1 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2 # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4 # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
9 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
10 "POT-Creation-Date: 2015-01-04 23:49+0900\n"
11 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
12 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
13 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
16 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
17 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
20 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17
26 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17
32 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17 build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26 build/C/man3/exit.3:29 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45 build/C/man7/vdso.7:13
38 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17 build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/a64l.3:9 build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26 build/C/man3/cfree.3:24 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26 build/C/man3/drand48.3:30 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/exit.3:29 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29 build/C/man3/getenv.3:33 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25 build/C/man3/malloc.3:33 build/C/man3/mblen.3:16 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28 build/C/man3/rand.3:41 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29 build/C/man3/setenv.3:37 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/system.3:31 build/C/man7/vdso.7:13 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
40 msgid "Linux Programmer's Manual"
44 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:18 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:18 build/C/man2/_exit.2:30 build/C/man3/a64l.3:10 build/C/man3/atexit.3:34 build/C/man3/atof.3:32 build/C/man3/atoi.3:34 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:27 build/C/man3/cfree.3:25 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:27 build/C/man3/drand48.3:31 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:28 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:33 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:31 build/C/man3/exit.3:30 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:31 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:30 build/C/man3/getenv.3:34 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:35 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:26 build/C/man3/malloc.3:34 build/C/man3/mblen.3:17 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:19 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:17 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:27 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:36 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:35 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:32 build/C/man3/putenv.3:37 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:29 build/C/man3/rand.3:42 build/C/man3/random.3:34 build/C/man3/random_r.3:27 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:30 build/C/man3/setenv.3:38 build/C/man3/strtod.3:46 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:25 build/C/man3/strtol.3:32 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:34 build/C/man3/system.3:32 build/C/man7/vdso.7:14 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:17 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:17
50 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:20
51 msgid "MB_CUR_MAX - maximum length of a multibyte character in the current locale"
55 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:20 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:20 build/C/man2/_exit.2:32 build/C/man3/a64l.3:12 build/C/man3/atexit.3:36 build/C/man3/atof.3:34 build/C/man3/atoi.3:36 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:29 build/C/man3/cfree.3:27 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:29 build/C/man3/drand48.3:34 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:32 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:35 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:33 build/C/man3/exit.3:32 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:33 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:32 build/C/man3/getenv.3:36 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:37 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:28 build/C/man3/malloc.3:36 build/C/man3/mblen.3:19 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:21 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:19 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:29 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:38 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:37 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:34 build/C/man3/putenv.3:39 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:31 build/C/man3/rand.3:44 build/C/man3/random.3:36 build/C/man3/random_r.3:30 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:32 build/C/man3/setenv.3:40 build/C/man3/strtod.3:48 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:27 build/C/man3/strtol.3:34 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:36 build/C/man3/system.3:34 build/C/man7/vdso.7:16 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:19 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:19
61 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:23 build/C/man3/atexit.3:39 build/C/man3/atof.3:37 build/C/man3/atoi.3:39 build/C/man3/cfree.3:31 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:32 build/C/man3/drand48.3:37 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:35 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:36 build/C/man3/exit.3:35 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:36 build/C/man3/getenv.3:39 build/C/man3/malloc.3:39 build/C/man3/mblen.3:22 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:24 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:22 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:32 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:41 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:40 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:37 build/C/man3/putenv.3:42 build/C/man3/rand.3:47 build/C/man3/random.3:39 build/C/man3/random_r.3:33 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:35 build/C/man3/setenv.3:43 build/C/man3/strtol.3:37 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:39 build/C/man3/system.3:37 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:22 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:22
63 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>\n"
67 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:24 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:24 build/C/man2/_exit.2:56 build/C/man3/a64l.3:33 build/C/man3/atexit.3:42 build/C/man3/atof.3:40 build/C/man3/atoi.3:62 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:35 build/C/man3/cfree.3:52 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:43 build/C/man3/drand48.3:75 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:83 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:69 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:64 build/C/man3/exit.3:38 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:64 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:38 build/C/man3/getenv.3:52 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:44 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:50 build/C/man3/malloc.3:45 build/C/man3/mblen.3:25 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:27 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:25 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:55 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:76 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:66 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:48 build/C/man3/putenv.3:54 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:66 build/C/man3/rand.3:62 build/C/man3/random.3:64 build/C/man3/random_r.3:58 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:46 build/C/man3/setenv.3:61 build/C/man3/strtod.3:73 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:35 build/C/man3/strtol.3:59 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:62 build/C/man3/system.3:40 build/C/man7/vdso.7:20 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:25 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:25
73 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:31
75 "The B<MB_CUR_MAX> macro defines an integer expression giving the maximum "
76 "number of bytes needed to represent a single wide character in the current "
77 "locale. It is locale dependent and therefore not a compile-time constant."
