I<delim>B<, "
3279 "FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
3283 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:45
3284 msgid "B<getline>(), B<getdelim>():"
3288 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:50
3289 msgid "_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700"
3293 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:63
3295 "B<getline>() reads an entire line from I<stream>, storing the address of "
3296 "the buffer containing the text into I<*lineptr>. The buffer is "
3297 "null-terminated and includes the newline character, if one was found."
3301 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:73
3303 "If I<*lineptr> is NULL, then B<getline>() will allocate a buffer for "
3304 "storing the line, which should be freed by the user program. (In this case, "
3305 "the value in I<*n> is ignored.)"
3309 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:91
3311 "Alternatively, before calling B<getline>(), I<*lineptr> can contain a "
3312 "pointer to a B<malloc>(3)-allocated buffer I<*n> bytes in size. If the "
3313 "buffer is not large enough to hold the line, B<getline>() resizes it with "
3314 "B<realloc>(3), updating I<*lineptr> and I<*n> as necessary."
3318 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:97
3320 "In either case, on a successful call, I<*lineptr> and I<*n> will be updated "
3321 "to reflect the buffer address and allocated size respectively."
3325 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:108
3327 "B<getdelim>() works like B<getline>(), except that a line delimiter other "
3328 "than newline can be specified as the I<delimiter> argument. As with "
3329 "B<getline>(), a delimiter character is not added if one was not present in "
3330 "the input before end of file was reached."
3334 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:117
3336 "On success, B<getline>() and B<getdelim>() return the number of characters "
3337 "read, including the delimiter character, but not including the terminating "
3338 "null byte. This value can be used to handle embedded null bytes in the line "
3343 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:120
3345 "Both functions return -1 on failure to read a line (including end-of-file "
3350 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:130
3351 msgid "Bad arguments (I<n> or I<lineptr> is NULL, or I<stream> is not valid)."
3355 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:132
3356 msgid "These functions are available since libc 4.6.27."
3360 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:139
3362 "Both B<getline>() and B<getdelim>() were originally GNU extensions. They "
3363 "were standardized in POSIX.1-2008."
3367 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:144
3370 "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n"
3371 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
3372 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
3376 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:152
3383 " char *line = NULL;\n"
3384 " size_t len = 0;\n"
3389 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:156
3392 " fp = fopen(\"/etc/motd\", \"r\");\n"
3393 " if (fp == NULL)\n"
3394 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3398 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:161
3401 " while ((read = getline(&line, &len, fp)) != -1) {\n"
3402 " printf(\"Retrieved line of length %zu :\\en\", read);\n"
3403 " printf(\"%s\", line);\n"
3408 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:165
3412 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
3417 #: build/C/man3/getline.3:173
3418 msgid "B<read>(2), B<fgets>(3), B<fopen>(3), B<fread>(3), B<gets>(3), B<scanf>(3)"
3422 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:25
3428 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:25
3434 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:28
3435 msgid "fgetc, fgets, getc, getchar, gets, ungetc - input of characters and strings"
3439 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:33
3441 msgid "B<int fgetc(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
3445 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:35
3447 msgid "B<char *fgets(char *>I<s>B<, int >I<size>B<, FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
3451 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:37
3453 msgid "B<int getc(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
3457 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:39
3459 msgid "B<int getchar(void);>\n"
3463 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:41
3465 msgid "B<char *gets(char *>I<s>B<);>\n"
3469 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:43
3471 msgid "B<int ungetc(int >I<c>B<, FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
3475 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:55
3477 "B<fgetc>() reads the next character from I<stream> and returns it as an "
3478 "I<unsigned char> cast to an I<int>, or B<EOF> on end of file or error."
3482 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:62
3484 "B<getc>() is equivalent to B<fgetc>() except that it may be implemented as "
3485 "a macro which evaluates I<stream> more than once."
3489 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:66
3490 msgid "B<getchar>() is equivalent to B<getc(>I<stdin>B<)>."
3494 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:76
3496 "B<gets>() reads a line from I<stdin> into the buffer pointed to by I<s> "
3497 "until either a terminating newline or B<EOF>, which it replaces with a null "
3498 "byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). No check for buffer overrun is performed (see BUGS "
3503 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:90
3505 "B<fgets>() reads in at most one less than I<size> characters from I<stream> "
3506 "and stores them into the buffer pointed to by I<s>. Reading stops after an "
3507 "B<EOF> or a newline. If a newline is read, it is stored into the buffer. A "
3508 "terminating null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) is stored after the last character "
3513 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:101
3515 "B<ungetc>() pushes I<c> back to I<stream>, cast to I<unsigned char>, where "
3516 "it is available for subsequent read operations. Pushed-back characters will "
3517 "be returned in reverse order; only one pushback is guaranteed."
3521 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:106
3523 "Calls to the functions described here can be mixed with each other and with "
3524 "calls to other input functions from the I<stdio> library for the same input "
3529 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:121
3531 "B<fgetc>(), B<getc>() and B<getchar>() return the character read as an "
3532 "I<unsigned char> cast to an I<int> or B<EOF> on end of file or error."
3536 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:129
3538 "B<gets>() and B<fgets>() return I<s> on success, and NULL on error or when "
3539 "end of file occurs while no characters have been read."
3543 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:136
3544 msgid "B<ungetc>() returns I<c> on success, or B<EOF> on error."
3548 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:138
3549 msgid "C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001."
3553 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:150
3555 "LSB deprecates B<gets>(). POSIX.1-2008 marks B<gets>() obsolescent. ISO "
3556 "C11 removes the specification of B<gets>() from the C language, and since "
3557 "version 2.16, glibc header files don't expose the function declaration if "
3558 "the B<_ISOC11_SOURCE> feature test macro is defined."
3562 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:164
3564 "Never use B<gets>(). Because it is impossible to tell without knowing the "
3565 "data in advance how many characters B<gets>() will read, and because "
3566 "B<gets>() will continue to store characters past the end of the buffer, it "
3567 "is extremely dangerous to use. It has been used to break computer "
3568 "security. Use B<fgets>() instead."
3572 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:171
3574 "It is not advisable to mix calls to input functions from the I<stdio> "
3575 "library with low-level calls to B<read>(2) for the file descriptor "
3576 "associated with the input stream; the results will be undefined and very "
3577 "probably not what you want."
3581 #: build/C/man3/gets.3:187
3583 "B<read>(2), B<write>(2), B<ferror>(3), B<fgetwc>(3), B<fgetws>(3), "
3584 "B<fopen>(3), B<fread>(3), B<fseek>(3), B<getline>(3), B<getwchar>(3), "
3585 "B<puts>(3), B<scanf>(3), B<ungetwc>(3), B<unlocked_stdio>(3), "
3586 "B<feature_test_macros>(7)"
3590 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:23
3596 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:23
3602 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:26
3603 msgid "getw, putw - input and output of words (ints)"
3607 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:31
3609 msgid "B<int getw(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
3613 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:33
3615 msgid "B<int putw(int >I<w>B<, FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
3619 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:42
3620 msgid "B<getw>(), B<putw>():"
3624 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:45
3626 msgid "Since glibc 2.3.3:"
3630 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:48
3631 msgid "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE ||"
3635 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:51
3638 "(_XOPEN_SOURCE &&\n"
3639 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600))\n"
3643 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:51
3645 msgid "Before glibc 2.3.3:"
3649 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:54
3650 msgid "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
3654 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:64
3656 "B<getw>() reads a word (that is, an I<int>) from I<stream>. It's provided "
3657 "for compatibility with SVr4. We recommend you use B<fread>(3) instead."
3661 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:71
3663 "B<putw>() writes the word I<w> (that is, an I<int>) to I<stream>. It is "
3664 "provided for compatibility with SVr4, but we recommend you use B<fwrite>(3) "
3669 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:78
3671 "Normally, B<getw>() returns the word read, and B<putw>() returns 0. On "
3672 "error, they return B<EOF>."
3676 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:80
3677 msgid "SVr4, SUSv2. Not present in POSIX.1-2001."
3681 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:84
3683 "The value returned on error is also a legitimate data value. B<ferror>(3) "
3684 "can be used to distinguish between the two cases."
3688 #: build/C/man3/getw.3:90
3689 msgid "B<ferror>(3), B<fread>(3), B<fwrite>(3), B<getc>(3), B<putc>(3)"
3693 #: build/C/man2/link.2:31
3699 #: build/C/man2/link.2:31
3705 #: build/C/man2/link.2:34
3706 msgid "link - make a new name for a file"
3710 #: build/C/man2/link.2:36 build/C/man2/lseek.2:52 build/C/man3/lseek64.3:32 build/C/man2/readlink.2:46 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:35 build/C/man2/symlink.2:37 build/C/man2/unlink.2:37 build/C/man2/write.2:44
3711 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>"
3715 #: build/C/man2/link.2:38
3716 msgid "B<int link(const char *>I<oldpath>B<, const char *>I<newpath>B<);>"
3720 #: build/C/man2/link.2:41
3722 "B<link>() creates a new link (also known as a hard link) to an existing "
3727 #: build/C/man2/link.2:47 build/C/man2/symlink.2:84
3728 msgid "If I<newpath> exists it will I<not> be overwritten."
3732 #: build/C/man2/link.2:52
3734 "This new name may be used exactly as the old one for any operation; both "
3735 "names refer to the same file (and so have the same permissions and "
3736 "ownership) and it is impossible to tell which name was the \"original\"."
3740 #: build/C/man2/link.2:57 build/C/man2/pipe.2:97 build/C/man3/remove.3:65 build/C/man2/rename.2:96 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:45 build/C/man2/symlink.2:89 build/C/man2/unlink.2:60
3742 "On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set "
3747 #: build/C/man2/link.2:58 build/C/man2/open.2:473 build/C/man2/readlink.2:84 build/C/man2/rename.2:97 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:46 build/C/man2/symlink.2:90 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:53 build/C/man2/unlink.2:61
3753 #: build/C/man2/link.2:69
3755 "Write access to the directory containing I<newpath> is denied, or search "
3756 "permission is denied for one of the directories in the path prefix of "
3757 "I<oldpath> or I<newpath>. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
3761 #: build/C/man2/link.2:69 build/C/man2/open.2:482 build/C/man2/symlink.2:99 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:56
3767 #: build/C/man2/link.2:73 build/C/man2/symlink.2:103
3768 msgid "I<newpath> already exists."
3772 #: build/C/man2/link.2:73 build/C/man2/llseek.2:69 build/C/man2/open.2:488 build/C/man2/pipe.2:98 build/C/man2/read.2:100 build/C/man2/readlink.2:89 build/C/man2/rename.2:133 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:64 build/C/man2/symlink.2:103 build/C/man2/unlink.2:80 build/C/man2/write.2:135
3778 #: build/C/man2/link.2:76 build/C/man2/rename.2:136 build/C/man2/symlink.2:106
3779 msgid "I<oldpath> or I<newpath> points outside your accessible address space."
3783 #: build/C/man2/link.2:76 build/C/man2/read.2:129 build/C/man2/readlink.2:105 build/C/man2/symlink.2:106 build/C/man2/unlink.2:84 build/C/man2/write.2:159
3789 #: build/C/man2/link.2:79 build/C/man2/symlink.2:109 build/C/man2/unlink.2:87
3790 msgid "An I/O error occurred."
3794 #: build/C/man2/link.2:79 build/C/man2/open.2:512 build/C/man2/readlink.2:108 build/C/man2/rename.2:146 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:73 build/C/man2/symlink.2:109 build/C/man2/unlink.2:92
3800 #: build/C/man2/link.2:83 build/C/man2/rename.2:150
3802 "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<oldpath> or "
3807 #: build/C/man2/link.2:83 build/C/man2/rename.2:150
3813 #: build/C/man2/link.2:88
3815 "The file referred to by I<oldpath> already has the maximum number of links "
3820 #: build/C/man2/link.2:88 build/C/man2/open.2:522 build/C/man2/readlink.2:111 build/C/man2/rename.2:157 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:77 build/C/man2/symlink.2:113 build/C/man2/unlink.2:96
3822 msgid "B<ENAMETOOLONG>"
3826 #: build/C/man2/link.2:91 build/C/man2/rename.2:160 build/C/man2/symlink.2:116
3827 msgid "I<oldpath> or I<newpath> was too long."
3831 #: build/C/man2/link.2:91 build/C/man2/open.2:536 build/C/man2/readlink.2:114 build/C/man2/rename.2:160 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:80 build/C/man2/symlink.2:116 build/C/man2/unlink.2:99
3837 #: build/C/man2/link.2:96
3839 "A directory component in I<oldpath> or I<newpath> does not exist or is a "
3840 "dangling symbolic link."
3844 #: build/C/man2/link.2:96 build/C/man2/open.2:543 build/C/man2/readlink.2:117 build/C/man2/rename.2:173 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:85 build/C/man3/scanf.3:568 build/C/man2/symlink.2:123 build/C/man3/tempnam.3:91 build/C/man2/unlink.2:106
3850 #: build/C/man2/link.2:99 build/C/man2/open.2:546 build/C/man2/readlink.2:120 build/C/man2/rename.2:176 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:88 build/C/man2/symlink.2:126 build/C/man2/unlink.2:109
3851 msgid "Insufficient kernel memory was available."
3855 #: build/C/man2/link.2:99 build/C/man2/open.2:546 build/C/man2/rename.2:176 build/C/man2/symlink.2:126 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:68 build/C/man2/write.2:162
3861 #: build/C/man2/link.2:103 build/C/man2/rename.2:180 build/C/man2/symlink.2:130
3862 msgid "The device containing the file has no room for the new directory entry."
3866 #: build/C/man2/link.2:103 build/C/man2/open.2:552 build/C/man2/readlink.2:120 build/C/man2/rename.2:180 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:88 build/C/man2/symlink.2:130 build/C/man2/unlink.2:109
3872 #: build/C/man2/link.2:108
3874 "A component used as a directory in I<oldpath> or I<newpath> is not, in fact, "
3879 #: build/C/man2/link.2:108 build/C/man2/link.2:112 build/C/man2/open.2:585 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:107 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:118 build/C/man2/symlink.2:135 build/C/man2/unlink.2:114
3885 #: build/C/man2/link.2:112
3886 msgid "I<oldpath> is a directory."
3890 #: build/C/man2/link.2:117
3892 "The file system containing I<oldpath> and I<newpath> does not support the "
3893 "creation of hard links."
3897 #: build/C/man2/link.2:117 build/C/man2/open.2:593 build/C/man2/rename.2:218 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:123 build/C/man2/symlink.2:140 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:71 build/C/man2/unlink.2:137
3903 #: build/C/man2/link.2:120 build/C/man2/rename.2:221
3904 msgid "The file is on a read-only file system."
3908 #: build/C/man2/link.2:120 build/C/man2/rename.2:221
3914 #: build/C/man2/link.2:128
3916 "I<oldpath> and I<newpath> are not on the same mounted file system. (Linux "
3917 "permits a file system to be mounted at multiple points, but B<link>() does "
3918 "not work across different mount points, even if the same file system is "
3922 #. SVr4 documents additional ENOLINK and
3923 #. EMULTIHOP error conditions; POSIX.1 does not document ELOOP.
3924 #. X/OPEN does not document EFAULT, ENOMEM or EIO.
3926 #: build/C/man2/link.2:133
3927 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001 (but see NOTES)."
3931 #: build/C/man2/link.2:140
3933 "Hard links, as created by B<link>(), cannot span file systems. Use "
3934 "B<symlink>(2) if this is required."
3937 #. more precisely: since kernel 1.3.56
3938 #. For example, the default Solaris compilation environment
3939 #. behaves like Linux, and contributors to a March 2005
3940 #. thread in the Austin mailing list reported that some
3941 #. other (System V) implementations did/do the same -- MTK, Apr 05
3943 #: build/C/man2/link.2:171
3945 "POSIX.1-2001 says that B<link>() should dereference I<oldpath> if it is a "
3946 "symbolic link. However, since kernel 2.0, Linux does not do so: if "
3947 "I<oldpath> is a symbolic link, then I<newpath> is created as a (hard) link "
3948 "to the same symbolic link file (i.e., I<newpath> becomes a symbolic link to "
3949 "the same file that I<oldpath> refers to). Some other implementations behave "
3950 "in the same manner as Linux. POSIX.1-2008 changes the specification of "
3951 "B<link>(), making it implementation-dependent whether or not I<oldpath> is "
3952 "dereferenced if it is a symbolic link. For precise control over the "
3953 "treatment of symbolic links when creating a link, see B<linkat>(2)."
3957 #: build/C/man2/link.2:177
3959 "On NFS file systems, the return code may be wrong in case the NFS server "
3960 "performs the link creation and dies before it can say so. Use B<stat>(2) "
3961 "to find out if the link got created."
3965 #: build/C/man2/link.2:187
3967 "B<ln>(1), B<linkat>(2), B<open>(2), B<rename>(2), B<stat>(2), B<symlink>(2), "
3968 "B<unlink>(2), B<path_resolution>(7), B<symlink>(7)"
3972 #: build/C/man2/llseek.2:26
3978 #: build/C/man2/llseek.2:26
3984 #: build/C/man2/llseek.2:29
3985 msgid "_llseek - reposition read/write file offset"
3989 #: build/C/man2/llseek.2:33
3992 "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
3993 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
3997 #: build/C/man2/llseek.2:37
4000 "B<int _llseek(unsigned int >I<fd>B<, unsigned long >I<offset_high>B<,>\n"
4001 "B< unsigned long >I<offset_low>B<, loff_t *>I<result>B<,>\n"
4002 "B< unsigned int >I<whence>B<);>\n"
4006 #: build/C/man2/llseek.2:57
4008 "The B<_llseek>() function repositions the offset of the open file "
4009 "associated with the file descriptor I<fd> to I<(offset_highE<lt>E<lt>32) | "
4010 "offset_low> bytes relative to the beginning of the file, the current "
4011 "position in the file, or the end of the file, depending on whether I<whence> "
4012 "is B<SEEK_SET>, B<SEEK_CUR>, or B<SEEK_END>, respectively. It returns the "
4013 "resulting file position in the argument I<result>."
4017 #: build/C/man2/llseek.2:64
4019 "Upon successful completion, B<_llseek>() returns 0. Otherwise, a value of "
4020 "-1 is returned and I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
4024 #: build/C/man2/llseek.2:69 build/C/man2/lseek.2:164
4025 msgid "I<fd> is not an open file descriptor."
4029 #: build/C/man2/llseek.2:72
4030 msgid "Problem with copying results to user space."
4034 #: build/C/man2/llseek.2:76
4035 msgid "I<whence> is invalid."
4039 #: build/C/man2/llseek.2:79
4041 "This function is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended "
4046 #: build/C/man2/llseek.2:82
4048 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using "
4053 #: build/C/man2/llseek.2:85
4054 msgid "B<lseek>(2), B<lseek64>(3)"
4058 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:45
4064 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:45
4070 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:48
4071 msgid "lseek - reposition read/write file offset"
4075 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:50 build/C/man3/lseek64.3:30
4076 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>"
4080 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:54
4081 msgid "B<off_t lseek(int >I<fd>B<, off_t >I<offset>B<, int >I<whence>B<);>"
4085 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:65
4087 "The B<lseek>() function repositions the offset of the open file associated "
4088 "with the file descriptor I<fd> to the argument I<offset> according to the "
4089 "directive I<whence> as follows:"
4093 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:70
4094 msgid "The offset is set to I<offset> bytes."
4098 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:75
4099 msgid "The offset is set to its current location plus I<offset> bytes."
4103 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:80
4104 msgid "The offset is set to the size of the file plus I<offset> bytes."
4108 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:88
4110 "The B<lseek>() function allows the file offset to be set beyond the end of "
4111 "the file (but this does not change the size of the file). If data is later "
4112 "written at this point, subsequent reads of the data in the gap (a \"hole\") "
4113 "return null bytes (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) until data is actually written into the "
4118 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:88
4120 msgid "Seeking file data and holes"
4124 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:91
4126 "Since version 3.1, Linux supports the following additional values for "
4131 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:91
4133 msgid "B<SEEK_DATA>"
4137 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:102
4139 "Adjust the file offset to the next location in the file greater than or "
4140 "equal to I<offset> containing data. If I<offset> points to data, then the "
4141 "file offset is set to I<offset>."
4145 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:102
4147 msgid "B<SEEK_HOLE>"
4151 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:116
4153 "Adjust the file offset to the next hole in the file greater than or equal to "
4154 "I<offset>. If I<offset> points into the middle of a hole, then the file "
4155 "offset is set to I<offset>. If there is no hole past I<offset>, then the "
4156 "file offset is adjusted to the end of the file (i.e., there is an implicit "
4157 "hole at the end of any file)."
4161 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:122
4163 "In both of the above cases, B<lseek>() fails if I<offset> points past the "
4168 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:128
4170 "These operations allow applications to map holes in a sparsely allocated "
4171 "file. This can be useful for applications such as file backup tools, which "
4172 "can save space when creating backups and preserve holes, if they have a "
4173 "mechanism for discovering holes."
4176 #. https://lkml.org/lkml/2011/4/22/79
4177 #. http://lwn.net/Articles/440255/
4178 #. http://blogs.oracle.com/bonwick/entry/seek_hole_and_seek_data
4180 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:151
4182 "For the purposes of these operations, a hole is a sequence of zeros that "
4183 "(normally) has not been allocated in the underlying file storage. However, "
4184 "a file system is not obliged to report holes, so these operations are not a "
4185 "guaranteed mechanism for mapping the storage space actually allocated to a "
4186 "file. (Furthermore, a sequence of zeros that actually has been written to "
4187 "the underlying storage may not be reported as a hole.) In the simplest "
4188 "implementation, a file system can support the operations by making "
4189 "B<SEEK_HOLE> always return the offset of the end of the file, and making "
4190 "B<SEEK_DATA> always return I<offset> (i.e., even if the location referred to "
4191 "by I<offset> is a hole, it can be considered to consist of data that is a "
4192 "sequence of zeros)."
4196 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:159
4198 "Upon successful completion, B<lseek>() returns the resulting offset "
4199 "location as measured in bytes from the beginning of the file. On error, the "
4200 "value I<(off_t)\\ -1> is returned and I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
4203 #. Some systems may allow negative offsets for character devices
4204 #. and/or for remote file systems.
4206 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:172
4208 "I<whence> is not valid. Or: the resulting file offset would be negative, or "
4209 "beyond the end of a seekable device."
4213 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:172 build/C/man2/open.2:565
4215 msgid "B<EOVERFLOW>"
4218 #. HP-UX 11 says EINVAL for this case (but POSIX.1 says EOVERFLOW)
4220 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:177
4221 msgid "The resulting file offset cannot be represented in an I<off_t>."
4225 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:177
4231 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:181
4232 msgid "I<fd> is associated with a pipe, socket, or FIFO."
4236 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:181 build/C/man2/open.2:559
4242 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:189
4244 "I<whence> is B<SEEK_DATA> or B<SEEK_HOLE>, and the current file offset is "
4245 "beyond the end of the file."
4248 #. SVr4 documents additional error
4249 #. conditions EDEADLK, ENOLCK, ENOLNK, ENOSR, ENXIO, or ERANGE.
4251 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:191 build/C/man2/read.2:157 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:129 build/C/man2/symlink.2:150 build/C/man2/unlink.2:145 build/C/man2/write.2:183
4252 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
4255 #. FIXME . Review http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=415 in the future
4257 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:199
4259 "B<SEEK_DATA> and B<SEEK_HOLE> are nonstandard extensions also present in "
4260 "Solaris, FreeBSD, and DragonFly BSD; they are proposed for inclusion in the "
4261 "next POSIX revision (Issue 8)."
4265 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:203
4267 "Some devices are incapable of seeking and POSIX does not specify which "
4268 "devices must support B<lseek>()."
4271 #. Other systems return the number of written characters,
4272 #. using SEEK_SET to set the counter. (Of written characters.)
4274 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:210
4275 msgid "On Linux, using B<lseek>() on a tty device returns B<ESPIPE>."
4279 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:213
4281 "When converting old code, substitute values for I<whence> with the following "
4286 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:216
4292 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:217
4294 msgid "0\tSEEK_SET\n"
4298 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:218
4300 msgid "1\tSEEK_CUR\n"
4304 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:219
4306 msgid "2\tSEEK_END\n"
4310 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:220
4312 msgid "L_SET\tSEEK_SET\n"
4316 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:221
4318 msgid "L_INCR\tSEEK_CUR\n"
4322 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:222
4324 msgid "L_XTND\tSEEK_END\n"
4328 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:234
4330 "Note that file descriptors created by B<dup>(2) or B<fork>(2) share the "
4331 "current file position pointer, so seeking on such files may be subject to "
4336 #: build/C/man2/lseek.2:241
4338 "B<dup>(2), B<fork>(2), B<open>(2), B<fseek>(3), B<lseek64>(3), "
4339 "B<posix_fallocate>(3)"
4343 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:23
4349 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:23
4355 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:26
4356 msgid "lseek64 - reposition 64-bit read/write file offset"
4360 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:28
4361 msgid "B<#define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
4365 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:34
4366 msgid "B<off64_t lseek64(int >I<fd>B<, off64_t >I<offset>B<, int >I<whence>B<);>"
4370 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:51
4372 "The B<lseek>(2) family of functions reposition the offset of the open file "
4373 "associated with the file descriptor I<fd> to I<offset> bytes relative to the "
4374 "start, current position, or end of the file, when I<whence> has the value "
4375 "B<SEEK_SET>, B<SEEK_CUR>, or B<SEEK_END>, respectively."
4379 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:54
4380 msgid "For more details, return value, and errors, see B<lseek>(2)."
4384 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:61
4386 "Four interfaces are available: B<lseek>(2), B<lseek64>(), B<llseek>(2), and "
4387 "the raw system call B<_llseek>(2)."
4391 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:61
4397 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:63 build/C/man3/lseek64.3:85 build/C/man3/lseek64.3:114
4402 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:67
4404 msgid "B<off_t lseek(int >I<fd>B<, off_t >I<offset>B<, int >I<whence>B<);>\n"
4408 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:75
4410 "B<lseek>(2) uses the type I<off_t>. This is a 32-bit signed type on 32-bit "
4411 "architectures, unless one compiles with"
4415 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:83
4416 msgid "in which case it is a 64-bit signed type."
