1 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2 # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4 # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
9 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
10 "POT-Creation-Date: 2014-06-03 01:29+0900\n"
11 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
12 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
13 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
16 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
17 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
20 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17
26 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17
32 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17 build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26 build/C/man3/exit.3:29 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45 build/C/man7/vdso.7:13
38 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17 build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/a64l.3:9 build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26 build/C/man3/cfree.3:24 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26 build/C/man3/drand48.3:30 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/exit.3:29 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29 build/C/man3/getenv.3:33 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25 build/C/man3/malloc.3:33 build/C/man3/mblen.3:16 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28 build/C/man3/rand.3:41 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29 build/C/man3/setenv.3:37 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/system.3:31 build/C/man7/vdso.7:13 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
40 msgid "Linux Programmer's Manual"
44 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:18 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:18 build/C/man2/_exit.2:30 build/C/man3/a64l.3:10 build/C/man3/atexit.3:34 build/C/man3/atof.3:32 build/C/man3/atoi.3:34 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:27 build/C/man3/cfree.3:25 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:27 build/C/man3/drand48.3:31 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:28 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:33 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:31 build/C/man3/exit.3:30 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:31 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:30 build/C/man3/getenv.3:34 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:35 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:26 build/C/man3/malloc.3:34 build/C/man3/mblen.3:17 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:19 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:17 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:27 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:36 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:35 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:32 build/C/man3/putenv.3:37 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:29 build/C/man3/rand.3:42 build/C/man3/random.3:34 build/C/man3/random_r.3:27 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:30 build/C/man3/setenv.3:38 build/C/man3/strtod.3:46 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:25 build/C/man3/strtol.3:32 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:34 build/C/man3/system.3:32 build/C/man7/vdso.7:14 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:17 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:17
50 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:20
51 msgid "MB_CUR_MAX - maximum length of a multibyte character in the current locale"
55 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:20 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:20 build/C/man2/_exit.2:32 build/C/man3/a64l.3:12 build/C/man3/atexit.3:36 build/C/man3/atof.3:34 build/C/man3/atoi.3:36 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:29 build/C/man3/cfree.3:27 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:29 build/C/man3/drand48.3:34 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:32 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:35 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:33 build/C/man3/exit.3:32 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:33 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:32 build/C/man3/getenv.3:36 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:37 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:28 build/C/man3/malloc.3:36 build/C/man3/mblen.3:19 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:21 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:19 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:29 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:38 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:37 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:34 build/C/man3/putenv.3:39 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:31 build/C/man3/rand.3:44 build/C/man3/random.3:36 build/C/man3/random_r.3:30 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:32 build/C/man3/setenv.3:40 build/C/man3/strtod.3:48 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:27 build/C/man3/strtol.3:34 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:36 build/C/man3/system.3:34 build/C/man7/vdso.7:16 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:19 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:19
61 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:23 build/C/man3/atexit.3:39 build/C/man3/atof.3:37 build/C/man3/atoi.3:39 build/C/man3/cfree.3:31 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:32 build/C/man3/drand48.3:37 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:35 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:36 build/C/man3/exit.3:35 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:36 build/C/man3/getenv.3:39 build/C/man3/malloc.3:39 build/C/man3/mblen.3:22 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:24 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:22 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:32 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:41 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:40 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:37 build/C/man3/putenv.3:42 build/C/man3/rand.3:47 build/C/man3/random.3:39 build/C/man3/random_r.3:33 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:35 build/C/man3/setenv.3:43 build/C/man3/strtol.3:37 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:39 build/C/man3/system.3:37 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:22 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:22
63 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>\n"
67 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:24 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:24 build/C/man2/_exit.2:56 build/C/man3/a64l.3:33 build/C/man3/atexit.3:42 build/C/man3/atof.3:40 build/C/man3/atoi.3:64 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:35 build/C/man3/cfree.3:52 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:43 build/C/man3/drand48.3:75 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:83 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:69 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:64 build/C/man3/exit.3:38 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:64 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:38 build/C/man3/getenv.3:52 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:44 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:50 build/C/man3/malloc.3:45 build/C/man3/mblen.3:25 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:27 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:25 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:55 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:76 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:66 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:48 build/C/man3/putenv.3:54 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:66 build/C/man3/rand.3:62 build/C/man3/random.3:64 build/C/man3/random_r.3:58 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:46 build/C/man3/setenv.3:61 build/C/man3/strtod.3:73 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:35 build/C/man3/strtol.3:59 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:62 build/C/man3/system.3:40 build/C/man7/vdso.7:20 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:25 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:25
73 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:31
75 "The B<MB_CUR_MAX> macro defines an integer expression giving the maximum "
76 "number of bytes needed to represent a single wide character in the current "
77 "locale. It is locale dependent and therefore not a compile-time constant."
81 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:31 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:29 build/C/man2/_exit.2:79 build/C/man3/atexit.3:71 build/C/man3/atof.3:55 build/C/man3/atoi.3:91 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:61 build/C/man3/cfree.3:96 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:50 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:96 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:99 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:86 build/C/man3/exit.3:86 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:72 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:173 build/C/man3/getenv.3:88 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:55 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:110 build/C/man3/malloc.3:132 build/C/man3/mblen.3:75 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:84 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:93 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:68 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:155 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:80 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:76 build/C/man3/putenv.3:67 build/C/man3/rand.3:118 build/C/man3/random.3:118 build/C/man3/random_r.3:100 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:73 build/C/man3/setenv.3:105 build/C/man3/strtod.3:128 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:45 build/C/man3/strtol.3:117 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:127 build/C/man3/system.3:73 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:79 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:63
87 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:35
89 "An integer in the range [1, B<MB_LEN_MAX>]. The value 1 denotes traditional "
90 "8-bit encoded characters."
94 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:35 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:31 build/C/man2/_exit.2:81 build/C/man3/a64l.3:71 build/C/man3/atexit.3:76 build/C/man3/atof.3:65 build/C/man3/atoi.3:105 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:73 build/C/man3/cfree.3:112 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:60 build/C/man3/drand48.3:260 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:112 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:117 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:88 build/C/man3/exit.3:96 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:77 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:192 build/C/man3/getenv.3:96 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:70 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:134 build/C/man3/malloc.3:171 build/C/man3/mblen.3:92 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:94 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:113 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:86 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:195 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:95 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:81 build/C/man3/putenv.3:79 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:96 build/C/man3/rand.3:129 build/C/man3/random.3:161 build/C/man3/random_r.3:137 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:99 build/C/man3/setenv.3:128 build/C/man3/strtod.3:172 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:69 build/C/man3/strtol.3:173 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:177 build/C/man3/system.3:110 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:89 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:89
100 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:37 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:33 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:71
101 msgid "C99, POSIX.1-2001."
105 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:37 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:44 build/C/man2/_exit.2:124 build/C/man3/a64l.3:93 build/C/man3/atexit.3:161 build/C/man3/atof.3:67 build/C/man3/atoi.3:125 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:75 build/C/man3/cfree.3:117 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:97 build/C/man3/drand48.3:266 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:114 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:135 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:95 build/C/man3/exit.3:183 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:86 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:218 build/C/man3/getenv.3:129 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:74 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:232 build/C/man3/malloc.3:261 build/C/man3/mblen.3:106 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:216 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:128 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:91 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:233 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:118 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:88 build/C/man3/putenv.3:119 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:107 build/C/man3/rand.3:217 build/C/man3/random.3:197 build/C/man3/random_r.3:141 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:144 build/C/man3/setenv.3:153 build/C/man3/strtod.3:191 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:71 build/C/man3/strtol.3:297 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:225 build/C/man3/system.3:202 build/C/man7/vdso.7:494 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:103 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:103
111 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:44
113 "B<MB_LEN_MAX>(3), B<mblen>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<wcstombs>(3), "
118 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:44 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:46 build/C/man2/_exit.2:136 build/C/man3/a64l.3:97 build/C/man3/atexit.3:165 build/C/man3/atof.3:73 build/C/man3/atoi.3:130 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:78 build/C/man3/cfree.3:119 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:103 build/C/man3/drand48.3:269 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:118 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:141 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:99 build/C/man3/exit.3:190 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:90 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:222 build/C/man3/getenv.3:137 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:77 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:234 build/C/man3/malloc.3:285 build/C/man3/mblen.3:108 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:222 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:135 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:98 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:239 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:123 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:92 build/C/man3/putenv.3:125 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:112 build/C/man3/rand.3:220 build/C/man3/random.3:202 build/C/man3/random_r.3:145 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:150 build/C/man3/setenv.3:158 build/C/man3/strtod.3:197 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:77 build/C/man3/strtol.3:303 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:231 build/C/man3/system.3:210 build/C/man7/vdso.7:510 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:109 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:110
124 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:52 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:54 build/C/man2/_exit.2:144 build/C/man3/a64l.3:105 build/C/man3/atexit.3:173 build/C/man3/atof.3:81 build/C/man3/atoi.3:138 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:86 build/C/man3/cfree.3:127 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:111 build/C/man3/drand48.3:277 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:126 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:149 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:107 build/C/man3/exit.3:198 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:98 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:230 build/C/man3/getenv.3:145 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:85 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:242 build/C/man3/malloc.3:293 build/C/man3/mblen.3:116 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:230 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:143 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:106 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:247 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:131 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:100 build/C/man3/putenv.3:133 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:120 build/C/man3/rand.3:228 build/C/man3/random.3:210 build/C/man3/random_r.3:153 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:158 build/C/man3/setenv.3:166 build/C/man3/strtod.3:205 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:85 build/C/man3/strtol.3:311 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:239 build/C/man3/system.3:218 build/C/man7/vdso.7:518 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:117 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:118
126 "This page is part of release 3.67 of the Linux I<man-pages> project. A "
127 "description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest "
128 "version of this page, can be found at "
129 "\\%http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/."
133 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17
139 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:20
140 msgid "MB_LEN_MAX - maximum multibyte length of a character across all locales"
144 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:23
146 msgid "B<#include E<lt>limits.hE<gt>>\n"
150 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:29
152 "The B<MB_LEN_MAX> macro is the upper bound for the number of bytes needed to "
153 "represent a single wide character, across all locales."
157 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:31
158 msgid "A constant integer greater than zero."
162 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:33 build/C/man2/_exit.2:86 build/C/man3/a64l.3:73 build/C/man3/atexit.3:78 build/C/man3/atoi.3:115 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:74 build/C/man3/drand48.3:262 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:129 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:90 build/C/man3/exit.3:98 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:194 build/C/man3/getenv.3:102 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:136 build/C/man3/malloc.3:173 build/C/man3/mblen.3:94 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:96 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:115 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:208 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:99 build/C/man3/putenv.3:81 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:102 build/C/man3/rand.3:141 build/C/man3/random.3:163 build/C/man3/setenv.3:130 build/C/man3/strtod.3:177 build/C/man3/strtol.3:178 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:182 build/C/man3/system.3:112 build/C/man7/vdso.7:129 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:91 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:91
168 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:44
170 "The entities B<MB_LEN_MAX> and I<sizeof(wchar_t)> are totally unrelated. In "
171 "glibc, B<MB_LEN_MAX> is typically 6 while I<sizeof(wchar_t)> is 4."
175 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:46
176 msgid "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3)"
180 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:29
186 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30
192 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:32
193 msgid "_exit, _Exit - terminate the calling process"
197 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:34
198 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>"
202 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:36
203 msgid "B<void _exit(int >I<status>B<);>"
207 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:38 build/C/man3/a64l.3:14 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:33 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:37 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:30 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:33 build/C/man3/strtod.3:50
208 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>"
212 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:40
213 msgid "B<void _Exit(int >I<status>B<);>"
217 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:44 build/C/man3/a64l.3:22 build/C/man3/atoi.3:52 build/C/man3/cfree.3:48 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:39 build/C/man3/drand48.3:60 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:68 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:47 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:53 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:43 build/C/man3/getenv.3:48 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:37 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:39 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:54 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:47 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:44 build/C/man3/putenv.3:50 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:45 build/C/man3/rand.3:58 build/C/man3/random.3:52 build/C/man3/random_r.3:47 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:42 build/C/man3/setenv.3:52 build/C/man3/strtod.3:60 build/C/man3/strtol.3:47 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:50
218 msgid "Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see B<feature_test_macros>(7)):"
222 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:48
227 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:51 build/C/man3/strtod.3:68
229 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ "
234 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:54 build/C/man3/atoi.3:62 build/C/man3/strtod.3:71 build/C/man3/strtol.3:57 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:60
235 msgid "or I<cc\\ -std=c99>"
239 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:67
241 "The function B<_exit>() terminates the calling process \"immediately\". "
242 "Any open file descriptors belonging to the process are closed; any children "
243 "of the process are inherited by process 1, I<init>, and the process's parent "
244 "is sent a B<SIGCHLD> signal."
248 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:74
250 "The value I<status> is returned to the parent process as the process's exit "
251 "status, and can be collected using one of the B<wait>(2) family of calls."
255 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:79
256 msgid "The function B<_Exit>() is equivalent to B<_exit>()."
260 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:81
261 msgid "These functions do not return."
265 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:86
266 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD. The function B<_Exit>() was introduced by C99."
270 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:90
272 "For a discussion on the effects of an exit, the transmission of exit status, "
273 "zombie processes, signals sent, and so on, see B<exit>(3)."
277 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:117
279 "The function B<_exit>() is like B<exit>(3), but does not call any functions "
280 "registered with B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3). Whether it flushes standard "
281 "I/O buffers and removes temporary files created with B<tmpfile>(3) is "
282 "implementation-dependent. On the other hand, B<_exit>() does close open "
283 "file descriptors, and this may cause an unknown delay, waiting for pending "
284 "output to finish. If the delay is undesired, it may be useful to call "
285 "functions like B<tcflush>(3) before calling B<_exit>(). Whether any "
286 "pending I/O is canceled, and which pending I/O may be canceled upon "
287 "B<_exit>(), is implementation-dependent."
291 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:124
293 "In glibc up to version 2.3, the B<_exit>() wrapper function invoked the "
294 "kernel system call of the same name. Since glibc 2.3, the wrapper function "
295 "invokes B<exit_group>(2), in order to terminate all of the threads in a "
300 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:136
302 "B<execve>(2), B<exit_group>(2), B<fork>(2), B<kill>(2), B<wait>(2), "
303 "B<wait4>(2), B<waitpid>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<exit>(3), B<on_exit>(3), "
308 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:9
314 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:9 build/C/man3/drand48.3:30 build/C/man3/mblen.3:16
320 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:12
321 msgid "a64l, l64a - convert between long and base-64"
325 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:16
326 msgid "B<long a64l(char *>I<str64>B<);>"
330 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:18
331 msgid "B<char *l64a(long >I<value>B<);>"
335 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:26
336 msgid "B<a64l>(), B<l64a>():"
340 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:31 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:66
342 "_SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ "
343 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
347 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:48
349 "These functions provide a conversion between 32-bit long integers and "
350 "little-endian base-64 ASCII strings (of length zero to six). If the string "
351 "used as argument for B<a64l>() has length greater than six, only the first "
352 "six bytes are used. If the type I<long> has more than 32 bits, then "
353 "B<l64a>() uses only the low order 32 bits of I<value>, and B<a64l>() "
354 "sign-extends its 32-bit result."
358 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:50
359 msgid "The 64 digits in the base-64 system are:"
363 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:58
366 "\\&\\(aq.\\(aq\trepresents a 0\n"
367 "\\&\\(aq/\\(aq\trepresents a 1\n"
368 "0-9\trepresent 2-11\n"
369 "A-Z\trepresent 12-37\n"
370 "a-z\trepresent 38-63\n"
374 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:62
375 msgid "So 123 = 59*64^0 + 1*64^1 = \"v/\"."
379 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:62 build/C/man3/atof.3:57 build/C/man3/atoi.3:93 build/C/man3/drand48.3:245 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:98 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:110 build/C/man3/exit.3:90 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:187 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:65 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:129 build/C/man3/mblen.3:87 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:85 build/C/man3/random.3:152 build/C/man3/random_r.3:128 build/C/man3/strtod.3:160 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:58 build/C/man3/strtol.3:161 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:165 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:84
385 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:63 build/C/man3/atof.3:58 build/C/man3/atoi.3:94 build/C/man3/drand48.3:246 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:99 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:111 build/C/man3/exit.3:91 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:188 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:66 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:130 build/C/man3/mblen.3:88 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:86 build/C/man3/random.3:153 build/C/man3/random_r.3:129 build/C/man3/strtod.3:161 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:59 build/C/man3/strtol.3:162 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:166 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:85
387 msgid "Multithreading (see pthreads(7))"
391 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:67
392 msgid "The B<l64a>() function is not thread-safe."
396 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:71
397 msgid "The B<a64l>() function is thread-safe."
401 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:73 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:136
402 msgid "POSIX.1-2001."
406 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:78
408 "The value returned by B<l64a>() may be a pointer to a static buffer, "
409 "possibly overwritten by later calls."
413 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:87
415 "The behavior of B<l64a>() is undefined when I<value> is negative. If "
416 "I<value> is zero, it returns an empty string."
420 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:90
422 "These functions are broken in glibc before 2.2.5 (puts most significant "
427 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:93
428 msgid "This is not the encoding used by B<uuencode>(1)."
433 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:97
434 msgid "B<uuencode>(1), B<strtoul>(3)"
438 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:33
444 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31
450 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:36
451 msgid "atexit - register a function to be called at normal process termination"
455 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:41
457 msgid "B<int atexit(void (*>I<function>B<)(void));>\n"
461 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:54
463 "The B<atexit>() function registers the given I<function> to be called at "
464 "normal process termination, either via B<exit>(3) or via return from the "
465 "program's I<main>(). Functions so registered are called in the reverse "
466 "order of their registration; no arguments are passed."
470 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:57 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:69
472 "The same function may be registered multiple times: it is called once for "
477 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:63
479 "POSIX.1-2001 requires that an implementation allow at least B<ATEXIT_MAX> "
480 "(32) such functions to be registered. The actual limit supported by an "
481 "implementation can be obtained using B<sysconf>(3)."