81 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:31 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:29 build/C/man2/_exit.2:79 build/C/man3/atexit.3:71 build/C/man3/atof.3:55 build/C/man3/atoi.3:86 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:61 build/C/man3/cfree.3:96 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:50 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:96 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:99 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:86 build/C/man3/exit.3:86 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:72 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:173 build/C/man3/getenv.3:88 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:55 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:110 build/C/man3/malloc.3:132 build/C/man3/mblen.3:75 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:84 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:93 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:68 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:155 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:80 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:76 build/C/man3/putenv.3:67 build/C/man3/rand.3:118 build/C/man3/random.3:118 build/C/man3/random_r.3:100 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:73 build/C/man3/setenv.3:105 build/C/man3/strtod.3:127 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:45 build/C/man3/strtol.3:117 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:127 build/C/man3/system.3:73 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:79 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:63
87 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:35
89 "An integer in the range [1, B<MB_LEN_MAX>]. The value 1 denotes traditional "
90 "8-bit encoded characters."
94 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:35 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:31 build/C/man2/_exit.2:81 build/C/man3/a64l.3:71 build/C/man3/atexit.3:76 build/C/man3/atof.3:65 build/C/man3/atoi.3:100 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:73 build/C/man3/cfree.3:112 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:59 build/C/man3/drand48.3:260 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:112 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:117 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:88 build/C/man3/exit.3:96 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:77 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:197 build/C/man3/getenv.3:96 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:70 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:134 build/C/man3/malloc.3:171 build/C/man3/mblen.3:92 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:94 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:113 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:91 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:204 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:95 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:81 build/C/man3/putenv.3:79 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:96 build/C/man3/rand.3:129 build/C/man3/random.3:161 build/C/man3/random_r.3:137 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:99 build/C/man3/setenv.3:128 build/C/man3/strtod.3:171 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:69 build/C/man3/strtol.3:173 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:177 build/C/man3/system.3:115 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:89 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:89
100 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:37 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:33 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:71
101 msgid "C99, POSIX.1-2001."
105 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:37 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:44 build/C/man2/_exit.2:124 build/C/man3/a64l.3:93 build/C/man3/atexit.3:161 build/C/man3/atof.3:67 build/C/man3/atoi.3:119 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:75 build/C/man3/cfree.3:117 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:96 build/C/man3/drand48.3:262 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:114 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:135 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:95 build/C/man3/exit.3:183 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:86 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:232 build/C/man3/getenv.3:129 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:74 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:232 build/C/man3/malloc.3:261 build/C/man3/mblen.3:106 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:216 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:128 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:96 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:242 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:118 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:87 build/C/man3/putenv.3:118 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:107 build/C/man3/rand.3:217 build/C/man3/random.3:197 build/C/man3/random_r.3:141 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:144 build/C/man3/setenv.3:153 build/C/man3/strtod.3:205 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:71 build/C/man3/strtol.3:297 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:225 build/C/man3/system.3:207 build/C/man7/vdso.7:499 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:103 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:103
111 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:44
113 "B<MB_LEN_MAX>(3), B<mblen>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<wcstombs>(3), "
118 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:44 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:46 build/C/man2/_exit.2:136 build/C/man3/a64l.3:97 build/C/man3/atexit.3:165 build/C/man3/atof.3:73 build/C/man3/atoi.3:124 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:78 build/C/man3/cfree.3:119 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:102 build/C/man3/drand48.3:265 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:118 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:141 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:99 build/C/man3/exit.3:190 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:90 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:236 build/C/man3/getenv.3:137 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:77 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:234 build/C/man3/malloc.3:285 build/C/man3/mblen.3:108 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:222 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:135 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:103 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:248 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:123 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:91 build/C/man3/putenv.3:124 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:112 build/C/man3/rand.3:220 build/C/man3/random.3:202 build/C/man3/random_r.3:145 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:150 build/C/man3/setenv.3:158 build/C/man3/strtod.3:214 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:77 build/C/man3/strtol.3:303 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:231 build/C/man3/system.3:215 build/C/man7/vdso.7:515 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:109 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:110