4420 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:83
4426 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:89
4428 msgid "B<off64_t lseek64(int >I<fd>B<, off64_t >I<offset>B<, int >I<whence>B<);>\n"
4432 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:100
4434 "The library routine B<lseek64>() uses a 64-bit type even when I<off_t> is a "
4435 "32-bit type. Its prototype (and the type I<off64_t>) is available only "
4436 "when one compiles with"
4440 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:104
4442 msgid "#define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE\n"
4445 #. in glibc 2.0.94, not in 2.0.6
4447 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:112
4449 "The function B<lseek64>() is available since glibc 2.1, and is defined to "
4450 "be an alias for B<llseek>()."
4454 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:112
4460 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:118
4462 msgid "B<loff_t llseek(int >I<fd>B<, loff_t >I<offset>B<, int >I<whence>B<);>\n"
4465 #. in libc 5.0.9, not in 4.7.6
4467 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:137
4469 "The type I<loff_t> is a 64-bit signed type. The library routine B<llseek>() "
4470 "is available in libc5 and glibc and works without special defines. Its "
4471 "prototype was given in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> with libc5, but glibc does not "
4472 "provide a prototype. This is bad, since a prototype is needed. Users "
4473 "should add the above prototype, or something equivalent, to their own "
4474 "source. When users complained about data loss caused by a miscompilation of "
4475 "B<e2fsck>(8), glibc 2.1.3 added the link-time warning"
4479 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:140
4480 msgid "the \\`llseek\\' function may be dangerous; use \\`lseek64\\' instead."
4484 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:144
4485 msgid "This makes this function unusable if one desires a warning-free compilation."
4489 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:144
4495 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:147
4497 "All the above functions are implemented in terms of this system call. The "
4502 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:152
4505 "B<int _llseek(int >I<fd>B<, off_t >I<offset_hi>B<, off_t >I<offset_lo>B<,>\n"
4506 "B< loff_t *>I<result>B<, int >I<whence>B<);>\n"
4510 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:157
4511 msgid "For more details, see B<llseek>(2)."
4515 #: build/C/man3/lseek64.3:160
4516 msgid "B<llseek>(2), B<lseek>(2)"
4520 #: build/C/man2/open.2:52
4526 #: build/C/man2/open.2:52
4532 #: build/C/man2/open.2:55
4533 msgid "open, creat - open and possibly create a file or device"
4537 #: build/C/man2/open.2:60
4540 "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
4541 "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
4542 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>>\n"
4546 #: build/C/man2/open.2:63
4549 "B<int open(const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
4550 "B<int open(const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<flags>B<, mode_t "
4555 #: build/C/man2/open.2:65
4557 msgid "B<int creat(const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<);>\n"
4561 #: build/C/man2/open.2:76
4563 "Given a I<pathname> for a file, B<open>() returns a file descriptor, a "
4564 "small, nonnegative integer for use in subsequent system calls (B<read>(2), "
4565 "B<write>(2), B<lseek>(2), B<fcntl>(2), etc.). The file descriptor returned "
4566 "by a successful call will be the lowest-numbered file descriptor not "
4567 "currently open for the process."
4571 #: build/C/man2/open.2:88
4573 "By default, the new file descriptor is set to remain open across an "
4574 "B<execve>(2) (i.e., the B<FD_CLOEXEC> file descriptor flag described in "
4575 "B<fcntl>(2) is initially disabled; the B<O_CLOEXEC> flag, described below, "
4576 "can be used to change this default). The file offset is set to the "
4577 "beginning of the file (see B<lseek>(2))."
4581 #: build/C/man2/open.2:107
4583 "A call to B<open>() creates a new I<open file description>, an entry in the "
4584 "system-wide table of open files. This entry records the file offset and the "
4585 "file status flags (modifiable via the B<fcntl>(2) B<F_SETFL> operation). A "
4586 "file descriptor is a reference to one of these entries; this reference is "
4587 "unaffected if I<pathname> is subsequently removed or modified to refer to a "
4588 "different file. The new open file description is initially not shared with "
4589 "any other process, but sharing may arise via B<fork>(2)."
4593 #: build/C/man2/open.2:115
4595 "The argument I<flags> must include one of the following I<access modes>: "
4596 "B<O_RDONLY>, B<O_WRONLY>, or B<O_RDWR>. These request opening the file "
4597 "read-only, write-only, or read/write, respectively."
4600 #. FIXME . Actually is it true that the "file status flags" are all of the
4601 #. remaining flags listed below? SUSv4 divides the flags into:
4605 #. * Other (O_CLOEXEC, O_DIRECTORY, O_NOFOLLOW)
4606 #. though it's not clear what the difference between "other" and
4607 #. "File creation" flags is. (I've raised an Aardvark to see if this
4608 #. can be clarified in SUSv4; 10 Oct 2008.)
4610 #: build/C/man2/open.2:142
4612 "In addition, zero or more file creation flags and file status flags can be "
4613 "bitwise-I<or>'d in I<flags>. The I<file creation flags> are B<O_CREAT>, "
4614 "B<O_EXCL>, B<O_NOCTTY>, and B<O_TRUNC>. The I<file status flags> are all of "
4615 "the remaining flags listed below. The distinction between these two groups "
4616 "of flags is that the file status flags can be retrieved and (in some cases) "
4617 "modified using B<fcntl>(2). The full list of file creation flags and file "
4618 "status flags is as follows:"
4622 #: build/C/man2/open.2:142
4627 #. For more background, see
4628 #. http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=453946
4629 #. http://nfs.sourceforge.net/
4631 #: build/C/man2/open.2:159
4633 "The file is opened in append mode. Before each B<write>(2), the file offset "
4634 "is positioned at the end of the file, as if with B<lseek>(2). B<O_APPEND> "
4635 "may lead to corrupted files on NFS file systems if more than one process "
4636 "appends data to a file at once. This is because NFS does not support "
4637 "appending to a file, so the client kernel has to simulate it, which can't be "
4638 "done without a race condition."
4642 #: build/C/man2/open.2:159
4648 #: build/C/man2/open.2:172
4650 "Enable signal-driven I/O: generate a signal (B<SIGIO> by default, but this "
4651 "can be changed via B<fcntl>(2)) when input or output becomes possible on "
4652 "this file descriptor. This feature is only available for terminals, "
4653 "pseudoterminals, sockets, and (since Linux 2.6) pipes and FIFOs. See "
4654 "B<fcntl>(2) for further details."
4658 #: build/C/man2/open.2:172
4660 msgid "B<O_CLOEXEC> (Since Linux 2.6.23)"
4663 #. This flag fixes only one form of the race condition;
4664 #. The race can also occur with, for example, descriptors
4665 #. returned by accept(), pipe(), etc.
4667 #: build/C/man2/open.2:197
4669 "Enable the close-on-exec flag for the new file descriptor. Specifying this "
4670 "flag permits a program to avoid additional B<fcntl>(2) B<F_SETFD> "
4671 "operations to set the B<FD_CLOEXEC> flag. Additionally, use of this flag is "
4672 "essential in some multithreaded programs since using a separate B<fcntl>(2) "
4673 "B<F_SETFD> operation to set the B<FD_CLOEXEC> flag does not suffice to avoid "
4674 "race conditions where one thread opens a file descriptor at the same time as "
4675 "another thread does a B<fork>(2) plus B<execve>(2)."
4679 #: build/C/man2/open.2:197
4684 #. As at 2.6.25, bsdgroups is supported by ext2, ext3, ext4, and
4685 #. XFS (since 2.6.14).
4687 #: build/C/man2/open.2:213
4689 "If the file does not exist it will be created. The owner (user ID) of the "
4690 "file is set to the effective user ID of the process. The group ownership "
4691 "(group ID) is set either to the effective group ID of the process or to the "
4692 "group ID of the parent directory (depending on file system type and mount "
4693 "options, and the mode of the parent directory, see the mount options "
4694 "I<bsdgroups> and I<sysvgroups> described in B<mount>(8))."
4698 #: build/C/man2/open.2:236
4700 "I<mode> specifies the permissions to use in case a new file is created. "
4701 "This argument must be supplied when B<O_CREAT> is specified in I<flags>; if "
4702 "B<O_CREAT> is not specified, then I<mode> is ignored. The effective "
4703 "permissions are modified by the process's I<umask> in the usual way: The "
4704 "permissions of the created file are I<(mode\\ &\\ ~umask)>. Note that this "
4705 "mode only applies to future accesses of the newly created file; the "
4706 "B<open>() call that creates a read-only file may well return a read/write "
4711 #: build/C/man2/open.2:239
4712 msgid "The following symbolic constants are provided for I<mode>:"
4716 #: build/C/man2/open.2:239
4722 #: build/C/man2/open.2:242
4723 msgid "00700 user (file owner) has read, write and execute permission"
4727 #: build/C/man2/open.2:242
4733 #: build/C/man2/open.2:245
4734 msgid "00400 user has read permission"
4738 #: build/C/man2/open.2:245
4744 #: build/C/man2/open.2:248
4745 msgid "00200 user has write permission"
4749 #: build/C/man2/open.2:248
4755 #: build/C/man2/open.2:251
4756 msgid "00100 user has execute permission"
4760 #: build/C/man2/open.2:251
4766 #: build/C/man2/open.2:254
4767 msgid "00070 group has read, write and execute permission"
4771 #: build/C/man2/open.2:254
4777 #: build/C/man2/open.2:257
4778 msgid "00040 group has read permission"
4782 #: build/C/man2/open.2:257
4788 #: build/C/man2/open.2:260
4789 msgid "00020 group has write permission"
4793 #: build/C/man2/open.2:260
4799 #: build/C/man2/open.2:263
4800 msgid "00010 group has execute permission"
4804 #: build/C/man2/open.2:263
4810 #: build/C/man2/open.2:266
4811 msgid "00007 others have read, write and execute permission"
4815 #: build/C/man2/open.2:266
4821 #: build/C/man2/open.2:269
4822 msgid "00004 others have read permission"
4826 #: build/C/man2/open.2:269
4832 #: build/C/man2/open.2:272
4833 msgid "00002 others have write permission"
4837 #: build/C/man2/open.2:272
4843 #: build/C/man2/open.2:275
4844 msgid "00001 others have execute permission"
4848 #: build/C/man2/open.2:276
4850 msgid "B<O_DIRECT> (Since Linux 2.4.10)"
4854 #: build/C/man2/open.2:293
4856 "Try to minimize cache effects of the I/O to and from this file. In general "
4857 "this will degrade performance, but it is useful in special situations, such "
4858 "as when applications do their own caching. File I/O is done directly "
4859 "to/from user space buffers. The B<O_DIRECT> flag on its own makes an effort "
4860 "to transfer data synchronously, but does not give the guarantees of the "
4861 "B<O_SYNC> flag that data and necessary metadata are transferred. To "
4862 "guarantee synchronous I/O, B<O_SYNC> must be used in addition to "
4863 "B<O_DIRECT>. See NOTES below for further discussion."
4867 #: build/C/man2/open.2:297
4869 "A semantically similar (but deprecated) interface for block devices is "
4870 "described in B<raw>(8)."
4874 #: build/C/man2/open.2:297
4876 msgid "B<O_DIRECTORY>"
4879 #. But see the following and its replies:
4880 #. http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?t=112748702800001&r=1&w=2
4881 #. [PATCH] open: O_DIRECTORY and O_CREAT together should fail
4882 #. O_DIRECTORY | O_CREAT causes O_DIRECTORY to be ignored.
4884 #: build/C/man2/open.2:311
4886 "If I<pathname> is not a directory, cause the open to fail. This flag is "
4887 "Linux-specific, and was added in kernel version 2.1.126, to avoid "
4888 "denial-of-service problems if B<opendir>(3) is called on a FIFO or tape "
4889 "device, but should not be used outside of the implementation of "
4894 #: build/C/man2/open.2:311
4900 #: build/C/man2/open.2:321
4902 "Ensure that this call creates the file: if this flag is specified in "
4903 "conjunction with B<O_CREAT>, and I<pathname> already exists, then B<open>() "
4907 #. POSIX.1-2001 explicitly requires this behavior.
4909 #: build/C/man2/open.2:329
4911 "When these two flags are specified, symbolic links are not followed: if "
4912 "I<pathname> is a symbolic link, then B<open>() fails regardless of where "
4913 "the symbolic link points to."
4917 #: build/C/man2/open.2:345
4919 "In general, the behavior of B<O_EXCL> is undefined if it is used without "
4920 "B<O_CREAT>. There is one exception: on Linux 2.6 and later, B<O_EXCL> can "
4921 "be used without B<O_CREAT> if I<pathname> refers to a block device. If the "
4922 "block device is in use by the system (e.g., mounted), B<open>() fails with "
4923 "the error B<EBUSY>."
4927 #: build/C/man2/open.2:367
4929 "On NFS, B<O_EXCL> is only supported when using NFSv3 or later on kernel 2.6 "
4930 "or later. In NFS environments where B<O_EXCL> support is not provided, "
4931 "programs that rely on it for performing locking tasks will contain a race "
4932 "condition. Portable programs that want to perform atomic file locking using "
4933 "a lockfile, and need to avoid reliance on NFS support for B<O_EXCL>, can "
4934 "create a unique file on the same file system (e.g., incorporating hostname "
4935 "and PID), and use B<link>(2) to make a link to the lockfile. If B<link>(2) "
4936 "returns 0, the lock is successful. Otherwise, use B<stat>(2) on the unique "
4937 "file to check if its link count has increased to 2, in which case the lock "
4938 "is also successful."
4942 #: build/C/man2/open.2:367
4944 msgid "B<O_LARGEFILE>"
4948 #: build/C/man2/open.2:389
4950 "(LFS) Allow files whose sizes cannot be represented in an I<off_t> (but can "
4951 "be represented in an I<off64_t>) to be opened. The B<_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE> "
4952 "macro must be defined (before including I<any> header files) in order to "
4953 "obtain this definition. Setting the B<_FILE_OFFSET_BITS> feature test macro "
4954 "to 64 (rather than using B<O_LARGEFILE>) is the preferred method of "
4955 "accessing large files on 32-bit systems (see B<feature_test_macros>(7))."
4959 #: build/C/man2/open.2:389
4961 msgid "B<O_NOATIME> (Since Linux 2.6.8)"
4964 #. The O_NOATIME flag also affects the treatment of st_atime
4965 #. by mmap() and readdir(2), MTK, Dec 04.
4967 #: build/C/man2/open.2:400
4969 "Do not update the file last access time (st_atime in the inode) when the "
4970 "file is B<read>(2). This flag is intended for use by indexing or backup "
4971 "programs, where its use can significantly reduce the amount of disk "
4972 "activity. This flag may not be effective on all file systems. One example "
4973 "is NFS, where the server maintains the access time."
4977 #: build/C/man2/open.2:400
4983 #: build/C/man2/open.2:408
4985 "If I<pathname> refers to a terminal device\\(emsee B<tty>(4)\\(em it will "
4986 "not become the process's controlling terminal even if the process does not "
4991 #: build/C/man2/open.2:408
4993 msgid "B<O_NOFOLLOW>"
4996 #. The headers from glibc 2.0.100 and later include a
4997 #. definition of this flag; \fIkernels before 2.1.126 will ignore it if
5000 #: build/C/man2/open.2:417
5002 "If I<pathname> is a symbolic link, then the open fails. This is a FreeBSD "
5003 "extension, which was added to Linux in version 2.1.126. Symbolic links in "
5004 "earlier components of the pathname will still be followed."
5008 #: build/C/man2/open.2:417
5010 msgid "B<O_NONBLOCK> or B<O_NDELAY>"
5014 #: build/C/man2/open.2:430
5016 "When possible, the file is opened in nonblocking mode. Neither the "
5017 "B<open>() nor any subsequent operations on the file descriptor which is "
5018 "returned will cause the calling process to wait. For the handling of FIFOs "
5019 "(named pipes), see also B<fifo>(7). For a discussion of the effect of "
5020 "B<O_NONBLOCK> in conjunction with mandatory file locks and with file leases, "
5025 #: build/C/man2/open.2:430
5031 #: build/C/man2/open.2:438
5033 "The file is opened for synchronous I/O. Any B<write>(2)s on the resulting "
5034 "file descriptor will block the calling process until the data has been "
5035 "physically written to the underlying hardware. I<But see NOTES below>."
5039 #: build/C/man2/open.2:438
5045 #: build/C/man2/open.2:452
5047 "If the file already exists and is a regular file and the open mode allows "
5048 "writing (i.e., is B<O_RDWR> or B<O_WRONLY>) it will be truncated to length "
5049 "0. If the file is a FIFO or terminal device file, the B<O_TRUNC> flag is "
5050 "ignored. Otherwise the effect of B<O_TRUNC> is unspecified."
5054 #: build/C/man2/open.2:456
5056 "Some of these optional flags can be altered using B<fcntl>(2) after the "
5057 "file has been opened."
5061 #: build/C/man2/open.2:464
5063 "B<creat>() is equivalent to B<open>() with I<flags> equal to "
5064 "B<O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC>."
5068 #: build/C/man2/open.2:472
5070 "B<open>() and B<creat>() return the new file descriptor, or -1 if an error "
5071 "occurred (in which case, I<errno> is set appropriately)."
5075 #: build/C/man2/open.2:482
5077 "The requested access to the file is not allowed, or search permission is "
5078 "denied for one of the directories in the path prefix of I<pathname>, or the "
5079 "file did not exist yet and write access to the parent directory is not "
5080 "allowed. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
5084 #: build/C/man2/open.2:488
5085 msgid "I<pathname> already exists and B<O_CREAT> and B<O_EXCL> were used."
5089 #: build/C/man2/open.2:492 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:67 build/C/man2/unlink.2:84
5090 msgid "I<pathname> points outside your accessible address space."
5094 #: build/C/man2/open.2:492 build/C/man2/write.2:139
5100 #: build/C/man2/open.2:496
5101 msgid "See B<EOVERFLOW>."
5105 #: build/C/man2/open.2:496 build/C/man2/read.2:104 build/C/man3/scanf.3:559 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:59 build/C/man2/write.2:144
5111 #: build/C/man2/open.2:503
5113 "While blocked waiting to complete an open of a slow device (e.g., a FIFO; "
5114 "see B<fifo>(7)), the call was interrupted by a signal handler; see "
5119 #: build/C/man2/open.2:503 build/C/man2/read.2:140 build/C/man2/rename.2:140 build/C/man2/unlink.2:87
5125 #: build/C/man2/open.2:512
5127 "I<pathname> refers to a directory and the access requested involved writing "
5128 "(that is, B<O_WRONLY> or B<O_RDWR> is set)."
5132 #: build/C/man2/open.2:519
5134 "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<pathname>, or "
5135 "B<O_NOFOLLOW> was specified but I<pathname> was a symbolic link."
5139 #: build/C/man2/open.2:519 build/C/man2/pipe.2:107 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:62
5145 #: build/C/man2/open.2:522
5146 msgid "The process already has the maximum number of files open."
5150 #: build/C/man2/open.2:526 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:80 build/C/man2/unlink.2:99
5151 msgid "I<pathname> was too long."
5155 #: build/C/man2/open.2:526 build/C/man2/pipe.2:110 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:65
5161 #: build/C/man2/open.2:529 build/C/man2/pipe.2:113
5162 msgid "The system limit on the total number of open files has been reached."
5166 #: build/C/man2/open.2:529
5172 #: build/C/man2/open.2:536
5174 "I<pathname> refers to a device special file and no corresponding device "
5175 "exists. (This is a Linux kernel bug; in this situation B<ENXIO> must be "
5180 #: build/C/man2/open.2:543
5182 "B<O_CREAT> is not set and the named file does not exist. Or, a directory "
5183 "component in I<pathname> does not exist or is a dangling symbolic link."
5187 #: build/C/man2/open.2:552
5189 "I<pathname> was to be created but the device containing I<pathname> has no "
5190 "room for the new file."
5194 #: build/C/man2/open.2:559
5196 "A component used as a directory in I<pathname> is not, in fact, a directory, "
5197 "or B<O_DIRECTORY> was specified and I<pathname> was not a directory."
5201 #: build/C/man2/open.2:565
5203 "B<O_NONBLOCK> | B<O_WRONLY> is set, the named file is a FIFO and no process "
5204 "has the file open for reading. Or, the file is a device special file and no "
5205 "corresponding device exists."
5208 #. See http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=7253
5209 #. "Open of a large file on 32-bit fails with EFBIG, should be EOVERFLOW"
5210 #. Reported 2006-10-03
5212 #: build/C/man2/open.2:585
5214 "I<pathname> refers to a regular file that is too large to be opened. The "
5215 "usual scenario here is that an application compiled on a 32-bit platform "
5216 "without I<-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64> tried to open a file whose size exceeds "
5217 "I<(2E<lt>E<lt>31)-1> bits; see also B<O_LARGEFILE> above. This is the error "
5218 "specified by POSIX.1-2001; in kernels before 2.6.24, Linux gave the error "
5219 "B<EFBIG> for this case."
5222 #. Strictly speaking, it's the file system UID... (MTK)
5224 #: build/C/man2/open.2:593
5226 "The B<O_NOATIME> flag was specified, but the effective user ID of the caller "
5227 "did not match the owner of the file and the caller was not privileged "
5232 #: build/C/man2/open.2:598
5234 "I<pathname> refers to a file on a read-only file system and write access was "
5239 #: build/C/man2/open.2:598
5245 #: build/C/man2/open.2:603
5247 "I<pathname> refers to an executable image which is currently being executed "
5248 "and write access was requested."
5252 #: build/C/man2/open.2:603
5254 msgid "B<EWOULDBLOCK>"
5258 #: build/C/man2/open.2:610
5260 "The B<O_NONBLOCK> flag was specified, and an incompatible lease was held on "
5261 "the file (see B<fcntl>(2))."
5265 #: build/C/man2/open.2:623
5267 "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. The B<O_DIRECTORY>, B<O_NOATIME>, and "
5268 "B<O_NOFOLLOW> flags are Linux-specific, and one may need to define "
5269 "B<_GNU_SOURCE> (before including I<any> header files) to obtain their "
5274 #: build/C/man2/open.2:628
5276 "The B<O_CLOEXEC> flag is not specified in POSIX.1-2001, but is specified in "
5281 #: build/C/man2/open.2:636
5283 "B<O_DIRECT> is not specified in POSIX; one has to define B<_GNU_SOURCE> "
5284 "(before including I<any> header files) to get its definition."
5288 #: build/C/man2/open.2:644
5290 "Under Linux, the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag indicates that one wants to open but "
5291 "does not necessarily have the intention to read or write. This is typically "
5292 "used to open devices in order to get a file descriptor for use with "
5296 #. See for example util-linux's disk-utils/setfdprm.c
5297 #. For some background on access mode 3, see
5298 #. http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/653123
5299 #. "[RFC] correct flags to f_mode conversion in __dentry_open"
5300 #. LKML, 12 Mar 2008
5302 #: build/C/man2/open.2:673
5304 "Unlike the other values that can be specified in I<flags>, the I<access "
5305 "mode> values B<O_RDONLY>, B<O_WRONLY>, and B<O_RDWR>, do not specify "
5306 "individual bits. Rather, they define the low order two bits of I<flags>, "
5307 "and are defined respectively as 0, 1, and 2. In other words, the "
5308 "combination B<O_RDONLY | O_WRONLY> is a logical error, and certainly does "
5309 "not have the same meaning as B<O_RDWR>. Linux reserves the special, "
5310 "nonstandard access mode 3 (binary 11) in I<flags> to mean: check for read "
5311 "and write permission on the file and return a descriptor that can't be used "
5312 "for reading or writing. This nonstandard access mode is used by some Linux "
5313 "drivers to return a descriptor that is only to be used for device-specific "
5314 "B<ioctl>(2) operations."
5317 #. Linux 2.0, 2.5: truncate
5318 #. Solaris 5.7, 5.8: truncate
5319 #. Irix 6.5: truncate
5320 #. Tru64 5.1B: truncate
5321 #. HP-UX 11.22: truncate
5322 #. FreeBSD 4.7: truncate
5324 #: build/C/man2/open.2:684
5326 "The (undefined) effect of B<O_RDONLY | O_TRUNC> varies among "
5327 "implementations. On many systems the file is actually truncated."
5331 #: build/C/man2/open.2:688
5333 "There are many infelicities in the protocol underlying NFS, affecting "
5334 "amongst others B<O_SYNC> and B<O_NDELAY>."
5338 #: build/C/man2/open.2:710
5340 "POSIX provides for three different variants of synchronized I/O, "
5341 "corresponding to the flags B<O_SYNC>, B<O_DSYNC>, and B<O_RSYNC>. Currently "
5342 "(2.6.31), Linux only implements B<O_SYNC>, but glibc maps B<O_DSYNC> and "
5343 "B<O_RSYNC> to the same numerical value as B<O_SYNC>. Most Linux file "
5344 "systems don't actually implement the POSIX B<O_SYNC> semantics, which "
5345 "require all metadata updates of a write to be on disk on returning to "
5346 "userspace, but only the B<O_DSYNC> semantics, which require only actual file "
5347 "data and metadata necessary to retrieve it to be on disk by the time the "
5348 "system call returns."
5352 #: build/C/man2/open.2:718
5354 "Note that B<open>() can open device special files, but B<creat>() cannot "
5355 "create them; use B<mknod>(2) instead."
5359 #: build/C/man2/open.2:731
5361 "On NFS file systems with UID mapping enabled, B<open>() may return a file "
5362 "descriptor but, for example, B<read>(2) requests are denied with "
5363 "B<EACCES>. This is because the client performs B<open>() by checking the "
5364 "permissions, but UID mapping is performed by the server upon read and write "
5369 #: build/C/man2/open.2:750
5371 "If the file is newly created, its I<st_atime>, I<st_ctime>, I<st_mtime> "
5372 "fields (respectively, time of last access, time of last status change, and "
5373 "time of last modification; see B<stat>(2)) are set to the current time, and "
5374 "so are the I<st_ctime> and I<st_mtime> fields of the parent directory. "
5375 "Otherwise, if the file is modified because of the B<O_TRUNC> flag, its "
5376 "st_ctime and st_mtime fields are set to the current time."