485 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:71 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:76
487 "When a child process is created via B<fork>(2), it inherits copies of its "
488 "parent's registrations. Upon a successful call to one of the B<exec>(3) "
489 "functions, all registrations are removed."
493 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:76
495 "The B<atexit>() function returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise it "
496 "returns a nonzero value."
500 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:78
501 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001."
505 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:85
507 "Functions registered using B<atexit>() (and B<on_exit>(3)) are not called "
508 "if a process terminates abnormally because of the delivery of a signal."
512 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:92
514 "If one of the functions registered functions calls B<_exit>(2), then any "
515 "remaining functions are not invoked, and the other process termination steps "
516 "performed by B<exit>(3) are not performed."
519 #. This can happen on OpenBSD 4.2 for example, and is documented
520 #. as occurring on FreeBSD as well.
521 #. Glibc does "the Right Thing" -- invocation of the remaining
522 #. exit handlers carries on as normal.
524 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:109
526 "POSIX.1-2001 says that the result of calling B<exit>(3) more than once "
527 "(i.e., calling B<exit>(3) within a function registered using B<atexit>()) "
528 "is undefined. On some systems (but not Linux), this can result in an "
529 "infinite recursion; portable programs should not invoke B<exit>(3) inside a "
530 "function registered using B<atexit>()."
534 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:118
536 "The B<atexit>() and B<on_exit>(3) functions register functions on the same "
537 "list: at normal process termination, the registered functions are invoked in "
538 "reverse order of their registration by these two functions."
541 #. In glibc, things seem to be handled okay
543 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:124
545 "POSIX.1-2001 says that the result is undefined if B<longjmp>(3) is used to "
546 "terminate execution of one of the functions registered B<atexit>()."
550 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:124
556 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:131
558 "Since glibc 2.2.3, B<atexit>() (and B<on_exit>(3)) can be used within a "
559 "shared library to establish functions that are called when the shared "
560 "library is unloaded."
564 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:131 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:143 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:108 build/C/man3/rand.3:160 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:119 build/C/man3/strtod.3:186 build/C/man3/strtol.3:216 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:220
570 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:136
573 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
574 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
575 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
579 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:142
585 " printf(\"That was all, folks\\en\");\n"
590 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:148
601 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:151
604 " a = sysconf(_SC_ATEXIT_MAX);\n"
605 " printf(\"ATEXIT_MAX = %ld\\en\", a);\n"
609 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:157
612 " i = atexit(bye);\n"
614 " fprintf(stderr, \"cannot set exit function\\en\");\n"
615 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
620 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:160 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:231 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:215 build/C/man3/rand.3:215 build/C/man3/strtol.3:296
623 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
628 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:165
629 msgid "B<_exit>(2), B<exit>(3), B<on_exit>(3)"
633 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31
639 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24
645 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29 build/C/man3/getenv.3:33 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25 build/C/man3/malloc.3:33 build/C/man3/mblen.3:16 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29 build/C/man3/setenv.3:37 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
651 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:34
652 msgid "atof - convert a string to a double"
656 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:39
658 msgid "B<double atof(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
662 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:47
664 "The B<atof>() function converts the initial portion of the string pointed "
665 "to by I<nptr> to I<double>. The behavior is the same as"
669 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:50
670 msgid "strtod(nptr, NULL);"
674 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:55
675 msgid "except that B<atof>() does not detect errors."
679 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:57 build/C/man3/atoi.3:93
680 msgid "The converted value."
684 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:65
686 "The B<atof>() function is thread-safe with exceptions. It can be safely "
687 "used in multithreaded applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not "
688 "called to change the locale during its execution."
692 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:67
693 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C89, C99."
697 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:73
698 msgid "B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
702 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:33
708 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:36
709 msgid "atoi, atol, atoll, atoq - convert a string to an integer"
713 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:41
715 msgid "B<int atoi(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
719 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:43
721 msgid "B<long atol(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
725 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:45
727 msgid "B<long long atoll(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
731 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:47
733 msgid "B<long long atoq(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
737 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:56
742 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:59
744 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || "
745 "_ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L;"
749 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:71
751 "The B<atoi>() function converts the initial portion of the string pointed "
752 "to by I<nptr> to I<int>. The behavior is the same as"
756 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:74
757 msgid "strtol(nptr, NULL, 10);"
761 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:79
762 msgid "except that B<atoi>() does not detect errors."
766 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:91
768 "The B<atol>() and B<atoll>() functions behave the same as B<atoi>(), "
769 "except that they convert the initial portion of the string to their return "
770 "type of I<long> or I<long long>. B<atoq>() is an obsolete name for "
775 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:105
777 "The B<atoi>(), B<atol>(), and B<atoll>() functions are thread-safe with "
778 "exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
779 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
780 "during their execution."
784 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:115
786 "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C99. C89 and POSIX.1-1996 include the functions "
787 "B<atoi>() and B<atol>() only. B<atoq>() is a GNU extension."
791 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:125
793 "The nonstandard B<atoq>() function is not present in libc 4.6.27 or glibc "
794 "2, but is present in libc5 and libc 4.7 (though only as an inline function "
795 "in I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>> until libc 5.4.44). The B<atoll>() function is "
796 "present in glibc 2 since version 2.0.2, but not in libc4 or libc5."
800 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:130
801 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
805 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26
807 msgid "CANONICALIZE_FILE_NAME"
811 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26
817 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:29
818 msgid "canonicalize_file_name - return the canonicalized absolute pathname"
822 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:31
823 msgid "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
827 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:35
828 msgid "B<char *canonicalize_file_name(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
832 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:49
834 "The B<canonicalize_file_name>() function returns a null-terminated string "
835 "containing the canonicalized absolute pathname corresponding to I<path>. In "
836 "the returned string, symbolic links are resolved, as are I<.> and I<..> "
837 "pathname components. Consecutive slash (I</>) characters are replaced by a "
842 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:55
844 "The returned string is dynamically allocated by B<canonicalize_file_name>() "
845 "and the caller should deallocate it with B<free>(3) when it is no longer "
850 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:59
851 msgid "The call I<canonicalize_file_name(path)> is equivalent to the call:"
855 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:61
857 msgid " realpath(path, NULL);\n"
861 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:70
863 "On success, B<canonicalize_file_name>() returns a null-terminated string. "
864 "On error (e.g., a pathname component is unreadable or does not exist), "
865 "B<canonicalize_file_name>() returns NULL and sets I<errno> to indicate the "
870 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:70 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:181 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:75 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:161 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:91 build/C/man3/putenv.3:75 build/C/man3/random.3:140 build/C/man3/random_r.3:105 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:82 build/C/man3/setenv.3:119 build/C/man3/strtod.3:156 build/C/man3/strtol.3:144 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:148
876 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:73
877 msgid "See B<realpath>(3)."
881 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:75
882 msgid "This function is a GNU extension."
886 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:78
887 msgid "B<readlink>(2), B<realpath>(3)"
891 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:24
897 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:24 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29
903 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:27
904 msgid "cfree - free allocated memory"
908 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:34
912 "B<int cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<);>\n"
916 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:37
919 "/* In glibc or FreeBSD libcompat */\n"
920 "B<void cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<);>\n"
924 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:40
927 "/* In SCO OpenServer */\n"
928 "B<void cfree(char *>I<ptr>B<, unsigned >I<num>B<, unsigned >I<size>B<);>\n"
932 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:43
935 "/* In Solaris watchmalloc.so.1 */\n"
936 "B<void cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<, size_t >I<nelem>B<, size_t >I<elsize>B<);>\n"
940 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:52
941 msgid "B<cfree>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
945 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:57
946 msgid "This function should never be used. Use B<free>(3) instead."
950 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:57
956 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:63
958 "In glibc, the function B<cfree>() is a synonym for B<free>(3), \"added for "
959 "compatibility with SunOS\"."
963 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:69
965 "Other systems have other functions with this name. The declaration is "
966 "sometimes in I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>> and sometimes in I<E<lt>malloc.hE<gt>>."
970 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:69
976 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:74
978 "Some SCO and Solaris versions have malloc libraries with a 3-argument "
979 "B<cfree>(), apparently as an analog to B<calloc>(3)."
983 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:76
984 msgid "If you need it while porting something, add"
988 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:79
989 msgid "#define cfree(p, n, s) free((p))"
993 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:82
994 msgid "to your file."
998 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:91
1000 "A frequently asked question is \"Can I use B<free>(3) to free memory "
1001 "allocated with B<calloc>(3), or do I need B<cfree>()?\" Answer: use "
1006 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:96
1008 "An SCO manual writes: \"The cfree routine is provided for compliance to the "
1009 "iBCSe2 standard and simply calls free. The num and size arguments to cfree "
1014 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:112
1016 "The SunOS version of B<cfree>() (which is a synonym for B<free>(3)) "
1017 "returns 1 on success and 0 on failure. In case of error, I<errno> is set to "
1018 "B<EINVAL>: the value of I<ptr> was not a pointer to a block previously "
1019 "allocated by one of the routines in the B<malloc>(3) family."
1023 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:117
1025 "The 3-argument version of B<cfree>() as used by SCO conforms to the iBCSe2 "
1026 "standard: Intel386 Binary Compatibility Specification, Edition 2."
1030 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:119
1031 msgid "B<malloc>(3)"
1035 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26
1041 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26
1047 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:29
1048 msgid "clearenv - clear the environment"
1052 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:34
1054 msgid "B<int clearenv(void);>\n"
1058 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:43
1059 msgid "B<clearenv>(): _SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE"
1063 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:50
1065 "The B<clearenv>() function clears the environment of all name-value pairs "
1066 "and sets the value of the external variable I<environ> to NULL."
1069 #. Most versions of UNIX return -1 on error, or do not even have errors.
1070 #. Glibc info and the Watcom C library document "a nonzero value".
1072 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:57
1074 "The B<clearenv>() function returns zero on success, and a nonzero value on "
1079 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:57 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:183 build/C/man3/getenv.3:93 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:63 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:84 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:188
1085 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:60
1086 msgid "Not in libc4, libc5. In glibc since glibc 2.0."
1090 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:74
1092 "Various UNIX variants (DG/UX, HP-UX, QNX, ...). POSIX.9 (bindings for "
1093 "FORTRAN77). POSIX.1-1996 did not accept B<clearenv>() and B<putenv>(3), "
1094 "but changed its mind and scheduled these functions for some later issue of "
1095 "this standard (cf. B.4.6.1). However, POSIX.1-2001 adds only B<putenv>(3), "
1096 "and rejected B<clearenv>()."
1100 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:78
1102 "Used in security-conscious applications. If it is unavailable the "
1107 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:81
1109 msgid " environ = NULL;\n"
1113 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:84
1114 msgid "will probably do."
1118 #. HP-UX has a ENOMEM error return.
1120 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:97
1122 "The DG/UX and Tru64 man pages write: If I<environ> has been modified by "
1123 "anything other than the B<putenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), or B<clearenv>() "
1124 "functions, then B<clearenv>() will return an error and the process "
1125 "environment will remain unchanged."
1129 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:103
1130 msgid "B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
1134 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:30
1140 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:34
1142 "drand48, erand48, lrand48, nrand48, mrand48, jrand48, srand48, seed48, "
1143 "lcong48 - generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers"
1147 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:39
1149 msgid "B<double drand48(void);>\n"
1153 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:41
1155 msgid "B<double erand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1159 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:43
1161 msgid "B<long int lrand48(void);>\n"
1165 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:45
1167 msgid "B<long int nrand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1171 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:47
1173 msgid "B<long int mrand48(void);>\n"
1177 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:49
1179 msgid "B<long int jrand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1183 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:51
1185 msgid "B<void srand48(long int >I<seedval>B<);>\n"
1189 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:53
1191 msgid "B<unsigned short *seed48(unsigned short >I<seed16v>B<[3]);>\n"
1195 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:55
1197 msgid "B<void lcong48(unsigned short >I<param>B<[7]);>\n"
1210 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:74
1211 msgid "All functions shown above: _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
1215 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:78
1217 "These functions generate pseudo-random numbers using the linear congruential "
1218 "algorithm and 48-bit integer arithmetic."
1222 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:86
1224 "The B<drand48>() and B<erand48>() functions return nonnegative "
1225 "double-precision floating-point values uniformly distributed between [0.0, "
1230 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:93
1232 "The B<lrand48>() and B<nrand48>() functions return nonnegative long "
1233 "integers uniformly distributed between 0 and 2^31."
1237 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:100
1239 "The B<mrand48>() and B<jrand48>() functions return signed long integers "
1240 "uniformly distributed between -2^31 and 2^31."
1244 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:119
1246 "The B<srand48>(), B<seed48>() and B<lcong48>() functions are "
1247 "initialization functions, one of which should be called before using "
1248 "B<drand48>(), B<lrand48>() or B<mrand48>(). The functions B<erand48>(), "
1249 "B<nrand48>() and B<jrand48>() do not require an initialization function to "
1254 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:123
1256 "All the functions work by generating a sequence of 48-bit integers, I<Xi>, "
1257 "according to the linear congruential formula:"
1261 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:127
1263 msgid "B<Xn+1 = (aXn + c) mod m, where n E<gt>= 0>\n"
1267 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:140
1269 "The parameter I<m> = 2^48, hence 48-bit integer arithmetic is performed. "
1270 "Unless B<lcong48>() is called, I<a> and I<c> are given by:"
1274 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:145
1277 "B<a = 0x5DEECE66D>\n"
1282 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:165
1284 "The value returned by any of the functions B<drand48>(), B<erand48>(), "
1285 "B<lrand48>(), B<nrand48>(), B<mrand48>() or B<jrand48>() is computed by "
1286 "first generating the next 48-bit I<Xi> in the sequence. Then the "
1287 "appropriate number of bits, according to the type of data item to be "
1288 "returned, is copied from the high-order bits of I<Xi> and transformed into "
1289 "the returned value."
1293 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:191
1295 "The functions B<drand48>(), B<lrand48>() and B<mrand48>() store the last "
1296 "48-bit I<Xi> generated in an internal buffer. The functions B<erand48>(), "
1297 "B<nrand48>() and B<jrand48>() require the calling program to provide "
1298 "storage for the successive I<Xi> values in the array argument I<xsubi>. The "
1299 "functions are initialized by placing the initial value of I<Xi> into the "
1300 "array before calling the function for the first time."
1304 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:200
1306 "The initializer function B<srand48>() sets the high order 32-bits of I<Xi> "
1307 "to the argument I<seedval>. The low order 16-bits are set to the arbitrary "
1312 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:214
1314 "The initializer function B<seed48>() sets the value of I<Xi> to the 48-bit "
1315 "value specified in the array argument I<seed16v>. The previous value of "
1316 "I<Xi> is copied into an internal buffer and a pointer to this buffer is "
1317 "returned by B<seed48>()."
1321 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:245
1323 "The initialization function B<lcong48>() allows the user to specify initial "
1324 "values for I<Xi>, I<a> and I<c>. Array argument elements I<param[0-2]> "
1325 "specify I<Xi>, I<param[3-5]> specify I<a>, and I<param[6]> specifies I<c>. "
1326 "After B<lcong48>() has been called, a subsequent call to either "
1327 "B<srand48>() or B<seed48>() will restore the standard values of I<a> and "
1332 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:260
1334 "The B<drand48>(), B<erand48>(), B<lrand48>(), B<nrand48>(), B<mrand48>(), "
1335 "B<jrand48>(), B<srand48>(), B<seed48>(), and B<lcong48>() functions record "
1336 "global state information for the random number generator, so they are not "
1341 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:262
1342 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001."
1346 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:266
1348 "These functions are declared obsolete by SVID 3, which states that "
1349 "B<rand>(3) should be used instead."
1353 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:269
1354 msgid "B<rand>(3), B<random>(3)"
1358 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27
1364 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27
1370 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:32
1372 "drand48_r, erand48_r, lrand48_r, nrand48_r, mrand48_r, jrand48_r, srand48_r, "
1373 "seed48_r, lcong48_r - generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers "
1378 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:37
1380 msgid "B<int drand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, double *>I<result>B<);>\n"
1384 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:39
1386 msgid "B<int erand48_r(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]>I<,>\n"
1390 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:41
1392 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, double *>I<result>B<);>\n"
1396 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:43
1399 "B<int lrand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, long int "
1400 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1404 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:45
1406 msgid "B<int nrand48_r(unsigned short int >I<xsubi[3]>B<,>\n"
1410 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:47 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:53
1413 "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, long int "
1414 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1418 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:49
1421 "B<int mrand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<,long int "
1422 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1426 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:51
1428 msgid "B<int jrand48_r(unsigned short int >I<xsubi[3]>B<,>\n"
1432 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:55
1435 "B<int srand48_r(long int >I<seedval>B<, struct drand48_data "
1436 "*>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1440 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:57
1442 msgid "B<int seed48_r(unsigned short int >I<seed16v[3]>B<,>\n"
1446 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:59
1448 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1452 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:61
1454 msgid "B<int lcong48_r(unsigned short int >I<param[7]>B<,>\n"
1458 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:63
1460 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1463 #. .BR drand48_r (),
1464 #. .BR erand48_r (),
1465 #. .BR lrand48_r (),
1466 #. .BR nrand48_r (),
1467 #. .BR mrand48_r (),
1468 #. .BR jrand48_r (),
1469 #. .BR srand48_r (),
1471 #. .BR lcong48_r ():
1473 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:82
1474 msgid "All functions shown above: _SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
1478 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:89
1480 "These functions are the reentrant analogs of the functions described in "
1481 "B<drand48>(3). Instead of modifying the global random generator state, they "
1482 "use the supplied data I<buffer>."
1486 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:96
1488 "Before the first use, this struct must be initialized, for example, by "
1489 "filling it with zeros, or by calling one of the functions B<srand48_r>(), "
1490 "B<seed48_r>(), or B<lcong48_r>()."
1494 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:98
1495 msgid "The return value is 0."
1499 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:112
1501 "The B<drand48_r>(), B<erand48_r>(), B<lrand48_r>(), B<nrand48_r>(), "
1502 "B<mrand48_r>(), B<jrand48_r>(), B<srand48_r>(), B<seed48_r>(), and "
1503 "B<lcong48_r>() functions are thread-safe."