124 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:52 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:54 build/C/man2/_exit.2:144 build/C/man3/a64l.3:105 build/C/man3/atexit.3:173 build/C/man3/atof.3:81 build/C/man3/atoi.3:132 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:86 build/C/man3/cfree.3:127 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:110 build/C/man3/drand48.3:273 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:126 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:149 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:107 build/C/man3/exit.3:198 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:98 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:244 build/C/man3/getenv.3:145 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:85 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:242 build/C/man3/malloc.3:293 build/C/man3/mblen.3:116 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:230 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:143 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:111 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:256 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:131 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:99 build/C/man3/putenv.3:132 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:120 build/C/man3/rand.3:228 build/C/man3/random.3:210 build/C/man3/random_r.3:153 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:158 build/C/man3/setenv.3:166 build/C/man3/strtod.3:222 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:85 build/C/man3/strtol.3:311 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:239 build/C/man3/system.3:223 build/C/man7/vdso.7:523 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:117 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:118
126 "This page is part of release 3.76 of the Linux I<man-pages> project. A "
127 "description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest "
128 "version of this page, can be found at "
129 "\\%http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/."
133 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17
139 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:20
140 msgid "MB_LEN_MAX - maximum multibyte length of a character across all locales"
144 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:23
146 msgid "B<#include E<lt>limits.hE<gt>>\n"
150 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:29
152 "The B<MB_LEN_MAX> macro is the upper bound for the number of bytes needed to "
153 "represent a single wide character, across all locales."
157 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:31
158 msgid "A constant integer greater than zero."
162 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:33 build/C/man2/_exit.2:86 build/C/man3/a64l.3:73 build/C/man3/atexit.3:78 build/C/man3/atoi.3:108 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:73 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:129 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:90 build/C/man3/exit.3:98 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:199 build/C/man3/getenv.3:102 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:136 build/C/man3/malloc.3:173 build/C/man3/mblen.3:94 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:96 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:115 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:217 build/C/man3/putenv.3:81 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:102 build/C/man3/rand.3:141 build/C/man3/random.3:163 build/C/man3/setenv.3:130 build/C/man3/strtod.3:176 build/C/man3/strtol.3:178 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:182 build/C/man3/system.3:117 build/C/man7/vdso.7:129 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:91 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:91
168 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:44
170 "The entities B<MB_LEN_MAX> and I<sizeof(wchar_t)> are totally unrelated. In "
171 "glibc, B<MB_LEN_MAX> is typically 6 while I<sizeof(wchar_t)> is 4."
175 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:46
176 msgid "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3)"
180 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:29
186 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:29
192 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:32
193 msgid "_exit, _Exit - terminate the calling process"
197 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:34
198 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>"
202 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:36
203 msgid "B<void _exit(int >I<status>B<);>"
207 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:38 build/C/man3/a64l.3:14 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:33 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:37 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:30 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:33 build/C/man3/strtod.3:50
208 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>"
212 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:40
213 msgid "B<void _Exit(int >I<status>B<);>"
217 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:44 build/C/man3/a64l.3:22 build/C/man3/atoi.3:50 build/C/man3/cfree.3:48 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:39 build/C/man3/drand48.3:60 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:68 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:47 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:53 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:43 build/C/man3/getenv.3:48 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:37 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:39 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:54 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:47 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:44 build/C/man3/putenv.3:50 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:45 build/C/man3/rand.3:58 build/C/man3/random.3:52 build/C/man3/random_r.3:47 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:42 build/C/man3/setenv.3:52 build/C/man3/strtod.3:60 build/C/man3/strtol.3:47 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:50
218 msgid "Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see B<feature_test_macros>(7)):"
222 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:48
227 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:51 build/C/man3/strtod.3:68
229 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ "
234 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:54 build/C/man3/atoi.3:60 build/C/man3/strtod.3:71 build/C/man3/strtol.3:57 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:60
235 msgid "or I<cc\\ -std=c99>"
239 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:67
241 "The function B<_exit>() terminates the calling process \"immediately\". "
242 "Any open file descriptors belonging to the process are closed; any children "
243 "of the process are inherited by process 1, I<init>, and the process's parent "
244 "is sent a B<SIGCHLD> signal."