5380 #: build/C/man2/open.2:750
5386 #: build/C/man2/open.2:767
5388 "The B<O_DIRECT> flag may impose alignment restrictions on the length and "
5389 "address of userspace buffers and the file offset of I/Os. In Linux "
5390 "alignment restrictions vary by file system and kernel version and might be "
5391 "absent entirely. However there is currently no file system-independent "
5392 "interface for an application to discover these restrictions for a given file "
5393 "or file system. Some file systems provide their own interfaces for doing "
5394 "so, for example the B<XFS_IOC_DIOINFO> operation in B<xfsctl>(3)."
5398 #: build/C/man2/open.2:773
5400 "Under Linux 2.4, transfer sizes, and the alignment of the user buffer and "
5401 "the file offset must all be multiples of the logical block size of the file "
5402 "system. Under Linux 2.6, alignment to 512-byte boundaries suffices."
5406 #: build/C/man2/open.2:783
5408 "The B<O_DIRECT> flag was introduced in SGI IRIX, where it has alignment "
5409 "restrictions similar to those of Linux 2.4. IRIX has also a B<fcntl>(2) "
5410 "call to query appropriate alignments, and sizes. FreeBSD 4.x introduced a "
5411 "flag of the same name, but without alignment restrictions."
5415 #: build/C/man2/open.2:792
5417 "B<O_DIRECT> support was added under Linux in kernel version 2.4.10. Older "
5418 "Linux kernels simply ignore this flag. Some file systems may not implement "
5419 "the flag and B<open>() will fail with B<EINVAL> if it is used."
5423 #: build/C/man2/open.2:803
5425 "Applications should avoid mixing B<O_DIRECT> and normal I/O to the same "
5426 "file, and especially to overlapping byte regions in the same file. Even "
5427 "when the file system correctly handles the coherency issues in this "
5428 "situation, overall I/O throughput is likely to be slower than using either "
5429 "mode alone. Likewise, applications should avoid mixing B<mmap>(2) of files "
5430 "with direct I/O to the same files."
5434 #: build/C/man2/open.2:825
5436 "The behaviour of B<O_DIRECT> with NFS will differ from local file systems. "
5437 "Older kernels, or kernels configured in certain ways, may not support this "
5438 "combination. The NFS protocol does not support passing the flag to the "
5439 "server, so B<O_DIRECT> I/O will only bypass the page cache on the client; "
5440 "the server may still cache the I/O. The client asks the server to make the "
5441 "I/O synchronous to preserve the synchronous semantics of B<O_DIRECT>. Some "
5442 "servers will perform poorly under these circumstances, especially if the I/O "
5443 "size is small. Some servers may also be configured to lie to clients about "
5444 "the I/O having reached stable storage; this will avoid the performance "
5445 "penalty at some risk to data integrity in the event of server power "
5446 "failure. The Linux NFS client places no alignment restrictions on "
5451 #: build/C/man2/open.2:832
5453 "In summary, B<O_DIRECT> is a potentially powerful tool that should be used "
5454 "with caution. It is recommended that applications treat use of B<O_DIRECT> "
5455 "as a performance option which is disabled by default."
5459 #: build/C/man2/open.2:837
5461 "\"The thing that has always disturbed me about O_DIRECT is that the whole "
5462 "interface is just stupid, and was probably designed by a deranged monkey on "
5463 "some serious mind-controlling substances.\"\\(emLinus"
5466 #. FIXME . Check bugzilla report on open(O_ASYNC)
5467 #. See http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=5993
5469 #: build/C/man2/open.2:849
5471 "Currently, it is not possible to enable signal-driven I/O by specifying "
5472 "B<O_ASYNC> when calling B<open>(); use B<fcntl>(2) to enable this flag."
5476 #: build/C/man2/open.2:871
5478 "B<chmod>(2), B<chown>(2), B<close>(2), B<dup>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<link>(2), "
5479 "B<lseek>(2), B<mknod>(2), B<mmap>(2), B<mount>(2), B<openat>(2), B<read>(2), "
5480 "B<socket>(2), B<stat>(2), B<umask>(2), B<unlink>(2), B<write>(2), "
5481 "B<fopen>(3), B<fifo>(7), B<path_resolution>(7), B<symlink>(7)"
5485 #: build/C/man3/perror.3:30
5491 #: build/C/man3/perror.3:33
5492 msgid "perror - print a system error message"
5496 #: build/C/man3/perror.3:37
5497 msgid "B<void perror(const char *>I<s>B<);>"
5501 #: build/C/man3/perror.3:39
5502 msgid "B<#include E<lt>errno.hE<gt>>"
5506 #: build/C/man3/perror.3:41
5507 msgid "B<const char *>I<sys_errlist>B<[];>"
5511 #: build/C/man3/perror.3:43
5512 msgid "B<int >I<sys_nerr>B<;>"
5516 #: build/C/man3/perror.3:45
5517 msgid "B<int >I<errno>B<;>"
5521 #: build/C/man3/perror.3:54
5522 msgid "I<sys_errlist>, I<sys_nerr>: _BSD_SOURCE"
5526 #: build/C/man3/perror.3:67
5528 "The routine B<perror>() produces a message on the standard error output, "
5529 "describing the last error encountered during a call to a system or library "
5530 "function. First (if I<s> is not NULL and I<*s> is not a null byte "
5531 "(\\(aq\\e0\\(aq)) the argument string I<s> is printed, followed by a colon "
5532 "and a blank. Then the message and a new-line."
5536 #: build/C/man3/perror.3:75
5538 "To be of most use, the argument string should include the name of the "
5539 "function that incurred the error. The error number is taken from the "
5540 "external variable I<errno>, which is set when errors occur but not cleared "
5541 "when successful calls are made."
5545 #: build/C/man3/perror.3:86
5547 "The global error list I<sys_errlist>[] indexed by I<errno> can be used to "
5548 "obtain the error message without the newline. The largest message number "
5549 "provided in the table is I<sys_nerr> -1. Be careful when directly accessing "
5550 "this list because new error values may not have been added to "
5555 #: build/C/man3/perror.3:107
5557 "When a system call fails, it usually returns -1 and sets the variable "
5558 "I<errno> to a value describing what went wrong. (These values can be found "
5559 "in I<E<lt>errno.hE<gt>>.) Many library functions do likewise. The function "
5560 "B<perror>() serves to translate this error code into human-readable form. "
5561 "Note that I<errno> is undefined after a successful library call: this call "
5562 "may well change this variable, even though it succeeds, for example because "
5563 "it internally used some other library function that failed. Thus, if a "
5564 "failing call is not immediately followed by a call to B<perror>(), the value "
5565 "of I<errno> should be saved."
5569 #: build/C/man3/perror.3:120
5571 "The function B<perror>() and the external I<errno> (see B<errno>(3)) "
5572 "conform to C89, C99, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. The externals I<sys_nerr> and "
5573 "I<sys_errlist> conform to BSD."
5576 #. and only when _BSD_SOURCE is defined.
5579 #. is defined, the symbols
5585 #: build/C/man3/perror.3:135
5587 "The externals I<sys_nerr> and I<sys_errlist> are defined by glibc, but in "
5588 "I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>."
5592 #: build/C/man3/perror.3:140
5593 msgid "B<err>(3), B<errno>(3), B<error>(3), B<strerror>(3)"
5597 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:36
5603 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:36
5609 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:39
5610 msgid "pipe, pipe2 - create pipe"
5614 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:42 build/C/man2/read.2:41
5616 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
5620 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:44
5622 msgid "B<int pipe(int >I<pipefd>B<[2]);>\n"
5626 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:48
5629 "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
5630 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>> /* Obtain O_* constant "
5632 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
5636 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:50
5638 msgid "B<int pipe2(int >I<pipefd>B<[2], int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
5642 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:66
5644 "B<pipe>() creates a pipe, a unidirectional data channel that can be used "
5645 "for interprocess communication. The array I<pipefd> is used to return two "
5646 "file descriptors referring to the ends of the pipe. I<pipefd[0]> refers to "
5647 "the read end of the pipe. I<pipefd[1]> refers to the write end of the "
5648 "pipe. Data written to the write end of the pipe is buffered by the kernel "
5649 "until it is read from the read end of the pipe. For further details, see "
5654 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:76
5656 "If I<flags> is 0, then B<pipe2>() is the same as B<pipe>(). The following "
5657 "values can be bitwise ORed in I<flags> to obtain different behavior:"
5661 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:76
5663 msgid "B<O_NONBLOCK>"
5667 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:84
5669 "Set the B<O_NONBLOCK> file status flag on the two new open file "
5670 "descriptions. Using this flag saves extra calls to B<fcntl>(2) to achieve "
5675 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:84
5677 msgid "B<O_CLOEXEC>"
5681 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:92
5683 "Set the close-on-exec (B<FD_CLOEXEC>) flag on the two new file "
5684 "descriptors. See the description of the same flag in B<open>(2) for "
5685 "reasons why this may be useful."
5689 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:102
5690 msgid "I<pipefd> is not valid."
5694 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:107
5695 msgid "(B<pipe2>()) Invalid value in I<flags>."
5699 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:110
5700 msgid "Too many file descriptors are in use by the process."
5704 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:118
5706 "B<pipe2>() was added to Linux in version 2.6.27; glibc support is available "
5707 "starting with version 2.9."
5711 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:121
5712 msgid "B<pipe>(): POSIX.1-2001."
5716 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:124
5717 msgid "B<pipe2>() is Linux-specific."
5720 #. fork.2 refers to this example program.
5722 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:140
5724 "The following program creates a pipe, and then B<fork>(2)s to create a child "
5725 "process; the child inherits a duplicate set of file descriptors that refer "
5726 "to the same pipe. After the B<fork>(2), each process closes the descriptors "
5727 "that it doesn't need for the pipe (see B<pipe>(7)). The parent then writes "
5728 "the string contained in the program's command-line argument to the pipe, and "
5729 "the child reads this string a byte at a time from the pipe and echoes it on "
5734 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:147
5737 "#include E<lt>sys/wait.hE<gt>\n"
5738 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
5739 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
5740 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
5741 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
5745 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:154
5749 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
5757 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:159
5760 " if (argc != 2) {\n"
5761 "\tfprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>stringE<gt>\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
5762 "\texit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5767 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:164
5770 " if (pipe(pipefd) == -1) {\n"
5771 " perror(\"pipe\");\n"
5772 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5777 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:170
5781 " if (cpid == -1) {\n"
5782 " perror(\"fork\");\n"
5783 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5788 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:173
5791 " if (cpid == 0) { /* Child reads from pipe */\n"
5792 " close(pipefd[1]); /* Close unused write end */\n"
5796 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:176
5799 " while (read(pipefd[0], &buf, 1) E<gt> 0)\n"
5800 " write(STDOUT_FILENO, &buf, 1);\n"
5804 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:180
5807 " write(STDOUT_FILENO, \"\\en\", 1);\n"
5808 " close(pipefd[0]);\n"
5809 " _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
5813 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:189
5816 " } else { /* Parent writes argv[1] to pipe */\n"
5817 " close(pipefd[0]); /* Close unused read end */\n"
5818 " write(pipefd[1], argv[1], strlen(argv[1]));\n"
5819 " close(pipefd[1]); /* Reader will see EOF */\n"
5820 " wait(NULL); /* Wait for child */\n"
5821 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
5827 #: build/C/man2/pipe.2:197
5829 "B<fork>(2), B<read>(2), B<socketpair>(2), B<write>(2), B<popen>(3), "
5834 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:38
5840 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:38
5846 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:41
5847 msgid "popen, pclose - pipe stream to or from a process"
5851 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:46
5853 msgid "B<FILE *popen(const char *>I<command>B<, const char *>I<type>B<);>\n"
5857 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:48
5859 msgid "B<int pclose(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
5863 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:58
5864 msgid "B<popen>(), B<pclose>():"
5868 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:60
5869 msgid "_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 2 || _XOPEN_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
5873 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:71
5875 "The B<popen>() function opens a process by creating a pipe, forking, and "
5876 "invoking the shell. Since a pipe is by definition unidirectional, the "
5877 "I<type> argument may specify only reading or writing, not both; the "
5878 "resulting stream is correspondingly read-only or write-only."
5882 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:95
5884 "The I<command> argument is a pointer to a null-terminated string containing "
5885 "a shell command line. This command is passed to I</bin/sh> using the B<-c> "
5886 "flag; interpretation, if any, is performed by the shell. The I<type> "
5887 "argument is a pointer to a null-terminated string which must contain either "
5888 "the letter \\(aqr\\(aq for reading or the letter \\(aqw\\(aq for writing. "
5889 "Since glibc 2.9, this argument can additionally include the letter "
5890 "\\(aqe\\(aq, which causes the close-on-exec flag (B<FD_CLOEXEC>) to be set "
5891 "on the underlying file descriptor; see the description of the B<O_CLOEXEC> "
5892 "flag in B<open>(2) for reasons why this may be useful."
5896 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:111
5898 "The return value from B<popen>() is a normal standard I/O stream in all "
5899 "respects save that it must be closed with B<pclose>() rather than "
5900 "B<fclose>(3). Writing to such a stream writes to the standard input of the "
5901 "command; the command's standard output is the same as that of the process "
5902 "that called B<popen>(), unless this is altered by the command itself. "
5903 "Conversely, reading from a \"popened\" stream reads the command's standard "
5904 "output, and the command's standard input is the same as that of the process "
5905 "that called B<popen>()."
5909 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:115
5910 msgid "Note that output B<popen>() streams are fully buffered by default."
5914 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:121
5916 "The B<pclose>() function waits for the associated process to terminate and "
5917 "returns the exit status of the command as returned by B<wait4>(2)."
5921 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:129
5923 "The B<popen>() function returns NULL if the B<fork>(2) or B<pipe>(2) "
5924 "calls fail, or if it cannot allocate memory."
5927 #. These conditions actually give undefined results, so I commented
5930 #. is not associated with a "popen()ed" command, if
5932 #. already "pclose()d", or if
5934 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:141
5936 "The B<pclose>() function returns -1 if B<wait4>(2) returns an error, or "
5937 "some other error is detected."
5941 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:160
5943 "The B<popen>() function does not set I<errno> if memory allocation fails. "
5944 "If the underlying B<fork>(2) or B<pipe>(2) fails, I<errno> is set "
5945 "appropriately. If the I<type> argument is invalid, and this condition is "
5946 "detected, I<errno> is set to B<EINVAL>."
5950 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:167
5952 "If B<pclose>() cannot obtain the child status, I<errno> is set to "
5957 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:173
5958 msgid "The \\(aqe\\(aq value for I<type> is a Linux extension."
5962 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:186
5964 "Since the standard input of a command opened for reading shares its seek "
5965 "offset with the process that called B<popen>(), if the original process has "
5966 "done a buffered read, the command's input position may not be as expected. "
5967 "Similarly, the output from a command opened for writing may become "
5968 "intermingled with that of the original process. The latter can be avoided "
5969 "by calling B<fflush>(3) before B<popen>()."
5977 #. function appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX.
5979 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:196
5981 "Failure to execute the shell is indistinguishable from the shell's failure "
5982 "to execute command, or an immediate exit of the command. The only hint is "
5983 "an exit status of 127."
5987 #: build/C/man3/popen.3:206
5989 "B<sh>(1), B<fork>(2), B<pipe>(2), B<wait4>(2), B<fclose>(3), B<fflush>(3), "
5990 "B<fopen>(3), B<stdio>(3), B<system>(3)"
5994 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:34
6000 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:34 build/C/man3/puts.3:24 build/C/man3/scanf.3:50
6006 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:38
6008 "printf, fprintf, sprintf, snprintf, vprintf, vfprintf, vsprintf, vsnprintf - "
6009 "formatted output conversion"
6013 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:42
6014 msgid "B<int printf(const char *>I<format>B<, ...);>"
6018 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:44
6019 msgid "B<int fprintf(FILE *>I<stream>B<, const char *>I<format>B<, ...);>"
6023 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:46
6024 msgid "B<int sprintf(char *>I<str>B<, const char *>I<format>B<, ...);>"
6028 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:48
6030 "B<int snprintf(char *>I<str>B<, size_t >I<size>B<, const char *>I<format>B<, "
6035 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:50
6036 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdarg.hE<gt>>"
6040 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:52
6041 msgid "B<int vprintf(const char *>I<format>B<, va_list >I<ap>B<);>"
6045 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:54
6047 "B<int vfprintf(FILE *>I<stream>B<, const char *>I<format>B<, va_list "
6052 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:56
6054 "B<int vsprintf(char *>I<str>B<, const char *>I<format>B<, va_list "
6059 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:59
6061 "B<int vsnprintf(char *>I<str>B<, size_t >I<size>B<, const char "
6062 "*>I<format>B<, va_list >I<ap>B<);>"
6066 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:68
6067 msgid "B<snprintf>(), B<vsnprintf>():"
6071 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:71
6073 "_BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _ISOC99_SOURCE || "
6074 "_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L;"
6078 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:74 build/C/man3/scanf.3:83
6079 msgid "or I<cc -std=c99>"
6083 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:101
6085 "The functions in the B<printf>() family produce output according to a "
6086 "I<format> as described below. The functions B<printf>() and B<vprintf>() "
6087 "write output to I<stdout>, the standard output stream; B<fprintf>() and "
6088 "B<vfprintf>() write output to the given output I<stream>; B<sprintf>(), "
6089 "B<snprintf>(), B<vsprintf>() and B<vsnprintf>() write to the character "
6094 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:110
6096 "The functions B<snprintf>() and B<vsnprintf>() write at most I<size> bytes "
6097 "(including the terminating null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq)) to I<str>."
6101 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:134
6103 "The functions B<vprintf>(), B<vfprintf>(), B<vsprintf>(), B<vsnprintf>() "
6104 "are equivalent to the functions B<printf>(), B<fprintf>(), B<sprintf>(), "
6105 "B<snprintf>(), respectively, except that they are called with a I<va_list> "
6106 "instead of a variable number of arguments. These functions do not call the "
6107 "I<va_end> macro. Because they invoke the I<va_arg> macro, the value of "
6108 "I<ap> is undefined after the call. See B<stdarg>(3)."
6112 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:141
6114 "These eight functions write the output under the control of a I<format> "
6115 "string that specifies how subsequent arguments (or arguments accessed via "
6116 "the variable-length argument facilities of B<stdarg>(3)) are converted for "
6121 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:152
6123 "C99 and POSIX.1-2001 specify that the results are undefined if a call to "
6124 "B<sprintf>(), B<snprintf>(), B<vsprintf>(), or B<vsnprintf>() would cause "
6125 "copying to take place between objects that overlap (e.g., if the target "
6126 "string array and one of the supplied input arguments refer to the same "
6127 "buffer). See NOTES."
6131 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:152
6133 msgid "Return value"
6137 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:155
6139 "Upon successful return, these functions return the number of characters "
6140 "printed (excluding the null byte used to end output to strings)."
6144 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:171
6146 "The functions B<snprintf>() and B<vsnprintf>() do not write more than "
6147 "I<size> bytes (including the terminating null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq)). If "
6148 "the output was truncated due to this limit then the return value is the "
6149 "number of characters (excluding the terminating null byte) which would have "
6150 "been written to the final string if enough space had been available. Thus, "
6151 "a return value of I<size> or more means that the output was truncated. (See "
6152 "also below under NOTES.)"
6156 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:173
6157 msgid "If an output error is encountered, a negative value is returned."
6161 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:173
6163 msgid "Format of the format string"
6167 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:195
6169 "The format string is a character string, beginning and ending in its initial "
6170 "shift state, if any. The format string is composed of zero or more "
6171 "directives: ordinary characters (not B<%>), which are copied unchanged to "
6172 "the output stream; and conversion specifications, each of which results in "
6173 "fetching zero or more subsequent arguments. Each conversion specification "
6174 "is introduced by the character B<%>, and ends with a I<conversion "
6175 "specifier>. In between there may be (in this order) zero or more I<flags>, "
6176 "an optional minimum I<field width>, an optional I<precision> and an optional "
6177 "I<length modifier>."
6181 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:208
6183 "The arguments must correspond properly (after type promotion) with the "
6184 "conversion specifier. By default, the arguments are used in the order "
6185 "given, where each \\(aq*\\(aq and each conversion specifier asks for the "
6186 "next argument (and it is an error if insufficiently many arguments are "
6187 "given). One can also specify explicitly which argument is taken, at each "
6188 "place where an argument is required, by writing \"%m$\" instead of "
6189 "\\(aq%\\(aq and \"*m$\" instead of \\(aq*\\(aq, where the decimal integer m "
6190 "denotes the position in the argument list of the desired argument, indexed "
6191 "starting from 1. Thus,"
6195 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:212
6197 msgid "printf(\"%*d\", width, num);\n"
6201 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:216
6206 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:220
6208 msgid "printf(\"%2$*1$d\", width, num);\n"
6212 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:236
6214 "are equivalent. The second style allows repeated references to the same "
6215 "argument. The C99 standard does not include the style using \\(aq$\\(aq, "
6216 "which comes from the Single UNIX Specification. If the style using "
6217 "\\(aq$\\(aq is used, it must be used throughout for all conversions taking "
6218 "an argument and all width and precision arguments, but it may be mixed with "
6219 "\"%%\" formats which do not consume an argument. There may be no gaps in "
6220 "the numbers of arguments specified using \\(aq$\\(aq; for example, if "
6221 "arguments 1 and 3 are specified, argument 2 must also be specified somewhere "
6222 "in the format string."
6226 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:246
6228 "For some numeric conversions a radix character (\"decimal point\") or "
6229 "thousands' grouping character is used. The actual character used depends on "
6230 "the B<LC_NUMERIC> part of the locale. The POSIX locale uses \\(aq.\\(aq as "
6231 "radix character, and does not have a grouping character. Thus,"
6235 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:250
6237 msgid " printf(\"%\\(aq.2f\", 1234567.89);\n"
6241 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:255
6243 "results in \"1234567.89\" in the POSIX locale, in \"1234567,89\" in the "
6244 "nl_NL locale, and in \"1.234.567,89\" in the da_DK locale."
6248 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:255
6250 msgid "The flag characters"
6254 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:257
6255 msgid "The character % is followed by zero or more of the following flags:"
6259 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:257
6265 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:291
6267 "The value should be converted to an \"alternate form\". For B<o> "
6268 "conversions, the first character of the output string is made zero (by "
6269 "prefixing a 0 if it was not zero already). For B<x> and B<X> conversions, a "
6270 "nonzero result has the string \"0x\" (or \"0X\" for B<X> conversions) "
6271 "prepended to it. For B<a>, B<A>, B<e>, B<E>, B<f>, B<F>, B<g>, and B<G> "
6272 "conversions, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no "
6273 "digits follow it (normally, a decimal point appears in the results of those "
6274 "conversions only if a digit follows). For B<g> and B<G> conversions, "
6275 "trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they would otherwise be. "
6276 "For other conversions, the result is undefined."
6280 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:291
6286 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:331
6288 "The value should be zero padded. For B<d>, B<i>, B<o>, B<u>, B<x>, B<X>, "
6289 "B<a>, B<A>, B<e>, B<E>, B<f>, B<F>, B<g>, and B<G> conversions, the "
6290 "converted value is padded on the left with zeros rather than blanks. If the "
6291 "B<\\&0> and B<-> flags both appear, the B<\\&0> flag is ignored. If a "
6292 "precision is given with a numeric conversion (B<d>, B<i>, B<o>, B<u>, B<x>, "
6293 "and B<X>), the B<\\&0> flag is ignored. For other conversions, the behavior "
6298 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:331
6304 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:344
6306 "The converted value is to be left adjusted on the field boundary. (The "
6307 "default is right justification.) Except for B<n> conversions, the converted "
6308 "value is padded on the right with blanks, rather than on the left with "
6309 "blanks or zeros. A B<-> overrides a B<\\&0> if both are given."
6313 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:344
6315 msgid "B<\\(aq \\(aq>"
6319 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:348
6321 "(a space) A blank should be left before a positive number (or empty string) "
6322 "produced by a signed conversion."
6326 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:348
6332 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:356
6334 "A sign (+ or -) should always be placed before a number produced by a signed "
6335 "conversion. By default a sign is used only for negative numbers. A B<+> "
6336 "overrides a space if both are used."
6340 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:359
6342 "The five flag characters above are defined in the C standard. The SUSv2 "
6343 "specifies one further flag character."
6347 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:359
6353 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:376
6355 "For decimal conversion (B<i>, B<d>, B<u>, B<f>, B<F>, B<g>, B<G>) the "
6356 "output is to be grouped with thousands' grouping characters if the locale "
6357 "information indicates any. Note that many versions of B<gcc>(1) cannot "
6358 "parse this option and will issue a warning. SUSv2 does not include "
6363 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:378
6364 msgid "glibc 2.2 adds one further flag character."
6368 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:378
6373 #. outdigits keyword in locale file
6375 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:388
6377 "For decimal integer conversion (B<i>, B<d>, B<u>) the output uses the "
6378 "locale's alternative output digits, if any. For example, since glibc 2.2.3 "
6379 "this will give Arabic-Indic digits in the Persian (\"fa_IR\") locale."
6383 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:388
6385 msgid "The field width"
6389 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:404
6391 "An optional decimal digit string (with nonzero first digit) specifying a "
6392 "minimum field width. If the converted value has fewer characters than the "
6393 "field width, it will be padded with spaces on the left (or right, if the "
6394 "left-adjustment flag has been given). Instead of a decimal digit string one "
6395 "may write \"*\" or \"*m$\" (for some decimal integer I<m>) to specify that "
6396 "the field width is given in the next argument, or in the I<m>-th argument, "
6397 "respectively, which must be of type I<int>. A negative field width is taken "
6398 "as a \\(aq-\\(aq flag followed by a positive field width. In no case does a "
6399 "nonexistent or small field width cause truncation of a field; if the result "
6400 "of a conversion is wider than the field width, the field is expanded to "
6401 "contain the conversion result."