1507 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:114
1508 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions and are not portable."
1512 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:118 build/C/man3/random_r.3:145
1513 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<rand>(3), B<random>(3)"
1517 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32
1523 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32
1529 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:35
1530 msgid "ecvt, fcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
1534 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:40
1536 "B<char *ecvt(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,> "
1537 "B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
1541 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:43
1543 "B<char *fcvt(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,> "
1544 "B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
1548 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:51
1549 msgid "B<ecvt>(), B<fcvt>():"
1553 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:54 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:49 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:53
1555 msgid "Since glibc 2.12:"
1559 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:61 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:56
1563 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
1564 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
1565 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
1569 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:62 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:57 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:59
1571 msgid "Before glibc 2.12:"
1575 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:92
1577 "The B<ecvt>() function converts I<number> to a null-terminated string of "
1578 "I<ndigits> digits (where I<ndigits> is reduced to a system-specific limit "
1579 "determined by the precision of a I<double>), and returns a pointer to the "
1580 "string. The high-order digit is nonzero, unless I<number> is zero. The low "
1581 "order digit is rounded. The string itself does not contain a decimal point; "
1582 "however, the position of the decimal point relative to the start of the "
1583 "string is stored in I<*decpt>. A negative value for I<*decpt> means that "
1584 "the decimal point is to the left of the start of the string. If the sign of "
1585 "I<number> is negative, I<*sign> is set to a nonzero value, otherwise it is "
1586 "set to 0. If I<number> is zero, it is unspecified whether I<*decpt> is 0 or "
1591 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:99
1593 "The B<fcvt>() function is identical to B<ecvt>(), except that I<ndigits> "
1594 "specifies the number of digits after the decimal point."
1598 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:110
1600 "Both the B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>() functions return a pointer to a static "
1601 "string containing the ASCII representation of I<number>. The static string "
1602 "is overwritten by each call to B<ecvt>() or B<fcvt>()."
1606 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:117
1607 msgid "The B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>() functions are not thread-safe."
1611 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:129
1613 "SVr2; marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the "
1614 "specifications of B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>(), recommending the use of "
1615 "B<sprintf>(3) instead (though B<snprintf>(3) may be preferable)."
1619 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:135
1621 "Linux libc4 and libc5 specified the type of I<ndigits> as I<size_t>. Not "
1622 "all locales use a point as the radix character (\"decimal point\")."
1626 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:141
1627 msgid "B<ecvt_r>(3), B<gcvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3), B<setlocale>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1631 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30
1637 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:33
1639 "ecvt_r, fcvt_r, qecvt_r, qfcvt_r - convert a floating-point number to a "
1644 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:39
1647 "B<int ecvt_r(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,>\n"
1648 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1652 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:42
1655 "B<int fcvt_r(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,>\n"
1656 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1660 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:45
1663 "B<int qecvt_r(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
1665 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1669 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:48
1672 "B<int qfcvt_r(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
1674 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1678 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:60
1679 msgid "B<ecvt_r>(), B<fcvt_r>(), B<qecvt_r>(), B<qfcvt_r>():"
1683 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:62
1684 msgid "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500"
1688 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:86
1690 "The functions B<ecvt_r>(), B<fcvt_r>(), B<qecvt_r>() and B<qfcvt_r>() are "
1691 "identical to B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3) and B<qfcvt>(3), "
1692 "respectively, except that they do not return their result in a static "
1693 "buffer, but instead use the supplied I<buf> of size I<len>. See B<ecvt>(3) "
1698 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:88
1699 msgid "These functions return 0 on success, and -1 otherwise."
1703 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:90
1704 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions."
1708 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:95
1709 msgid "These functions are obsolete. Instead, B<sprintf>(3) is recommended."
1713 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:99
1714 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1718 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:29
1724 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:29 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26
1730 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:32
1731 msgid "exit - cause normal process termination"
1735 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:37
1737 msgid "B<void exit(int >I<status>B<);>\n"
1741 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:45
1743 "The B<exit>() function causes normal process termination and the value of "
1744 "I<status & 0377> is returned to the parent (see B<wait>(2))."
1748 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:72
1750 "All functions registered with B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3) are called, "
1751 "in the reverse order of their registration. (It is possible for one of "
1752 "these functions to use B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3) to register an "
1753 "additional function to be executed during exit processing; the new "
1754 "registration is added to the front of the list of functions that remain to "
1755 "be called.) If one of these functions does not return (e.g., it calls "
1756 "B<_exit>(2), or kills itself with a signal), then none of the remaining "
1757 "functions is called, and further exit processing (in particular, flushing of "
1758 "B<stdio>(3) streams) is abandoned. If a function has been registered "
1759 "multiple times using B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3), then it is called as "
1760 "many times as it was registered."
1764 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:79
1766 "All open B<stdio>(3) streams are flushed and closed. Files created by "
1767 "B<tmpfile>(3) are removed."
1771 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:86
1773 "The C standard specifies two constants, B<EXIT_SUCCESS> and B<EXIT_FAILURE>, "
1774 "that may be passed to B<exit>() to indicate successful or unsuccessful "
1775 "termination, respectively."
1779 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:90
1780 msgid "The B<exit>() function does not return."
1784 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:96
1786 "The B<exit>() function uses a global variable that is not protected, so it "
1787 "is not thread-safe."
1791 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:98
1792 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, C89, C99."
1796 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:115
1798 "It is undefined what happens if one of the functions registered using "
1799 "B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3) calls either B<exit>() or B<longjmp>(3). "
1800 "Note that a call to B<execve>(2) removes registrations created using "
1801 "B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3)."
1805 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:124
1807 "The use of B<EXIT_SUCCESS> and B<EXIT_FAILURE> is slightly more portable (to "
1808 "non-UNIX environments) than the use of 0 and some nonzero value like 1 or "
1809 "-1. In particular, VMS uses a different convention."
1813 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:127
1815 "BSD has attempted to standardize exit codes; see the file "
1816 "I<E<lt>sysexits.hE<gt>>."
1820 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:152
1822 "After B<exit>(), the exit status must be transmitted to the parent process. "
1823 "There are three cases. If the parent has set B<SA_NOCLDWAIT>, or has set "
1824 "the B<SIGCHLD> handler to B<SIG_IGN>, the status is discarded. If the "
1825 "parent was waiting on the child, it is notified of the exit status. In both "
1826 "cases the exiting process dies immediately. If the parent has not indicated "
1827 "that it is not interested in the exit status, but is not waiting, the "
1828 "exiting process turns into a \"zombie\" process (which is nothing but a "
1829 "container for the single byte representing the exit status) so that the "
1830 "parent can learn the exit status when it later calls one of the B<wait>(2) "
1835 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:162
1837 "If the implementation supports the B<SIGCHLD> signal, this signal is sent to "
1838 "the parent. If the parent has set B<SA_NOCLDWAIT>, it is undefined whether "
1839 "a B<SIGCHLD> signal is sent."
1843 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:171
1845 "If the process is a session leader and its controlling terminal is the "
1846 "controlling terminal of the session, then each process in the foreground "
1847 "process group of this controlling terminal is sent a B<SIGHUP> signal, and "
1848 "the terminal is disassociated from this session, allowing it to be acquired "
1849 "by a new controlling process."
1853 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:183
1855 "If the exit of the process causes a process group to become orphaned, and if "
1856 "any member of the newly orphaned process group is stopped, then a B<SIGHUP> "
1857 "signal followed by a B<SIGCONT> signal will be sent to each process in this "
1858 "process group. See B<setpgid>(2) for an explanation of orphaned process "
1863 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:190
1865 "B<_exit>(2), B<setpgid>(2), B<wait>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<on_exit>(3), "
1870 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30
1876 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:33
1877 msgid "gcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
1881 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:38
1883 msgid "B<char *gcvt(double >I<number>B<, size_t >I<ndigit>B<, char *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
1887 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:46
1892 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:61
1894 "_SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE && "
1895 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
1899 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:72
1901 "The B<gcvt>() function converts I<number> to a minimal length "
1902 "null-terminated ASCII string and stores the result in I<buf>. It produces "
1903 "I<ndigit> significant digits in either B<printf>(3) F format or E format."
1907 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:77
1909 "The B<gcvt>() function returns the address of the string pointed to by "
1914 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:86
1916 "Marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
1917 "B<gcvt>(), recommending the use of B<sprintf>(3) instead (though "
1918 "B<snprintf>(3) may be preferable)."
1922 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:90
1923 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1927 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29
1933 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25
1939 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:32
1940 msgid "getauxval - retrieve a value from the auxiliary vector"
1944 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:35
1946 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/auxv.hE<gt>>\n"
1950 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:37
1952 msgid "B<unsigned long getauxval(unsigned long >I<type>B<);>\n"
1956 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:45
1958 "The B<getauxval>() function retrieves values from the auxiliary vector, a "
1959 "mechanism that the kernel's ELF binary loader uses to pass certain "
1960 "information to user space when a program is executed."
1964 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:53
1966 "Each entry in the auxiliary vector consists of a pair of values: a type that "
1967 "identifies what this entry represents, and a value for that type. Given the "
1968 "argument I<type>, B<getauxval>() returns the corresponding value."
1972 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:60
1974 "The value returned for each I<type> is given in the following list. Not all "
1975 "I<type> values are present on all architectures."
1979 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:60
1985 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:63
1986 msgid "The base address of the program interpreter (usually, the dynamic linker)."
1990 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:63
1992 msgid "B<AT_BASE_PLATFORM>"
1996 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:68
1998 "A string identifying the real platform; may differ from B<AT_PLATFORM> "
2003 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:68
2005 msgid "B<AT_CLKTCK>"
2009 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:75
2011 "The frequency with which B<times>(2) counts. This value can also be "
2012 "obtained via I<sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)>."
2016 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:75
2018 msgid "B<AT_DCACHEBSIZE>"
2022 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:78
2023 msgid "The data cache block size."
2027 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:78
2033 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:81
2034 msgid "The effective group ID of the thread."
2038 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:81
2044 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:84
2045 msgid "The entry address of the executable."
2049 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:84
2055 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:87
2056 msgid "The effective user ID of the thread."
2060 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:87
2062 msgid "B<AT_EXECFD>"
2066 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:90
2067 msgid "File descriptor of program."
2071 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:90
2073 msgid "B<AT_EXECFN>"
2077 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:93
2078 msgid "Pathname used to execute program."
2082 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:93
2088 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:96
2089 msgid "Flags (unused)."
2093 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:96
2099 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:101
2101 "Used FPU control word (SuperH architecture only). This gives some "
2102 "information about the FPU initialization performed by the kernel."
2106 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:101
2112 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:104
2113 msgid "The real group ID of the thread."
2117 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:104
2123 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:114
2125 "A pointer to a multibyte mask of bits whose settings indicate detailed "
2126 "processor capabilities. The contents of the bit mask are hardware dependent "
2127 "(for example, see the kernel source file "
2128 "I<arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h> for details relating to the Intel x86 "
2129 "architecture). A human-readable version of the same information is "
2130 "available via I</proc/cpuinfo>."
2134 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:114
2136 msgid "B<AT_ICACHEBSIZE>"
2146 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:123
2147 msgid "The instruction cache block size."
2151 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:123
2153 msgid "B<AT_PAGESZ>"
2157 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:127
2158 msgid "The system page size (the same value returned by I<sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)>)."
2162 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:127
2168 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:130
2169 msgid "The address of the program headers of the executable."
2173 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:130
2179 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:133
2180 msgid "The size of program header entry."
2184 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:133
2190 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:136
2191 msgid "The number of program headers."
2195 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:136
2197 msgid "B<AT_PLATFORM>"
2201 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:143
2203 "A pointer to a string that identifies the hardware platform that the program "
2204 "is running on. The dynamic linker uses this in the interpretation of "
2209 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:143
2211 msgid "B<AT_RANDOM>"
2215 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:146
2216 msgid "The address of sixteen bytes containing a random value."
2220 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:146
2222 msgid "B<AT_SECURE>"
2226 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:158
2228 "Has a nonzero value if this executable should be treated securely. Most "
2229 "commonly, a nonzero value indicates that the process is executing a "
2230 "set-user-ID or set-group-ID program; alternatively, a nonzero value may be "
2231 "triggered by a Linux Security Module. When this value is nonzero, the "
2232 "dynamic linker disables the use of certain environment variables (see "
2233 "B<ld-linux.so>(8)) and glibc changes other aspects of its behavior. (See "
2234 "also B<secure_getenv>(3).)"
2238 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:158
2240 msgid "B<AT_SYSINFO>"
2244 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:162
2246 "The entry point to the system call function in the vDSO. Not present/needed "
2247 "on all architectures (e.g., absent on x86-64)."
2251 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:162
2253 msgid "B<AT_SYSINFO_EHDR>"
2257 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:167
2259 "The address of a page containing the virtual Dynamic Shared Object (vDSO) "
2260 "that the kernel creates in order to provide fast implementations of certain "
2265 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:167
2267 msgid "B<AT_UCACHEBSIZE>"
2271 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:170
2272 msgid "The unified cache block size."
2276 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:170
2282 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:173
2283 msgid "The real user ID of the thread."
2287 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:181
2289 "On success, B<getauxval>() returns the value corresponding to I<type>. If "
2290 "I<type> is not found, 0 is returned."
2294 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:183
2295 msgid "No errors are diagnosed."
2299 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:187
2300 msgid "The B<getauxval>() function was added to glibc in version 2.16."
2304 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:192
2305 msgid "The B<getauxval>() function is thread-safe."
2309 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:194
2310 msgid "This function is a nonstandard glibc extension."
2314 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:203
2316 "The primary consumer of the information in the auxiliary vector is the "
2317 "dynamic linker B<ld-linux.so>(8). The auxiliary vector is a convenient and "
2318 "efficient shortcut that allows the kernel to communicate a certain set of "
2319 "standard information that the dynamic linker usually or always needs. In "
2320 "some cases, the same information could be obtained by system calls, but "
2321 "using the auxiliary vector is cheaper."
2325 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:209
2327 "The auxiliary vector resides just above the argument list and environment in "
2328 "the process address space. The auxiliary vector supplied to a program can "
2329 "be viewed by setting the B<LD_SHOW_AUXV> environment variable when running a "
2334 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:211
2336 msgid " $ LD_SHOW_AUXV=1 sleep 1\n"
2340 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:218
2342 "The auxiliary vector of any process can (subject to file permissions) be "
2343 "obtained via I</proc/PID/auxv>; see B<proc>(5) for more information."
2347 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:222
2348 msgid "B<secure_getenv>(3), B<vdso>(7), B<ld-linux.so>(8)"
2352 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:33
2358 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:33
2364 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:36
2365 msgid "getenv, secure_getenv - get an environment variable"
2369 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:41
2371 msgid "B<char *getenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
2375 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:43
2377 msgid "B<char *secure_getenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
2381 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:52
2382 msgid "B<secure_getenv>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
2386 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:61
2388 "The B<getenv>() function searches the environment list to find the "
2389 "environment variable I<name>, and returns a pointer to the corresponding "
2394 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:69
2396 "The GNU-specific B<secure_getenv>() function is just like B<getenv>() "
2397 "except that it returns NULL in cases where \"secure execution\" is "
2398 "required. Secure execution is required if one of the following conditions "
2399 "was true when the program run by the calling process was loaded:"
2403 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:69 build/C/man3/getenv.3:74 build/C/man3/getenv.3:76 build/C/man3/system.3:77 build/C/man3/system.3:82 build/C/man3/system.3:86 build/C/man3/system.3:91
2409 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:74
2411 "the process's effective user ID did not match its real user ID or the "
2412 "process's effective group ID did not match its real group ID (typically this "
2413 "is the result of executing a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program);"
2417 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:76
2418 msgid "the effective capability bit was set on the executable file; or"
2422 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:78
2423 msgid "the process has a nonempty permitted capability set."
2427 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:81
2429 "Secure execution may also required if triggered by some Linux security "
2434 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:88
2436 "The B<secure_getenv>() function is intended for use in general-purpose "
2437 "libraries to avoid vulnerabilities that could occur if set-user-ID or "
2438 "set-group-ID programs accidentally trusted the environment."
2442 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:93
2444 "The B<getenv>() function returns a pointer to the value in the environment, "
2445 "or NULL if there is no match."
2449 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:96
2450 msgid "B<secure_getenv>() first appeared in glibc 2.17."
2454 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:99
2455 msgid "B<getenv>(): SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C89, C99."
2459 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:102
2460 msgid "B<secure_getenv>() is a GNU extension."
2464 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:104
2465 msgid "The strings in the environment list are of the form I<name=value>."
2469 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:110
2471 "As typically implemented, B<getenv>() returns a pointer to a string within "
2472 "the environment list. The caller must take care not to modify this string, "
2473 "since that would change the environment of the process."
2477 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:123
2479 "The implementation of B<getenv>() is not required to be reentrant. The "
2480 "string pointed to by the return value of B<getenv>() may be statically "
2481 "allocated, and can be modified by a subsequent call to B<getenv>(), "
2482 "B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), or B<unsetenv>(3)."
2486 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:129
2488 "The \"secure execution\" mode of B<secure_getenv>() is controlled by the "
2489 "B<AT_SECURE> flag contained in the auxiliary vector passed from the kernel "
2494 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:137
2496 "B<clearenv>(3), B<getauxval>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), "
2497 "B<capabilities>(7), B<environ>(7)"
2501 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34
2507 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34
2513 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:37
2514 msgid "getloadavg - get system load averages"
2518 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:41
2521 "B<#define _BSD_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
2522 "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>\n"
2526 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:43
2528 msgid "B<int getloadavg(double >I<loadavg[]>B<, int >I<nelem>B<);>\n"
2532 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:55
2534 "The B<getloadavg>() function returns the number of processes in the system "
2535 "run queue averaged over various periods of time. Up to I<nelem> samples are "
2536 "retrieved and assigned to successive elements of I<loadavg>[]. The system "
2537 "imposes a maximum of 3 samples, representing averages over the last 1, 5, "
2538 "and 15 minutes, respectively."
2544 #. function appeared in
2547 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:63
2549 "If the load average was unobtainable, -1 is returned; otherwise, the number "
2550 "of samples actually retrieved is returned."