248 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:74
250 "The value I<status> is returned to the parent process as the process's exit "
251 "status, and can be collected using one of the B<wait>(2) family of calls."
255 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:79
256 msgid "The function B<_Exit>() is equivalent to B<_exit>()."
260 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:81
261 msgid "These functions do not return."
265 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:86
266 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD. The function B<_Exit>() was introduced by C99."
270 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:90
272 "For a discussion on the effects of an exit, the transmission of exit status, "
273 "zombie processes, signals sent, and so on, see B<exit>(3)."
277 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:117
279 "The function B<_exit>() is like B<exit>(3), but does not call any functions "
280 "registered with B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3). Whether it flushes standard "
281 "I/O buffers and removes temporary files created with B<tmpfile>(3) is "
282 "implementation-dependent. On the other hand, B<_exit>() does close open "
283 "file descriptors, and this may cause an unknown delay, waiting for pending "
284 "output to finish. If the delay is undesired, it may be useful to call "
285 "functions like B<tcflush>(3) before calling B<_exit>(). Whether any "
286 "pending I/O is canceled, and which pending I/O may be canceled upon "
287 "B<_exit>(), is implementation-dependent."
291 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:124
293 "In glibc up to version 2.3, the B<_exit>() wrapper function invoked the "
294 "kernel system call of the same name. Since glibc 2.3, the wrapper function "
295 "invokes B<exit_group>(2), in order to terminate all of the threads in a "
300 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:136
302 "B<execve>(2), B<exit_group>(2), B<fork>(2), B<kill>(2), B<wait>(2), "
303 "B<wait4>(2), B<waitpid>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<exit>(3), B<on_exit>(3), "
308 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:9
314 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:9 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30
320 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:12
321 msgid "a64l, l64a - convert between long and base-64"
325 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:16
326 msgid "B<long a64l(const char *>I<str64>B<);>"
330 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:18
331 msgid "B<char *l64a(long >I<value>B<);>"
335 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:26
336 msgid "B<a64l>(), B<l64a>():"
340 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:31 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:66
342 "_SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ "
343 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
347 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:48
349 "These functions provide a conversion between 32-bit long integers and "
350 "little-endian base-64 ASCII strings (of length zero to six). If the string "
351 "used as argument for B<a64l>() has length greater than six, only the first "
352 "six bytes are used. If the type I<long> has more than 32 bits, then "
353 "B<l64a>() uses only the low order 32 bits of I<value>, and B<a64l>() "
354 "sign-extends its 32-bit result."
358 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:50
359 msgid "The 64 digits in the base-64 system are:"
363 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:58
366 "\\&\\(aq.\\(aq\trepresents a 0\n"
367 "\\&\\(aq/\\(aq\trepresents a 1\n"
368 "0-9\trepresent 2-11\n"
369 "A-Z\trepresent 12-37\n"
370 "a-z\trepresent 38-63\n"
374 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:62
375 msgid "So 123 = 59*64^0 + 1*64^1 = \"v/\"."
379 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:62 build/C/man3/atof.3:57 build/C/man3/atoi.3:88 build/C/man3/drand48.3:245 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:98 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:110 build/C/man3/exit.3:90 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:192 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:65 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:129 build/C/man3/mblen.3:87 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:86 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:195 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:85 build/C/man3/random.3:152 build/C/man3/random_r.3:128 build/C/man3/strtod.3:159 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:58 build/C/man3/strtol.3:161 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:165 build/C/man3/system.3:110 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:84
385 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:63 build/C/man3/atof.3:58 build/C/man3/atoi.3:89 build/C/man3/drand48.3:246 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:99 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:111 build/C/man3/exit.3:91 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:193 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:66 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:130 build/C/man3/mblen.3:88 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:87 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:196 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:86 build/C/man3/random.3:153 build/C/man3/random_r.3:129 build/C/man3/strtod.3:160 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:59 build/C/man3/strtol.3:162 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:166 build/C/man3/system.3:111 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:85
387 msgid "Multithreading (see pthreads(7))"
391 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:67
392 msgid "The B<l64a>() function is not thread-safe."