6405 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:404
6407 msgid "The precision"
6411 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:440
6413 "An optional precision, in the form of a period (\\(aq.\\(aq) followed by an "
6414 "optional decimal digit string. Instead of a decimal digit string one may "
6415 "write \"*\" or \"*m$\" (for some decimal integer m) to specify that the "
6416 "precision is given in the next argument, or in the m-th argument, "
6417 "respectively, which must be of type I<int>. If the precision is given as "
6418 "just \\(aq.\\(aq, or the precision is negative, the precision is taken to be "
6419 "zero. This gives the minimum number of digits to appear for B<d>, B<i>, "
6420 "B<o>, B<u>, B<x>, and B<X> conversions, the number of digits to appear after "
6421 "the radix character for B<a>, B<A>, B<e>, B<E>, B<f>, and B<F> conversions, "
6422 "the maximum number of significant digits for B<g> and B<G> conversions, or "
6423 "the maximum number of characters to be printed from a string for B<s> and "
6428 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:440
6430 msgid "The length modifier"
6434 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:450
6436 "Here, \"integer conversion\" stands for B<d>, B<i>, B<o>, B<u>, B<x>, or "
6441 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:450 build/C/man3/scanf.3:291
6447 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:461
6449 "A following integer conversion corresponds to a I<signed char> or I<unsigned "
6450 "char> argument, or a following B<n> conversion corresponds to a pointer to a "
6451 "I<signed char> argument."
6455 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:461 build/C/man3/scanf.3:281
6461 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:472
6463 "A following integer conversion corresponds to a I<short int> or I<unsigned "
6464 "short int> argument, or a following B<n> conversion corresponds to a pointer "
6465 "to a I<short int> argument."
6469 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:472 build/C/man3/scanf.3:308
6475 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:491
6477 "(ell) A following integer conversion corresponds to a I<long int> or "
6478 "I<unsigned long int> argument, or a following B<n> conversion corresponds to "
6479 "a pointer to a I<long int> argument, or a following B<c> conversion "
6480 "corresponds to a I<wint_t> argument, or a following B<s> conversion "
6481 "corresponds to a pointer to I<wchar_t> argument."
6485 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:491
6491 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:503
6493 "(ell-ell). A following integer conversion corresponds to a I<long long int> "
6494 "or I<unsigned long long int> argument, or a following B<n> conversion "
6495 "corresponds to a pointer to a I<long long int> argument."
6499 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:503 build/C/man3/scanf.3:335
6505 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:519
6507 "A following B<a>, B<A>, B<e>, B<E>, B<f>, B<F>, B<g>, or B<G> conversion "
6508 "corresponds to a I<long double> argument. (C99 allows %LF, but SUSv2 does "
6513 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:519 build/C/man3/scanf.3:351
6519 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:525
6521 "(\"quad\". 4.4BSD and Linux libc5 only. Don't use.) This is a synonym for "
6526 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:525 build/C/man3/scanf.3:299
6532 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:532
6534 "A following integer conversion corresponds to an I<intmax_t> or I<uintmax_t> "
6539 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:532 build/C/man3/scanf.3:363
6545 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:543
6547 "A following integer conversion corresponds to a I<size_t> or I<ssize_t> "
6548 "argument. (Linux libc5 has B<Z> with this meaning. Don't use it.)"
6552 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:543 build/C/man3/scanf.3:356
6558 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:548
6559 msgid "A following integer conversion corresponds to a I<ptrdiff_t> argument."
6563 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:577
6565 "The SUSv2 only knows about the length modifiers B<h> (in B<hd>, B<hi>, "
6566 "B<ho>, B<hx>, B<hX>, B<hn>) and B<l> (in B<ld>, B<li>, B<lo>, B<lx>, B<lX>, "
6567 "B<ln>, B<lc>, B<ls>) and B<L> (in B<Le>, B<LE>, B<Lf>, B<Lg>, B<LG>)."
6571 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:577
6573 msgid "The conversion specifier"
6577 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:580
6579 "A character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied. The "
6580 "conversion specifiers and their meanings are:"
6584 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:580
6590 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:590
6592 "The I<int> argument is converted to signed decimal notation. The precision, "
6593 "if any, gives the minimum number of digits that must appear; if the "
6594 "converted value requires fewer digits, it is padded on the left with zeros. "
6595 "The default precision is 1. When 0 is printed with an explicit precision 0, "
6596 "the output is empty."
6600 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:590
6602 msgid "B<o>, B<u>, B<x>, B<X>"
6606 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:617
6608 "The I<unsigned int> argument is converted to unsigned octal (B<o>), unsigned "
6609 "decimal (B<u>), or unsigned hexadecimal (B<x> and B<X>) notation. The "
6610 "letters B<abcdef> are used for B<x> conversions; the letters B<ABCDEF> are "
6611 "used for B<X> conversions. The precision, if any, gives the minimum number "
6612 "of digits that must appear; if the converted value requires fewer digits, it "
6613 "is padded on the left with zeros. The default precision is 1. When 0 is "
6614 "printed with an explicit precision 0, the output is empty."
6618 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:617
6624 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:622
6625 msgid "The I<double> argument is rounded and converted in the style"
6629 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:637
6631 "[-]dB<\\&.>dddB<e>\\*(Pmdd where there is one digit before the decimal-point "
6632 "character and the number of digits after it is equal to the precision; if "
6633 "the precision is missing, it is taken as 6; if the precision is zero, no "
6634 "decimal-point character appears. An B<E> conversion uses the letter B<E> "
6635 "(rather than B<e>) to introduce the exponent. The exponent always contains "
6636 "at least two digits; if the value is zero, the exponent is 00."
6640 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:637
6646 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:648
6648 "The I<double> argument is rounded and converted to decimal notation in the "
6649 "style [-]dddB<\\&.>ddd, where the number of digits after the decimal-point "
6650 "character is equal to the precision specification. If the precision is "
6651 "missing, it is taken as 6; if the precision is explicitly zero, no "
6652 "decimal-point character appears. If a decimal point appears, at least one "
6653 "digit appears before it."
6657 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:659
6659 "(The SUSv2 does not know about B<F> and says that character string "
6660 "representations for infinity and NaN may be made available. The C99 "
6661 "standard specifies \"[-]inf\" or \"[-]infinity\" for infinity, and a string "
6662 "starting with \"nan\" for NaN, in the case of B<f> conversion, and "
6663 "\"[-]INF\" or \"[-]INFINITY\" or \"NAN*\" in the case of B<F> conversion.)"
6667 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:659
6673 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:684
6675 "The I<double> argument is converted in style B<f> or B<e> (or B<F> or B<E> "
6676 "for B<G> conversions). The precision specifies the number of significant "
6677 "digits. If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision "
6678 "is zero, it is treated as 1. Style B<e> is used if the exponent from its "
6679 "conversion is less than -4 or greater than or equal to the precision. "
6680 "Trailing zeros are removed from the fractional part of the result; a decimal "
6681 "point appears only if it is followed by at least one digit."
6685 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:684
6691 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:708
6693 "(C99; not in SUSv2) For B<a> conversion, the I<double> argument is converted "
6694 "to hexadecimal notation (using the letters abcdef) in the style "
6695 "[-]B<0x>hB<\\&.>hhhhB<p>\\*(Pmd; for B<A> conversion the prefix B<0X>, the "
6696 "letters ABCDEF, and the exponent separator B<P> is used. There is one "
6697 "hexadecimal digit before the decimal point, and the number of digits after "
6698 "it is equal to the precision. The default precision suffices for an exact "
6699 "representation of the value if an exact representation in base 2 exists and "
6700 "otherwise is sufficiently large to distinguish values of type I<double>. "
6701 "The digit before the decimal point is unspecified for nonnormalized numbers, "
6702 "and nonzero but otherwise unspecified for normalized numbers."
6706 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:708 build/C/man3/scanf.3:456 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:132
6712 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:726
6714 "If no B<l> modifier is present, the I<int> argument is converted to an "
6715 "I<unsigned char>, and the resulting character is written. If an B<l> "
6716 "modifier is present, the I<wint_t> (wide character) argument is converted to "
6717 "a multibyte sequence by a call to the B<wcrtomb>(3) function, with a "
6718 "conversion state starting in the initial state, and the resulting multibyte "
6719 "string is written."
6723 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:726 build/C/man3/scanf.3:448 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:146
6729 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:741
6731 "If no B<l> modifier is present: The I<const char *> argument is expected to "
6732 "be a pointer to an array of character type (pointer to a string). "
6733 "Characters from the array are written up to (but not including) a "
6734 "terminating null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq); if a precision is specified, no more "
6735 "than the number specified are written. If a precision is given, no null "
6736 "byte need be present; if the precision is not specified, or is greater than "
6737 "the size of the array, the array must contain a terminating null byte."
6741 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:768
6743 "If an B<l> modifier is present: The I<const wchar_t *> argument is expected "
6744 "to be a pointer to an array of wide characters. Wide characters from the "
6745 "array are converted to multibyte characters (each by a call to the "
6746 "B<wcrtomb>(3) function, with a conversion state starting in the initial "
6747 "state before the first wide character), up to and including a terminating "
6748 "null wide character. The resulting multibyte characters are written up to "
6749 "(but not including) the terminating null byte. If a precision is specified, "
6750 "no more bytes than the number specified are written, but no partial "
6751 "multibyte characters are written. Note that the precision determines the "
6752 "number of I<bytes> written, not the number of I<wide characters> or I<screen "
6753 "positions>. The array must contain a terminating null wide character, "
6754 "unless a precision is given and it is so small that the number of bytes "
6755 "written exceeds it before the end of the array is reached."
6759 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:768
6765 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:774
6766 msgid "(Not in C99, but in SUSv2.) Synonym for B<lc>. Don't use."
6770 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:774
6776 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:780
6777 msgid "(Not in C99, but in SUSv2.) Synonym for B<ls>. Don't use."
6781 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:780 build/C/man3/scanf.3:500
6787 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:788
6789 "The I<void *> pointer argument is printed in hexadecimal (as if by B<%#x> or "
6794 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:788 build/C/man3/scanf.3:508
6800 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:795
6802 "The number of characters written so far is stored into the integer indicated "
6803 "by the I<int *> (or variant) pointer argument. No argument is converted."
6807 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:795
6813 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:801
6815 "(Glibc extension.) Print output of I<strerror(errno)>. No argument is "
6820 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:801 build/C/man3/scanf.3:374
6826 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:807
6828 "A \\(aq%\\(aq is written. No argument is converted. The complete "
6829 "conversion specification is \\(aq%%\\(aq."
6833 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:822
6835 "The B<fprintf>(), B<printf>(), B<sprintf>(), B<vprintf>(), B<vfprintf>(), "
6836 "and B<vsprintf>() functions conform to C89 and C99. The B<snprintf>() and "
6837 "B<vsnprintf>() functions conform to C99."
6841 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:835
6843 "Concerning the return value of B<snprintf>(), SUSv2 and C99 contradict each "
6844 "other: when B<snprintf>() is called with I<size>=0 then SUSv2 stipulates an "
6845 "unspecified return value less than 1, while C99 allows I<str> to be NULL in "
6846 "this case, and gives the return value (as always) as the number of "
6847 "characters that would have been written in case the output string has been "
6852 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:849
6854 "Linux libc4 knows about the five C standard flags. It knows about the "
6855 "length modifiers B<h>, B<l>, B<L>, and the conversions B<c>, B<d>, B<e>, "
6856 "B<E>, B<f>, B<F>, B<g>, B<G>, B<i>, B<n>, B<o>, B<p>, B<s>, B<u>, B<x>, and "
6857 "B<X>, where B<F> is a synonym for B<f>. Additionally, it accepts B<D>, "
6858 "B<O>, and B<U> as synonyms for B<ld>, B<lo>, and B<lu>. (This is bad, and "
6859 "caused serious bugs later, when support for B<%D> disappeared.) No "
6860 "locale-dependent radix character, no thousands' separator, no NaN or "
6861 "infinity, no \"%m$\" and \"*m$\"."
6865 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:860
6867 "Linux libc5 knows about the five C standard flags and the \\(aq flag, "
6868 "locale, \"%m$\" and \"*m$\". It knows about the length modifiers B<h>, "
6869 "B<l>, B<L>, B<Z>, and B<q>, but accepts B<L> and B<q> both for I<long "
6870 "double> and for I<long long int> (this is a bug). It no longer recognizes "
6871 "B<F>, B<D>, B<O>, and B<U>, but adds the conversion character B<m>, which "
6872 "outputs I<strerror(errno)>."
6876 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:862
6877 msgid "glibc 2.0 adds conversion characters B<C> and B<S>."
6881 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:865
6883 "glibc 2.1 adds length modifiers B<hh>, B<j>, B<t>, and B<z> and conversion "
6884 "characters B<a> and B<A>."
6888 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:868
6890 "glibc 2.2 adds the conversion character B<F> with C99 semantics, and the "
6891 "flag character B<I>."
6895 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:870
6896 msgid "Some programs imprudently rely on code such as the following"
6900 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:872
6902 msgid " sprintf(buf, \"%s some further text\", buf);\n"
6905 #. http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=7075
6907 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:888
6909 "to append text to I<buf>. However, the standards explicitly note that the "
6910 "results are undefined if source and destination buffers overlap when calling "
6911 "B<sprintf>(), B<snprintf>(), B<vsprintf>(), and B<vsnprintf>(). Depending "
6912 "on the version of B<gcc>(1) used, and the compiler options employed, calls "
6913 "such as the above will B<not> produce the expected results."
6917 #. UNIX V7 defines the three routines
6921 #. and has the flag \-, the width or precision *, the length modifier l,
6922 #. and the conversions doxfegcsu, and also D,O,U,X as synonyms for ld,lo,lu,lx.
6923 #. This is still true for 2.9.1BSD, but 2.10BSD has the flags
6924 #. #, + and <space> and no longer mentions D,O,U,X.
6929 #. and warns not to use D,O,U,X.
6930 #. 4.3BSD Reno has the flag 0, the length modifiers h and L,
6931 #. and the conversions n, p, E, G, X (with current meaning)
6932 #. and deprecates D,O,U.
6933 #. 4.4BSD introduces the functions
6936 #. .BR vsnprintf (),
6937 #. and the length modifier q.
6938 #. FreeBSD also has functions
6941 #. .BR vasprintf (),
6942 #. that allocate a buffer large enough for
6944 #. In glibc there are functions
6948 #. that print to a file descriptor instead of a stream.
6950 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:930
6952 "The glibc implementation of the functions B<snprintf>() and B<vsnprintf>() "
6953 "conforms to the C99 standard, that is, behaves as described above, since "
6954 "glibc version 2.1. Until glibc 2.0.6 they would return -1 when the output "
6959 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:947
6961 "Because B<sprintf>() and B<vsprintf>() assume an arbitrarily long string, "
6962 "callers must be careful not to overflow the actual space; this is often "
6963 "impossible to assure. Note that the length of the strings produced is "
6964 "locale-dependent and difficult to predict. Use B<snprintf>() and "
6965 "B<vsnprintf>() instead (or B<asprintf>(3) and B<vasprintf>(3))."
6969 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:960
6971 "Linux libc4.[45] does not have a B<snprintf>(), but provides a libbsd that "
6972 "contains an B<snprintf>() equivalent to B<sprintf>(), that is, one that "
6973 "ignores the I<size> argument. Thus, the use of B<snprintf>() with early "
6974 "libc4 leads to serious security problems."
6978 #. Some floating-point conversions under early libc4
6979 #. caused memory leaks.
6981 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:974
6983 "Code such as B<printf(>I<foo>B<);> often indicates a bug, since I<foo> may "
6984 "contain a % character. If I<foo> comes from untrusted user input, it may "
6985 "contain B<%n>, causing the B<printf>() call to write to memory and creating "
6990 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:977
6991 msgid "To print \\*(Pi to five decimal places:"
6995 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:983
6998 "#include E<lt>math.hE<gt>\n"
6999 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
7000 "fprintf(stdout, \"pi = %.5f\\en\", 4 * atan(1.0));\n"
7004 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:992
7006 "To print a date and time in the form \"Sunday, July 3, 10:02\", where "
7007 "I<weekday> and I<month> are pointers to strings:"
7011 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:998
7014 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
7015 "fprintf(stdout, \"%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\\en\",\n"
7016 " weekday, month, day, hour, min);\n"
7020 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1004
7022 "Many countries use the day-month-year order. Hence, an internationalized "
7023 "version must be able to print the arguments in an order specified by the "
7028 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1010
7031 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
7032 "fprintf(stdout, format,\n"
7033 " weekday, month, day, hour, min);\n"
7037 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1017
7039 "where I<format> depends on locale, and may permute the arguments. With the "
7044 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1021
7046 msgid "\"%1$s, %3$d. %2$s, %4$d:%5$.2d\\en\"\n"
7050 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1025
7051 msgid "one might obtain \"Sonntag, 3. Juli, 10:02\"."
7055 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1028
7057 "To allocate a sufficiently large string and print into it (code correct for "
7058 "both glibc 2.0 and glibc 2.1):"
7062 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1033
7065 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
7066 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
7067 "#include E<lt>stdarg.hE<gt>\n"
7071 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1041
7075 "make_message(const char *fmt, ...)\n"
7078 " int size = 100; /* Guess we need no more than 100 bytes. */\n"
7084 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1044
7087 " if ((p = malloc(size)) == NULL)\n"
7092 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1046
7094 msgid " while (1) {\n"
7098 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1048
7100 msgid " /* Try to print in the allocated space. */\n"
7104 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1052
7107 " va_start(ap, fmt);\n"
7108 " n = vsnprintf(p, size, fmt, ap);\n"
7113 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1054
7115 msgid " /* If that worked, return the string. */\n"
7119 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1057
7122 " if (n E<gt> -1 && n E<lt> size)\n"
7127 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1059
7129 msgid " /* Else try again with more space. */\n"
7133 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1064
7136 " if (n E<gt> -1) /* glibc 2.1 */\n"
7137 " size = n+1; /* precisely what is needed */\n"
7138 " else /* glibc 2.0 */\n"
7139 " size *= 2; /* twice the old size */\n"
7143 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1073
7146 " if ((np = realloc (p, size)) == NULL) {\n"
7157 #: build/C/man3/printf.3:1083
7159 "B<printf>(1), B<asprintf>(3), B<dprintf>(3), B<scanf>(3), B<setlocale>(3), "
7160 "B<wcrtomb>(3), B<wprintf>(3), B<locale>(5)"
7164 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:24
7170 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:27
7171 msgid "fputc, fputs, putc, putchar, puts - output of characters and strings"
7175 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:32
7177 msgid "B<int fputc(int >I<c>B<, FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
7181 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:34
7183 msgid "B<int fputs(const char *>I<s>B<, FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
7187 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:36
7189 msgid "B<int putc(int >I<c>B<, FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
7193 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:38
7195 msgid "B<int putchar(int >I<c>B<);>\n"
7199 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:40
7201 msgid "B<int puts(const char *>I<s>B<);>\n"
7205 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:49
7207 "B<fputc>() writes the character I<c>, cast to an I<unsigned char>, to "
7212 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:56
7214 "B<fputs>() writes the string I<s> to I<stream>, without its terminating "
7215 "null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq)."
7219 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:63
7221 "B<putc>() is equivalent to B<fputc>() except that it may be implemented as "
7222 "a macro which evaluates I<stream> more than once."
7226 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:67
7227 msgid "B<putchar(>I<c>B<);> is equivalent to B<putc(>I<c>B<,>I<stdout>B<).>"
7231 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:74
7232 msgid "B<puts>() writes the string I<s> and a trailing newline to I<stdout>."
7236 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:79
7238 "Calls to the functions described here can be mixed with each other and with "
7239 "calls to other output functions from the I<stdio> library for the same "
7244 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:94
7246 "B<fputc>(), B<putc>() and B<putchar>() return the character written as an "
7247 "I<unsigned char> cast to an I<int> or B<EOF> on error."
7251 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:101
7253 "B<puts>() and B<fputs>() return a nonnegative number on success, or B<EOF> "
7258 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:110
7260 "It is not advisable to mix calls to output functions from the I<stdio> "
7261 "library with low-level calls to B<write>(2) for the file descriptor "
7262 "associated with the same output stream; the results will be undefined and "
7263 "very probably not what you want."
7267 #: build/C/man3/puts.3:122
7269 "B<write>(2), B<ferror>(3), B<fopen>(3), B<fputwc>(3), B<fputws>(3), "
7270 "B<fseek>(3), B<fwrite>(3), B<gets>(3), B<putwchar>(3), B<scanf>(3), "
7271 "B<unlocked_stdio>(3)"
7275 #: build/C/man2/read.2:35
7281 #: build/C/man2/read.2:38
7282 msgid "read - read from a file descriptor"
7286 #: build/C/man2/read.2:43
7288 msgid "B<ssize_t read(int >I<fd>B<, void *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<count>B<);>\n"
7292 #: build/C/man2/read.2:52
7294 "B<read>() attempts to read up to I<count> bytes from file descriptor I<fd> "
7295 "into the buffer starting at I<buf>."
7299 #: build/C/man2/read.2:63
7301 "If I<count> is zero, B<read>() returns zero and has no other results. If "
7302 "I<count> is greater than B<SSIZE_MAX>, the result is unspecified."
7306 #: build/C/man2/read.2:77
7308 "On success, the number of bytes read is returned (zero indicates end of "
7309 "file), and the file position is advanced by this number. It is not an error "
7310 "if this number is smaller than the number of bytes requested; this may "
7311 "happen for example because fewer bytes are actually available right now "
7312 "(maybe because we were close to end-of-file, or because we are reading from "
7313 "a pipe, or from a terminal), or because B<read>() was interrupted by a "
7314 "signal. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately. In "
7315 "this case it is left unspecified whether the file position (if any) changes."
7319 #: build/C/man2/read.2:78 build/C/man3/scanf.3:546 build/C/man2/write.2:108
7325 #: build/C/man2/read.2:85
7327 "The file descriptor I<fd> refers to a file other than a socket and has been "
7328 "marked nonblocking (B<O_NONBLOCK>), and the read would block."
7332 #: build/C/man2/read.2:85 build/C/man2/write.2:115
7334 msgid "B<EAGAIN> or B<EWOULDBLOCK>"
7337 #. Actually EAGAIN on Linux
7339 #: build/C/man2/read.2:96
7341 "The file descriptor I<fd> refers to a socket and has been marked nonblocking "
7342 "(B<O_NONBLOCK>), and the read would block. POSIX.1-2001 allows either error "
7343 "to be returned for this case, and does not require these constants to have "
7344 "the same value, so a portable application should check for both "
7349 #: build/C/man2/read.2:100
7350 msgid "I<fd> is not a valid file descriptor or is not open for reading."
7354 #: build/C/man2/read.2:104 build/C/man2/write.2:139
7355 msgid "I<buf> is outside your accessible address space."
7359 #: build/C/man2/read.2:108
7361 "The call was interrupted by a signal before any data was read; see "
7366 #: build/C/man2/read.2:119
7368 "I<fd> is attached to an object which is unsuitable for reading; or the file "
7369 "was opened with the B<O_DIRECT> flag, and either the address specified in "
7370 "I<buf>, the value specified in I<count>, or the current file offset is not "
7375 #: build/C/man2/read.2:129
7377 "I<fd> was created via a call to B<timerfd_create>(2) and the wrong size "
7378 "buffer was given to B<read>(); see B<timerfd_create>(2) for further "
7383 #: build/C/man2/read.2:140
7385 "I/O error. This will happen for example when the process is in a background "
7386 "process group, tries to read from its controlling tty, and either it is "
7387 "ignoring or blocking B<SIGTTIN> or its process group is orphaned. It may "
7388 "also occur when there is a low-level I/O error while reading from a disk or "
7393 #: build/C/man2/read.2:144
7394 msgid "I<fd> refers to a directory."
7398 #: build/C/man2/read.2:155
7400 "Other errors may occur, depending on the object connected to I<fd>. POSIX "
7401 "allows a B<read>() that is interrupted after reading some data to return -1 "
7402 "(with I<errno> set to B<EINTR>) or to return the number of bytes already "
7407 #: build/C/man2/read.2:169
7409 "On NFS file systems, reading small amounts of data will only update the "
7410 "timestamp the first time, subsequent calls may not do so. This is caused by "
7411 "client side attribute caching, because most if not all NFS clients leave "
7412 "st_atime (last file access time) updates to the server and client side "
7413 "reads satisfied from the client's cache will not cause st_atime updates on "
7414 "the server as there are no server side reads. UNIX semantics can be "
7415 "obtained by disabling client side attribute caching, but in most situations "
7416 "this will substantially increase server load and decrease performance."
7420 #: build/C/man2/read.2:178
7422 "Many file systems and disks were considered to be fast enough that the "
7423 "implementation of B<O_NONBLOCK> was deemed unnecessary. So, B<O_NONBLOCK> "
7424 "may not be available on files and/or disks."
7428 #: build/C/man2/read.2:191
7430 "B<close>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<ioctl>(2), B<lseek>(2), B<open>(2), B<pread>(2), "
7431 "B<readdir>(2), B<readlink>(2), B<readv>(2), B<select>(2), B<write>(2), "
7436 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:41
7442 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:41
7448 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:44
7449 msgid "readlink - read value of a symbolic link"
7453 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:48
7455 "B<ssize_t readlink(const char *>I<path>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t "
7460 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:56
7461 msgid "B<readlink>():"
7465 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:59 build/C/man2/symlink.2:50
7467 "_BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ "
7468 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L"
7472 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:75
7474 "B<readlink>() places the contents of the symbolic link I<path> in the "
7475 "buffer I<buf>, which has size I<bufsiz>. B<readlink>() does not append a "
7476 "null byte to I<buf>. It will truncate the contents (to a length of "
7477 "I<bufsiz> characters), in case the buffer is too small to hold all of the "
7482 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:83
7484 "On success, B<readlink>() returns the number of bytes placed in I<buf>. On "
7485 "error, -1 is returned and I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
7489 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:89
7491 "Search permission is denied for a component of the path prefix. (See also "
7492 "B<path_resolution>(7).)"
7496 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:93
7497 msgid "I<buf> extends outside the process's allocated address space."
7500 #. At the glibc level, bufsiz is unsigned, so this error can only occur
7501 #. if bufsiz==0. However, the in the kernel syscall, bufsiz is signed,
7502 #. and this error can also occur if bufsiz < 0.
7503 #. See: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.man/380
7504 #. Subject: [patch 0/3] [RFC] kernel/glibc mismatch of "readlink" syscall?
7506 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:102
7507 msgid "I<bufsiz> is not positive."
7511 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:105
7512 msgid "The named file is not a symbolic link."
7516 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:108
7517 msgid "An I/O error occurred while reading from the file system."
7521 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:111
7522 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in translating the pathname."
7526 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:114
7527 msgid "A pathname, or a component of a pathname, was too long."
7531 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:117
7532 msgid "The named file does not exist."
7536 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:123
7537 msgid "A component of the path prefix is not a directory."