2554 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:65
2555 msgid "This function is available in glibc since version 2.2."
2559 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:70
2560 msgid "The B<getloadavg>() function is thread-safe."
2563 #. mdoc seems to have a bug - there must be no newline here
2565 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:74
2566 msgid "Not in POSIX.1-2001. Present on the BSDs and Solaris."
2570 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:77
2571 msgid "B<uptime>(1), B<proc>(5)"
2575 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25
2581 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:28
2582 msgid "getsubopt - parse suboption arguments from a string"
2586 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:33
2588 "B<int getsubopt(char **>I<optionp>B<, char * const *>I<tokens>B<, char "
2593 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:40
2594 msgid "B<getsubopt>():"
2598 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:45
2599 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>= 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
2603 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:47
2604 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L"
2608 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:64
2610 "B<getsubopt>() parses the list of comma-separated suboptions provided in "
2611 "I<optionp>. (Such a suboption list is typically produced when B<getopt>(3) "
2612 "is used to parse a command line; see for example the I<-o> option of "
2613 "B<mount>(8).) Each suboption may include an associated value, which is "
2614 "separated from the suboption name by an equal sign. The following is an "
2615 "example of the kind of string that might be passed in I<optionp>:"
2619 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:67
2620 msgid "B<ro,name=xyz>"
2624 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:77
2626 "The I<tokens> argument is a pointer to a NULL-terminated array of pointers "
2627 "to the tokens that B<getsubopt>() will look for in I<optionp>. The tokens "
2628 "should be distinct, null-terminated strings containing at least one "
2629 "character, with no embedded equal signs or commas."
2633 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:98
2635 "Each call to B<getsubopt>() returns information about the next unprocessed "
2636 "suboption in I<optionp>. The first equal sign in a suboption (if any) is "
2637 "interpreted as a separator between the name and the value of that "
2638 "suboption. The value extends to the next comma, or (for the last suboption) "
2639 "to the end of the string. If the name of the suboption matches a known name "
2640 "from I<tokens>, and a value string was found, B<getsubopt>() sets "
2641 "I<*valuep> to the address of that string. The first comma in I<optionp> is "
2642 "overwritten with a null byte, so I<*valuep> is precisely the \"value "
2643 "string\" for that suboption."
2647 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:102
2649 "If the suboption is recognized, but no value string was found, I<*valuep> is "
2654 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:110
2656 "When B<getsubopt>() returns, I<optionp> points to the next suboption, or to "
2657 "the null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) at the end of the string if the last "
2658 "suboption was just processed."
2662 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:122
2664 "If the first suboption in I<optionp> is recognized, B<getsubopt>() returns "
2665 "the index of the matching suboption element in I<tokens>. Otherwise, -1 is "
2666 "returned and I<*valuep> is the entire I<name>B<[=>I<value>B<]> string."
2670 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:129
2672 "Since I<*optionp> is changed, the first suboption before the call to "
2673 "B<getsubopt>() is not (necessarily) the same as the first suboption after "
2678 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:134
2679 msgid "The B<getsubopt>() function is thread-safe."
2683 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:143
2685 "Since B<getsubopt>() overwrites any commas it finds in the string "
2686 "I<*optionp>, that string must be writable; it cannot be a string constant."
2690 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:145
2691 msgid "The following program expects suboptions following a \"-o\" option."
2695 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:151
2698 "#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500\n"
2699 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
2700 "#include E<lt>assert.hE<gt>\n"
2701 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
2705 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:169
2709 "main(int argc, char **argv)\n"
2716 " char *const token[] = {\n"
2717 " [RO_OPT] = \"ro\",\n"
2718 " [RW_OPT] = \"rw\",\n"
2719 " [NAME_OPT] = \"name\",\n"
2728 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:174
2731 " int readonly = 0;\n"
2732 " int readwrite = 0;\n"
2733 " char *name = NULL;\n"
2734 " int errfnd = 0;\n"
2738 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:180
2741 " while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, \"o:\")) != -1) {\n"
2743 " case \\(aqo\\(aq:\n"
2744 " subopts = optarg;\n"
2745 " while (*subopts != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq && !errfnd) {\n"
2749 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:185
2752 " switch (getsubopt(&subopts, token, &value)) {\n"
2759 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:189
2768 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:197
2772 " if (value == NULL) {\n"
2773 " fprintf(stderr, \"Missing value for \"\n"
2774 " \"suboption \\(aq%s\\(aq\\en\", "
2775 "token[NAME_OPT]);\n"
2782 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:200
2790 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:214
2794 " fprintf(stderr, \"No match found \"\n"
2795 " \"for token: /%s/\\en\", value);\n"
2800 " if (readwrite && readonly) {\n"
2801 " fprintf(stderr, \"Only one of \\(aq%s\\(aq and \\(aq%s\\(aq can "
2803 " \"specified\\en\", token[RO_OPT], token[RW_OPT]);\n"
2810 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:219
2820 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:226
2823 " if (errfnd || argc == 1) {\n"
2824 " fprintf(stderr, \"\\enUsage: %s -o E<lt>suboptstringE<gt>\\en\", "
2826 " fprintf(stderr, \"suboptions are \\(aqro\\(aq, \\(aqrw\\(aq, \"\n"
2827 " \"and \\(aqname=E<lt>valueE<gt>\\(aq\\en\");\n"
2828 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2833 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:228
2835 msgid " /* Remainder of program... */\n"
2839 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:234
2840 msgid "B<getopt>(3)"
2844 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:33
2850 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:33
2856 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:36
2857 msgid "malloc, free, calloc, realloc - allocate and free dynamic memory"
2861 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:44
2864 "B<void *malloc(size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2865 "B<void free(void >I<*ptr>B<);>\n"
2866 "B<void *calloc(size_t >I<nmemb>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2867 "B<void *realloc(void >I<*ptr>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2872 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:61
2874 "The B<malloc>() function allocates I<size> bytes and returns a pointer to "
2875 "the allocated memory. I<The memory is not initialized>. If I<size> is 0, "
2876 "then B<malloc>() returns either NULL, or a unique pointer value that can "
2877 "later be successfully passed to B<free>()."
2881 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:77
2883 "The B<free>() function frees the memory space pointed to by I<ptr>, which "
2884 "must have been returned by a previous call to B<malloc>(), B<calloc>() or "
2885 "B<realloc>(). Otherwise, or if I<free(ptr)> has already been called before, "
2886 "undefined behavior occurs. If I<ptr> is NULL, no operation is performed."
2891 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:96
2893 "The B<calloc>() function allocates memory for an array of I<nmemb> elements "
2894 "of I<size> bytes each and returns a pointer to the allocated memory. The "
2895 "memory is set to zero. If I<nmemb> or I<size> is 0, then B<calloc>() "
2896 "returns either NULL, or a unique pointer value that can later be "
2897 "successfully passed to B<free>()."
2901 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:132
2903 "The B<realloc>() function changes the size of the memory block pointed to "
2904 "by I<ptr> to I<size> bytes. The contents will be unchanged in the range "
2905 "from the start of the region up to the minimum of the old and new sizes. If "
2906 "the new size is larger than the old size, the added memory will I<not> be "
2907 "initialized. If I<ptr> is NULL, then the call is equivalent to "
2908 "I<malloc(size)>, for all values of I<size>; if I<size> is equal to zero, and "
2909 "I<ptr> is not NULL, then the call is equivalent to I<free(ptr)>. Unless "
2910 "I<ptr> is NULL, it must have been returned by an earlier call to "
2911 "B<malloc>(), B<calloc>() or B<realloc>(). If the area pointed to was "
2912 "moved, a I<free(ptr)> is done."
2916 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:152
2918 "The B<malloc>() and B<calloc>() functions return a pointer to the "
2919 "allocated memory, which is suitably aligned for any built-in type. On "
2920 "error, these functions return NULL. NULL may also be returned by a "
2921 "successful call to B<malloc>() with a I<size> of zero, or by a successful "
2922 "call to B<calloc>() with I<nmemb> or I<size> equal to zero."
2926 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:156
2927 msgid "The B<free>() function returns no value."
2931 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:171
2933 "The B<realloc>() function returns a pointer to the newly allocated memory, "
2934 "which is suitably aligned for any built-in type and may be different from "
2935 "I<ptr>, or NULL if the request fails. If I<size> was equal to 0, either "
2936 "NULL or a pointer suitable to be passed to B<free>() is returned. If "
2937 "B<realloc>() fails, the original block is left untouched; it is not freed "
2942 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:173
2947 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:189
2949 "By default, Linux follows an optimistic memory allocation strategy. This "
2950 "means that when B<malloc>() returns non-NULL there is no guarantee that the "
2951 "memory really is available. In case it turns out that the system is out of "
2952 "memory, one or more processes will be killed by the OOM killer. For more "
2953 "information, see the description of I</proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory> and "
2954 "I</proc/sys/vm/oom_adj> in B<proc>(5), and the Linux kernel source file "
2955 "I<Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting>."
2959 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:210
2961 "Normally, B<malloc>() allocates memory from the heap, and adjusts the size "
2962 "of the heap as required, using B<sbrk>(2). When allocating blocks of memory "
2963 "larger than B<MMAP_THRESHOLD> bytes, the glibc B<malloc>() implementation "
2964 "allocates the memory as a private anonymous mapping using B<mmap>(2). "
2965 "B<MMAP_THRESHOLD> is 128 kB by default, but is adjustable using "
2966 "B<mallopt>(3). Allocations performed using B<mmap>(2) are unaffected by "
2967 "the B<RLIMIT_DATA> resource limit (see B<getrlimit>(2))."
2971 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:228
2973 "To avoid corruption in multithreaded applications, mutexes are used "
2974 "internally to protect the memory-management data structures employed by "
2975 "these functions. In a multithreaded application in which threads "
2976 "simultaneously allocate and free memory, there could be contention for these "
2977 "mutexes. To scalably handle memory allocation in multithreaded "
2978 "applications, glibc creates additional I<memory allocation arenas> if mutex "
2979 "contention is detected. Each arena is a large region of memory that is "
2980 "internally allocated by the system (using B<brk>(2) or B<mmap>(2)), and "
2981 "managed with its own mutexes."
2985 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:246
2987 "The UNIX 98 standard requires B<malloc>(), B<calloc>(), and B<realloc>() to "
2988 "set I<errno> to B<ENOMEM> upon failure. Glibc assumes that this is done "
2989 "(and the glibc versions of these routines do this); if you use a private "
2990 "malloc implementation that does not set I<errno>, then certain library "
2991 "routines may fail without having a reason in I<errno>."
2995 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:255
2997 "Crashes in B<malloc>(), B<calloc>(), B<realloc>(), or B<free>() are almost "
2998 "always related to heap corruption, such as overflowing an allocated chunk or "
2999 "freeing the same pointer twice."
3003 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:261
3005 "The B<malloc>() implementation is tunable via environment variables; see "
3006 "B<mallopt>(3) for details."
3010 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:285
3012 "B<brk>(2), B<mmap>(2), B<alloca>(3), B<malloc_get_state>(3), "
3013 "B<malloc_info>(3), B<malloc_trim>(3), B<malloc_usable_size>(3), "
3014 "B<mallopt>(3), B<mcheck>(3), B<mtrace>(3), B<posix_memalign>(3)"
3018 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:16
3024 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:19
3025 msgid "mblen - determine number of bytes in next multibyte character"
3029 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:24
3031 msgid "B<int mblen(const char *>I<s>B<, size_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
3035 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:43
3037 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<mblen>() function inspects at most I<n> bytes of "
3038 "the multibyte string starting at I<s> and extracts the next complete "
3039 "multibyte character. It uses a static anonymous shift state known only to "
3040 "the B<mblen>() function. If the multibyte character is not the null wide "
3041 "character, it returns the number of bytes that were consumed from I<s>. If "
3042 "the multibyte character is the null wide character, it returns 0."
3046 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:57
3048 "If the I<n> bytes starting at I<s> do not contain a complete multibyte "
3049 "character, B<mblen>() returns -1. This can happen even if I<n> is greater "
3050 "than or equal to I<MB_CUR_MAX>, if the multibyte string contains redundant "
3055 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:64
3057 "If the multibyte string starting at I<s> contains an invalid multibyte "
3058 "sequence before the next complete character, B<mblen>() also returns -1."
3061 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
3062 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
3064 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:75
3066 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<mblen>() function resets the shift state, known to "
3067 "only this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the "
3068 "encoding has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3072 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:87
3074 "The B<mblen>() function returns the number of bytes parsed from the "
3075 "multibyte sequence starting at I<s>, if a non-null wide character was "
3076 "recognized. It returns 0, if a null wide character was recognized. It "
3077 "returns -1, if an invalid multibyte sequence was encountered or if it "
3078 "couldn't parse a complete multibyte character."
3082 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:92
3083 msgid "The B<mblen>() function is not thread-safe."
3087 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:94 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:96 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:115 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:91 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:91
3092 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:101
3094 "The behavior of B<mblen>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3099 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:106
3101 "The function B<mbrlen>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
3106 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:108
3107 msgid "B<mbrlen>(3)"
3111 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18
3117 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
3123 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:21
3124 msgid "mbstowcs - convert a multibyte string to a wide-character string"
3128 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:26
3131 "B<size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t *>I<dest>B<, const char *>I<src>B<, size_t "
3136 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:45
3138 "If I<dest> is not NULL, the B<mbstowcs>() function converts the multibyte "
3139 "string I<src> to a wide-character string starting at I<dest>. At most I<n> "
3140 "wide characters are written to I<dest>. The conversion starts in the "
3141 "initial state. The conversion can stop for three reasons:"
3145 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:45
3151 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:50
3153 "An invalid multibyte sequence has been encountered. In this case, "
3154 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
3158 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:50
3164 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:58
3166 "I<n> non-L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq wide characters have been stored at I<dest>. In "
3167 "this case, the number of wide characters written to I<dest> is returned, but "
3168 "the shift state at this point is lost."
3172 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:58
3178 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:64
3180 "The multibyte string has been completely converted, including the "
3181 "terminating null wide character (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). In this case, the number "
3182 "of wide characters written to I<dest>, excluding the terminating null wide "
3183 "character, is returned."
3187 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:70
3189 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least I<n> wide "
3190 "characters at I<dest>."
3194 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:78
3196 "If I<dest> is NULL, I<n> is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, "
3197 "except that the converted wide characters are not written out to memory, and "
3198 "that no length limit exists."
3202 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:84
3204 "In order to avoid the case 2 above, the programmer should make sure I<n> is "
3205 "greater than or equal to I<mbstowcs(NULL,src,0)+1>."
3209 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:94
3211 "The B<mbstowcs>() function returns the number of wide characters that make "
3212 "up the converted part of the wide-character string, not including the "
3213 "terminating null wide character. If an invalid multibyte sequence was "
3214 "encountered, I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
3218 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:103
3220 "The behavior of B<mbstowcs>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3225 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:108
3227 "The function B<mbsrtowcs>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
3232 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:113
3234 "The program below illustrates the use of B<mbstowcs>(), as well as some of "
3235 "the wide character classification functions. An example run is the "
3240 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:120
3243 "$ ./t_mbstowcs de_DE.UTF-8 Grüße!\n"
3244 "Length of source string (excluding terminator):\n"
3246 " 6 multibyte characters\n"
3250 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:128
3253 "Wide character string is: Grüße! (6 characters)\n"
3263 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:130 build/C/man3/strtol.3:248
3265 msgid "Program source"
3269 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:137
3272 "#include E<lt>locale.hE<gt>\n"
3273 "#include E<lt>wchar.hE<gt>\n"
3274 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
3275 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
3276 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
3280 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:144
3284 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
3286 " size_t mbslen; /* Number of multibyte characters in source */\n"
3287 " wchar_t *wcs; /* Pointer to converted wide character string */\n"
3292 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:149
3295 " if (argc E<lt> 3) {\n"
3296 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>localeE<gt> E<lt>stringE<gt>\\en\", "
3298 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3303 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:151
3305 msgid " /* Apply the specified locale */\n"
3309 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:156
3312 " if (setlocale(LC_ALL, argv[1]) == NULL) {\n"
3313 " perror(\"setlocale\");\n"
3314 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3319 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:159
3322 " /* Calculate the length required to hold argv[2] converted to\n"
3323 " a wide character string */\n"
3327 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:165
3330 " mbslen = mbstowcs(NULL, argv[2], 0);\n"
3331 " if (mbslen == (size_t) -1) {\n"
3332 " perror(\"mbstowcs\");\n"
3333 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3338 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:167
3340 msgid " /* Describe the source string to the user */\n"
3344 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:171
3347 " printf(\"Length of source string (excluding terminator):\\en\");\n"
3348 " printf(\" %zu bytes\\en\", strlen(argv[2]));\n"
3349 " printf(\" %zu multibyte characters\\en\\en\", mbslen);\n"
3353 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:174
3356 " /* Allocate wide character string of the desired size. Add 1\n"
3357 " to allow for terminating null wide character (L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). */\n"
3361 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:180
3364 " wcs = calloc(mbslen + 1, sizeof(wchar_t));\n"
3365 " if (wcs == NULL) {\n"
3366 " perror(\"calloc\");\n"
3367 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3372 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:183
3375 " /* Convert the multibyte character string in argv[2] to a\n"
3376 " wide character string */\n"
3380 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:188
3383 " if (mbstowcs(wcs, argv[2], mbslen + 1) == (size_t) -1) {\n"
3384 " perror(\"mbstowcs\");\n"
3385 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3390 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:191
3393 " printf(\"Wide character string is: %ls (%zu characters)\\en\",\n"
3398 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:194
3401 " /* Now do some inspection of the classes of the characters in\n"
3402 " the wide character string */\n"
3406 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:197
3409 " for (wp = wcs; *wp != 0; wp++) {\n"
3410 " printf(\" %lc \", (wint_t) *wp);\n"
3414 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:201
3417 " if (!iswalpha(*wp))\n"
3419 " printf(\"alpha \");\n"
3423 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:205
3426 " if (iswalpha(*wp)) {\n"
3427 " if (iswupper(*wp))\n"
3428 " printf(\"upper \");\n"
3432 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:209
3435 " if (iswlower(*wp))\n"
3436 " printf(\"lower \");\n"
3441 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:212
3444 " putchar(\\(aq\\en\\(aq);\n"
3449 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:222
3450 msgid "B<mblen>(3), B<mbsrtowcs>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<wctomb>(3), B<wcstombs>(3)"
3454 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16
3460 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:19
3461 msgid "mbtowc - convert a multibyte sequence to a wide character"
3465 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:24
3467 msgid "B<int mbtowc(wchar_t *>I<pwc>B<, const char *>I<s>B<, size_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
3471 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:50
3473 "The main case for this function is when I<s> is not NULL and I<pwc> is not "
3474 "NULL. In this case, the B<mbtowc>() function inspects at most I<n> bytes "
3475 "of the multibyte string starting at I<s>, extracts the next complete "
3476 "multibyte character, converts it to a wide character and stores it at "
3477 "I<*pwc>. It updates an internal shift state known only to the B<mbtowc>() "
3478 "function. If I<s> does not point to a null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), it "
3479 "returns the number of bytes that were consumed from I<s>, otherwise it "
3484 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:64
3486 "If the I<n> bytes starting at I<s> do not contain a complete multibyte "
3487 "character, or if they contain an invalid multibyte sequence, B<mbtowc>() "
3488 "returns -1. This can happen even if I<n> E<gt>= I<MB_CUR_MAX>, if the "
3489 "multibyte string contains redundant shift sequences."