396 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:71
397 msgid "The B<a64l>() function is thread-safe."
401 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:73 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:136
402 msgid "POSIX.1-2001."
406 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:78
408 "The value returned by B<l64a>() may be a pointer to a static buffer, "
409 "possibly overwritten by later calls."
413 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:87
415 "The behavior of B<l64a>() is undefined when I<value> is negative. If "
416 "I<value> is zero, it returns an empty string."
420 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:90
422 "These functions are broken in glibc before 2.2.5 (puts most significant "
427 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:93
428 msgid "This is not the encoding used by B<uuencode>(1)."
433 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:97
434 msgid "B<uuencode>(1), B<strtoul>(3)"
438 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:33
444 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:33
450 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:36
451 msgid "atexit - register a function to be called at normal process termination"
455 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:41
457 msgid "B<int atexit(void (*>I<function>B<)(void));>\n"
461 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:54
463 "The B<atexit>() function registers the given I<function> to be called at "
464 "normal process termination, either via B<exit>(3) or via return from the "
465 "program's I<main>(). Functions so registered are called in the reverse "
466 "order of their registration; no arguments are passed."
470 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:57 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:69
472 "The same function may be registered multiple times: it is called once for "
477 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:63
479 "POSIX.1-2001 requires that an implementation allow at least B<ATEXIT_MAX> "
480 "(32) such functions to be registered. The actual limit supported by an "
481 "implementation can be obtained using B<sysconf>(3)."
485 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:71 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:76
487 "When a child process is created via B<fork>(2), it inherits copies of its "
488 "parent's registrations. Upon a successful call to one of the B<exec>(3) "
489 "functions, all registrations are removed."
493 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:76
495 "The B<atexit>() function returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise it "
496 "returns a nonzero value."
500 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:78
501 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001."
505 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:85
507 "Functions registered using B<atexit>() (and B<on_exit>(3)) are not called "
508 "if a process terminates abnormally because of the delivery of a signal."
512 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:92
514 "If one of the functions registered functions calls B<_exit>(2), then any "
515 "remaining functions are not invoked, and the other process termination steps "
516 "performed by B<exit>(3) are not performed."
519 #. This can happen on OpenBSD 4.2 for example, and is documented
520 #. as occurring on FreeBSD as well.
521 #. Glibc does "the Right Thing" -- invocation of the remaining
522 #. exit handlers carries on as normal.
524 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:109
526 "POSIX.1-2001 says that the result of calling B<exit>(3) more than once "
527 "(i.e., calling B<exit>(3) within a function registered using B<atexit>()) "
528 "is undefined. On some systems (but not Linux), this can result in an "
529 "infinite recursion; portable programs should not invoke B<exit>(3) inside a "
530 "function registered using B<atexit>()."
534 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:118
536 "The B<atexit>() and B<on_exit>(3) functions register functions on the same "
537 "list: at normal process termination, the registered functions are invoked in "
538 "reverse order of their registration by these two functions."
541 #. In glibc, things seem to be handled okay
543 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:124
545 "POSIX.1-2001 says that the result is undefined if B<longjmp>(3) is used to "
546 "terminate execution of one of the functions registered B<atexit>()."
550 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:124
556 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:131
558 "Since glibc 2.2.3, B<atexit>() (and B<on_exit>(3)) can be used within a "
559 "shared library to establish functions that are called when the shared "
560 "library is unloaded."
564 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:131 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:143 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:108 build/C/man3/rand.3:160 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:119 build/C/man3/strtod.3:200 build/C/man3/strtol.3:216 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:220
570 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:136
573 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
574 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
575 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
579 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:142
585 " printf(\"That was all, folks\\en\");\n"
590 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:148
601 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:151
604 " a = sysconf(_SC_ATEXIT_MAX);\n"
605 " printf(\"ATEXIT_MAX = %ld\\en\", a);\n"
609 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:157
612 " i = atexit(bye);\n"
614 " fprintf(stderr, \"cannot set exit function\\en\");\n"
615 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
620 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:160 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:231 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:215 build/C/man3/rand.3:215 build/C/man3/strtol.3:296
623 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
628 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:165
629 msgid "B<_exit>(2), B<exit>(3), B<on_exit>(3)"
633 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31
639 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24
645 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29 build/C/man3/getenv.3:33 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25 build/C/man3/malloc.3:33 build/C/man3/mblen.3:16 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29 build/C/man3/setenv.3:37 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
651 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:34
652 msgid "atof - convert a string to a double"
656 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:39
658 msgid "B<double atof(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
662 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:47
664 "The B<atof>() function converts the initial portion of the string pointed "
665 "to by I<nptr> to I<double>. The behavior is the same as"
669 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:50
670 msgid "strtod(nptr, NULL);"
674 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:55
675 msgid "except that B<atof>() does not detect errors."