7541 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:128
7542 msgid "4.4BSD (B<readlink>() first appeared in 4.2BSD), POSIX.1-2001."
7546 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:136
7548 "In versions of glibc up to and including glibc 2.4, the return type of "
7549 "B<readlink>() was declared as I<int>. Nowadays, the return type is "
7550 "declared as I<ssize_t>, as (newly) required in POSIX.1-2001."
7554 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:155
7556 "Using a statically sized buffer might not provide enough room for the "
7557 "symbolic link contents. The required size for the buffer can be obtained "
7558 "from the I<stat.st_size> value returned by a call to B<lstat>(2) on the "
7559 "link. However, the number of bytes written by B<readlink>() should be "
7560 "checked to make sure that the size of the symbolic link did not increase "
7561 "between the calls. Dynamically allocating the buffer for B<readlink>() "
7562 "also addresses a common portability problem when using I<PATH_MAX> for the "
7563 "buffer size, as this constant is not guaranteed to be defined per POSIX if "
7564 "the system does not have such limit."
7568 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:161
7570 "The following program allocates the buffer needed by B<readlink>() "
7571 "dynamically from the information provided by B<lstat>(), making sure there's "
7572 "no race condition between the calls."
7576 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:168
7579 "#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>\n"
7580 "#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>\n"
7581 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
7582 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
7583 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
7587 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:175
7591 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
7593 " struct stat sb;\n"
7594 " char *linkname;\n"
7599 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:180
7602 " if (argc != 2) {\n"
7603 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>pathnameE<gt>\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
7604 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
7609 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:185
7612 " if (lstat(argv[1], &sb) == -1) {\n"
7613 " perror(\"lstat\");\n"
7614 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
7619 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:191
7622 " linkname = malloc(sb.st_size + 1);\n"
7623 " if (linkname == NULL) {\n"
7624 " fprintf(stderr, \"insufficient memory\\en\");\n"
7625 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
7630 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:193
7632 msgid " r = readlink(argv[1], linkname, sb.st_size + 1);\n"
7636 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:198
7639 " if (r E<lt> 0) {\n"
7640 " perror(\"lstat\");\n"
7641 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
7646 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:204
7649 " if (r E<gt> sb.st_size) {\n"
7650 " fprintf(stderr, \"symlink increased in size \"\n"
7651 " \"between lstat() and readlink()\\en\");\n"
7652 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
7657 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:206
7659 msgid " linkname[sb.st_size] = \\(aq\\e0\\(aq;\n"
7663 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:208
7666 " printf(\"\\(aq%s\\(aq points to \\(aq%s\\(aq\\en\", argv[1], "
7671 #: build/C/man2/readlink.2:220
7673 "B<readlink>(1), B<lstat>(2), B<readlinkat>(2), B<stat>(2), B<symlink>(2), "
7674 "B<path_resolution>(7), B<symlink>(7)"
7678 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:30
7684 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:30
7690 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:33
7691 msgid "readv, writev, preadv, pwritev - read or write data into multiple buffers"
7695 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:36
7697 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/uio.hE<gt>>\n"
7701 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:38
7704 "B<ssize_t readv(int >I<fd>B<, const struct iovec *>I<iov>B<, int "
7709 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:40
7712 "B<ssize_t writev(int >I<fd>B<, const struct iovec *>I<iov>B<, int "
7717 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:43
7720 "B<ssize_t preadv(int >I<fd>B<, const struct iovec *>I<iov>B<, int "
7722 "B< off_t >I<offset>B<);>\n"
7726 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:46
7729 "B<ssize_t pwritev(int >I<fd>B<, const struct iovec *>I<iov>B<, int "
7731 "B< off_t >I<offset>B<);>\n"
7735 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:56
7736 msgid "B<preadv>(), B<pwritev>(): _BSD_SOURCE"
7740 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:66
7742 "The B<readv>() system call reads I<iovcnt> buffers from the file associated "
7743 "with the file descriptor I<fd> into the buffers described by I<iov> "
7744 "(\"scatter input\")."
7748 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:76
7750 "The B<writev>() system call writes I<iovcnt> buffers of data described by "
7751 "I<iov> to the file associated with the file descriptor I<fd> (\"gather "
7756 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:85
7758 "The pointer I<iov> points to an array of I<iovec> structures, defined in "
7759 "I<E<lt>sys/uio.hE<gt>> as:"
7763 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:93
7767 " void *iov_base; /* Starting address */\n"
7768 " size_t iov_len; /* Number of bytes to transfer */\n"
7773 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:101
7775 "The B<readv>() system call works just like B<read>(2) except that multiple "
7776 "buffers are filled."
7780 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:107
7782 "The B<writev>() system call works just like B<write>(2) except that "
7783 "multiple buffers are written out."
7787 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:126
7789 "Buffers are processed in array order. This means that B<readv>() "
7790 "completely fills I<iov>[0] before proceeding to I<iov>[1], and so on. (If "
7791 "there is insufficient data, then not all buffers pointed to by I<iov> may be "
7792 "filled.) Similarly, B<writev>() writes out the entire contents of "
7793 "I<iov>[0] before proceeding to I<iov>[1], and so on."
7797 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:144
7799 "The data transfers performed by B<readv>() and B<writev>() are atomic: the "
7800 "data written by B<writev>() is written as a single block that is not "
7801 "intermingled with output from writes in other processes (but see B<pipe>(7) "
7802 "for an exception); analogously, B<readv>() is guaranteed to read a "
7803 "contiguous block of data from the file, regardless of read operations "
7804 "performed in other threads or processes that have file descriptors referring "
7805 "to the same open file description (see B<open>(2))."
7809 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:144
7811 msgid "preadv() and pwritev()"
7815 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:157
7817 "The B<preadv>() system call combines the functionality of B<readv>() and "
7818 "B<pread>(2). It performs the same task as B<readv>(), but adds a fourth "
7819 "argument, I<offset>, which specifies the file offset at which the input "
7820 "operation is to be performed."
7824 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:170
7826 "The B<pwritev>() system call combines the functionality of B<writev>() and "
7827 "B<pwrite>(2). It performs the same task as B<writev>(), but adds a fourth "
7828 "argument, I<offset>, which specifies the file offset at which the output "
7829 "operation is to be performed."
7833 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:175
7835 "The file offset is not changed by these system calls. The file referred to "
7836 "by I<fd> must be capable of seeking."
7840 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:186
7842 "On success, B<readv>() and B<preadv>() return the number of bytes read; "
7843 "B<writev>() and B<pwritev>() return the number of bytes written. On "
7844 "error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
7848 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:198
7850 "The errors are as given for B<read>(2) and B<write>(2). Furthermore, "
7851 "B<preadv>() and B<pwritev>() can also fail for the same reasons as "
7852 "B<lseek>(2). Additionally, the following error is defined:"
7856 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:207
7858 "The sum of the I<iov_len> values overflows an I<ssize_t> value. Or, the "
7859 "vector count I<iovcnt> is less than zero or greater than the permitted "
7864 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:212
7866 "B<preadv>() and B<pwritev>() first appeared in Linux 2.6.30; library "
7867 "support was added in glibc 2.10."
7870 #. The readv/writev system calls were buggy before Linux 1.3.40.
7871 #. (Says release.libc.)
7873 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:220
7875 "B<readv>(), B<writev>(): 4.4BSD (these system calls first appeared in "
7876 "4.2BSD), POSIX.1-2001. Linux libc5 used I<size_t> as the type of the "
7877 "I<iovcnt> argument, and I<int> as the return type."
7881 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:224
7882 msgid "B<preadv>(), B<pwritev>(): nonstandard, but present also on the modern BSDs."
7886 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:225
7892 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:256
7894 "POSIX.1-2001 allows an implementation to place a limit on the number of "
7895 "items that can be passed in I<iov>. An implementation can advertise its "
7896 "limit by defining B<IOV_MAX> in I<E<lt>limits.hE<gt>> or at run time via the "
7897 "return value from I<sysconf(_SC_IOV_MAX)>. On Linux, the limit advertised "
7898 "by these mechanisms is 1024, which is the true kernel limit. However, the "
7899 "glibc wrapper functions do some extra work if they detect that the "
7900 "underlying kernel system call failed because this limit was exceeded. In "
7901 "the case of B<readv>() the wrapper function allocates a temporary buffer "
7902 "large enough for all of the items specified by I<iov>, passes that buffer in "
7903 "a call to B<read>(2), copies data from the buffer to the locations specified "
7904 "by the I<iov_base> fields of the elements of I<iov>, and then frees the "
7905 "buffer. The wrapper function for B<writev>() performs the analogous task "
7906 "using a temporary buffer and a call to B<write>(2)."
7910 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:263
7912 "It is not advisable to mix calls to B<readv>() or B<writev>(), which "
7913 "operate on file descriptors, with the functions from the stdio library; the "
7914 "results will be undefined and probably not what you want."
7918 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:266
7919 msgid "The following code sample demonstrates the use of B<writev>():"
7923 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:273
7926 "char *str0 = \"hello \";\n"
7927 "char *str1 = \"world\\en\";\n"
7928 "struct iovec iov[2];\n"
7929 "ssize_t nwritten;\n"
7933 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:278
7936 "iov[0].iov_base = str0;\n"
7937 "iov[0].iov_len = strlen(str0);\n"
7938 "iov[1].iov_base = str1;\n"
7939 "iov[1].iov_len = strlen(str1);\n"
7943 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:280
7945 msgid "nwritten = writev(STDOUT_FILENO, iov, 2);\n"
7949 #: build/C/man2/readv.2:286
7950 msgid "B<pread>(2), B<read>(2), B<write>(2)"
7954 #: build/C/man3/remove.3:31
7960 #: build/C/man3/remove.3:31
7966 #: build/C/man3/remove.3:34
7967 msgid "remove - remove a file or directory"
7971 #: build/C/man3/remove.3:38
7972 msgid "B<int remove(const char *>I<pathname>B<);>"
7976 #: build/C/man3/remove.3:46
7978 "B<remove>() deletes a name from the file system. It calls B<unlink>(2) "
7979 "for files, and B<rmdir>(2) for directories."
7983 #: build/C/man3/remove.3:50
7985 "If the removed name was the last link to a file and no processes have the "
7986 "file open, the file is deleted and the space it was using is made available "
7991 #: build/C/man3/remove.3:55
7993 "If the name was the last link to a file, but any processes still have the "
7994 "file open, the file will remain in existence until the last file descriptor "
7995 "referring to it is closed."
7999 #: build/C/man3/remove.3:57
8000 msgid "If the name referred to a symbolic link, the link is removed."
8004 #: build/C/man3/remove.3:60
8006 "If the name referred to a socket, FIFO, or device, the name is removed, but "
8007 "processes which have the object open may continue to use it."
8011 #: build/C/man3/remove.3:70
8012 msgid "The errors that occur are those for B<unlink>(2) and B<rmdir>(2)."
8016 #: build/C/man3/remove.3:72
8017 msgid "C89, C99, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
8021 #: build/C/man3/remove.3:78
8023 "Under libc4 and libc5, B<remove>() was an alias for B<unlink>(2) (and "
8024 "hence would not remove directories)."
8028 #: build/C/man3/remove.3:81 build/C/man2/unlink.2:148
8030 "Infelicities in the protocol underlying NFS can cause the unexpected "
8031 "disappearance of files which are still being used."
8035 #: build/C/man3/remove.3:92
8037 "B<rm>(1), B<unlink>(1), B<link>(2), B<mknod>(2), B<open>(2), B<rename>(2), "
8038 "B<rmdir>(2), B<unlink>(2), B<mkfifo>(3), B<symlink>(7)"
8042 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:32
8048 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:32
8054 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:35
8055 msgid "rename - change the name or location of a file"
8059 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:39
8060 msgid "B<int rename(const char *>I<oldpath>B<, const char *>I<newpath>B<);>"
8064 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:48
8066 "B<rename>() renames a file, moving it between directories if required. Any "
8067 "other hard links to the file (as created using B<link>(2)) are unaffected. "
8068 "Open file descriptors for I<oldpath> are also unaffected."
8072 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:56
8074 "If I<newpath> already exists it will be atomically replaced (subject to a "
8075 "few conditions; see ERRORS below), so that there is no point at which "
8076 "another process attempting to access I<newpath> will find it missing."
8080 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:64
8082 "If I<oldpath> and I<newpath> are existing hard links referring to the same "
8083 "file, then B<rename>() does nothing, and returns a success status."
8087 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:72
8089 "If I<newpath> exists but the operation fails for some reason B<rename>() "
8090 "guarantees to leave an instance of I<newpath> in place."
8094 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:78
8096 "I<oldpath> can specify a directory. In this case, I<newpath> must either "
8097 "not exist, or it must specify an empty directory."
8101 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:85
8103 "However, when overwriting there will probably be a window in which both "
8104 "I<oldpath> and I<newpath> refer to the file being renamed."
8108 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:91
8110 "If I<oldpath> refers to a symbolic link the link is renamed; if I<newpath> "
8111 "refers to a symbolic link the link will be overwritten."
8115 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:116
8117 "Write permission is denied for the directory containing I<oldpath> or "
8118 "I<newpath>, or, search permission is denied for one of the directories in "
8119 "the path prefix of I<oldpath> or I<newpath>, or I<oldpath> is a directory "
8120 "and does not allow write permission (needed to update the I<..> entry). "
8121 "(See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
8125 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:116 build/C/man2/rmdir.2:55 build/C/man2/unlink.2:71
8131 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:133
8133 "The rename fails because I<oldpath> or I<newpath> is a directory that is in "
8134 "use by some process (perhaps as current working directory, or as root "
8135 "directory, or because it was open for reading) or is in use by the system "
8136 "(for example as mount point), while the system considers this an error. "
8137 "(Note that there is no requirement to return B<EBUSY> in such "
8138 "cases\\(emthere is nothing wrong with doing the rename anyway\\(embut it is "
8139 "allowed to return B<EBUSY> if the system cannot otherwise handle such "
8144 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:140
8146 "The new pathname contained a path prefix of the old, or, more generally, an "
8147 "attempt was made to make a directory a subdirectory of itself."
8151 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:146
8152 msgid "I<newpath> is an existing directory, but I<oldpath> is not a directory."
8156 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:157
8158 "I<oldpath> already has the maximum number of links to it, or it was a "
8159 "directory and the directory containing I<newpath> has the maximum number of "
8164 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:173
8166 "The link named by I<oldpath> does not exist; or, a directory component in "
8167 "I<newpath> does not exist; or, I<oldpath> or I<newpath> is an empty string."
8171 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:190
8173 "A component used as a directory in I<oldpath> or I<newpath> is not, in fact, "
8174 "a directory. Or, I<oldpath> is a directory, and I<newpath> exists but is "
8179 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:190
8181 msgid "B<ENOTEMPTY> or B<EEXIST>"
8185 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:194
8187 "I<newpath> is a nonempty directory, that is, contains entries other than "
8192 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:194 build/C/man2/unlink.2:126
8194 msgid "B<EPERM> or B<EACCES>"
8198 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:218
8200 "The directory containing I<oldpath> has the sticky bit (B<S_ISVTX>) set and "
8201 "the process's effective user ID is neither the user ID of the file to be "
8202 "deleted nor that of the directory containing it, and the process is not "
8203 "privileged (Linux: does not have the B<CAP_FOWNER> capability); or "
8204 "I<newpath> is an existing file and the directory containing it has the "
8205 "sticky bit set and the process's effective user ID is neither the user ID of "
8206 "the file to be replaced nor that of the directory containing it, and the "
8207 "process is not privileged (Linux: does not have the B<CAP_FOWNER> "
8208 "capability); or the file system containing I<pathname> does not support "
8209 "renaming of the type requested."
8213 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:229
8215 "I<oldpath> and I<newpath> are not on the same mounted file system. (Linux "
8216 "permits a file system to be mounted at multiple points, but B<rename>() "
8217 "does not work across different mount points, even if the same file system is "
8222 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:231
8223 msgid "4.3BSD, C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001."
8227 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:242
8229 "On NFS file systems, you can not assume that if the operation failed the "
8230 "file was not renamed. If the server does the rename operation and then "
8231 "crashes, the retransmitted RPC which will be processed when the server is up "
8232 "again causes a failure. The application is expected to deal with this. See "
8233 "B<link>(2) for a similar problem."
8237 #: build/C/man2/rename.2:251
8239 "B<mv>(1), B<chmod>(2), B<link>(2), B<renameat>(2), B<symlink>(2), "
8240 "B<unlink>(2), B<path_resolution>(7), B<symlink>(7)"
8244 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:30
8250 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:30
8256 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:33
8257 msgid "rmdir - delete a directory"
8261 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:37
8262 msgid "B<int rmdir(const char *>I<pathname>B<);>"
8266 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:40
8267 msgid "B<rmdir>() deletes a directory, which must be empty."
8271 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:55
8273 "Write access to the directory containing I<pathname> was not allowed, or one "
8274 "of the directories in the path prefix of I<pathname> did not allow search "
8275 "permission. (See also B<path_resolution>(7)."
8279 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:64
8281 "I<pathname> is currently in use by the system or some process that prevents "
8282 "its removal. On Linux this means I<pathname> is currently used as a mount "
8283 "point or is the root directory of the calling process."
8287 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:73
8288 msgid "I<pathname> has I<.> as last component."
8292 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:77
8293 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<pathname>."
8297 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:85
8299 "A directory component in I<pathname> does not exist or is a dangling "
8304 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:94
8306 "I<pathname>, or a component used as a directory in I<pathname>, is not, in "
8307 "fact, a directory."
8311 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:94
8313 msgid "B<ENOTEMPTY>"
8317 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:107
8319 "I<pathname> contains entries other than I<.> and I<..> ; or, I<pathname> has "
8320 "I<..> as its final component. POSIX.1-2001 also allows B<EEXIST> for this "
8325 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:118
8327 "The directory containing I<pathname> has the sticky bit (B<S_ISVTX>) set "
8328 "and the process's effective user ID is neither the user ID of the file to be "
8329 "deleted nor that of the directory containing it, and the process is not "
8330 "privileged (Linux: does not have the B<CAP_FOWNER> capability)."
8334 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:123
8336 "The file system containing I<pathname> does not support the removal of "
8341 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:127
8342 msgid "I<pathname> refers to a directory on a read-only file system."
8346 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:132
8348 "Infelicities in the protocol underlying NFS can cause the unexpected "
8349 "disappearance of directories which are still being used."
8353 #: build/C/man2/rmdir.2:141
8355 "B<rm>(1), B<rmdir>(1), B<chdir>(2), B<chmod>(2), B<mkdir>(2), B<rename>(2), "
8356 "B<unlink>(2), B<unlinkat>(2)"
8360 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:50
8366 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:53
8367 msgid "scanf, fscanf, sscanf, vscanf, vsscanf, vfscanf - input format conversion"
8371 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:60
8374 "B<int scanf(const char *>I<format>B<, ...);>\n"
8375 "B<int fscanf(FILE *>I<stream>B<, const char *>I<format>B<, ...);>\n"
8376 "B<int sscanf(const char *>I<str>B<, const char *>I<format>B<, ...);>\n"
8380 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:62
8382 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdarg.hE<gt>>\n"
8386 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:66
8389 "B<int vscanf(const char *>I<format>B<, va_list >I<ap>B<);>\n"
8390 "B<int vsscanf(const char *>I<str>B<, const char *>I<format>B<, va_list "
8392 "B<int vfscanf(FILE *>I<stream>B<, const char *>I<format>B<, va_list "
8397 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:77
8398 msgid "B<vscanf>(), B<vsscanf>(), B<vfscanf>():"
8402 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:80
8404 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ "
8409 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:102
8411 "The B<scanf>() family of functions scans input according to I<format> as "
8412 "described below. This format may contain I<conversion specifications>; the "
8413 "results from such conversions, if any, are stored in the locations pointed "
8414 "to by the I<pointer> arguments that follow I<format>. Each I<pointer> "
8415 "argument must be of a type that is appropriate for the value returned by the "
8416 "corresponding conversion specification."
8420 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:113
8422 "If the number of conversion specifications in I<format> exceeds the number "
8423 "of I<pointer> arguments, the results are undefined. If the number of "
8424 "I<pointer> arguments exceeds the number of conversion specifications, then "
8425 "the excess I<pointer> arguments are evaluated, but are otherwise ignored."
8429 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:125
8431 "The B<scanf>() function reads input from the standard input stream "
8432 "I<stdin>, B<fscanf>() reads input from the stream pointer I<stream>, and "
8433 "B<sscanf>() reads its input from the character string pointed to by I<str>."
8437 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:143
8439 "The B<vfscanf>() function is analogous to B<vfprintf>(3) and reads input "
8440 "from the stream pointer I<stream> using a variable argument list of pointers "
8441 "(see B<stdarg>(3). The B<vscanf>() function scans a variable argument list "
8442 "from the standard input and the B<vsscanf>() function scans it from a "
8443 "string; these are analogous to the B<vprintf>(3) and B<vsprintf>(3) "
8444 "functions respectively."
8448 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:157
8450 "The I<format> string consists of a sequence of I<directives> which describe "
8451 "how to process the sequence of input characters. If processing of a "
8452 "directive fails, no further input is read, and B<scanf>() returns. A "
8453 "\"failure\" can be either of the following: I<input failure>, meaning that "
8454 "input characters were unavailable, or I<matching failure>, meaning that the "
8455 "input was inappropriate (see below)."
8459 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:159
8460 msgid "A directive is one of the following:"
8464 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:159 build/C/man3/scanf.3:165 build/C/man3/scanf.3:169 build/C/man3/scanf.3:188 build/C/man3/scanf.3:199 build/C/man3/scanf.3:217 build/C/man3/scanf.3:229 build/C/man3/scanf.3:243
8470 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:165
8472 "A sequence of white-space characters (space, tab, newline, etc.; see "
8473 "B<isspace>(3)). This directive matches any amount of white space, including "
8474 "none, in the input."
8478 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:169
8480 "An ordinary character (i.e., one other than white space or \\(aq%\\(aq). "
8481 "This character must exactly match the next character of input."
8485 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:180
8487 "A conversion specification, which commences with a \\(aq%\\(aq (percent) "
8488 "character. A sequence of characters from the input is converted according "
8489 "to this specification, and the result is placed in the corresponding "
8490 "I<pointer> argument. If the next item of input does not match the "
8491 "conversion specification, the conversion fails\\(emthis is a I<matching "
8496 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:188
8498 "Each I<conversion specification> in I<format> begins with either the "
8499 "character \\(aq%\\(aq or the character sequence \"B<%>I<n>B<$>\" (see below "
8500 "for the distinction) followed by:"
8504 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:199
8506 "An optional \\(aq*\\(aq assignment-suppression character: B<scanf>() reads "
8507 "input as directed by the conversion specification, but discards the input. "
8508 "No corresponding I<pointer> argument is required, and this specification is "
8509 "not included in the count of successful assignments returned by B<scanf>()."
8513 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:217
8515 "An optional \\(aqa\\(aq character. This is used with string conversions, "
8516 "and relieves the caller of the need to allocate a corresponding buffer to "
8517 "hold the input: instead, B<scanf>() allocates a buffer of sufficient size, "
8518 "and assigns the address of this buffer to the corresponding I<pointer> "
8519 "argument, which should be a pointer to a I<char *> variable (this variable "
8520 "does not need to be initialized before the call). The caller should "
8521 "subsequently B<free>(3) this buffer when it is no longer required. This is "
8522 "a GNU extension; C99 employs the \\(aqa\\(aq character as a conversion "
8523 "specifier (and it can also be used as such in the GNU implementation)."
8527 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:229
8529 "An optional decimal integer which specifies the I<maximum field width>. "
8530 "Reading of characters stops either when this maximum is reached or when a "
8531 "nonmatching character is found, whichever happens first. Most conversions "
8532 "discard initial white space characters (the exceptions are noted below), and "
8533 "these discarded characters don't count toward the maximum field width. "
8534 "String input conversions store a terminating null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) to "
8535 "mark the end of the input; the maximum field width does not include this "
8540 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:243
8542 "An optional I<type modifier character>. For example, the B<l> type modifier "
8543 "is used with integer conversions such as B<%d> to specify that the "
8544 "corresponding I<pointer> argument refers to a I<long int> rather than a "
8545 "pointer to an I<int>."
8549 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:248
8551 "A I<conversion specifier> that specifies the type of input conversion to be "
8556 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:277
8558 "The conversion specifications in I<format> are of two forms, either "
8559 "beginning with \\(aq%\\(aq or beginning with \"B<%>I<n>B<$>\". The two "
8560 "forms should not be mixed in the same I<format> string, except that a string "
8561 "containing \"B<%>I<n>B<$>\" specifications can include B<%%> and B<%*>. If "
8562 "I<format> contains \\(aq%\\(aq specifications then these correspond in order "
8563 "with successive I<pointer> arguments. In the \"B<%>I<n>B<$>\" form (which "
8564 "is specified in POSIX.1-2001, but not C99), I<n> is a decimal integer that "
8565 "specifies that the converted input should be placed in the location referred "
8566 "to by the I<n>-th I<pointer> argument following I<format>."
8570 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:277
8576 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:281
8578 "The following I<type modifier characters> can appear in a conversion "
8583 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:291
8585 "Indicates that the conversion will be one of B<d>, B<i>, B<o>, B<u>, B<x>, "
8586 "B<X>, or B<n> and the next pointer is a pointer to a I<short int> or "
8587 "I<unsigned short int> (rather than I<int>)."
8591 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:299
8593 "As for B<h>, but the next pointer is a pointer to a I<signed char> or "
8598 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:308
8600 "As for B<h>, but the next pointer is a pointer to an I<intmax_t> or a "
8601 "I<uintmax_t>. This modifier was introduced in C99."
8604 #. This use of l was introduced in Amendment 1 to ISO C90.
8606 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:335
8608 "Indicates either that the conversion will be one of B<d>, B<i>, B<o>, B<u>, "
8609 "B<x>, B<X>, or B<n> and the next pointer is a pointer to a I<long int> or "
8610 "I<unsigned long int> (rather than I<int>), or that the conversion will be "
8611 "one of B<e>, B<f>, or B<g> and the next pointer is a pointer to I<double> "
8612 "(rather than I<float>). Specifying two B<l> characters is equivalent to "
8613 "B<L>. If used with B<%c> or B<%s> the corresponding parameter is considered "
8614 "as a pointer to a wide character or wide-character string respectively."