3493 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:74
3495 "A different case is when I<s> is not NULL but I<pwc> is NULL. In this case, "
3496 "the B<mbtowc>() function behaves as above, except that it does not store "
3497 "the converted wide character in memory."
3500 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
3501 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
3503 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:93
3505 "A third case is when I<s> is NULL. In this case, I<pwc> and I<n> are "
3506 "ignored. The B<mbtowc>() function resets the shift state, only known to "
3507 "this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the encoding has "
3508 "nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3512 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:105
3514 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<mbtowc>() function returns the number of "
3515 "consumed bytes starting at I<s>, or 0 if I<s> points to a null byte, or -1 "
3520 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:113
3522 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<mbtowc>() function returns nonzero if the encoding "
3523 "has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3527 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:122
3529 "The behavior of B<mbtowc>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3534 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:128
3536 "This function is not multithread safe. The function B<mbrtowc>(3) provides "
3537 "a better interface to the same functionality."
3541 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:135
3543 "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3), B<mblen>(3), B<mbrtowc>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<wctomb>(3), "
3548 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26
3554 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26
3560 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:29
3561 msgid "mkdtemp - create a unique temporary directory"
3565 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:34
3567 msgid "B<char *mkdtemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3571 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:42
3572 msgid "B<mkdtemp>():"
3576 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:47
3581 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:49
3582 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.10: */"
3586 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:51
3587 msgid "(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700)"
3591 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:68
3593 "The B<mkdtemp>() function generates a uniquely named temporary directory "
3594 "from I<template>. The last six characters of I<template> must be XXXXXX and "
3595 "these are replaced with a string that makes the directory name unique. The "
3596 "directory is then created with permissions 0700. Since it will be modified, "
3597 "I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be declared as a "
3602 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:75
3604 "The B<mkdtemp>() function returns a pointer to the modified template string "
3605 "on success, and NULL on failure, in which case I<errno> is set "
3610 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:76 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:166 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:92 build/C/man3/random.3:141 build/C/man3/random.3:148 build/C/man3/random_r.3:106 build/C/man3/random_r.3:110 build/C/man3/random_r.3:119 build/C/man3/setenv.3:120 build/C/man3/strtol.3:145 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:149
3616 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:80
3618 "The last six characters of I<template> were not XXXXXX. Now I<template> is "
3623 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:84
3624 msgid "Also see B<mkdir>(2) for other possible values for I<errno>."
3628 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:86
3629 msgid "Available since glibc 2.1.91."
3632 #. As at 2006, this function is being considered for a revision of POSIX.1
3633 #. Also in NetBSD 1.4.
3635 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:91
3636 msgid "POSIX.1-2008. This function is present on the BSDs."
3640 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:98
3642 "B<mkdir>(2), B<mkstemp>(3), B<mktemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), "
3647 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35
3653 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35
3659 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:38
3660 msgid "mkstemp, mkostemp, mkstemps, mkostemps - create a unique temporary file"
3664 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:43
3666 msgid "B<int mkstemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3670 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:45
3672 msgid "B<int mkostemp(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
3676 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:47
3678 msgid "B<int mkstemps(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<suffixlen>B<);>\n"
3682 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:49
3685 "B<int mkostemps(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<suffixlen>B<, int "
3690 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:57
3691 msgid "B<mkstemp>():"
3695 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:62 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:63
3697 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
3698 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
3702 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:64
3703 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L"
3707 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:70
3708 msgid "B<mkostemp>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
3712 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:73
3713 msgid "B<mkstemps>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
3717 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:76
3718 msgid "B<mkostemps>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
3722 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:83
3724 "The B<mkstemp>() function generates a unique temporary filename from "
3725 "I<template>, creates and opens the file, and returns an open file descriptor "
3730 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:91
3732 "The last six characters of I<template> must be \"XXXXXX\" and these are "
3733 "replaced with a string that makes the filename unique. Since it will be "
3734 "modified, I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be declared "
3735 "as a character array."
3739 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:99
3741 "The file is created with permissions 0600, that is, read plus write for "
3742 "owner only. The returned file descriptor provides both read and write "
3743 "access to the file. The file is opened with the B<open>(2) B<O_EXCL> flag, "
3744 "guaranteeing that the caller is the process that creates the file."
3747 #. Reportedly, FreeBSD
3749 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:130
3751 "The B<mkostemp>() function is like B<mkstemp>(), with the difference that "
3752 "the following bits\\(emwith the same meaning as for B<open>(2)\\(emmay be "
3753 "specified in I<flags>: B<O_APPEND>, B<O_CLOEXEC>, and B<O_SYNC>. Note that "
3754 "when creating the file, B<mkostemp>() includes the values B<O_RDWR>, "
3755 "B<O_CREAT>, and B<O_EXCL> in the I<flags> argument given to B<open>(2); "
3756 "including these values in the I<flags> argument given to B<mkostemp>() is "
3757 "unnecessary, and produces errors on some systems."
3761 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:146
3763 "The B<mkstemps>() function is like B<mkstemp>(), except that the string in "
3764 "I<template> contains a suffix of I<suffixlen> characters. Thus, I<template> "
3765 "is of the form I<prefixXXXXXXsuffix>, and the string XXXXXX is modified as "
3770 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:155
3772 "The B<mkostemps>() function is to B<mkstemps>() as B<mkostemp>() is to "
3777 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:161
3779 "On success, these functions return the file descriptor of the temporary "
3780 "file. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
3784 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:162
3790 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:166
3792 "Could not create a unique temporary filename. Now the contents of "
3793 "I<template> are undefined."
3797 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:174
3799 "For B<mkstemp>() and B<mkostemp>(): The last six characters of I<template> "
3800 "were not XXXXXX; now I<template> is unchanged."
3804 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:185
3806 "For B<mkstemps>() and B<mkostemps>(): I<template> is less than I<(6 + "
3807 "suffixlen)> characters long, or the last 6 characters before the suffix in "
3808 "I<template> were not XXXXXX."
3812 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:188
3814 "These functions may also fail with any of the errors described for "
3819 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:195
3821 "B<mkostemp>() is available since glibc 2.7. B<mkstemps>() and "
3822 "B<mkostemps>() are available since glibc 2.11."
3826 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:198
3827 msgid "B<mkstemp>(): 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
3830 #. mkstemps() appears to be at least on the BSDs, Mac OS X, Solaris,
3833 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:203
3834 msgid "B<mkstemps>(): unstandardized, but appears on several other systems."
3838 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:208
3839 msgid "B<mkostemp>() and B<mkostemps>(): are glibc extensions."
3843 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:215
3845 "In glibc versions 2.06 and earlier, the file is created with permissions "
3846 "0666, that is, read and write for all users. This old behavior may be a "
3847 "security risk, especially since other UNIX flavors use 0600, and somebody "
3848 "might overlook this detail when porting programs. POSIX.1-2008 adds a "
3849 "requirement that the file be created with mode 0600."
3853 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:226
3855 "More generally, the POSIX specification of B<mkstemp>() does not say "
3856 "anything about file modes, so the application should make sure its file mode "
3857 "creation mask (see B<umask>(2)) is set appropriately before calling "
3858 "B<mkstemp>() (and B<mkostemp>())."
3862 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:233
3864 "The prototype for B<mktemp>() is in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> for libc4, libc5, "
3865 "glibc1; glibc2 follows POSIX.1 and has the prototype in "
3866 "I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>."
3870 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:239
3871 msgid "B<mkdtemp>(3), B<mktemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), B<tmpnam>(3)"
3875 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34
3881 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34
3887 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:37
3888 msgid "mktemp - make a unique temporary filename"
3892 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:42
3894 msgid "B<char *mktemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3898 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:50
3899 msgid "B<mktemp>():"
3903 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:59
3906 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE ||\n"
3907 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
3908 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
3909 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
3913 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:69
3914 msgid "I<Never use this function>; see NOTES."
3918 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:80
3920 "The B<mktemp>() function generates a unique temporary filename from "
3921 "I<template>. The last six characters of I<template> must be XXXXXX and "
3922 "these are replaced with a string that makes the filename unique. Since it "
3923 "will be modified, I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be "
3924 "declared as a character array."
3928 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:91
3930 "The B<mktemp>() function always returns I<template>. If a unique name was "
3931 "created, the last six bytes of I<template> will have been modified in such a "
3932 "way that the resulting name is unique (i.e., does not exist already) If a "
3933 "unique name could not be created, I<template> is made an empty string, and "
3934 "I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
3938 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:95
3939 msgid "The last six characters of I<template> were not XXXXXX."
3943 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:99
3945 "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
3950 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:105
3952 "The prototype is in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> for libc4, libc5, glibc1; glibc2 "
3953 "follows the Single UNIX Specification and has the prototype in "
3954 "I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>."
3958 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:105 build/C/man3/random.3:189 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:104 build/C/man3/setenv.3:144
3964 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:118
3966 "Never use B<mktemp>(). Some implementations follow 4.3BSD and replace "
3967 "XXXXXX by the current process ID and a single letter, so that at most 26 "
3968 "different names can be returned. Since on the one hand the names are easy "
3969 "to guess, and on the other hand there is a race between testing whether the "
3970 "name exists and opening the file, every use of B<mktemp>() is a security "
3971 "risk. The race is avoided by B<mkstemp>(3)."
3975 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:123
3976 msgid "B<mkstemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), B<tmpnam>(3)"
3980 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31
3986 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:34
3987 msgid "on_exit - register a function to be called at normal process termination"
3991 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:39
3993 msgid "B<int on_exit(void (*>I<function>B<)(int , void *), void *>I<arg>B<);>\n"
3997 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:48
3998 msgid "B<on_exit>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
4002 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:66
4004 "The B<on_exit>() function registers the given I<function> to be called at "
4005 "normal process termination, whether via B<exit>(3) or via return from the "
4006 "program's I<main>(). The I<function> is passed the status argument given to "
4007 "the last call to B<exit>(3) and the I<arg> argument from B<on_exit>()."
4011 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:81
4013 "The B<on_exit>() function returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise it "
4014 "returns a nonzero value."
4018 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:88
4020 "This function comes from SunOS 4, but is also present in libc4, libc5 and "
4021 "glibc. It no longer occurs in Solaris (SunOS 5). Avoid this function, and "
4022 "use the standard B<atexit>(3) instead."
4026 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:92
4027 msgid "B<_exit>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<exit>(3)"
4031 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:36
4037 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:36
4043 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:39
4044 msgid "putenv - change or add an environment variable"
4047 #. Not: const char *
4049 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:45
4051 msgid "B<int putenv(char *>I<string>B<);>\n"
4055 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:54
4056 msgid "B<putenv>(): _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
4060 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:67
4062 "The B<putenv>() function adds or changes the value of environment "
4063 "variables. The argument I<string> is of the form I<name>=I<value>. If "
4064 "I<name> does not already exist in the environment, then I<string> is added "
4065 "to the environment. If I<name> does exist, then the value of I<name> in the "
4066 "environment is changed to I<value>. The string pointed to by I<string> "
4067 "becomes part of the environment, so altering the string changes the "
4072 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:75
4074 "The B<putenv>() function returns zero on success, or nonzero if an error "
4075 "occurs. In the event of an error, I<errno> is set to indicate the cause."
4079 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:76 build/C/man3/setenv.3:125
4085 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:79
4086 msgid "Insufficient space to allocate new environment."
4090 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:81
4091 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD."
4095 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:86
4097 "The B<putenv>() function is not required to be reentrant, and the one in "
4098 "libc4, libc5 and glibc 2.0 is not, but the glibc 2.1 version is."
4102 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:99
4104 "Description for libc4, libc5, glibc: If the argument I<string> is of the "
4105 "form I<name>, and does not contain an \\(aq=\\(aq character, then the "
4106 "variable I<name> is removed from the environment. If B<putenv>() has to "
4107 "allocate a new array I<environ>, and the previous array was also allocated "
4108 "by B<putenv>(), then it will be freed. In no case will the old storage "
4109 "associated to the environment variable itself be freed."
4113 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:115
4115 "The libc4 and libc5 and glibc 2.1.2 versions conform to SUSv2: the pointer "
4116 "I<string> given to B<putenv>() is used. In particular, this string becomes "
4117 "part of the environment; changing it later will change the environment. "
4118 "(Thus, it is an error is to call B<putenv>() with an automatic variable as "
4119 "the argument, then return from the calling function while I<string> is still "
4120 "part of the environment.) However, glibc 2.0-2.1.1 differs: a copy of the "
4121 "string is used. On the one hand this causes a memory leak, and on the other "
4122 "hand it violates SUSv2. This has been fixed in glibc 2.1.2."
4126 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:117
4127 msgid "The 4.4BSD version, like glibc 2.0, uses a copy."
4131 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:119
4132 msgid "SUSv2 removes the I<const> from the prototype, and so does glibc 2.1.3."
4136 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:125
4137 msgid "B<clearenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
4141 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28
4147 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28
4153 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:31
4154 msgid "qecvt, qfcvt, qgcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
4158 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:36
4160 "B<char *qecvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
4161 "*>I<decpt>B<,> B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
4165 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:39
4167 "B<char *qfcvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
4168 "*>I<decpt>B<,> B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
4172 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:41
4173 msgid "B<char *qgcvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigit>B<, char *>I<buf>B<);>"
4177 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:52
4178 msgid "B<qecvt>(), B<qfcvt>(), B<qgcvt>(): _SVID_SOURCE"
4182 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:85
4184 "The functions B<qecvt>(), B<qfcvt>() and B<qgcvt>() are identical to "
4185 "B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3) and B<gcvt>(3) respectively, except that they use a "
4186 "I<long double> argument I<number>. See B<ecvt>(3) and B<gcvt>(3)."
4190 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:92
4191 msgid "The B<qecvt>() and B<qfcvt>() functions are not thread-safe."
4195 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:96
4196 msgid "The B<qgcvt>() function is thread-safe."
4200 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:102
4202 "SVr4. Not seen in most common UNIX implementations, but occurs in SunOS. "
4203 "Not supported by libc4 and libc5. Supported by glibc."
4207 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:107
4208 msgid "These functions are obsolete. Instead, B<snprintf>(3) is recommended."
4212 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:112
4213 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<ecvt_r>(3), B<gcvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
4217 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:41
4223 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:41
4229 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:44
4230 msgid "rand, rand_r, srand - pseudo-random number generator"
4234 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:49
4236 msgid "B<int rand(void);>\n"
4240 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:51
4242 msgid "B<int rand_r(unsigned int *>I<seedp>B<);>\n"
4246 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:53
4248 msgid "B<void srand(unsigned int >I<seed>B<);>\n"
4252 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:62
4253 msgid "B<rand_r>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 1 || _XOPEN_SOURCE || _POSIX_SOURCE"
4257 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:68
4259 "The B<rand>() function returns a pseudo-random integer in the range 0 to "
4260 "B<RAND_MAX> inclusive (i.e., the mathematical range [0,\\ B<RAND_MAX>])."
4264 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:77
4266 "The B<srand>() function sets its argument as the seed for a new sequence of "
4267 "pseudo-random integers to be returned by B<rand>(). These sequences are "
4268 "repeatable by calling B<srand>() with the same seed value."
4272 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:81
4274 "If no seed value is provided, the B<rand>() function is automatically "
4275 "seeded with a value of 1."
4279 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:92
4281 "The function B<rand>() is not reentrant or thread-safe, since it uses "
4282 "hidden state that is modified on each call. This might just be the seed "
4283 "value to be used by the next call, or it might be something more elaborate. "
4284 "In order to get reproducible behavior in a threaded application, this state "
4285 "must be made explicit; this can be done using the reentrant function "
4290 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:108
4292 "Like B<rand>(), B<rand_r>() returns a pseudo-random integer in the range "
4293 "[0,\\ B<RAND_MAX>]. The I<seedp> argument is a pointer to an I<unsigned "
4294 "int> that is used to store state between calls. If B<rand_r>() is called "
4295 "with the same initial value for the integer pointed to by I<seedp>, and that "
4296 "value is not modified between calls, then the same pseudo-random sequence "
4301 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:118
4303 "The value pointed to by the I<seedp> argument of B<rand_r>() provides only "
4304 "a very small amount of state, so this function will be a weak pseudo-random "
4305 "generator. Try B<drand48_r>(3) instead."
4309 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:129
4311 "The B<rand>() and B<rand_r>() functions return a value between 0 and "
4312 "B<RAND_MAX> (inclusive). The B<srand>() function returns no value."
4316 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:141
4318 "The functions B<rand>() and B<srand>() conform to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, "
4319 "POSIX.1-2001. The function B<rand_r>() is from POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 "
4320 "marks B<rand_r>() as obsolete."