679 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:57 build/C/man3/atoi.3:88
680 msgid "The converted value."
684 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:65
686 "The B<atof>() function is thread-safe with exceptions. It can be safely "
687 "used in multithreaded applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not "
688 "called to change the locale during its execution."
692 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:67
693 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C89, C99."
697 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:73
698 msgid "B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
702 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:33
708 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45 build/C/man7/vdso.7:13
714 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:36
715 msgid "atoi, atol, atoll - convert a string to an integer"
719 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:41
721 msgid "B<int atoi(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
725 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:43
727 msgid "B<long atol(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
731 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:45
733 msgid "B<long long atoll(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
737 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:54
742 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:57
744 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || "
745 "_ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L;"
749 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:69
751 "The B<atoi>() function converts the initial portion of the string pointed "
752 "to by I<nptr> to I<int>. The behavior is the same as"
756 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:72
757 msgid "strtol(nptr, NULL, 10);"
761 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:77
762 msgid "except that B<atoi>() does not detect errors."
766 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:86
768 "The B<atol>() and B<atoll>() functions behave the same as B<atoi>(), "
769 "except that they convert the initial portion of the string to their return "
770 "type of I<long> or I<long long>."
774 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:100
776 "The B<atoi>(), B<atol>(), and B<atoll>() functions are thread-safe with "
777 "exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
778 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
779 "during their execution."
783 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:108
785 "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C99. C89 and POSIX.1-1996 include the functions "
786 "B<atoi>() and B<atol>() only."
791 #. function is present in glibc 2 since version 2.0.2, but
792 #. not in libc4 or libc5.
794 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:119
796 "Linux libc provided B<atoq>() as an obsolete name for B<atoll>(); B<atoq>() "
797 "is not provided by glibc."
801 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:124
802 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
806 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26
808 msgid "CANONICALIZE_FILE_NAME"
812 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26
818 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:29
819 msgid "canonicalize_file_name - return the canonicalized absolute pathname"
823 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:31
824 msgid "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
828 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:35
829 msgid "B<char *canonicalize_file_name(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
833 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:49
835 "The B<canonicalize_file_name>() function returns a null-terminated string "
836 "containing the canonicalized absolute pathname corresponding to I<path>. In "
837 "the returned string, symbolic links are resolved, as are I<.> and I<..> "
838 "pathname components. Consecutive slash (I</>) characters are replaced by a "
843 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:55
845 "The returned string is dynamically allocated by B<canonicalize_file_name>() "
846 "and the caller should deallocate it with B<free>(3) when it is no longer "
851 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:59
852 msgid "The call I<canonicalize_file_name(path)> is equivalent to the call:"
856 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:61
858 msgid " realpath(path, NULL);\n"
862 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:70
864 "On success, B<canonicalize_file_name>() returns a null-terminated string. "
865 "On error (e.g., a pathname component is unreadable or does not exist), "
866 "B<canonicalize_file_name>() returns NULL and sets I<errno> to indicate the "
871 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:70 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:181 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:75 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:161 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:91 build/C/man3/putenv.3:75 build/C/man3/random.3:140 build/C/man3/random_r.3:105 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:82 build/C/man3/setenv.3:119 build/C/man3/strtod.3:155 build/C/man3/strtol.3:144 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:148
877 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:73
878 msgid "See B<realpath>(3)."
882 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:75
883 msgid "This function is a GNU extension."