8617 #. MTK, Jul 05: The following is no longer true for modern
8618 #. ANSI C (i.e., C99):
8619 #. (Note that long long is not an
8621 #. type. Any program using this will not be portable to all
8624 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:351
8626 "Indicates that the conversion will be either B<e>, B<f>, or B<g> and the "
8627 "next pointer is a pointer to I<long double> or the conversion will be B<d>, "
8628 "B<i>, B<o>, B<u>, or B<x> and the next pointer is a pointer to I<long long>."
8632 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:356
8633 msgid "equivalent to B<L>. This specifier does not exist in ANSI C."
8637 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:363
8639 "As for B<h>, but the next pointer is a pointer to a I<ptrdiff_t>. This "
8640 "modifier was introduced in C99."
8644 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:370
8646 "As for B<h>, but the next pointer is a pointer to a I<size_t>. This "
8647 "modifier was introduced in C99."
8651 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:374
8652 msgid "The following I<conversion specifiers> are available:"
8656 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:383
8658 "Matches a literal \\(aq%\\(aq. That is, B<%\\&%> in the format string "
8659 "matches a single input \\(aq%\\(aq character. No conversion is done (but "
8660 "initial white space characters are discarded), and assignment does not "
8665 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:383
8671 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:388
8673 "Matches an optionally signed decimal integer; the next pointer must be a "
8674 "pointer to I<int>."
8678 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:388
8684 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:397
8686 "Equivalent to I<ld>; this exists only for backward compatibility. (Note: "
8687 "thus only in libc4. In libc5 and glibc the B<%D> is silently ignored, "
8688 "causing old programs to fail mysteriously.)"
8692 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:397
8698 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:409
8700 "Matches an optionally signed integer; the next pointer must be a pointer to "
8701 "I<int>. The integer is read in base 16 if it begins with I<0x> or I<0X>, in "
8702 "base 8 if it begins with I<0>, and in base 10 otherwise. Only characters "
8703 "that correspond to the base are used."
8707 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:409
8713 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:413
8715 "Matches an unsigned octal integer; the next pointer must be a pointer to "
8720 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:413
8726 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:418
8728 "Matches an unsigned decimal integer; the next pointer must be a pointer to "
8733 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:423
8735 "Matches an unsigned hexadecimal integer; the next pointer must be a pointer "
8736 "to I<unsigned int>."
8740 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:423
8746 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:427
8747 msgid "Equivalent to B<x>."
8751 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:427
8757 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:432
8759 "Matches an optionally signed floating-point number; the next pointer must be "
8760 "a pointer to I<float>."
8764 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:432
8770 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:436 build/C/man3/scanf.3:440 build/C/man3/scanf.3:444
8771 msgid "Equivalent to B<f>."
8775 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:436
8781 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:440
8787 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:448
8788 msgid "(C99) Equivalent to B<f>."
8792 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:456
8794 "Matches a sequence of non-white-space characters; the next pointer must be a "
8795 "pointer to character array that is long enough to hold the input sequence "
8796 "and the terminating null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), which is added "
8797 "automatically. The input string stops at white space or at the maximum "
8798 "field width, whichever occurs first."
8802 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:467
8804 "Matches a sequence of characters whose length is specified by the I<maximum "
8805 "field width> (default 1); the next pointer must be a pointer to I<char>, and "
8806 "there must be enough room for all the characters (no terminating null byte "
8807 "is added). The usual skip of leading white space is suppressed. To skip "
8808 "white space first, use an explicit space in the format."
8812 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:467
8818 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:500
8820 "Matches a nonempty sequence of characters from the specified set of accepted "
8821 "characters; the next pointer must be a pointer to I<char>, and there must be "
8822 "enough room for all the characters in the string, plus a terminating null "
8823 "byte. The usual skip of leading white space is suppressed. The string is "
8824 "to be made up of characters in (or not in) a particular set; the set is "
8825 "defined by the characters between the open bracket B<[> character and a "
8826 "close bracket B<]> character. The set I<excludes> those characters if the "
8827 "first character after the open bracket is a circumflex (B<^>). To include a "
8828 "close bracket in the set, make it the first character after the open bracket "
8829 "or the circumflex; any other position will end the set. The hyphen "
8830 "character B<-> is also special; when placed between two other characters, it "
8831 "adds all intervening characters to the set. To include a hyphen, make it "
8832 "the last character before the final close bracket. For instance, "
8833 "B<[^]0-9-]> means the set \"everything except close bracket, zero through "
8834 "nine, and hyphen\". The string ends with the appearance of a character not "
8835 "in the (or, with a circumflex, in) set or when the field width runs out."
8839 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:508
8841 "Matches a pointer value (as printed by B<%p> in B<printf>(3); the next "
8842 "pointer must be a pointer to a pointer to I<void>."
8846 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:528
8848 "Nothing is expected; instead, the number of characters consumed thus far "
8849 "from the input is stored through the next pointer, which must be a pointer "
8850 "to I<int>. This is I<not> a conversion, although it can be suppressed with "
8851 "the B<*> assignment-suppression character. The C standard says: \"Execution "
8852 "of a B<%n> directive does not increment the assignment count returned at the "
8853 "completion of execution\" but the Corrigendum seems to contradict this. "
8854 "Probably it is wise not to make any assumptions on the effect of B<%n> "
8855 "conversions on the return value."
8859 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:533
8861 "These functions return the number of input items successfully matched and "
8862 "assigned, which can be fewer than provided for, or even zero in the event of "
8863 "an early matching failure."
8867 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:545
8869 "The value B<EOF> is returned if the end of input is reached before either "
8870 "the first successful conversion or a matching failure occurs. B<EOF> is "
8871 "also returned if a read error occurs, in which case the error indicator for "
8872 "the stream (see B<ferror>(3)) is set, and I<errno> is set indicate the "
8877 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:551
8879 "The file descriptor underlying I<stream> is marked nonblocking, and the read "
8880 "operation would block."
8884 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:556
8886 "The file descriptor underlying I<stream> is invalid, or not open for "
8891 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:559
8892 msgid "Input byte sequence does not form a valid character."
8896 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:563
8897 msgid "The read operation was interrupted by a signal; see B<signal>(7)."
8901 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:568
8902 msgid "Not enough arguments; or I<format> is NULL."
8906 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:571
8907 msgid "Out of memory."
8911 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:571
8917 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:575
8919 "The result of an integer conversion would exceed the size that can be stored "
8920 "in the corresponding integer type."
8924 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:585
8926 "The functions B<fscanf>(), B<scanf>(), and B<sscanf>() conform to C89 and "
8927 "C99 and POSIX.1-2001. These standards do not specify the B<ERANGE> error."
8931 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:595
8933 "The B<q> specifier is the 4.4BSD notation for I<long long>, while B<ll> or "
8934 "the usage of B<L> in integer conversions is the GNU notation."
8938 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:606
8940 "The Linux version of these functions is based on the I<GNU> I<libio> "
8941 "library. Take a look at the I<info> documentation of I<GNU> I<libc "
8942 "(glibc-1.08)> for a more concise description."
8945 #. This feature seems to be present at least as far back as glibc 2.0.
8947 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:624
8949 "The GNU C library supports a nonstandard extension that causes the library "
8950 "to dynamically allocate a string of sufficient size for input strings for "
8951 "the B<%s> and B<%a[>I<range>B<]> conversion specifiers. To make use of this "
8952 "feature, specify B<a> as a length modifier (thus B<%as> or "
8953 "B<%a[>I<range>B<]>). The caller must B<free>(3) the returned string, as in "
8954 "the following example:"
8958 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:629
8966 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:640
8970 "n = scanf(\"%a[a-z]\", &p);\n"
8972 " printf(\"read: %s\\en\", p);\n"
8974 "} else if (errno != 0) {\n"
8975 " perror(\"scanf\");\n"
8977 " fprintf(stderr, \"No matching characters\\en\");\n"
8982 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:648
8984 "As shown in the above example, it is only necessary to call B<free>(3) if "
8985 "the B<scanf>() call successfully read a string."
8989 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:660
8991 "The B<a> modifier is not available if the program is compiled with I<gcc "
8992 "-std=c99> or I<gcc -D_ISOC99_SOURCE> (unless B<_GNU_SOURCE> is also "
8993 "specified), in which case the B<a> is interpreted as a specifier for "
8994 "floating-point numbers (see above)."
8998 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:669
9000 "Since version 2.7, glibc also provides the B<m> modifier for the same "
9001 "purpose as the B<a> modifier. The B<m> modifier has the following "
9006 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:674
9007 msgid "It may also be applied to B<%c> conversion specifiers (e.g., B<%3mc>)."
9011 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:680
9013 "It avoids ambiguity with respect to the B<%a> floating-point conversion "
9014 "specifier (and is unaffected by I<gcc -std=c99> etc.)"
9018 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:682
9019 msgid "It is specified in the upcoming revision of the POSIX.1 standard."
9023 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:695
9025 "All functions are fully C89 conformant, but provide the additional "
9026 "specifiers B<q> and B<a> as well as an additional behavior of the B<L> and "
9027 "B<l> specifiers. The latter may be considered to be a bug, as it changes "
9028 "the behavior of specifiers defined in C89."
9032 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:711
9034 "Some combinations of the type modifiers and conversion specifiers defined by "
9035 "ANSI C do not make sense (e.g. B<%Ld>). While they may have a well-defined "
9036 "behavior on Linux, this need not to be so on other architectures. Therefore "
9037 "it usually is better to use modifiers that are not defined by ANSI C at all, "
9038 "that is, use B<q> instead of B<L> in combination with B<d>, B<i>, B<o>, "
9039 "B<u>, B<x>, and B<X> conversions or B<ll>."
9043 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:717
9045 "The usage of B<q> is not the same as on 4.4BSD, as it may be used in float "
9046 "conversions equivalently to B<L>."
9050 #: build/C/man3/scanf.3:724
9052 "B<getc>(3), B<printf>(3), B<setlocale>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3), "
9057 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:46
9063 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:46
9069 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:49
9070 msgid "setbuf, setbuffer, setlinebuf, setvbuf - stream buffering operations"
9074 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:54
9076 msgid "B<void setbuf(FILE *>I<stream>B<, char *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
9080 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:56
9082 msgid "B<void setbuffer(FILE *>I<stream>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
9086 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:58
9088 msgid "B<void setlinebuf(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
9092 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:61
9095 "B<int setvbuf(FILE *>I<stream>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, int >I<mode>B<, size_t "
9100 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:71
9101 msgid "B<setbuffer>(), B<setlinebuf>(): _BSD_SOURCE"
9105 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:94
9107 "The three types of buffering available are unbuffered, block buffered, and "
9108 "line buffered. When an output stream is unbuffered, information appears on "
9109 "the destination file or terminal as soon as written; when it is block "
9110 "buffered many characters are saved up and written as a block; when it is "
9111 "line buffered characters are saved up until a newline is output or input is "
9112 "read from any stream attached to a terminal device (typically I<stdin>). "
9113 "The function B<fflush>(3) may be used to force the block out early. (See "
9114 "B<fclose>(3).) Normally all files are block buffered. When the first I/O "
9115 "operation occurs on a file, B<malloc>(3) is called, and a buffer is "
9116 "obtained. If a stream refers to a terminal (as I<stdout> normally does) it "
9117 "is line buffered. The standard error stream I<stderr> is always unbuffered "
9122 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:101
9124 "The B<setvbuf>() function may be used on any open stream to change its "
9125 "buffer. The I<mode> argument must be one of the following three macros:"
9129 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:102
9135 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:105
9140 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:105
9146 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:108
9147 msgid "line buffered"
9151 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:108
9157 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:111
9158 msgid "fully buffered"
9162 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:127
9164 "Except for unbuffered files, the I<buf> argument should point to a buffer at "
9165 "least I<size> bytes long; this buffer will be used instead of the current "
9166 "buffer. If the argument I<buf> is NULL, only the mode is affected; a new "
9167 "buffer will be allocated on the next read or write operation. The "
9168 "B<setvbuf>() function may only be used after opening a stream and before "
9169 "any other operations have been performed on it."
9173 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:133
9175 "The other three calls are, in effect, simply aliases for calls to "
9176 "B<setvbuf>(). The B<setbuf>() function is exactly equivalent to the call"
9180 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:136
9181 msgid "setvbuf(stream, buf, buf ? _IOFBF : _IONBF, BUFSIZ);"
9185 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:146
9187 "The B<setbuffer>() function is the same, except that the size of the buffer "
9188 "is up to the caller, rather than being determined by the default B<BUFSIZ>. "
9189 "The B<setlinebuf>() function is exactly equivalent to the call:"
9193 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:149
9194 msgid "setvbuf(stream, (char *) NULL, _IOLBF, 0);"
9198 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:160
9200 "The function B<setvbuf>() returns 0 on success. It returns nonzero on "
9201 "failure (I<mode> is invalid or the request cannot be honored). It may set "
9202 "I<errno> on failure."
9206 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:162
9207 msgid "The other functions do not return a value."
9211 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:168
9212 msgid "The B<setbuf>() and B<setvbuf>() functions conform to C89 and C99."
9216 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:178
9218 "The B<setbuffer>() and B<setlinebuf>() functions are not portable to "
9219 "versions of BSD before 4.2BSD, and are available under Linux since libc "
9220 "4.5.21. On 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD systems, B<setbuf>() always uses a suboptimal "
9221 "buffer size and should be avoided."
9225 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:185
9227 "You must make sure that the space that I<buf> points to still exists by the "
9228 "time I<stream> is closed, which also happens at program termination. For "
9229 "example, the following is invalid:"
9233 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:188
9235 msgid "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
9239 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:197
9245 " char buf[BUFSIZ];\n"
9246 " setbuf(stdin, buf);\n"
9247 " printf(\"Hello, world!\\en\");\n"
9253 #: build/C/man3/setbuf.3:206
9255 "B<fclose>(3), B<fflush>(3), B<fopen>(3), B<fread>(3), B<malloc>(3), "
9256 "B<printf>(3), B<puts>(3)"
9260 #: build/C/man3/stdin.3:9
9266 #: build/C/man3/stdin.3:9 build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:29
9272 #: build/C/man3/stdin.3:12
9273 msgid "stdin, stdout, stderr - standard I/O streams"
9277 #: build/C/man3/stdin.3:19
9280 "B<extern FILE *>I<stdin>B<;>\n"
9281 "B<extern FILE *>I<stdout>B<;>\n"
9282 "B<extern FILE *>I<stderr>B<;>\n"
9286 #: build/C/man3/stdin.3:31
9288 "Under normal circumstances every UNIX program has three streams opened for "
9289 "it when it starts up, one for input, one for output, and one for printing "
9290 "diagnostic or error messages. These are typically attached to the user's "
9291 "terminal (see B<tty>(4) but might instead refer to files or other devices, "
9292 "depending on what the parent process chose to set up. (See also the "
9293 "\"Redirection\" section of B<sh>(1).)"
9297 #: build/C/man3/stdin.3:41
9299 "The input stream is referred to as \"standard input\"; the output stream is "
9300 "referred to as \"standard output\"; and the error stream is referred to as "
9301 "\"standard error\". These terms are abbreviated to form the symbols used to "
9302 "refer to these files, namely I<stdin>, I<stdout>, and I<stderr>."
9306 #: build/C/man3/stdin.3:50
9308 "Each of these symbols is a B<stdio>(3) macro of type pointer to I<FILE>, "
9309 "and can be used with functions like B<fprintf>(3) or B<fread>(3)."
9313 #: build/C/man3/stdin.3:59
9315 "Since I<FILE>s are a buffering wrapper around UNIX file descriptors, the "
9316 "same underlying files may also be accessed using the raw UNIX file "
9317 "interface, that is, the functions like B<read>(2) and B<lseek>(2)."
9321 #: build/C/man3/stdin.3:78
9323 "On program startup, the integer file descriptors associated with the streams "
9324 "I<stdin>, I<stdout>, and I<stderr> are 0, 1, and 2, respectively. The "
9325 "preprocessor symbols B<STDIN_FILENO>, B<STDOUT_FILENO>, and B<STDERR_FILENO> "
9326 "are defined with these values in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>. (Applying "
9327 "B<freopen>(3) to one of these streams can change the file descriptor number "
9328 "associated with the stream.)"
9332 #: build/C/man3/stdin.3:91
9334 "Note that mixing use of I<FILE>s and raw file descriptors can produce "
9335 "unexpected results and should generally be avoided. (For the masochistic "
9336 "among you: POSIX.1, section 8.2.3, describes in detail how this interaction "
9337 "is supposed to work.) A general rule is that file descriptors are handled "
9338 "in the kernel, while stdio is just a library. This means for example, that "
9339 "after an B<exec>(3), the child inherits all open file descriptors, but all "
9340 "old streams have become inaccessible."
9344 #: build/C/man3/stdin.3:109
9346 "Since the symbols I<stdin>, I<stdout>, and I<stderr> are specified to be "
9347 "macros, assigning to them is nonportable. The standard streams can be made "
9348 "to refer to different files with help of the library function B<freopen>(3), "
9349 "specially introduced to make it possible to reassign I<stdin>, I<stdout>, "
9350 "and I<stderr>. The standard streams are closed by a call to B<exit>(3) and "
9351 "by normal program termination."
9355 #: build/C/man3/stdin.3:118
9357 "The I<stdin>, I<stdout>, and I<stderr> macros conform to C89 and this "
9358 "standard also stipulates that these three streams shall be open at program "
9363 #: build/C/man3/stdin.3:150
9365 "The stream I<stderr> is unbuffered. The stream I<stdout> is line-buffered "
9366 "when it points to a terminal. Partial lines will not appear until "
9367 "B<fflush>(3) or B<exit>(3) is called, or a newline is printed. This can "
9368 "produce unexpected results, especially with debugging output. The buffering "
9369 "mode of the standard streams (or any other stream) can be changed using the "
9370 "B<setbuf>(3) or B<setvbuf>(3) call. Note that in case I<stdin> is "
9371 "associated with a terminal, there may also be input buffering in the "
9372 "terminal driver, entirely unrelated to stdio buffering. (Indeed, normally "
9373 "terminal input is line buffered in the kernel.) This kernel input handling "
9374 "can be modified using calls like B<tcsetattr>(3); see also B<stty>(1), and "
9379 #: build/C/man3/stdin.3:156
9380 msgid "B<csh>(1), B<sh>(1), B<open>(2), B<fopen>(3), B<stdio>(3)"
9384 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:37
9390 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:37
9396 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:40
9397 msgid "stdio - standard input/output library functions"
9401 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:44
9402 msgid "B<FILE *>I<stdin>B<;>"
9406 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:46
9407 msgid "B<FILE *>I<stdout>B<;>"
9411 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:48
9412 msgid "B<FILE *>I<stderr>B<;>"
9416 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:55
9418 "The standard I/O library provides a simple and efficient buffered stream I/O "
9419 "interface. Input and output is mapped into logical data streams and the "
9420 "physical I/O characteristics are concealed. The functions and macros are "
9421 "listed below; more information is available from the individual man pages."
9425 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:78
9427 "A stream is associated with an external file (which may be a physical "
9428 "device) by I<opening> a file, which may involve creating a new file. "
9429 "Creating an existing file causes its former contents to be discarded. If a "
9430 "file can support positioning requests (such as a disk file, as opposed to a "
9431 "terminal) then a I<file position indicator> associated with the stream is "
9432 "positioned at the start of the file (byte zero), unless the file is opened "
9433 "with append mode. If append mode is used, it is unspecified whether the "
9434 "position indicator will be placed at the start or the end of the file. The "
9435 "position indicator is maintained by subsequent reads, writes and positioning "
9436 "requests. All input occurs as if the characters were read by successive "
9437 "calls to the B<fgetc>(3) function; all output takes place as if all "
9438 "characters were written by successive calls to the B<fputc>(3) function."
9442 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:88
9444 "A file is disassociated from a stream by I<closing> the file. Output "
9445 "streams are flushed (any unwritten buffer contents are transferred to the "
9446 "host environment) before the stream is disassociated from the file. The "
9447 "value of a pointer to a I<FILE> object is indeterminate after a file is "
9452 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:101
9454 "A file may be subsequently reopened, by the same or another program "
9455 "execution, and its contents reclaimed or modified (if it can be repositioned "
9456 "at the start). If the main function returns to its original caller, or the "
9457 "B<exit>(3) function is called, all open files are closed (hence all output "
9458 "streams are flushed) before program termination. Other methods of program "
9459 "termination, such as B<abort>(3) do not bother about closing files "
9464 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:117
9466 "At program startup, three text streams are predefined and need not be opened "
9467 "explicitly: I<standard input> (for reading conventional input), I<standard "
9468 "output> (for writing conventional input), and I<standard error> (for writing "
9469 "diagnostic output). These streams are abbreviated I<stdin>,I<stdout> and "
9470 "I<stderr>. When opened, the standard error stream is not fully buffered; "
9471 "the standard input and output streams are fully buffered if and only if the "
9472 "streams do not to refer to an interactive device."
9476 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:127
9478 "Output streams that refer to terminal devices are always line buffered by "
9479 "default; pending output to such streams is written automatically whenever an "
9480 "input stream that refers to a terminal device is read. In cases where a "
9481 "large amount of computation is done after printing part of a line on an "
9482 "output terminal, it is necessary to B<fflush>(3) the standard output before "
9483 "going off and computing so that the output will appear."
9487 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:141
9489 "The I<stdio> library is a part of the library B<libc> and routines are "
9490 "automatically loaded as needed by the compilers B<cc>(1) and B<pc>(1). The "
9491 "SYNOPSIS sections of the following manual pages indicate which include files "
9492 "are to be used, what the compiler declaration for the function looks like "
9493 "and which external variables are of interest."
9496 #. Not on Linux: .BR fropen ,
9497 #. Not on Linux: .BR fwopen ,
9499 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:181
9501 "The following are defined as macros; these names may not be reused without "
9502 "first removing their current definitions with B<#undef>: B<BUFSIZ>, B<EOF>, "
9503 "B<FILENAME_MAX>, B<FOPEN_MAX>, B<L_cuserid>, B<L_ctermid>, B<L_tmpnam>, "
9504 "B<NULL>, B<SEEK_END>, B<SEEK_SET>, B<SEEK_CUR>, B<TMP_MAX>, B<clearerr>, "
9505 "B<feof>, B<ferror>, B<fileno>, B<getc>, B<getchar>, B<putc>, B<putchar>, "
9506 "B<stderr>, B<stdin>, B<stdout>. Function versions of the macro functions "
9507 "B<feof>, B<ferror>, B<clearerr>, B<fileno>, B<getc>, B<getchar>, B<putc>, "
9508 "and B<putchar> exist and will be used if the macros definitions are "
9509 "explicitly removed."
9513 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:181
9515 msgid "List of Functions"
9519 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:186
9521 msgid "Function\tDescription\n"
9525 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:187
9531 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:188
9533 msgid "clearerr\tcheck and reset stream status\n"
9537 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:189
9539 msgid "fclose\tclose a stream\n"
9543 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:190
9545 msgid "fdopen\tstream open functions\n"
9549 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:191
9551 msgid "feof\tcheck and reset stream status\n"
9555 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:192
9557 msgid "ferror\tcheck and reset stream status\n"
9561 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:193
9563 msgid "fflush\tflush a stream\n"
9567 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:194
9569 msgid "fgetc\tget next character or word from input stream\n"
9573 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:195
9575 msgid "fgetpos\treposition a stream\n"
9579 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:196
9581 msgid "fgets\tget a line from a stream\n"
9585 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:197
9587 msgid "fileno\treturn the integer descriptor of the argument stream\n"
9591 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:198
9593 msgid "fopen\tstream open functions\n"
9597 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:199
9599 msgid "fprintf\tformatted output conversion\n"
9603 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:200
9605 msgid "fpurge\tflush a stream\n"
9609 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:201
9611 msgid "fputc\toutput a character or word to a stream\n"
9615 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:202
9617 msgid "fputs\toutput a line to a stream\n"
9621 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:203
9623 msgid "fread\tbinary stream input/output\n"
9627 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:204
9629 msgid "freopen\tstream open functions\n"
9633 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:205
9635 msgid "fscanf\tinput format conversion\n"
9639 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:206
9641 msgid "fseek\treposition a stream\n"
9645 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:207
9647 msgid "fsetpos\treposition a stream\n"
9651 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:208
9653 msgid "ftell\treposition a stream\n"
9657 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:209
9659 msgid "fwrite\tbinary stream input/output\n"
9663 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:210
9665 msgid "getc\tget next character or word from input stream\n"
9669 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:211
9671 msgid "getchar\tget next character or word from input stream\n"
9675 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:212
9677 msgid "gets\tget a line from a stream\n"
9681 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:213
9683 msgid "getw\tget next character or word from input stream\n"
9687 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:214
9689 msgid "mktemp\tmake temporary filename (unique)\n"
9693 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:215
9695 msgid "perror\tsystem error messages\n"
9699 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:216
9701 msgid "printf\tformatted output conversion\n"
9705 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:217
9707 msgid "putc\toutput a character or word to a stream\n"
9711 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:218
9713 msgid "putchar\toutput a character or word to a stream\n"
9717 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:219
9719 msgid "puts\toutput a line to a stream\n"
9723 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:220
9725 msgid "putw\toutput a character or word to a stream\n"
9729 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:221
9731 msgid "remove\tremove directory entry\n"
9735 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:222
9737 msgid "rewind\treposition a stream\n"
9741 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:223
9743 msgid "scanf\tinput format conversion\n"
9747 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:224
9749 msgid "setbuf\tstream buffering operations\n"
9753 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:225
9755 msgid "setbuffer\tstream buffering operations\n"
9759 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:226
9761 msgid "setlinebuf\tstream buffering operations\n"
9765 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:227
9767 msgid "setvbuf\tstream buffering operations\n"
9771 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:228
9773 msgid "sprintf\tformatted output conversion\n"
9777 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:229
9779 msgid "sscanf\tinput format conversion\n"
9783 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:230
9785 msgid "strerror\tsystem error messages\n"
9789 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:231
9791 msgid "sys_errlist\tsystem error messages\n"
9795 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:232
9797 msgid "sys_nerr\tsystem error messages\n"
9801 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:233
9803 msgid "tempnam\ttemporary file routines\n"
9807 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:234
9809 msgid "tmpfile\ttemporary file routines\n"
9813 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:235
9815 msgid "tmpnam\ttemporary file routines\n"
9819 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:236
9821 msgid "ungetc\tun-get character from input stream\n"
9825 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:237
9827 msgid "vfprintf\tformatted output conversion\n"
9831 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:238
9833 msgid "vfscanf\tinput format conversion\n"
9837 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:239
9839 msgid "vprintf\tformatted output conversion\n"
9843 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:240
9845 msgid "vscanf\tinput format conversion\n"
9849 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:241
9851 msgid "vsprintf\tformatted output conversion\n"
9855 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:242
9857 msgid "vsscanf\tinput format conversion\n"
9861 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:248
9862 msgid "The I<stdio> library conforms to C89."