4324 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:160
4326 "The versions of B<rand>() and B<srand>() in the Linux C Library use the "
4327 "same random number generator as B<random>(3) and B<srandom>(3), so the "
4328 "lower-order bits should be as random as the higher-order bits. However, on "
4329 "older B<rand>() implementations, and on current implementations on "
4330 "different systems, the lower-order bits are much less random than the "
4331 "higher-order bits. Do not use this function in applications intended to be "
4332 "portable when good randomness is needed. (Use B<random>(3) instead.)"
4336 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:166
4338 "POSIX.1-2001 gives the following example of an implementation of B<rand>() "
4339 "and B<srand>(), possibly useful when one needs the same sequence on two "
4340 "different machines."
4344 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:170
4346 msgid "static unsigned long next = 1;\n"
4350 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:176
4353 "/* RAND_MAX assumed to be 32767 */\n"
4354 "int myrand(void) {\n"
4355 " next = next * 1103515245 + 12345;\n"
4356 " return((unsigned)(next/65536) % 32768);\n"
4361 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:180
4364 "void mysrand(unsigned int seed) {\n"
4370 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:187
4372 "The following program can be used to display the pseudo-random sequence "
4373 "produced by B<rand>() when given a particular seed."
4377 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:192
4380 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4381 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4385 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:198
4389 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4391 " int j, r, nloops;\n"
4392 " unsigned int seed;\n"
4396 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:203
4399 " if (argc != 3) {\n"
4400 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>seedE<gt> E<lt>nloopsE<gt>\\en\", "
4402 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4407 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:206
4410 " seed = atoi(argv[1]);\n"
4411 " nloops = atoi(argv[2]);\n"
4415 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:212
4419 " for (j = 0; j E<lt> nloops; j++) {\n"
4421 " printf(\"%d\\en\", r);\n"
4426 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:220
4427 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<random>(3)"
4431 #: build/C/man3/random.3:33
4437 #: build/C/man3/random.3:36
4438 msgid "random, srandom, initstate, setstate - random number generator"
4442 #: build/C/man3/random.3:41
4444 msgid "B<long int random(void);>\n"
4448 #: build/C/man3/random.3:43
4450 msgid "B<void srandom(unsigned int >I<seed>B<);>\n"
4454 #: build/C/man3/random.3:45
4457 "B<char *initstate(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, char *>I<state>B<, size_t "
4462 #: build/C/man3/random.3:47
4464 msgid "B<char *setstate(char *>I<state>B<);>\n"
4468 #: build/C/man3/random.3:59
4469 msgid "B<random>(), B<srandom>(), B<initstate>(), B<setstate>():"
4473 #: build/C/man3/random.3:62
4475 "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
4476 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
4480 #: build/C/man3/random.3:73
4482 "The B<random>() function uses a nonlinear additive feedback random number "
4483 "generator employing a default table of size 31 long integers to return "
4484 "successive pseudo-random numbers in the range from 0 to B<RAND_MAX>. The "
4485 "period of this random number generator is very large, approximately I<16\\ "
4486 "*\\ ((2^31)\\ -\\ 1)>."
4490 #: build/C/man3/random.3:87
4492 "The B<srandom>() function sets its argument as the seed for a new sequence "
4493 "of pseudo-random integers to be returned by B<random>(). These sequences "
4494 "are repeatable by calling B<srandom>() with the same seed value. If no "
4495 "seed value is provided, the B<random>() function is automatically seeded "
4496 "with a value of 1."
4500 #: build/C/man3/random.3:102
4502 "The B<initstate>() function allows a state array I<state> to be initialized "
4503 "for use by B<random>(). The size of the state array I<n> is used by "
4504 "B<initstate>() to decide how sophisticated a random number generator it "
4505 "should use\\(emthe larger the state array, the better the random numbers "
4506 "will be. I<seed> is the seed for the initialization, which specifies a "
4507 "starting point for the random number sequence, and provides for restarting "
4508 "at the same point."
4512 #: build/C/man3/random.3:118
4514 "The B<setstate>() function changes the state array used by the B<random>() "
4515 "function. The state array I<state> is used for random number generation "
4516 "until the next call to B<initstate>() or B<setstate>(). I<state> must "
4517 "first have been initialized using B<initstate>() or be the result of a "
4518 "previous call of B<setstate>()."
4522 #: build/C/man3/random.3:126
4524 "The B<random>() function returns a value between 0 and B<RAND_MAX>. The "
4525 "B<srandom>() function returns no value."
4529 #: build/C/man3/random.3:133
4531 "The B<initstate>() function returns a pointer to the previous state array. "
4532 "On error, I<errno> is set to indicate the cause."
4536 #: build/C/man3/random.3:140
4538 "On success, B<setstate>() returns a pointer to the previous state array. "
4539 "On error, it returns NULL, with I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the "
4544 #: build/C/man3/random.3:148
4545 msgid "The I<state> argument given to B<setstate>() was NULL."
4549 #: build/C/man3/random.3:152
4550 msgid "A state array of less than 8 bytes was specified to B<initstate>()."
4554 #: build/C/man3/random.3:161
4556 "The B<random>(), B<srandom>(), B<initstate>(), and B<setstate>() functions "
4561 #: build/C/man3/random.3:163 build/C/man3/setenv.3:130
4562 msgid "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
4566 #: build/C/man3/random.3:169
4568 "Current \"optimal\" values for the size of the state array I<n> are 8, 32, "
4569 "64, 128, and 256 bytes; other amounts will be rounded down to the nearest "
4570 "known amount. Using less than 8 bytes will cause an error."
4574 #: build/C/man3/random.3:176
4576 "This function should not be used in cases where multiple threads use "
4577 "B<random>() and the behavior should be reproducible. Use B<random_r>(3) "
4582 #: build/C/man3/random.3:183
4584 "Random-number generation is a complex topic. I<Numerical Recipes in C: The "
4585 "Art of Scientific Computing> (William H. Press, Brian P. Flannery, Saul "
4586 "A. Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling; New York: Cambridge University Press, "
4587 "2007, 3rd ed.) provides an excellent discussion of practical random-number "
4588 "generation issues in Chapter 7 (Random Numbers)."
4592 #: build/C/man3/random.3:189
4594 "For a more theoretical discussion which also covers many practical issues in "
4595 "depth, see Chapter 3 (Random Numbers) in Donald E. Knuth's I<The Art of "
4596 "Computer Programming>, volume 2 (Seminumerical Algorithms), 2nd ed.; "
4597 "Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1981."
4600 #. http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=15380
4602 #: build/C/man3/random.3:197
4604 "According to POSIX, B<initstate>() should return NULL on error. In the "
4605 "glibc implementation, I<errno> is (as specified) set on error, but the "
4606 "function does not return NULL."
4610 #: build/C/man3/random.3:202
4611 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<rand>(3), B<random_r>(3), B<srand>(3)"
4615 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:26
4621 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:30
4623 "random_r, srandom_r, initstate_r, setstate_r - reentrant random number "
4628 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:35
4630 msgid "B<int random_r(struct random_data *>I<buf>B<, int32_t *>I<result>B<);>\n"
4634 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:37
4636 msgid "B<int srandom_r(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4640 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:40
4643 "B<int initstate_r(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, char *>I<statebuf>B<,>\n"
4644 "B< size_t >I<statelen>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4648 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:42
4650 msgid "B<int setstate_r(char *>I<statebuf>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4654 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:54
4655 msgid "B<random_r>(), B<srandom_r>(), B<initstate_r>(), B<setstate_r>():"
4659 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:56
4660 msgid "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE"
4664 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:64
4666 "These functions are the reentrant equivalents of the functions described in "
4667 "B<random>(3). They are suitable for use in multithreaded programs where "
4668 "each thread needs to obtain an independent, reproducible sequence of random "
4673 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:75
4675 "The B<random_r>() function is like B<random>(3), except that instead of "
4676 "using state information maintained in a global variable, it uses the state "
4677 "information in the argument pointed to by I<buf>. The generated random "
4678 "number is returned in the argument I<result>."
4682 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:84
4684 "The B<srandom_r>() function is like B<srandom>(3), except that it "
4685 "initializes the seed for the random number generator whose state is "
4686 "maintained in the object pointed to by I<buf>, instead of the seed "
4687 "associated with the global state variable."
4691 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:92
4693 "The B<initstate_r>() function is like B<initstate>(3) except that it "
4694 "initializes the state in the object pointed to by I<buf>, rather than "
4695 "initializing the global state variable."
4699 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:100
4701 "The B<setstate_r>() function is like B<setstate>(3) except that it "
4702 "modifies the state in the object pointer to by I<buf>, rather than modifying "
4703 "the global state variable."
4707 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:105
4709 "All of these functions return 0 on success. On error, -1 is returned, with "
4710 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4714 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:110
4715 msgid "A state array of less than 8 bytes was specified to B<initstate_r>()."
4719 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:119
4720 msgid "The I<statebuf> or I<buf> argument to B<setstate_r>() was NULL."
4724 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:128
4725 msgid "The I<buf> or I<result> argument to B<random_r>() was NULL."
4729 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:137
4731 "The B<random_r>(), B<srandom_r>(), B<initstate_r>(), and B<setstate_r>() "
4732 "functions are thread-safe."
4735 #. These functions appear to be on Tru64, but don't seem to be on
4736 #. Solaris, HP-UX, or FreeBSD.
4738 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:141
4739 msgid "These functions are nonstandard glibc extensions."
4743 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29
4749 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:32
4750 msgid "rpmatch - determine if the answer to a question is affirmative or negative"
4754 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:37
4756 msgid "B<int rpmatch(const char *>I<response>B<);>\n"
4760 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:46
4761 msgid "B<rpmatch>(): _SVID_SOURCE"
4765 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:50
4767 "B<rpmatch>() handles a user response to yes or no questions, with support "
4768 "for internationalization."
4772 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:57
4774 "I<response> should be a null-terminated string containing a user-supplied "
4775 "response, perhaps obtained with B<fgets>(3) or B<getline>(3)."
4779 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:67
4781 "The user's language preference is taken into account per the environment "
4782 "variables B<LANG>, B<LC_MESSAGES>, and B<LC_ALL>, if the program has called "
4783 "B<setlocale>(3) to effect their changes."
4787 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:73
4789 "Regardless of the locale, responses matching B<^[Yy]> are always accepted as "
4790 "affirmative, and those matching B<^[Nn]> are always accepted as negative."
4794 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:82
4796 "After examining I<response>, B<rpmatch>() returns 0 for a recognized "
4797 "negative response (\"no\"), 1 for a recognized positive response (\"yes\"), "
4798 "and -1 when the value of I<response> is unrecognized."
4802 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:86
4804 "A return value of -1 may indicate either an invalid input, or some other "
4805 "error. It is incorrect to only test if the return value is nonzero."
4809 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:99
4811 "B<rpmatch>() can fail for any of the reasons that B<regcomp>(3) or "
4812 "B<regexec>(3) can fail; the cause of the error is not available from "
4813 "I<errno> or anywhere else, but indicates a failure of the regex engine (but "
4814 "this case is indistinguishable from that of an unrecognized value of "
4818 #. It is available on at least AIX 5.1 and FreeBSD 6.0.
4820 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:104
4822 "B<rpmatch>() is not required by any standard, but is available on a few "
4827 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:119
4829 "The B<rpmatch>() implementation looks at only the first character of "
4830 "I<response>. As a consequence, \"nyes\" returns 0, and \"ynever; not in a "
4831 "million years\" returns 1. It would be preferable to accept input strings "
4832 "much more strictly, for example (using the extended regular expression "
4833 "notation described in B<regex>(7)): B<^([yY]|yes|YES)$> and "
4834 "B<^([nN]|no|NO)$>."
4838 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:123
4840 "The following program displays the results when B<rpmatch>() is applied to "
4841 "the string given in the program's command-line argument."
4845 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:130
4848 "#define _SVID_SOURCE\n"
4849 "#include E<lt>locale.hE<gt>\n"
4850 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4851 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
4852 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4856 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:138
4860 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4862 " if (argc != 2 || strcmp(argv[1], \"--help\") == 0) {\n"
4863 " fprintf(stderr, \"%s response\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
4864 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4869 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:143
4872 " setlocale(LC_ALL, \"\");\n"
4873 " printf(\"rpmatch() returns: %d\\en\", rpmatch(argv[1]));\n"
4874 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
4879 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:150
4881 "B<fgets>(3), B<getline>(3), B<nl_langinfo>(3), B<regcomp>(3), "
4886 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:37
4892 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:37
4898 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:40
4899 msgid "setenv - change or add an environment variable"
4903 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:45
4906 "B<int setenv(const char *>I<name>B<, const char *>I<value>B<, int "
4907 ">I<overwrite>B<);>\n"
4911 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:47
4913 msgid "B<int unsetenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
4917 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:57
4918 msgid "B<setenv>(), B<unsetenv>():"
4922 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:59
4924 "_BSD_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ "
4929 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:94
4931 "The B<setenv>() function adds the variable I<name> to the environment with "
4932 "the value I<value>, if I<name> does not already exist. If I<name> does "
4933 "exist in the environment, then its value is changed to I<value> if "
4934 "I<overwrite> is nonzero; if I<overwrite> is zero, then the value of I<name> "
4935 "is not changed (and B<setenv>() returns a success status). This function "
4936 "makes copies of the strings pointed to by I<name> and I<value> (by contrast "
4937 "with B<putenv>(3))."
4941 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:105
4943 "The B<unsetenv>() function deletes the variable I<name> from the "
4944 "environment. If I<name> does not exist in the environment, then the "
4945 "function succeeds, and the environment is unchanged."
4949 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:112
4951 "The B<setenv>() function returns zero on success, or -1 on error, with "
4952 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4956 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:119
4958 "The B<unsetenv>() function returns zero on success, or -1 on error, with "
4959 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4963 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:125
4965 "I<name> is NULL, points to a string of length 0, or contains an \\(aq=\\(aq "
4970 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:128
4971 msgid "Insufficient memory to add a new variable to the environment."
4975 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:136
4977 "POSIX.1-2001 does not require B<setenv>() or B<unsetenv>() to be "
4982 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:144
4984 "Prior to glibc 2.2.2, B<unsetenv>() was prototyped as returning I<void>; "
4985 "more recent glibc versions follow the POSIX.1-2001-compliant prototype shown "
4990 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:153
4992 "POSIX.1-2001 specifies that if I<name> contains an \\(aq=\\(aq character, "
4993 "then B<setenv>() should fail with the error B<EINVAL>; however, versions of "
4994 "glibc before 2.3.4 allowed an \\(aq=\\(aq sign in I<name>."
4998 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:158
4999 msgid "B<clearenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
5003 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:45
5009 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:48
5010 msgid "strtod, strtof, strtold - convert ASCII string to floating-point number"
5014 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:52
5015 msgid "B<double strtod(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
5019 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:54
5020 msgid "B<float strtof(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
5024 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:56
5025 msgid "B<long double strtold(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
5029 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:65
5030 msgid "B<strtof>(), B<strtold>():"
5034 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:87
5036 "The B<strtod>(), B<strtof>(), and B<strtold>() functions convert the "
5037 "initial portion of the string pointed to by I<nptr> to I<double>, I<float>, "
5038 "and I<long double> representation, respectively."
5042 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:94
5044 "The expected form of the (initial portion of the) string is optional leading "
5045 "white space as recognized by B<isspace>(3), an optional plus (\\(aq+\\(aq) "
5046 "or minus sign (\\(aq-\\(aq) and then either (i) a decimal number, or (ii) a "
5047 "hexadecimal number, or (iii) an infinity, or (iv) a NAN (not-a-number)."
5051 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:103
5053 "A I<decimal number> consists of a nonempty sequence of decimal digits "
5054 "possibly containing a radix character (decimal point, locale-dependent, "
5055 "usually \\(aq.\\(aq), optionally followed by a decimal exponent. A decimal "
5056 "exponent consists of an \\(aqE\\(aq or \\(aqe\\(aq, followed by an optional "
5057 "plus or minus sign, followed by a nonempty sequence of decimal digits, and "
5058 "indicates multiplication by a power of 10."
5062 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:114
5064 "A I<hexadecimal number> consists of a \"0x\" or \"0X\" followed by a "
5065 "nonempty sequence of hexadecimal digits possibly containing a radix "
5066 "character, optionally followed by a binary exponent. A binary exponent "
5067 "consists of a \\(aqP\\(aq or \\(aqp\\(aq, followed by an optional plus or "
5068 "minus sign, followed by a nonempty sequence of decimal digits, and indicates "
5069 "multiplication by a power of 2. At least one of radix character and binary "
5070 "exponent must be present."
5074 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:118
5075 msgid "An I<infinity> is either \"INF\" or \"INFINITY\", disregarding case."
5078 #. From glibc 2.8's stdlib/strtod_l.c:
5079 #. We expect it to be a number which is put in the
5080 #. mantissa of the number.
5082 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:128
5084 "A I<NAN> is \"NAN\" (disregarding case) optionally followed by \\(aq(\\(aq, "
5085 "a sequence of characters, followed by \\(aq)\\(aq. The character string "
5086 "specifies in an implementation-dependent way the type of NAN."
5090 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:130
5091 msgid "These functions return the converted value, if any."
5095 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:137
5097 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, a pointer to the character after the last "
5098 "character used in the conversion is stored in the location referenced by "
5103 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:142
5105 "If no conversion is performed, zero is returned and the value of I<nptr> is "
5106 "stored in the location referenced by I<endptr>."
5110 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:156
5112 "If the correct value would cause overflow, plus or minus B<HUGE_VAL> "
5113 "(B<HUGE_VALF>, B<HUGE_VALL>) is returned (according to the sign of the "
5114 "value), and B<ERANGE> is stored in I<errno>. If the correct value would "
5115 "cause underflow, zero is returned and B<ERANGE> is stored in I<errno>."
5119 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:157 build/C/man3/strtol.3:151 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:155
5125 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:160
5126 msgid "Overflow or underflow occurred."
5130 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:172
5132 "The B<strtod>(), B<strtof>(), and B<strtold>() functions are thread-safe "
5133 "with exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5134 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5135 "during their execution."
5139 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:177
5140 msgid "C89 describes B<strtod>(), C99 describes the other two functions."
5144 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:186
5146 "Since 0 can legitimately be returned on both success and failure, the "
5147 "calling program should set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and then determine "
5148 "if an error occurred by checking whether I<errno> has a nonzero value after "
5153 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:191 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:225
5155 "See the example on the B<strtol>(3) manual page; the use of the functions "
5156 "described in this manual page is similar."
5160 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:197
5161 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
5165 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24
5171 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:27
5172 msgid "strtoimax, strtoumax - convert string to integer"
5176 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:30
5178 msgid "B<#include E<lt>inttypes.hE<gt>>\n"
5182 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:32
5185 "B<intmax_t strtoimax(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5190 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:34
5193 "B<uintmax_t strtoumax(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5198 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:45
5200 "These functions are just like B<strtol>(3) and B<strtoul>(3), except that "
5201 "they return a value of type I<intmax_t> and I<uintmax_t>, respectively."
5205 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:58
5207 "On success, the converted value is returned. If nothing was found to "
5208 "convert, zero is returned. On overflow or underflow B<INTMAX_MAX> or "
5209 "B<INTMAX_MIN> or B<UINTMAX_MAX> is returned, and I<errno> is set to "
5214 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:69
5216 "The B<strtoimax>() and B<strtoumax>() functions are thread-safe with "
5217 "exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5218 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5219 "during their execution."
5223 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:77
5224 msgid "B<imaxabs>(3), B<imaxdiv>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3), B<wcstoimax>(3)"
5228 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:31
5234 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:34
5235 msgid "strtol, strtoll, strtoq - convert a string to a long integer"
5239 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:39
5242 "B<long int strtol(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5247 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:42
5250 "B<long long int strtoll(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5255 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:51
5256 msgid "B<strtoll>():"
5260 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:54 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:57
5262 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || "
5263 "_ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L;"
5267 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:68
5269 "The B<strtol>() function converts the initial part of the string in I<nptr> "
5270 "to a long integer value according to the given I<base>, which must be "
5271 "between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0."
5275 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:81 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:89
5277 "The string may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space (as determined "
5278 "by B<isspace>(3)) followed by a single optional \\(aq+\\(aq or \\(aq-\\(aq "
5279 "sign. If I<base> is zero or 16, the string may then include a \"0x\" "
5280 "prefix, and the number will be read in base 16; otherwise, a zero I<base> is "
5281 "taken as 10 (decimal) unless the next character is \\(aq0\\(aq, in which "
5282 "case it is taken as 8 (octal)."
5286 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:90
5288 "The remainder of the string is converted to a I<long int> value in the "
5289 "obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid digit "
5290 "in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter \\(aqA\\(aq in either "
5291 "uppercase or lowercase represents 10, \\(aqB\\(aq represents 11, and so "
5292 "forth, with \\(aqZ\\(aq representing 35.)"
5296 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:111
5298 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, B<strtol>() stores the address of the first "
5299 "invalid character in I<*endptr>. If there were no digits at all, "
5300 "B<strtol>() stores the original value of I<nptr> in I<*endptr> (and returns "
5301 "0). In particular, if I<*nptr> is not \\(aq\\e0\\(aq but I<**endptr> is "
5302 "\\(aq\\e0\\(aq on return, the entire string is valid."
5306 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:117
5308 "The B<strtoll>() function works just like the B<strtol>() function but "
5309 "returns a long long integer value."
5313 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:144
5315 "The B<strtol>() function returns the result of the conversion, unless the "
5316 "value would underflow or overflow. If an underflow occurs, B<strtol>() "
5317 "returns B<LONG_MIN>. If an overflow occurs, B<strtol>() returns "
5318 "B<LONG_MAX>. In both cases, I<errno> is set to B<ERANGE>. Precisely the "
5319 "same holds for B<strtoll>() (with B<LLONG_MIN> and B<LLONG_MAX> instead of "
5320 "B<LONG_MIN> and B<LONG_MAX>)."
5324 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:151 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:155
5325 msgid "(not in C99) The given I<base> contains an unsupported value."
5329 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:154 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:158
5330 msgid "The resulting value was out of range."
5334 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:161 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:165
5336 "The implementation may also set I<errno> to B<EINVAL> in case no conversion "
5337 "was performed (no digits seen, and 0 returned)."
5341 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:173
5343 "The B<strtol>(), B<strtoll>(), and B<strtoq>() functions are thread-safe "
5344 "with exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5345 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5346 "during their execution."
5350 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:178
5352 "B<strtol>() conforms to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, and POSIX.1-2001, and "
5353 "B<strtoll>() to C99 and POSIX.1-2001."
5357 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:196
5359 "Since B<strtol>() can legitimately return 0, B<LONG_MAX>, or B<LONG_MIN> "
5360 "(B<LLONG_MAX> or B<LLONG_MIN> for B<strtoll>()) on both success and "
5361 "failure, the calling program should set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and "
5362 "then determine if an error occurred by checking whether I<errno> has a "
5363 "nonzero value after the call."
5367 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:201
5369 "According to POSIX.1-2001, in locales other than the \"C\" and \"POSIX\", "
5370 "these functions may accept other, implementation-defined numeric strings."
5374 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:203 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:202
5375 msgid "BSD also has"
5379 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:207
5382 "B<quad_t strtoq(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5387 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:216
5389 "with completely analogous definition. Depending on the wordsize of the "
5390 "current architecture, this may be equivalent to B<strtoll>() or to "
5395 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:230
5397 "The program shown below demonstrates the use of B<strtol>(). The first "
5398 "command-line argument specifies a string from which B<strtol>() should "
5399 "parse a number. The second (optional) argument specifies the base to be "
5400 "used for the conversion. (This argument is converted to numeric form using "
5401 "B<atoi>(3), a function that performs no error checking and has a simpler "
5402 "interface than B<strtol>().) Some examples of the results produced by this "
5403 "program are the following:"
5407 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:246
5410 "$B< ./a.out 123>\n"
5411 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5412 "$B< ./a.out \\(aq 123\\(aq>\n"
5413 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5414 "$B< ./a.out 123abc>\n"
5415 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5416 "Further characters after number: abc\n"
5417 "$B< ./a.out 123abc 55>\n"
5418 "strtol: Invalid argument\n"
5419 "$B< ./a.out \\(aq\\(aq>\n"
5420 "No digits were found\n"
5421 "$B< ./a.out 4000000000>\n"
5422 "strtol: Numerical result out of range\n"
5426 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:255
5429 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
5430 "#include E<lt>limits.hE<gt>\n"
5431 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
5432 "#include E<lt>errno.hE<gt>\n"
5436 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:262
5440 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
5443 " char *endptr, *str;\n"
5448 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:267
5451 " if (argc E<lt> 2) {\n"
5452 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s str [base]\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
5453 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5458 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:270
5462 " base = (argc E<gt> 2) ? atoi(argv[2]) : 10;\n"
5466 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:273
5469 " errno = 0; /* To distinguish success/failure after call */\n"
5470 " val = strtol(str, &endptr, base);\n"
5474 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:275
5476 msgid " /* Check for various possible errors */\n"
5480 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:281
5483 " if ((errno == ERANGE && (val == LONG_MAX || val == LONG_MIN))\n"
5484 " || (errno != 0 && val == 0)) {\n"
5485 " perror(\"strtol\");\n"
5486 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5491 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:286
5494 " if (endptr == str) {\n"
5495 " fprintf(stderr, \"No digits were found\\en\");\n"
5496 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5501 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:288
5503 msgid " /* If we got here, strtol() successfully parsed a number */\n"
5507 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:290
5509 msgid " printf(\"strtol() returned %ld\\en\", val);\n"
5513 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:293
5516 " if (*endptr != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq) /* Not necessarily an "
5518 " printf(\"Further characters after number: %s\\en\", endptr);\n"
5522 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:303
5523 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
5527 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33
5533 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:36
5534 msgid "strtoul, strtoull, strtouq - convert a string to an unsigned long integer"
5538 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:42
5541 "B<unsigned long int strtoul(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5546 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:45
5549 "B<unsigned long long int strtoull(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char "
5550 "**>I<endptr>B<,>\n"
5551 "B< int >I<base>B<);>\n"
5555 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:54
5556 msgid "B<strtoull>():"
5560 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:75
5562 "The B<strtoul>() function converts the initial part of the string in "
5563 "I<nptr> to an I<unsigned long int> value according to the given I<base>, "
5564 "which must be between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0."
5568 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:98
5570 "The remainder of the string is converted to an I<unsigned long int> value in "
5571 "the obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid "
5572 "digit in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter \\(aqA\\(aq in "
5573 "either uppercase or lowercase represents 10, \\(aqB\\(aq represents 11, and "
5574 "so forth, with \\(aqZ\\(aq representing 35.)"
5578 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:119
5580 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, B<strtoul>() stores the address of the first "
5581 "invalid character in I<*endptr>. If there were no digits at all, "
5582 "B<strtoul>() stores the original value of I<nptr> in I<*endptr> (and "
5583 "returns 0). In particular, if I<*nptr> is not \\(aq\\e0\\(aq but "
5584 "I<**endptr> is \\(aq\\e0\\(aq on return, the entire string is valid."
5588 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:127
5590 "The B<strtoull>() function works just like the B<strtoul>() function but "
5591 "returns an I<unsigned long long int> value."
5595 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:148
5597 "The B<strtoul>() function returns either the result of the conversion or, "
5598 "if there was a leading minus sign, the negation of the result of the "
5599 "conversion represented as an unsigned value, unless the original "
5600 "(nonnegated) value would overflow; in the latter case, B<strtoul>() returns "
5601 "B<ULONG_MAX> and sets I<errno> to B<ERANGE>. Precisely the same holds for "
5602 "B<strtoull>() (with B<ULLONG_MAX> instead of B<ULONG_MAX>)."
5606 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:177
5608 "The B<strtoul>(), B<strtoull>(), and B<strtouq>() functions are thread-safe "
5609 "with exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5610 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5611 "during their execution."
5615 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:182
5617 "B<strtoul>() conforms to SVr4, C89, C99, and POSIX-2001, and B<strtoull>() "
5618 "to C99 and POSIX.1-2001."
5622 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:196
5624 "Since B<strtoul>() can legitimately return 0 or B<ULONG_MAX> (B<ULLONG_MAX> "
5625 "for B<strtoull>()) on both success and failure, the calling program should "
5626 "set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and then determine if an error occurred "
5627 "by checking whether I<errno> has a nonzero value after the call."
5631 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:200
5633 "In locales other than the \"C\" locale, other strings may be accepted. (For "
5634 "example, the thousands separator of the current locale may be supported.)"
5638 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:206
5641 "B<u_quad_t strtouq(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5646 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:215
5648 "with completely analogous definition. Depending on the wordsize of the "
5649 "current architecture, this may be equivalent to B<strtoull>() or to "
5654 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:220
5656 "Negative values are considered valid input and are silently converted to the "
5657 "equivalent I<unsigned long int> value."
5661 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:231
5662 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3)"
5666 #: build/C/man3/system.3:31
5672 #: build/C/man3/system.3:31
5678 #: build/C/man3/system.3:34
5679 msgid "system - execute a shell command"
5683 #: build/C/man3/system.3:39
5685 msgid "B<int system(const char *>I<command>B<);>\n"
5689 #: build/C/man3/system.3:50
5691 "The B<system>() library function uses B<fork>(2) to create a child process "
5692 "that executes the shell command specified in I<command> using B<execl>(3) "
5697 #: build/C/man3/system.3:52
5699 msgid " execl(\"/bin/sh\", \"sh\". \"-c\", command, (char *) 0);\n"
5703 #: build/C/man3/system.3:55
5704 msgid "B<system>() returns after the command has been completed."
5708 #: build/C/man3/system.3:67
5710 "During execution of the command, B<SIGCHLD> will be blocked, and B<SIGINT> "
5711 "and B<SIGQUIT> will be ignored, in the process that calls B<system>() "
5712 "(these signals will be handled according to their defaults inside the child "
5713 "process that executes I<command>)."
5717 #: build/C/man3/system.3:73
5719 "If I<command> is NULL, then B<system>() returns a status indicating whether "
5720 "a shell is available on the system"
5724 #: build/C/man3/system.3:77
5725 msgid "The return value of B<system>() is one of the following:"
5729 #: build/C/man3/system.3:82
5731 "If I<command> is NULL, then a nonzero value if a shell is available, or 0 if "
5732 "no shell is available."
5736 #: build/C/man3/system.3:86
5738 "If a child process could not be created, or its status could not be "
5739 "retrieved, the return value is -1."
5743 #: build/C/man3/system.3:91
5745 "If a shell could not be executed in the child process, then the return value "
5746 "is as though the child shell terminated by calling B<_exit>(2) with the "
5751 #: build/C/man3/system.3:98
5753 "If all system calls succeed, then the return value is the termination status "
5754 "of the child shell used to execute I<command>. (The termination status of a "
5755 "shell is the termination status of the last command it executes.)"
5759 #: build/C/man3/system.3:107
5761 "In the last two cases, the return value is a \"wait status\" that can be "
5762 "examined using the macros described in B<waitpid>(2). (i.e., B<WIFEXITED>() "
5763 "B<WEXITSTATUS>() and so on)."
5767 #: build/C/man3/system.3:110
5768 msgid "B<system>() does not affect the wait status of any other children."
5772 #: build/C/man3/system.3:112
5773 msgid "C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001."
5777 #: build/C/man3/system.3:129
5779 "B<system>() provides simplicity and convenience: it handles all of the "
5780 "details of calling B<fork>(2), B<execl>(3), and B<waitpid>(2), as well as "
5781 "the necessary manipulations of signals; in addition, the shell performs the "
5782 "usual substitutions and I/O redirections for I<command>. The main cost of "
5783 "B<system>() is inefficiency: additional system calls are required to create "
5784 "the process that runs the shell and to execute the shell."
5788 #: build/C/man3/system.3:141
5790 "If the B<_XOPEN_SOURCE> feature test macro is defined (before including "
5791 "I<any> header files), then the macros described in B<waitpid>(2) "
5792 "(B<WEXITSTATUS>(), etc.) are made available when including "
5793 "I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>."
5797 #: build/C/man3/system.3:152
5799 "As mentioned, B<system>() ignores B<SIGINT> and B<SIGQUIT>. This may make "
5800 "programs that call it from a loop uninterruptible, unless they take care "
5801 "themselves to check the exit status of the child. For example:"
5805 #: build/C/man3/system.3:157
5808 " while (something) {\n"
5809 " int ret = system(\"foo\");\n"
5813 #: build/C/man3/system.3:162
5816 " if (WIFSIGNALED(ret) &&\n"
5817 " (WTERMSIG(ret) == SIGINT || WTERMSIG(ret) == SIGQUIT))\n"
5823 #: build/C/man3/system.3:182
5825 "Do not use B<system>() from a program with set-user-ID or set-group-ID "
5826 "privileges, because strange values for some environment variables might be "
5827 "used to subvert system integrity. Use the B<exec>(3) family of functions "
5828 "instead, but not B<execlp>(3) or B<execvp>(3). B<system>() will not, in "
5829 "fact, work properly from programs with set-user-ID or set-group-ID "
5830 "privileges on systems on which I</bin/sh> is bash version 2, since bash 2 "
5831 "drops privileges on startup. (Debian uses a modified bash which does not do "
5832 "this when invoked as B<sh>.)"
5836 #: build/C/man3/system.3:196
5838 "In versions of glibc before 2.1.3, the check for the availability of "
5839 "I</bin/sh> was not actually performed if I<command> was NULL; instead it was "
5840 "always assumed to be available, and B<system>() always returned 1 in this "
5841 "case. Since glibc 2.1.3, this check is performed because, even though "
5842 "POSIX.1-2001 requires a conforming implementation to provide a shell, that "
5843 "shell may not be available or executable if the calling program has "
5844 "previously called B<chroot>(2) (which is not specified by POSIX.1-2001)."
5848 #: build/C/man3/system.3:202
5850 "It is possible for the shell command to terminate with a status of 127, "
5851 "which yields a B<system>() return value that is indistinguishable from the "
5852 "case where a shell could not be executed in the child process."
5856 #: build/C/man3/system.3:210
5858 "B<sh>(1), B<sigaction>(2), B<sigprocmask>(2), B<fork>(2), B<wait>(2), "
5859 "B<exec>(3), B<signal>(7)"
5863 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:13
5869 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:13
5875 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:16
5876 msgid "vDSO - overview of the virtual ELF dynamic shared object"
5880 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:18
5881 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/auxv.hE<gt>>"
5885 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:20
5886 msgid "B<void *vdso = (uintptr_t) getauxval(AT_SYSINFO_EHDR);>"
5890 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:29
5892 "The \"vDSO\" (virtual dynamic shared object) is a small shared library that "
5893 "the kernel automatically maps into the address space of all user-space "
5894 "applications. Applications usually do not need to concern themselves with "
5895 "these details as the vDSO is most commonly called by the C library. This "
5896 "way you can code in the normal way using standard functions and the C "
5897 "library will take care of using any functionality that is available via the "
5902 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:37
5904 "Why does the vDSO exist at all? There are some system calls the kernel "
5905 "provides that user-space code ends up using frequently, to the point that "
5906 "such calls can dominate overall performance. This is due both to the "
5907 "frequency of the call as well as the context-switch overhead that results "
5908 "from exiting user space and entering the kernel."
5912 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:42
5914 "The rest of this documentation is geared toward the curious and/or C library "
5915 "writers rather than general developers. If you're trying to call the vDSO "
5916 "in your own application rather than using the C library, you're most likely "
5921 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:42
5923 msgid "Example background"
5927 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:56
5929 "Making system calls can be slow. In x86 32-bit systems, you can trigger a "
5930 "software interrupt (I<int $0x80>) to tell the kernel you wish to make a "
5931 "system call. However, this instruction is expensive: it goes through the "
5932 "full interrupt-handling paths in the processor's microcode as well as in the "
5933 "kernel. Newer processors have faster (but backward incompatible) "
5934 "instructions to initiate system calls. Rather than require the C library to "
5935 "figure out if this functionality is available at run time, the C library can "
5936 "use functions provided by the kernel in the vDSO."