9866 #: build/C/man3/stdio.3:255
9868 "B<close>(2), B<open>(2), B<read>(2), B<write>(2), B<stdout>(3), "
9869 "B<unlocked_stdio>(3)"
9873 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:23
9879 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:23
9885 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:28
9887 "__fbufsize, __flbf, __fpending, __fpurge, __freadable, __freading, "
9888 "__fsetlocking, __fwritable, __fwriting, _flushlbf - interfaces to stdio FILE "
9893 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:32
9894 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdio_ext.hE<gt>>"
9898 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:34
9899 msgid "B<size_t __fbufsize(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>"
9903 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:36
9904 msgid "B<size_t __fpending(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>"
9908 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:38
9909 msgid "B<int __flbf(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>"
9913 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:40
9914 msgid "B<int __freadable(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>"
9918 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:42
9919 msgid "B<int __fwritable(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>"
9923 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:44
9924 msgid "B<int __freading(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>"
9928 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:46
9929 msgid "B<int __fwriting(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>"
9933 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:48
9934 msgid "B<int __fsetlocking(FILE *>I<stream>B<, int >I<type>B<);>"
9938 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:50
9939 msgid "B<void _flushlbf(void);>"
9943 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:52
9944 msgid "B<void __fpurge(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>"
9948 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:57
9950 "Solaris introduced routines to allow portable access to the internals of the "
9951 "I<FILE> structure, and glibc also implemented these."
9955 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:62
9957 "The B<__fbufsize>() function returns the size of the buffer currently used "
9958 "by the given stream."
9962 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:69
9964 "The B<__fpending>() function returns the number of bytes in the output "
9965 "buffer. For wide-oriented streams the unit is wide characters. This "
9966 "function is undefined on buffers in reading mode, or opened read-only."
9970 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:74
9972 "The B<__flbf>() function returns a nonzero value if the stream is "
9973 "line-buffered, and zero otherwise."
9977 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:79
9979 "The B<__freadable>() function returns a nonzero value if the stream allows "
9980 "reading, and zero otherwise."
9984 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:84
9986 "The B<__fwritable>() function returns a nonzero value if the stream allows "
9987 "writing, and zero otherwise."
9991 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:90
9993 "The B<__freading>() function returns a nonzero value if the stream is "
9994 "read-only, or if the last operation on the stream was a read operation, and "
9999 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:96
10001 "The B<__fwriting>() function returns a nonzero value if the stream is "
10002 "write-only (or append-only), or if the last operation on the stream was a "
10003 "write operation, and zero otherwise."
10006 #. type: Plain text
10007 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:104
10009 "The B<__fsetlocking>() function can be used to select the desired type of "
10010 "locking on the stream. It returns the current type. The I<type> argument "
10011 "can take the following three values:"
10015 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:104
10017 msgid "B<FSETLOCKING_INTERNAL>"
10020 #. type: Plain text
10021 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:109
10023 "Perform implicit locking around every operation on the given stream (except "
10024 "for the *_unlocked ones). This is the default."
10028 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:109
10030 msgid "B<FSETLOCKING_BYCALLER>"
10033 #. type: Plain text
10034 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:116
10036 "The caller will take care of the locking (possibly using B<flockfile>(3) in "
10037 "case there is more than one thread), and the stdio routines will not do "
10038 "locking until the state is reset to B<FSETLOCKING_INTERNAL>."
10042 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:116
10044 msgid "B<FSETLOCKING_QUERY>"
10047 #. type: Plain text
10048 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:120
10049 msgid "Don't change the type of locking. (Only return it.)"
10052 #. type: Plain text
10053 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:126
10055 "The B<_flushlbf>() function flushes all line-buffered streams. (Presumably "
10056 "so that output to a terminal is forced out, say before reading keyboard "
10060 #. type: Plain text
10061 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:130
10062 msgid "The B<__fpurge>() function discards the contents of the stream's buffer."
10065 #. type: Plain text
10066 #: build/C/man3/stdio_ext.3:133
10067 msgid "B<flockfile>(3), B<fpurge>(3)"
10071 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:32 build/C/man7/symlink.7:35
10077 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:32
10082 #. type: Plain text
10083 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:35
10084 msgid "symlink - make a new name for a file"
10087 #. type: Plain text
10088 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:39
10089 msgid "B<int symlink(const char *>I<oldpath>B<, const char *>I<newpath>B<);>"
10092 #. type: Plain text
10093 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:47
10094 msgid "B<symlink>():"
10097 #. type: Plain text
10098 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:58
10100 "B<symlink>() creates a symbolic link named I<newpath> which contains the "
10101 "string I<oldpath>."
10104 #. type: Plain text
10105 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:62
10107 "Symbolic links are interpreted at run time as if the contents of the link "
10108 "had been substituted into the path being followed to find a file or "
10112 #. type: Plain text
10113 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:67
10115 "Symbolic links may contain I<..> path components, which (if used at the "
10116 "start of the link) refer to the parent directories of that in which the link "
10120 #. type: Plain text
10121 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:71
10123 "A symbolic link (also known as a soft link) may point to an existing file or "
10124 "to a nonexistent one; the latter case is known as a dangling link."
10127 #. type: Plain text
10128 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:78
10130 "The permissions of a symbolic link are irrelevant; the ownership is ignored "
10131 "when following the link, but is checked when removal or renaming of the link "
10132 "is requested and the link is in a directory with the sticky bit (B<S_ISVTX>) "
10136 #. type: Plain text
10137 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:99
10139 "Write access to the directory containing I<newpath> is denied, or one of the "
10140 "directories in the path prefix of I<newpath> did not allow search "
10141 "permission. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
10144 #. type: Plain text
10145 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:113
10146 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<newpath>."
10149 #. type: Plain text
10150 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:123
10152 "A directory component in I<newpath> does not exist or is a dangling symbolic "
10153 "link, or I<oldpath> is the empty string."
10156 #. type: Plain text
10157 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:135
10158 msgid "A component used as a directory in I<newpath> is not, in fact, a directory."
10161 #. type: Plain text
10162 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:140
10164 "The file system containing I<newpath> does not support the creation of "
10168 #. type: Plain text
10169 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:144
10170 msgid "I<newpath> is on a read-only file system."
10173 #. type: Plain text
10174 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:154
10175 msgid "No checking of I<oldpath> is done."
10178 #. type: Plain text
10179 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:159
10181 "Deleting the name referred to by a symlink will actually delete the file "
10182 "(unless it also has other hard links). If this behavior is not desired, use "
10186 #. type: Plain text
10187 #: build/C/man2/symlink.2:171
10189 "B<ln>(1), B<lchown>(2), B<link>(2), B<lstat>(2), B<open>(2), B<readlink>(2), "
10190 "B<rename>(2), B<symlinkat>(2), B<unlink>(2), B<path_resolution>(7), "
10195 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:35
10200 #. type: Plain text
10201 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:38
10202 msgid "symlink - symbolic link handling"
10206 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:38
10208 msgid "SYMBOLIC LINK HANDLING"
10211 #. type: Plain text
10212 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:42
10214 "Symbolic links are files that act as pointers to other files. To understand "
10215 "their behavior, you must first understand how hard links work."
10218 #. type: Plain text
10219 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:58
10221 "A hard link to a file is indistinguishable from the original file because it "
10222 "is a reference to the object underlying the original filename. (To be "
10223 "precise: each of the hard links to a file is a reference to the same "
10224 "I<i-node number>, where an i-node number is an index into the i-node table, "
10225 "which contains metadata about all files on a file system. See B<stat>(2).) "
10226 "Changes to a file are independent of the name used to reference the file. "
10227 "Hard links may not refer to directories (to prevent the possibility of loops "
10228 "within the file system tree, which would confuse many programs) and may not "
10229 "refer to files on different file systems (because i-node numbers are not "
10230 "unique across file systems)."
10233 #. type: Plain text
10234 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:65
10236 "A symbolic link is a special type of file whose contents are a string that "
10237 "is the pathname another file, the file to which the link refers. In other "
10238 "words, a symbolic link is a pointer to another name, and not to an "
10239 "underlying object. For this reason, symbolic links may refer to directories "
10240 "and may cross file system boundaries."
10243 #. type: Plain text
10244 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:71
10246 "There is no requirement that the pathname referred to by a symbolic link "
10247 "should exist. A symbolic link that refers to a pathname that does not exist "
10248 "is said to be a I<dangling link>."
10251 #. type: Plain text
10252 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:83
10254 "Because a symbolic link and its referenced object coexist in the file system "
10255 "name space, confusion can arise in distinguishing between the link itself "
10256 "and the referenced object. On historical systems, commands and system calls "
10257 "adopted their own link-following conventions in a somewhat ad-hoc fashion. "
10258 "Rules for a more uniform approach, as they are implemented on Linux and "
10259 "other systems, are outlined here. It is important that site-local "
10260 "applications also conform to these rules, so that the user interface can be "
10261 "as consistent as possible."
10265 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:83
10267 msgid "Symbolic link ownership, permissions, and timestamps"
10270 #. type: Plain text
10271 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:91
10273 "The owner and group of an existing symbolic link can be changed using "
10274 "B<lchown>(2). The only time that the ownership of a symbolic link matters "
10275 "is when the link is being removed or renamed in a directory that has the "
10276 "sticky bit set (see B<stat>(2))."
10279 #. type: Plain text
10280 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:97
10282 "The last access and last modification timestamps of a symbolic link can be "
10283 "changed using B<utimensat>(2) or B<lutimes>(3)."
10286 #. Linux does not currently implement an lchmod(2).
10290 #. system differs from historical
10292 #. systems in that the system call
10294 #. has been changed to follow symbolic links.
10297 #. system call was added later when the limitations of the new
10299 #. became apparent.
10300 #. type: Plain text
10301 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:116
10303 "On Linux, the permissions of a symbolic link are not used in any operations; "
10304 "the permissions are always 0777 (read, write, and execute for all user "
10305 "categories), and can't be changed."
10309 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:116
10311 msgid "Handling of symbolic links by system calls and commands"
10314 #. type: Plain text
10315 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:131
10317 "Symbolic links are handled either by operating on the link itself, or by "
10318 "operating on the object referred to by the link. In the latter case, an "
10319 "application or system call is said to I<follow> the link. Symbolic links "
10320 "may refer to other symbolic links, in which case the links are dereferenced "
10321 "until an object that is not a symbolic link is found, a symbolic link that "
10322 "refers to a file which does not exist is found, or a loop is detected. "
10323 "(Loop detection is done by placing an upper limit on the number of links "
10324 "that may be followed, and an error results if this limit is exceeded.)"
10327 #. type: Plain text
10328 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:134
10330 "There are three separate areas that need to be discussed. They are as "
10335 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:134
10340 #. type: Plain text
10341 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:136
10342 msgid "Symbolic links used as filename arguments for system calls."
10346 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:136
10351 #. type: Plain text
10352 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:139
10354 "Symbolic links specified as command-line arguments to utilities that are not "
10355 "traversing a file tree."
10359 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:139
10364 #. type: Plain text
10365 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:143
10367 "Symbolic links encountered by utilities that are traversing a file tree "
10368 "(either specified on the command line or encountered as part of the file "
10373 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:143
10375 msgid "System calls"
10378 #. type: Plain text
10379 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:146
10381 "The first area is symbolic links used as filename arguments for system "
10385 #. type: Plain text
10386 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:156
10388 "Except as noted below, all system calls follow symbolic links. For example, "
10389 "if there were a symbolic link I<slink> which pointed to a file named "
10390 "I<afile>, the system call I<open(\"slink\" ...\\&)> would return a file "
10391 "descriptor referring to the file I<afile>."
10394 #. Maybe one day: .BR fchownat (2)
10395 #. type: Plain text
10396 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:206
10398 "Various system calls do not follow links, and operate on the symbolic link "
10399 "itself. They are: B<lchown>(2), B<lgetxattr>(2), B<llistxattr>(2), "
10400 "B<lremovexattr>(2), B<lsetxattr>(2), B<lstat>(2), B<readlink>(2), "
10401 "B<rename>(2), B<rmdir>(2), and B<unlink>(2). Certain other system calls "
10402 "optionally follow symbolic links. They are: B<faccessat>(2), "
10403 "B<fchownat>(2), B<fstatat>(2), B<linkat>(2), B<open>(2), B<openat>(2), and "
10404 "B<utimensat>(2); see their manual pages for details. Because B<remove>(3) "
10405 "is an alias for B<unlink>(2), that library function also does not follow "
10406 "symbolic links. When B<rmdir>(2) is applied to a symbolic link, it fails "
10407 "with the error B<ENOTDIR>. The B<link>(2) warrants special discussion. "
10408 "POSIX.1-2001 specifies that B<link>(2) should dereference I<oldpath> if it "
10409 "is a symbolic link. However, Linux does not do this. (By default Solaris "
10410 "is the same, but the POSIX.1-2001 specified behavior can be obtained with "
10411 "suitable compiler options.) The upcoming POSIX.1 revision changes the "
10412 "specification to allow either behavior in an implementation."
10416 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:206
10418 msgid "Commands not traversing a file tree"
10421 #. type: Plain text
10422 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:209
10424 "The second area is symbolic links, specified as command-line filename "
10425 "arguments, to commands which are not traversing a file tree."
10428 #. type: Plain text
10429 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:220
10431 "Except as noted below, commands follow symbolic links named as command-line "
10432 "arguments. For example, if there were a symbolic link I<slink> which "
10433 "pointed to a file named I<afile>, the command I<cat slink> would display the "
10434 "contents of the file I<afile>."
10437 #. type: Plain text
10438 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:228
10440 "It is important to realize that this rule includes commands which may "
10441 "optionally traverse file trees, e.g., the command I<chown file> is included "
10442 "in this rule, while the command I<chown\\ -R file>, which performs a tree "
10443 "traversal, is not. (The latter is described in the third area, below.)"
10446 #. type: Plain text
10447 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:246
10449 "If it is explicitly intended that the command operate on the symbolic link "
10450 "instead of following the symbolic link, e.g., it is desired that I<chown "
10451 "slink> change the ownership of the file that I<slink> is, whether it is a "
10452 "symbolic link or not, the I<-h> option should be used. In the above "
10453 "example, I<chown root slink> would change the ownership of the file referred "
10454 "to by I<slink>, while I<chown\\ -h root slink> would change the ownership of "
10458 #. type: Plain text
10459 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:248
10460 msgid "There are some exceptions to this rule:"
10463 #. type: Plain text
10464 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:258
10466 "The B<mv>(1) and B<rm>(1) commands do not follow symbolic links named as "
10467 "arguments, but respectively attempt to rename and delete them. (Note, if "
10468 "the symbolic link references a file via a relative path, moving it to "
10469 "another directory may very well cause it to stop working, since the path may "
10470 "no longer be correct.)"
10473 #. type: Plain text
10474 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:288
10476 "The B<ls>(1) command is also an exception to this rule. For compatibility "
10477 "with historic systems (when B<ls>(1) is not doing a tree walk, i.e., the "
10478 "I<-R> option is not specified), the B<ls>(1) command follows symbolic links "
10479 "named as arguments if the I<-H> or I<-L> option is specified, or if the "
10480 "I<-F>, I<-d>, or I<-l> options are not specified. (The B<ls>(1) command is "
10481 "the only command where the I<-H> and I<-L> options affect its behavior even "
10482 "though it is not doing a walk of a file tree.)"
10486 #. The 4.4BSD system differs from historical 4BSD systems in that the
10490 #. commands follow symbolic links specified on the command line.
10491 #. type: Plain text
10492 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:306
10494 "The B<file>(1) command is also an exception to this rule. The B<file>(1) "
10495 "command does not follow symbolic links named as argument by default. The "
10496 "B<file>(1) command does follow symbolic links named as argument if the "
10497 "I<-L> option is specified."
10501 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:306
10503 msgid "Commands traversing a file tree"
10506 #. type: Plain text
10507 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:319
10509 "The following commands either optionally or always traverse file trees: "
10510 "B<chgrp>(1), B<chmod>(1), B<chown>(1), B<cp>(1), B<du>(1), B<find>(1), "
10511 "B<ls>(1), B<pax>(1), B<rm>(1), and B<tar>(1)."
10514 #. type: Plain text
10515 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:323
10517 "It is important to realize that the following rules apply equally to "
10518 "symbolic links encountered during the file tree traversal and symbolic links "
10519 "listed as command-line arguments."
10522 #. type: Plain text
10523 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:328
10525 "The I<first rule> applies to symbolic links that reference files other than "
10526 "directories. Operations that apply to symbolic links are performed on the "
10527 "links themselves, but otherwise the links are ignored."
10530 #. type: Plain text
10531 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:340
10533 "The command I<rm\\ -r slink directory> will remove I<slink>, as well as any "
10534 "symbolic links encountered in the tree traversal of I<directory>, because "
10535 "symbolic links may be removed. In no case will B<rm>(1) affect the file "
10536 "referred to by I<slink>."
10539 #. type: Plain text
10540 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:345
10542 "The I<second rule> applies to symbolic links that refer to directories. "
10543 "Symbolic links that refer to directories are never followed by default. "
10544 "This is often referred to as a \"physical\" walk, as opposed to a "
10545 "\"logical\" walk (where symbolic links the refer to directories are "
10549 #. type: Plain text
10550 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:348
10552 "Certain conventions are (should be) followed as consistently as possible by "
10553 "commands that perform file tree walks:"
10556 #. type: Plain text
10557 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:361
10559 "A command can be made to follow any symbolic links named on the command "
10560 "line, regardless of the type of file they reference, by specifying the I<-H> "
10561 "(for \"half-logical\") flag. This flag is intended to make the command-line "
10562 "name space look like the logical name space. (Note, for commands that do "
10563 "not always do file tree traversals, the I<-H> flag will be ignored if the "
10564 "I<-R> flag is not also specified.)"
10567 #. type: Plain text
10568 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:377
10570 "For example, the command I<chown\\ -HR user slink> will traverse the file "
10571 "hierarchy rooted in the file pointed to by I<slink>. Note, the I<-H> is not "
10572 "the same as the previously discussed I<-h> flag. The I<-H> flag causes "
10573 "symbolic links specified on the command line to be dereferenced for the "
10574 "purposes of both the action to be performed and the tree walk, and it is as "
10575 "if the user had specified the name of the file to which the symbolic link "
10579 #. type: Plain text
10580 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:391
10582 "A command can be made to follow any symbolic links named on the command "
10583 "line, as well as any symbolic links encountered during the traversal, "
10584 "regardless of the type of file they reference, by specifying the I<-L> (for "
10585 "\"logical\") flag. This flag is intended to make the entire name space look "
10586 "like the logical name space. (Note, for commands that do not always do file "
10587 "tree traversals, the I<-L> flag will be ignored if the I<-R> flag is not "
10591 #. type: Plain text
10592 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:406
10594 "For example, the command I<chown\\ -LR user slink> will change the owner of "
10595 "the file referred to by I<slink>. If I<slink> refers to a directory, "
10596 "B<chown> will traverse the file hierarchy rooted in the directory that it "
10597 "references. In addition, if any symbolic links are encountered in any file "
10598 "tree that B<chown> traverses, they will be treated in the same fashion as "
10602 #. type: Plain text
10603 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:413
10605 "A command can be made to provide the default behavior by specifying the "
10606 "I<-P> (for \"physical\") flag. This flag is intended to make the entire "
10607 "name space look like the physical name space."
10610 #. type: Plain text
10611 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:431
10613 "For commands that do not by default do file tree traversals, the I<-H>, "
10614 "I<-L>, and I<-P> flags are ignored if the I<-R> flag is not also specified. "
10615 "In addition, you may specify the I<-H>, I<-L>, and I<-P> options more than "
10616 "once; the last one specified determines the command's behavior. This is "
10617 "intended to permit you to alias commands to behave one way or the other, and "
10618 "then override that behavior on the command line."
10621 #. type: Plain text
10622 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:437
10623 msgid "The B<ls>(1) and B<rm>(1) commands have exceptions to these rules:"
10626 #. type: Plain text
10627 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:450
10629 "The B<rm>(1) command operates on the symbolic link, and not the file it "
10630 "references, and therefore never follows a symbolic link. The B<rm>(1) "
10631 "command does not support the I<-H>, I<-L>, or I<-P> options."
10634 #. type: Plain text
10635 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:470
10637 "To maintain compatibility with historic systems, the B<ls>(1) command acts "
10638 "a little differently. If you do not specify the I<-F>, I<-d> or I<-l> "
10639 "options, B<ls>(1) will follow symbolic links specified on the command "
10640 "line. If the I<-L> flag is specified, B<ls>(1) follows all symbolic links, "
10641 "regardless of their type, whether specified on the command line or "
10642 "encountered in the tree walk."
10645 #. type: Plain text
10646 #: build/C/man7/symlink.7:488
10648 "B<chgrp>(1), B<chmod>(1), B<find>(1), B<ln>(1), B<ls>(1), B<mv>(1), "
10649 "B<rm>(1), B<lchown>(2), B<link>(2), B<lstat>(2), B<readlink>(2), "
10650 "B<rename>(2), B<symlink>(2), B<unlink>(2), B<utimensat>(2), B<lutimes>(3), "
10651 "B<path_resolution>(7)"
10655 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:23
10661 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:23
10666 #. type: Plain text
10667 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:26
10668 msgid "tempnam - create a name for a temporary file"
10671 #. type: Plain text
10672 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:31
10674 msgid "B<char *tempnam(const char *>I<dir>B<, const char *>I<pfx>B<);>\n"
10677 #. type: Plain text
10678 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:40
10679 msgid "B<tempnam>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
10682 #. type: Plain text
10683 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:54
10685 "The B<tempnam>() function returns a pointer to a string that is a valid "
10686 "filename, and such that a file with this name did not exist when "
10687 "B<tempnam>() checked. The filename suffix of the pathname generated will "
10688 "start with I<pfx> in case I<pfx> is a non-NULL string of at most five "
10689 "bytes. The directory prefix part of the pathname generated is required to "
10690 "be \"appropriate\" (often that at least implies writable)."
10693 #. type: Plain text
10694 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:57
10695 msgid "Attempts to find an appropriate directory go through the following steps:"
10699 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:57
10704 #. type: Plain text
10705 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:63
10707 "In case the environment variable B<TMPDIR> exists and contains the name of "
10708 "an appropriate directory, that is used."
10712 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:63
10717 #. type: Plain text
10718 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:68
10719 msgid "Otherwise, if the I<dir> argument is non-NULL and appropriate, it is used."
10723 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:68
10728 #. type: Plain text
10729 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:75
10731 "Otherwise, I<P_tmpdir> (as defined in I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>) is used when "
10736 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:75
10741 #. type: Plain text
10742 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:78
10743 msgid "Finally an implementation-defined directory may be used."
10746 #. type: Plain text
10747 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:85
10749 "The string returned by B<tempnam>() is allocated using B<malloc>(3) and "
10750 "hence should be freed by B<free>(3)."
10753 #. type: Plain text
10754 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:90
10756 "The B<tempnam>() function returns a pointer to a unique temporary filename, "
10757 "or NULL if a unique name cannot be generated."
10760 #. type: Plain text
10761 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:94
10762 msgid "Allocation of storage failed."
10765 #. type: Plain text
10766 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:99
10767 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 marks B<tempnam>() as obsolete."
10770 #. type: Plain text
10771 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:118
10773 "Although B<tempnam>() generates names that are difficult to guess, it is "
10774 "nevertheless possible that between the time that B<tempnam>() returns a "
10775 "pathname, and the time that the program opens it, another program might "
10776 "create that pathname using B<open>(2), or create it as a symbolic link. "
10777 "This can lead to security holes. To avoid such possibilities, use the "
10778 "B<open>(2) B<O_EXCL> flag to open the pathname. Or better yet, use "
10779 "B<mkstemp>(3) or B<tmpfile>(3)."
10782 #. type: Plain text
10783 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:126
10785 "SUSv2 does not mention the use of B<TMPDIR>; glibc will use it only when the "
10786 "program is not set-user-ID. On SVr4, the directory used under B<d)> is "
10787 "I</tmp> (and this is what glibc does)."
10790 #. type: Plain text
10791 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:131
10793 "Because it dynamically allocates memory used to return the pathname, "
10794 "B<tempnam>() is reentrant, and thus thread safe, unlike B<tmpnam>(3)."
10797 #. type: Plain text
10798 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:144
10800 "The B<tempnam>() function generates a different string each time it is "
10801 "called, up to B<TMP_MAX> (defined in I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>) times. If it is "
10802 "called more than B<TMP_MAX> times, the behavior is implementation defined."
10805 #. type: Plain text
10806 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:148
10807 msgid "B<tempnam>() uses at most the first five bytes from I<pfx>."
10810 #. type: Plain text
10811 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:154
10813 "The glibc implementation of B<tempnam>() will fail with the error B<EEXIST> "
10814 "upon failure to find a unique name."
10817 #. type: Plain text
10818 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:157
10820 "The precise meaning of \"appropriate\" is undefined; it is unspecified how "
10821 "accessibility of a directory is determined."
10824 #. type: Plain text
10825 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:164 build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:151
10826 msgid "Never use this function. Use B<mkstemp>(3) or B<tmpfile>(3) instead."
10829 #. type: Plain text
10830 #: build/C/man3/tempnam.3:169
10831 msgid "B<mkstemp>(3), B<mktemp>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), B<tmpnam>(3)"
10835 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:29
10840 #. type: Plain text
10841 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:32
10842 msgid "tmpfile - create a temporary file"
10845 #. type: Plain text
10846 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:37
10848 msgid "B<FILE *tmpfile(void);>\n"
10851 #. type: Plain text
10852 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:45
10854 "The B<tmpfile>() function opens a unique temporary file in binary "
10855 "read/write (w+b) mode. The file will be automatically deleted when it is "
10856 "closed or the program terminates."