5940 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:63
5942 "Note that the terminology can be confusing. On x86 systems, the vDSO "
5943 "function used to determine the preferred method of making a system call is "
5944 "named \"__kernel_vsyscall\", but on x86_64, the term \"vsyscall\" also "
5945 "refers to an obsolete way to ask the kernel what time it is or what CPU the "
5950 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:79
5952 "One frequently used system call is B<gettimeofday>(2). This system call is "
5953 "called both directly by user-space applications as well as indirectly by the "
5954 "C library. Think timestamps or timing loops or polling\\(emall of these "
5955 "frequently need to know what time it is right now. This information is also "
5956 "not secret\\(emany application in any privilege mode (root or any "
5957 "unprivileged user) will get the same answer. Thus the kernel arranges for "
5958 "the information required to answer this question to be placed in memory the "
5959 "process can access. Now a call to B<gettimeofday>(2) changes from a system "
5960 "call to a normal function call and a few memory accesses."
5964 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:79
5966 msgid "Finding the vDSO"
5970 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:86
5972 "The base address of the vDSO (if one exists) is passed by the kernel to each "
5973 "program in the initial auxiliary vector (see B<getauxval>(3)), via the "
5974 "B<AT_SYSINFO_EHDR> tag."
5978 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:95
5980 "You must not assume the vDSO is mapped at any particular location in the "
5981 "user's memory map. The base address will usually be randomized at run time "
5982 "every time a new process image is created (at B<execve>(2) time). This is "
5983 "done for security reasons, to prevent \"return-to-libc\" attacks."
5987 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:104
5989 "For some architectures, there is also an B<AT_SYSINFO> tag. This is used "
5990 "only for locating the vsyscall entry point and is frequently omitted or set "
5991 "to 0 (meaning it's not available). This tag is a throwback to the initial "
5992 "vDSO work (see I<History> below) and its use should be avoided."
5996 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:104
6002 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:111
6004 "Since the vDSO is a fully formed ELF image, you can do symbol lookups on "
6005 "it. This allows new symbols to be added with newer kernel releases, and "
6006 "allows the C library to detect available functionality at run time when "
6007 "running under different kernel versions. Oftentimes the C library will do "
6008 "detection with the first call and then cache the result for subsequent "
6013 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:120
6015 "All symbols are also versioned (using the GNU version format). This allows "
6016 "the kernel to update the function signature without breaking backward "
6017 "compatibility. This means changing the arguments that the function accepts "
6018 "as well as the return value. Thus, when looking up a symbol in the vDSO, "
6019 "you must always include the version to match the ABI you expect."
6023 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:125
6025 "Typically the vDSO follows the naming convention of prefixing all symbols "
6026 "with \"__vdso_\" or \"__kernel_\" so as to distinguish them from other "
6027 "standard symbols. For example, the \"gettimeofday\" function is named "
6028 "\"__vdso_gettimeofday\"."
6032 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:129
6034 "You use the standard C calling conventions when calling any of these "
6035 "functions. No need to worry about weird register or stack behavior."
6039 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:130
6045 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:134
6047 "When you compile the kernel, it will automatically compile and link the vDSO "
6048 "code for you. You will frequently find it under the architecture-specific "
6053 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:136
6055 msgid " find arch/$ARCH/ -name '*vdso*.so*' -o -name '*gate*.so*'\n"
6059 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:137
6065 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:143
6067 "The name of the vDSO varies across architectures. It will often show up in "
6068 "things like glibc's B<ldd>(1) output. The exact name should not matter to "
6069 "any code, so do not hardcode it."
6073 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:148
6075 msgid "user ABI\tvDSO name\n"
6079 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:149 build/C/man7/vdso.7:198 build/C/man7/vdso.7:235 build/C/man7/vdso.7:263 build/C/man7/vdso.7:299 build/C/man7/vdso.7:333 build/C/man7/vdso.7:359 build/C/man7/vdso.7:384 build/C/man7/vdso.7:402 build/C/man7/vdso.7:420 build/C/man7/vdso.7:438 build/C/man7/vdso.7:458 build/C/man7/vdso.7:477
6085 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:150
6087 msgid "aarch64\tlinux-vdso.so.1\n"
6091 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:151
6093 msgid "ia64\tlinux-gate.so.1\n"
6097 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:152
6099 msgid "ppc/32\tlinux-vdso32.so.1\n"
6103 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:153
6105 msgid "ppc/64\tlinux-vdso64.so.1\n"
6109 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:154
6111 msgid "s390\tlinux-vdso32.so.1\n"
6115 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:155
6117 msgid "s390x\tlinux-vdso64.so.1\n"
6121 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:156
6123 msgid "sh\tlinux-gate.so.1\n"
6127 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:157
6129 msgid "i386\tlinux-gate.so.1\n"
6133 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:158
6135 msgid "x86_64\tlinux-vdso.so.1\n"
6139 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:159
6141 msgid "x86/x32\tlinux-vdso.so.1\n"
6145 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:165
6147 msgid "ARCHITECTURE-SPECIFIC NOTES"
6151 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:168
6152 msgid "The subsections below provide architecture-specific notes on the vDSO."
6156 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:177
6158 "Note that the vDSO that is used is based on the ABI of your user-space code "
6159 "and not the ABI of the kernel. Thus, for example, when you run an i386 "
6160 "32-bit ELF binary, you'll get the same vDSO regardless of whether you run it "
6161 "under an i386 32-bit kernel or under an x86_64 64-bit kernel. Therefore, "
6162 "the name of the user-space ABI should be used to determine which of the "
6163 "sections below is relevant."
6167 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:177
6169 msgid "ARM functions"
6172 #. See linux/arch/arm/kernel/entry-armv.S
6173 #. See linux/Documentation/arm/kernel_user_helpers.txt
6175 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:184
6177 "The ARM port has a code page full of utility functions. Since it's just a "
6178 "raw page of code, there is no ELF information for doing symbol lookups or "
6179 "versioning. It does provide support for different versions though."
6183 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:189
6185 "For information on this code page, it's best to refer to the kernel "
6186 "documentation as it's extremely detailed and covers everything you need to "
6187 "know: I<Documentation/arm/kernel_user_helpers.txt>."
6191 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:189
6193 msgid "aarch64 functions"
6196 #. See linux/arch/x86/vdso/vdso32.lds.S
6198 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:192 build/C/man7/vdso.7:229 build/C/man7/vdso.7:353 build/C/man7/vdso.7:378 build/C/man7/vdso.7:396 build/C/man7/vdso.7:414 build/C/man7/vdso.7:432 build/C/man7/vdso.7:471
6199 msgid "The table below lists the symbols exported by the vDSO."
6203 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:197 build/C/man7/vdso.7:234 build/C/man7/vdso.7:332 build/C/man7/vdso.7:358 build/C/man7/vdso.7:383 build/C/man7/vdso.7:401 build/C/man7/vdso.7:419 build/C/man7/vdso.7:437 build/C/man7/vdso.7:457 build/C/man7/vdso.7:476
6205 msgid "symbol\tversion\n"
6209 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:199
6211 msgid "__kernel_rt_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6215 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:200
6217 msgid "__kernel_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6221 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:201
6223 msgid "__kernel_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6227 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:202
6229 msgid "__kernel_clock_getres\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6233 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:208
6235 msgid "bfin (Blackfin) functions"
6238 #. See linux/arch/blackfin/kernel/fixed_code.S
6239 #. See http://docs.blackfin.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=linux-kernel:fixed-code
6241 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:220
6243 "As this CPU lacks a memory management unit (MMU), it doesn't set up a vDSO "
6244 "in the normal sense. Instead, it maps at boot time a few raw functions into "
6245 "a fixed location in memory. User-space applications then call directly into "
6246 "that region. There is no provision for backward compatibility beyond "
6247 "sniffing raw opcodes, but as this is an embedded CPU, it can get away with "
6248 "things\\(emsome of the object formats it runs aren't even ELF based (they're "
6253 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:223
6255 "For information on this code page, it's best to refer to the public "
6260 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:225
6261 msgid "http://docs.blackfin.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=linux-kernel:fixed-code"
6265 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:225
6267 msgid "ia64 (Itanium) functions"
6271 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:236
6273 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6277 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:237
6279 msgid "__kernel_syscall_via_break\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6283 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:238
6285 msgid "__kernel_syscall_via_epc\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6289 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:257
6291 "The Itanium port is somewhat tricky. In addition to the vDSO above, it also "
6292 "has \"light-weight system calls\" (also known as \"fast syscalls\" or "
6293 "\"fsys\"). You can invoke these via the I<__kernel_syscall_via_epc> vDSO "
6294 "helper. The system calls listed here have the same semantics as if you "
6295 "called them directly via B<syscall>(2), so refer to the relevant "
6296 "documentation for each. The table below lists the functions available via "
6301 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:262
6307 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:264
6309 msgid "clock_gettime\n"
6313 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:265
6319 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:266
6325 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:267
6331 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:268
6333 msgid "gettimeofday\n"
6337 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:269
6339 msgid "set_tid_address\n"
6343 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:275
6345 msgid "parisc (hppa) functions"
6348 #. See linux/arch/parisc/kernel/syscall.S
6349 #. See linux/Documentation/parisc/registers
6351 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:286
6353 "The parisc port has a code page full of utility functions called a gateway "
6354 "page. Rather than use the normal ELF auxiliary vector approach, it passes "
6355 "the address of the page to the process via the SR2 register. The "
6356 "permissions on the page are such that merely executing those addresses "
6357 "automatically executes with kernel privileges and not in user space. This "
6358 "is done to match the way HP-UX works."
6362 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:291
6364 "Since it's just a raw page of code, there is no ELF information for doing "
6365 "symbol lookups or versioning. Simply call into the appropriate offset via "
6366 "the branch instruction, for example:"
6370 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:293
6372 msgid " ble E<lt>offsetE<gt>(%sr2, %r0)\n"
6376 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:298
6378 msgid "offset\tfunction\n"
6382 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:300
6384 msgid "00b0\tlws_entry\n"
6388 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:301
6390 msgid "00e0\tset_thread_pointer\n"
6394 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:302
6396 msgid "0100\tlinux_gateway_entry (syscall)\n"
6400 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:303
6402 msgid "0268\tsyscall_nosys\n"
6406 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:304
6408 msgid "0274\ttracesys\n"
6412 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:305
6414 msgid "0324\ttracesys_next\n"
6418 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:306
6420 msgid "0368\ttracesys_exit\n"
6424 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:307
6426 msgid "03a0\ttracesys_sigexit\n"
6430 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:308
6432 msgid "03b8\tlws_start\n"
6436 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:309
6438 msgid "03dc\tlws_exit_nosys\n"
6442 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:310
6444 msgid "03e0\tlws_exit\n"
6448 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:311
6450 msgid "03e4\tlws_compare_and_swap64\n"
6454 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:312
6456 msgid "03e8\tlws_compare_and_swap\n"
6460 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:313
6462 msgid "0404\tcas_wouldblock\n"
6466 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:314
6468 msgid "0410\tcas_action\n"
6472 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:320
6474 msgid "ppc/32 functions"
6477 #. See linux/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/vdso32.lds.S
6479 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:327
6481 "The table below lists the symbols exported by the vDSO. The functions "
6482 "marked with a I<*> are available only when the kernel is a PowerPC64 "
6487 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:334 build/C/man7/vdso.7:360
6489 msgid "__kernel_clock_getres\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6493 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:335 build/C/man7/vdso.7:361
6495 msgid "__kernel_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6499 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:336 build/C/man7/vdso.7:362
6501 msgid "__kernel_datapage_offset\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6505 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:337 build/C/man7/vdso.7:363
6507 msgid "__kernel_get_syscall_map\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6511 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:338 build/C/man7/vdso.7:364
6513 msgid "__kernel_get_tbfreq\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6517 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:339
6519 msgid "__kernel_getcpu I<*>\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6523 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:340 build/C/man7/vdso.7:366
6525 msgid "__kernel_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6529 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:341
6531 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp_rt32\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6535 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:342
6537 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp32\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6541 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:343 build/C/man7/vdso.7:368
6543 msgid "__kernel_sync_dicache\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6547 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:344 build/C/man7/vdso.7:369
6549 msgid "__kernel_sync_dicache_p5\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6553 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:350
6555 msgid "ppc/64 functions"
6559 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:365
6561 msgid "__kernel_getcpu\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6565 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:367
6567 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp_rt64\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6571 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:375
6573 msgid "s390 functions"
6577 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:385 build/C/man7/vdso.7:403
6579 msgid "__kernel_clock_getres\tLINUX_2.6.29\n"
6583 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:386 build/C/man7/vdso.7:404
6585 msgid "__kernel_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6.29\n"
6589 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:387 build/C/man7/vdso.7:405
6591 msgid "__kernel_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6.29\n"
6595 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:393
6597 msgid "s390x functions"
6601 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:411
6603 msgid "sh (SuperH) functions"
6607 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:421
6609 msgid "__kernel_rt_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6613 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:422
6615 msgid "__kernel_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6619 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:423
6621 msgid "__kernel_vsyscall\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6625 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:429
6627 msgid "i386 functions"
6631 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:439
6633 msgid "__kernel_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6637 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:440
6639 msgid "__kernel_rt_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6643 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:441
6645 msgid "__kernel_vsyscall\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6649 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:447
6651 msgid "x86_64 functions"
6654 #. See linux/arch/x86/vdso/vdso.lds.S
6656 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:452
6658 "The table below lists the symbols exported by the vDSO. All of these "
6659 "symbols are also available without the \"__vdso_\" prefix, but you should "
6660 "ignore those and stick to the names below."
6664 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:459 build/C/man7/vdso.7:478
6666 msgid "__vdso_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6670 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:460 build/C/man7/vdso.7:479
6672 msgid "__vdso_getcpu\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6676 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:461 build/C/man7/vdso.7:480
6678 msgid "__vdso_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6682 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:462 build/C/man7/vdso.7:481
6684 msgid "__vdso_time\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6688 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:468
6690 msgid "x86/x32 functions"
6694 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:487
6700 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:494
6702 "The vDSO was originally just a single function\\(emthe vsyscall. In older "
6703 "kernels, you might see that name in a process's memory map rather than "
6704 "\"vdso\". Over time, people realized that this mechanism was a great way to "
6705 "pass more functionality to user space, so it was reconceived as a vDSO in "
6706 "the current format."
6710 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:498
6711 msgid "B<syscalls>(2), B<getauxval>(3), B<proc>(5)"
6715 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:500
6716 msgid "The documents, examples, and source code in the Linux source code tree:"
6720 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:506
6723 "Documentation/ABI/stable/vdso\n"
6724 "Documentation/ia64/fsys.txt\n"
6725 "Documentation/vDSO/* (includes examples of using the vDSO)\n"
6729 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:508
6731 msgid "find arch/ -iname '*vdso*' -o -iname '*gate*'\n"
6735 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16
6741 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:19
6742 msgid "wcstombs - convert a wide-character string to a multibyte string"
6746 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:24
6749 "B<size_t wcstombs(char *>I<dest>B<, const wchar_t *>I<src>B<, size_t "
6754 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:42
6756 "If I<dest> is not NULL, the B<wcstombs>() function converts the "
6757 "wide-character string I<src> to a multibyte string starting at I<dest>. At "
6758 "most I<n> bytes are written to I<dest>. The conversion starts in the "
6759 "initial state. The conversion can stop for three reasons:"
6763 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:48
6765 "1. A wide character has been encountered that can not be represented as a "
6766 "multibyte sequence (according to the current locale). In this case, "
6767 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
6771 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:53
6773 "2. The length limit forces a stop. In this case, the number of bytes "
6774 "written to I<dest> is returned, but the shift state at this point is lost."
6778 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:60
6780 "3. The wide-character string has been completely converted, including the "
6781 "terminating null wide character (L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). In this case, the "
6782 "conversion ends in the initial state. The number of bytes written to "
6783 "I<dest>, excluding the terminating null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), is returned."
6787 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:66
6789 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least I<n> bytes at "
6794 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:74
6796 "If I<dest> is NULL, I<n> is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, "
6797 "except that the converted bytes are not written out to memory, and no length "
6802 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:79
6804 "In order to avoid the case 2 above, the programmer should make sure I<n> is "
6805 "greater than or equal to I<wcstombs(NULL,src,0)+1>."
6809 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:89
6811 "The B<wcstombs>() function returns the number of bytes that make up the "
6812 "converted part of a multibyte sequence, not including the terminating null "
6813 "byte. If a wide character was encountered which could not be converted, "
6814 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
6818 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:98
6820 "The behavior of B<wcstombs>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
6825 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:103
6827 "The function B<wcsrtombs>(3) provides a thread safe interface to the same "
6832 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:109
6833 msgid "B<mblen>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<wcsrtombs>(3) B<wctom>(3)"
6837 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
6843 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:19
6844 msgid "wctomb - convert a wide character to a multibyte sequence"
6848 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:24
6850 msgid "B<int wctomb(char *>I<s>B<, wchar_t >I<wc>B<);>\n"
6854 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:45
6856 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<wctomb>() function converts the wide character "
6857 "I<wc> to its multibyte representation and stores it at the beginning of the "
6858 "character array pointed to by I<s>. It updates the shift state, which is "
6859 "stored in a static anonymous variable known only to the B<wctomb>() "
6860 "function, and returns the length of said multibyte representation, that is, "
6861 "the number of bytes written at I<s>."
6865 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:51
6867 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least B<MB_CUR_MAX> "
6871 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
6872 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
6874 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:63
6876 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<wctomb>() function resets the shift state, known "
6877 "only to this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the "
6878 "encoding has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
6882 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:77
6884 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<wctomb>() function returns the number of bytes "
6885 "that have been written to the byte array at I<s>. If I<wc> can not be "
6886 "represented as a multibyte sequence (according to the current locale), -1 is "
6891 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:84
6893 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<wctomb>() function returns nonzero if the encoding "
6894 "has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
6898 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:89
6899 msgid "The B<wctomb>() function is not thread-safe."
6903 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:98
6905 "The behavior of B<wctomb>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
6910 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:103
6912 "The function B<wcrtomb>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
6917 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:110
6919 "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3), B<mblen>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<wcrtomb>(3), "