10859 #. type: Plain text
10860 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:52
10862 "The B<tmpfile>() function returns a stream descriptor, or NULL if a unique "
10863 "filename cannot be generated or the unique file cannot be opened. In the "
10864 "latter case, I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
10867 #. type: Plain text
10868 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:56
10869 msgid "Search permission denied for directory in file's path prefix."
10872 #. type: Plain text
10873 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:59
10874 msgid "Unable to generate a unique filename."
10877 #. type: Plain text
10878 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:62
10879 msgid "The call was interrupted by a signal."
10882 #. type: Plain text
10883 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:65
10884 msgid "Too many file descriptors in use by the process."
10887 #. type: Plain text
10888 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:68
10889 msgid "Too many files open in the system."
10892 #. type: Plain text
10893 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:71
10894 msgid "There was no room in the directory to add the new filename."
10897 #. type: Plain text
10898 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:74
10899 msgid "Read-only file system."
10902 #. type: Plain text
10903 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:76
10904 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, SUSv2, POSIX.1-2001."
10907 #. type: Plain text
10908 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:80
10910 "POSIX.1-2001 specifies: an error message may be written to I<stdout> if the "
10911 "stream cannot be opened."
10914 #. type: Plain text
10915 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:86
10917 "The standard does not specify the directory that B<tmpfile>() will use. "
10918 "Glibc will try the path prefix I<P_tmpdir> defined in I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>, "
10919 "and if that fails the directory I</tmp>."
10922 #. type: Plain text
10923 #: build/C/man3/tmpfile.3:92
10924 msgid "B<exit>(3), B<mkstemp>(3), B<mktemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpnam>(3)"
10928 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:25
10934 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:25
10939 #. type: Plain text
10940 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:28
10941 msgid "tmpnam, tmpnam_r - create a name for a temporary file"
10944 #. type: Plain text
10945 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:33
10947 msgid "B<char *tmpnam(char *>I<s>B<);>\n"
10950 #. type: Plain text
10951 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:56
10953 "The B<tmpnam>() function returns a pointer to a string that is a valid "
10954 "filename, and such that a file with this name did not exist at some point in "
10955 "time, so that naive programmers may think it a suitable name for a temporary "
10956 "file. If the argument I<s> is NULL this name is generated in an internal "
10957 "static buffer and may be overwritten by the next call to B<tmpnam>(). If "
10958 "I<s> is not NULL, the name is copied to the character array (of length at "
10959 "least I<L_tmpnam>) pointed to by I<s> and the value I<s> is returned in "
10963 #. type: Plain text
10964 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:68
10966 "The pathname that is created, has a directory prefix I<P_tmpdir>. (Both "
10967 "I<L_tmpnam> and I<P_tmpdir> are defined in I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>, just like "
10968 "the B<TMP_MAX> mentioned below.)"
10971 #. type: Plain text
10972 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:73
10974 "The B<tmpnam>() function returns a pointer to a unique temporary filename, "
10975 "or NULL if a unique name cannot be generated."
10978 #. type: Plain text
10979 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:75
10980 msgid "No errors are defined."
10983 #. type: Plain text
10984 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:80
10986 "SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 marks B<tmpnam>() as "
10990 #. type: Plain text
10991 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:91
10993 "The B<tmpnam>() function generates a different string each time it is "
10994 "called, up to B<TMP_MAX> times. If it is called more than B<TMP_MAX> times, "
10995 "the behavior is implementation defined."
10998 #. type: Plain text
10999 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:110
11001 "Although B<tmpnam>() generates names that are difficult to guess, it is "
11002 "nevertheless possible that between the time that B<tmpnam>() returns a "
11003 "pathname, and the time that the program opens it, another program might "
11004 "create that pathname using B<open>(2), or create it as a symbolic link. "
11005 "This can lead to security holes. To avoid such possibilities, use the "
11006 "B<open>(2) B<O_EXCL> flag to open the pathname. Or better yet, use "
11007 "B<mkstemp>(3) or B<tmpfile>(3)."
11010 #. type: Plain text
11011 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:118
11013 "Portable applications that use threads cannot call B<tmpnam>() with a NULL "
11014 "argument if either B<_POSIX_THREADS> or B<_POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS> is "
11018 #. type: Plain text
11019 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:122
11020 msgid "A POSIX draft proposed to use a function B<tmpnam_r>() defined by"
11023 #. type: Plain text
11024 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:130
11028 "tmpnam_r(char *s)\n"
11030 " return s ? tmpnam(s) : NULL;\n"
11034 #. type: Plain text
11035 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:144
11037 "apparently as a warning not to use NULL. A few systems implement it. To "
11038 "get a glibc prototype for this function from I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>, define "
11039 "B<_SVID_SOURCE> or B<_BSD_SOURCE> (before including I<any> header file)."
11042 #. type: Plain text
11043 #: build/C/man3/tmpnam.3:156
11044 msgid "B<mkstemp>(3), B<mktemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3)"
11048 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:32
11054 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:32
11059 #. type: Plain text
11060 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:35
11061 msgid "unlink - delete a name and possibly the file it refers to"
11064 #. type: Plain text
11065 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:39
11066 msgid "B<int unlink(const char *>I<pathname>B<);>"
11069 #. type: Plain text
11070 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:45
11072 "B<unlink>() deletes a name from the file system. If that name was the last "
11073 "link to a file and no processes have the file open the file is deleted and "
11074 "the space it was using is made available for reuse."
11077 #. type: Plain text
11078 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:49
11080 "If the name was the last link to a file but any processes still have the "
11081 "file open the file will remain in existence until the last file descriptor "
11082 "referring to it is closed."
11085 #. type: Plain text
11086 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:51
11087 msgid "If the name referred to a symbolic link the link is removed."
11090 #. type: Plain text
11091 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:55
11093 "If the name referred to a socket, fifo or device the name for it is removed "
11094 "but processes which have the object open may continue to use it."
11097 #. type: Plain text
11098 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:71
11100 "Write access to the directory containing I<pathname> is not allowed for the "
11101 "process's effective UID, or one of the directories in I<pathname> did not "
11102 "allow search permission. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
11105 #. type: Plain text
11106 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:80
11108 "The file I<pathname> cannot be unlinked because it is being used by the "
11109 "system or another process; for example, it is a mount point or the NFS "
11110 "client software created it to represent an active but otherwise nameless "
11111 "inode (\"NFS silly renamed\")."
11114 #. type: Plain text
11115 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:92
11117 "I<pathname> refers to a directory. (This is the non-POSIX value returned by "
11118 "Linux since 2.1.132.)"
11121 #. type: Plain text
11122 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:96
11123 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in translating I<pathname>."
11126 #. type: Plain text
11127 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:106
11129 "A component in I<pathname> does not exist or is a dangling symbolic link, or "
11130 "I<pathname> is empty."
11133 #. type: Plain text
11134 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:114
11135 msgid "A component used as a directory in I<pathname> is not, in fact, a directory."
11138 #. type: Plain text
11139 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:123
11141 "The system does not allow unlinking of directories, or unlinking of "
11142 "directories requires privileges that the calling process doesn't have. "
11143 "(This is the POSIX prescribed error return; as noted above, Linux returns "
11144 "B<EISDIR> for this case.)"
11148 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:123
11150 msgid "B<EPERM> (Linux only)"
11153 #. type: Plain text
11154 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:126
11155 msgid "The file system does not allow unlinking of files."
11158 #. type: Plain text
11159 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:137
11161 "The directory containing I<pathname> has the sticky bit (B<S_ISVTX>) set "
11162 "and the process's effective UID is neither the UID of the file to be deleted "
11163 "nor that of the directory containing it, and the process is not privileged "
11164 "(Linux: does not have the B<CAP_FOWNER> capability)."
11167 #. type: Plain text
11168 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:141
11169 msgid "I<pathname> refers to a file on a read-only file system."
11172 #. type: Plain text
11173 #: build/C/man2/unlink.2:161
11175 "B<rm>(1), B<chmod>(2), B<link>(2), B<mknod>(2), B<open>(2), B<rename>(2), "
11176 "B<rmdir>(2), B<unlinkat>(2), B<mkfifo>(3), B<remove>(3), "
11177 "B<path_resolution>(7), B<symlink>(7)"
11181 #: build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:23
11183 msgid "UNLOCKED_STDIO"
11186 #. type: Plain text
11187 #: build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:27
11189 "getc_unlocked, getchar_unlocked, putc_unlocked, putchar_unlocked - "
11190 "nonlocking stdio functions"
11193 #. type: Plain text
11194 #: build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:35
11197 "B<int getc_unlocked(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11198 "B<int getchar_unlocked(void);>\n"
11199 "B<int putc_unlocked(int >I<c>B<, FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11200 "B<int putchar_unlocked(int >I<c>B<);>\n"
11203 #. type: Plain text
11204 #: build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:47
11207 "B<void clearerr_unlocked(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11208 "B<int feof_unlocked(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11209 "B<int ferror_unlocked(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11210 "B<int fileno_unlocked(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11211 "B<int fflush_unlocked(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11212 "B<int fgetc_unlocked(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11213 "B<int fputc_unlocked(int >I<c>B<, FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11214 "B<size_t fread_unlocked(void *>I<ptr>B<, size_t >I<size>B<, size_t "
11216 "B< FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11217 "B<size_t fwrite_unlocked(const void *>I<ptr>B<, size_t >I<size>B<, size_t "
11219 "B< FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11222 #. type: Plain text
11223 #: build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:50
11226 "B<char *fgets_unlocked(char *>I<s>B<, int >I<n>B<, FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11227 "B<int fputs_unlocked(const char *>I<s>B<, FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11230 #. type: Plain text
11231 #: build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:61
11234 "B<wint_t getwc_unlocked(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11235 "B<wint_t getwchar_unlocked(void);>\n"
11236 "B<wint_t fgetwc_unlocked(FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11237 "B<wint_t fputwc_unlocked(wchar_t >I<wc>B<, FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11238 "B<wint_t putwc_unlocked(wchar_t >I<wc>B<, FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11239 "B<wint_t putwchar_unlocked(wchar_t >I<wc>B<);>\n"
11240 "B<wchar_t *fgetws_unlocked(wchar_t *>I<ws>B<, int >I<n>B<, FILE "
11241 "*>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11242 "B<int fputws_unlocked(const wchar_t *>I<ws>B<, FILE *>I<stream>B<);>\n"
11245 #. type: Plain text
11246 #: build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:73
11248 "B<getc_unlocked>(), B<getchar_unlocked>(), B<putc_unlocked>(), "
11249 "B<putchar_unlocked>():"
11252 #. type: Plain text
11253 #: build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:76
11255 "_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 1 || _XOPEN_SOURCE || _POSIX_SOURCE || "
11256 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
11259 #. type: Plain text
11260 #: build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:87
11262 "B<clearerr_unlocked>(), B<feof_unlocked>(), B<ferror_unlocked>(), "
11263 "B<fileno_unlocked>(), B<fflush_unlocked>(), B<fgetc_unlocked>(), "
11264 "B<fputc_unlocked>(), B<fread_unlocked>(), B<fwrite_unlocked>():"
11267 #. type: Plain text
11268 #: build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:89
11269 msgid "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
11272 #. type: Plain text
11273 #: build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:100
11275 "B<fgets_unlocked>(), B<fputs_unlocked>(), B<getwc_unlocked>(), "
11276 "B<getwchar_unlocked>(), B<fgetwc_unlocked>(), B<fputwc_unlocked>(), "
11277 "B<putwchar_unlocked>(), B<fgetws_unlocked>(), B<fputws_unlocked>():"
11280 #. type: Plain text
11281 #: build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:111
11283 "Each of these functions has the same behavior as its counterpart without the "
11284 "\"_unlocked\" suffix, except that they do not use locking (they do not set "
11285 "locks themselves, and do not test for the presence of locks set by others) "
11286 "and hence are thread-unsafe. See B<flockfile>(3)."
11289 #. type: Plain text
11290 #: build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:118
11292 "The four functions B<getc_unlocked>(), B<getchar_unlocked>(), "
11293 "B<putc_unlocked>(), B<putchar_unlocked>() are in POSIX.1-2001."
11296 #. E.g., in HP-UX 10.0. In HP-UX 10.30 they are called obsolescent, and
11297 #. moved to a compatibility library.
11298 #. Available in HP-UX 10.0: clearerr_unlocked, fclose_unlocked,
11299 #. feof_unlocked, ferror_unlocked, fflush_unlocked, fgets_unlocked,
11300 #. fgetwc_unlocked, fgetws_unlocked, fileno_unlocked, fputs_unlocked,
11301 #. fputwc_unlocked, fputws_unlocked, fread_unlocked, fseek_unlocked,
11302 #. ftell_unlocked, fwrite_unlocked, getc_unlocked, getchar_unlocked,
11303 #. getw_unlocked, getwc_unlocked, getwchar_unlocked, putc_unlocked,
11304 #. putchar_unlocked, puts_unlocked, putws_unlocked, putw_unlocked,
11305 #. putwc_unlocked, putwchar_unlocked, rewind_unlocked, setvbuf_unlocked,
11306 #. ungetc_unlocked, ungetwc_unlocked.
11307 #. type: Plain text
11308 #: build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:134
11310 "The nonstandard B<*_unlocked>() variants occur on a few UNIX systems, and "
11311 "are available in recent glibc. They should probably not be used."
11314 #. type: Plain text
11315 #: build/C/man3/unlocked_stdio.3:137
11316 msgid "B<flockfile>(3), B<stdio>(3)"
11320 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:14
11326 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:14
11331 #. type: Plain text
11332 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:18
11334 "wprintf, fwprintf, swprintf, vwprintf, vfwprintf, vswprintf - formatted "
11335 "wide-character output conversion"
11338 #. type: Plain text
11339 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:22
11342 "B<#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>\n"
11343 "B<#include E<lt>wchar.hE<gt>>\n"
11346 #. type: Plain text
11347 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:27
11350 "B<int wprintf(const wchar_t *>I<format>B<, ...);>\n"
11351 "B<int fwprintf(FILE *>I<stream>B<, const wchar_t *>I<format>B<, ...);>\n"
11352 "B<int swprintf(wchar_t *>I<wcs>B<, size_t >I<maxlen>B<,>\n"
11353 "B< const wchar_t *>I<format>B<, ...);>\n"
11356 #. type: Plain text
11357 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:32
11360 "B<int vwprintf(const wchar_t *>I<format>B<, va_list >I<args>B<);>\n"
11361 "B<int vfwprintf(FILE *>I<stream>B<, const wchar_t *>I<format>B<, va_list "
11363 "B<int vswprintf(wchar_t *>I<wcs>B<, size_t >I<maxlen>B<,>\n"
11364 "B< const wchar_t *>I<format>B<, va_list >I<args>B<);>\n"
11368 #. .BR fwprintf (),
11369 #. .BR swprintf (),
11370 #. .BR vwprintf (),
11371 #. .BR vfwprintf (),
11372 #. .BR vswprintf ():
11373 #. type: Plain text
11374 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:49
11375 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _ISOC99_SOURCE ||"
11378 #. type: Plain text
11379 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:51
11380 msgid "_ISOC95_SOURCE /* Since glibc 2.12 */ ||"
11383 #. type: Plain text
11384 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:53
11385 msgid "_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L;"
11388 #. type: Plain text
11389 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:56
11390 msgid "or I<cc\\ -std=c99>"
11393 #. type: Plain text
11394 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:67
11396 "The B<wprintf>() family of functions is the wide-character equivalent of "
11397 "the B<printf>(3) family of functions. It performs formatted output of wide "
11401 #. type: Plain text
11402 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:77
11404 "The B<wprintf>() and B<vwprintf>() functions perform wide-character output "
11405 "to I<stdout>. I<stdout> must not be byte oriented; see B<fwide>(3) for "
11406 "more information."
11409 #. type: Plain text
11410 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:87
11412 "The B<fwprintf>() and B<vfwprintf>() functions perform wide-character "
11413 "output to I<stream>. I<stream> must not be byte oriented; see B<fwide>(3) "
11414 "for more information."
11417 #. type: Plain text
11418 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:98
11420 "The B<swprintf>() and B<vswprintf>() functions perform wide-character "
11421 "output to an array of wide characters. The programmer must ensure that "
11422 "there is room for at least I<maxlen> wide characters at I<wcs>."
11425 #. type: Plain text
11426 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:109
11428 "These functions are like the B<printf>(3), B<vprintf>(3), B<fprintf>(3), "
11429 "B<vfprintf>(3), B<sprintf>(3), B<vsprintf>(3) functions except for the "
11430 "following differences:"
11434 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:109 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:112 build/C/man3/wprintf.3:115
11439 #. type: Plain text
11440 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:112
11441 msgid "The I<format> string is a wide-character string."
11444 #. type: Plain text
11445 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:115
11446 msgid "The output consists of wide characters, not bytes."
11449 #. type: Plain text
11450 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:130
11452 "B<swprintf>() and B<vswprintf>() take a I<maxlen> argument, B<sprintf>(3) "
11453 "and B<vsprintf>(3) do not. (B<snprintf>(3) and B<vsnprintf>(3) take a "
11454 "I<maxlen> argument, but these functions do not return -1 upon buffer "
11455 "overflow on Linux.)"
11458 #. type: Plain text
11459 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:132
11460 msgid "The treatment of the conversion characters B<c> and B<s> is different:"
11463 #. type: Plain text
11464 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:146
11466 "If no B<l> modifier is present, the I<int> argument is converted to a wide "
11467 "character by a call to the B<btowc>(3) function, and the resulting wide "
11468 "character is written. If an B<l> modifier is present, the I<wint_t> (wide "
11469 "character) argument is written."
11472 #. type: Plain text
11473 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:185
11475 "If no B<l> modifier is present: The I<const\\ char\\ *> argument is expected "
11476 "to be a pointer to an array of character type (pointer to a string) "
11477 "containing a multibyte character sequence beginning in the initial shift "
11478 "state. Characters from the array are converted to wide characters (each by "
11479 "a call to the B<mbrtowc>(3) function with a conversion state starting in "
11480 "the initial state before the first byte). The resulting wide characters are "
11481 "written up to (but not including) the terminating null wide character. If a "
11482 "precision is specified, no more wide characters than the number specified "
11483 "are written. Note that the precision determines the number of I<wide "
11484 "characters> written, not the number of I<bytes> or I<screen positions>. The "
11485 "array must contain a terminating null byte, unless a precision is given and "
11486 "it is so small that the number of converted wide characters reaches it "
11487 "before the end of the array is reached. If an B<l> modifier is present: The "
11488 "I<const\\ wchar_t\\ *> argument is expected to be a pointer to an array of "
11489 "wide characters. Wide characters from the array are written up to (but not "
11490 "including) a terminating null wide character. If a precision is specified, "
11491 "no more than the number specified are written. The array must contain a "
11492 "terminating null wide character, unless a precision is given and it is "
11493 "smaller than or equal to the number of wide characters in the array."
11496 #. type: Plain text
11497 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:193
11499 "The functions return the number of wide characters written, excluding the "
11500 "terminating null wide character in case of the functions B<swprintf>() and "
11501 "B<vswprintf>(). They return -1 when an error occurs."
11504 #. type: Plain text
11505 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:195
11509 #. type: Plain text
11510 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:203
11512 "The behavior of B<wprintf>() et al. depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of "
11513 "the current locale."
11516 #. type: Plain text
11517 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:229
11519 "If the I<format> string contains non-ASCII wide characters, the program will "
11520 "only work correctly if the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the current locale at run "
11521 "time is the same as the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the current locale at "
11522 "compile time. This is because the I<wchar_t> representation is platform- "
11523 "and locale-dependent. (The glibc represents wide characters using their "
11524 "Unicode (ISO-10646) code point, but other platforms don't do this. Also, "
11525 "the use of C99 universal character names of the form \\eunnnn does not solve "
11526 "this problem.) Therefore, in internationalized programs, the I<format> "
11527 "string should consist of ASCII wide characters only, or should be "
11528 "constructed at run time in an internationalized way (e.g., using "
11529 "B<gettext>(3) or B<iconv>(3), followed by B<mbstowcs>(3))."
11533 #. type: Plain text
11534 #: build/C/man3/wprintf.3:236
11535 msgid "B<fprintf>(3), B<fputwc>(3), B<fwide>(3), B<printf>(3), B<snprintf>(3)"
11539 #: build/C/man2/write.2:39
11545 #: build/C/man2/write.2:39
11550 #. type: Plain text
11551 #: build/C/man2/write.2:42
11552 msgid "write - write to a file descriptor"
11555 #. type: Plain text
11556 #: build/C/man2/write.2:46
11557 msgid "B<ssize_t write(int >I<fd>B<, const void *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<count>B<);>"
11560 #. type: Plain text
11561 #: build/C/man2/write.2:54
11563 "B<write>() writes up to I<count> bytes from the buffer pointed I<buf> to "
11564 "the file referred to by the file descriptor I<fd>."
11567 #. type: Plain text
11568 #: build/C/man2/write.2:68
11570 "The number of bytes written may be less than I<count> if, for example, there "
11571 "is insufficient space on the underlying physical medium, or the "
11572 "B<RLIMIT_FSIZE> resource limit is encountered (see B<setrlimit>(2)), or the "
11573 "call was interrupted by a signal handler after having written less than "
11574 "I<count> bytes. (See also B<pipe>(7).)"
11577 #. type: Plain text
11578 #: build/C/man2/write.2:82
11580 "For a seekable file (i.e., one to which B<lseek>(2) may be applied, for "
11581 "example, a regular file) writing takes place at the current file offset, "
11582 "and the file offset is incremented by the number of bytes actually written. "
11583 "If the file was B<open>(2)ed with B<O_APPEND>, the file offset is first set "
11584 "to the end of the file before writing. The adjustment of the file offset "
11585 "and the write operation are performed as an atomic step."
11588 #. type: Plain text
11589 #: build/C/man2/write.2:89
11591 "POSIX requires that a B<read>(2) which can be proved to occur after a "
11592 "B<write>() has returned returns the new data. Note that not all file "
11593 "systems are POSIX conforming."
11596 #. type: Plain text
11597 #: build/C/man2/write.2:94
11599 "On success, the number of bytes written is returned (zero indicates nothing "
11600 "was written). On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
11603 #. type: Plain text
11604 #: build/C/man2/write.2:107
11606 "If I<count> is zero and I<fd> refers to a regular file, then B<write>() may "
11607 "return a failure status if one of the errors below is detected. If no "
11608 "errors are detected, 0 will be returned without causing any other effect. "
11609 "If I<count> is zero and I<fd> refers to a file other than a regular file, "
11610 "the results are not specified."
11613 #. type: Plain text
11614 #: build/C/man2/write.2:115
11616 "The file descriptor I<fd> refers to a file other than a socket and has been "
11617 "marked nonblocking (B<O_NONBLOCK>), and the write would block."
11620 #. Actually EAGAIN on Linux
11621 #. type: Plain text
11622 #: build/C/man2/write.2:126
11624 "The file descriptor I<fd> refers to a socket and has been marked nonblocking "
11625 "(B<O_NONBLOCK>), and the write would block. POSIX.1-2001 allows either "
11626 "error to be returned for this case, and does not require these constants to "
11627 "have the same value, so a portable application should check for both "
11631 #. type: Plain text
11632 #: build/C/man2/write.2:130
11633 msgid "I<fd> is not a valid file descriptor or is not open for writing."
11637 #: build/C/man2/write.2:130
11639 msgid "B<EDESTADDRREQ>"
11642 #. type: Plain text
11643 #: build/C/man2/write.2:135
11645 "I<fd> refers to a datagram socket for which a peer address has not been set "
11646 "using B<connect>(2)."
11649 #. type: Plain text
11650 #: build/C/man2/write.2:144
11652 "An attempt was made to write a file that exceeds the implementation-defined "
11653 "maximum file size or the process's file size limit, or to write at a "
11654 "position past the maximum allowed offset."
11657 #. type: Plain text
11658 #: build/C/man2/write.2:148
11660 "The call was interrupted by a signal before any data was written; see "
11664 #. type: Plain text
11665 #: build/C/man2/write.2:159
11667 "I<fd> is attached to an object which is unsuitable for writing; or the file "
11668 "was opened with the B<O_DIRECT> flag, and either the address specified in "
11669 "I<buf>, the value specified in I<count>, or the current file offset is not "
11670 "suitably aligned."
11673 #. type: Plain text
11674 #: build/C/man2/write.2:162
11675 msgid "A low-level I/O error occurred while modifying the inode."
11678 #. type: Plain text
11679 #: build/C/man2/write.2:167
11681 "The device containing the file referred to by I<fd> has no room for the "
11686 #: build/C/man2/write.2:167
11691 #. type: Plain text
11692 #: build/C/man2/write.2:176
11694 "I<fd> is connected to a pipe or socket whose reading end is closed. When "
11695 "this happens the writing process will also receive a B<SIGPIPE> signal. "
11696 "(Thus, the write return value is seen only if the program catches, blocks or "
11697 "ignores this signal.)"
11700 #. type: Plain text
11701 #: build/C/man2/write.2:179
11702 msgid "Other errors may occur, depending on the object connected to I<fd>."
11705 #. type: Plain text
11706 #: build/C/man2/write.2:188
11708 "Under SVr4 a write may be interrupted and return B<EINTR> at any point, not "
11709 "just before any data is written."
11712 #. type: Plain text
11713 #: build/C/man2/write.2:197
11715 "A successful return from B<write>() does not make any guarantee that data "
11716 "has been committed to disk. In fact, on some buggy implementations, it does "
11717 "not even guarantee that space has successfully been reserved for the data. "
11718 "The only way to be sure is to call B<fsync>(2) after you are done writing "
11722 #. type: Plain text
11723 #: build/C/man2/write.2:205
11725 "If a B<write>() is interrupted by a signal handler before any bytes are "
11726 "written, then the call fails with the error B<EINTR>; if it is interrupted "
11727 "after at least one byte has been written, the call succeeds, and returns the "
11728 "number of bytes written."
11731 #. type: Plain text
11732 #: build/C/man2/write.2:217
11734 "B<close>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<fsync>(2), B<ioctl>(2), B<lseek>(2), B<open>(2), "
11735 "B<pwrite>(2), B<read>(2), B<select>(2), B<writev>(2), B<fwrite>(3)"