887 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:78
888 msgid "B<readlink>(2), B<realpath>(3)"
892 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:24
898 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:24 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29
904 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:27
905 msgid "cfree - free allocated memory"
909 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:34
913 "B<int cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<);>\n"
917 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:37
920 "/* In glibc or FreeBSD libcompat */\n"
921 "B<void cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<);>\n"
925 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:40
928 "/* In SCO OpenServer */\n"
929 "B<void cfree(char *>I<ptr>B<, unsigned >I<num>B<, unsigned >I<size>B<);>\n"
933 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:43
936 "/* In Solaris watchmalloc.so.1 */\n"
937 "B<void cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<, size_t >I<nelem>B<, size_t >I<elsize>B<);>\n"
941 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:52
942 msgid "B<cfree>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
946 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:57
947 msgid "This function should never be used. Use B<free>(3) instead."
951 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:57
957 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:63
959 "In glibc, the function B<cfree>() is a synonym for B<free>(3), \"added for "
960 "compatibility with SunOS\"."
964 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:69
966 "Other systems have other functions with this name. The declaration is "
967 "sometimes in I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>> and sometimes in I<E<lt>malloc.hE<gt>>."
971 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:69
977 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:74
979 "Some SCO and Solaris versions have malloc libraries with a 3-argument "
980 "B<cfree>(), apparently as an analog to B<calloc>(3)."
984 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:76
985 msgid "If you need it while porting something, add"
989 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:79
990 msgid "#define cfree(p, n, s) free((p))"
994 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:82
995 msgid "to your file."
999 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:91
1001 "A frequently asked question is \"Can I use B<free>(3) to free memory "
1002 "allocated with B<calloc>(3), or do I need B<cfree>()?\" Answer: use "
1007 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:96
1009 "An SCO manual writes: \"The cfree routine is provided for compliance to the "
1010 "iBCSe2 standard and simply calls free. The num and size arguments to cfree "
1015 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:112
1017 "The SunOS version of B<cfree>() (which is a synonym for B<free>(3)) "
1018 "returns 1 on success and 0 on failure. In case of error, I<errno> is set to "
1019 "B<EINVAL>: the value of I<ptr> was not a pointer to a block previously "
1020 "allocated by one of the routines in the B<malloc>(3) family."
1024 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:117
1026 "The 3-argument version of B<cfree>() as used by SCO conforms to the iBCSe2 "
1027 "standard: Intel386 Binary Compatibility Specification, Edition 2."
1031 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:119
1032 msgid "B<malloc>(3)"
1036 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26
1042 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:29
1043 msgid "clearenv - clear the environment"
1047 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:34
1049 msgid "B<int clearenv(void);>\n"
1053 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:43
1054 msgid "B<clearenv>(): _SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE"
1058 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:50
1060 "The B<clearenv>() function clears the environment of all name-value pairs "
1061 "and sets the value of the external variable I<environ> to NULL."
1064 #. Most versions of UNIX return -1 on error, or do not even have errors.
1065 #. Glibc info and the Watcom C library document "a nonzero value".
1067 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:57
1069 "The B<clearenv>() function returns zero on success, and a nonzero value on "
1074 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:57 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:188 build/C/man3/getenv.3:93 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:63 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:84 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:188
1080 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:59
1081 msgid "Available since glibc 2.0."
1085 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:73
1087 "Various UNIX variants (DG/UX, HP-UX, QNX, ...). POSIX.9 (bindings for "
1088 "FORTRAN77). POSIX.1-1996 did not accept B<clearenv>() and B<putenv>(3), "
1089 "but changed its mind and scheduled these functions for some later issue of "
1090 "this standard (cf. B.4.6.1). However, POSIX.1-2001 adds only B<putenv>(3), "
1091 "and rejected B<clearenv>()."
1095 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:77
1097 "Used in security-conscious applications. If it is unavailable the "
1102 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:80
1104 msgid " environ = NULL;\n"
1108 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:83
1109 msgid "will probably do."
1113 #. HP-UX has a ENOMEM error return.
1115 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:96
1117 "The DG/UX and Tru64 man pages write: If I<environ> has been modified by "
1118 "anything other than the B<putenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), or B<clearenv>() "
1119 "functions, then B<clearenv>() will return an error and the process "
1120 "environment will remain unchanged."
1124 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:102
1125 msgid "B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
1129 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:30
1135 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:30
1141 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:34
1143 "drand48, erand48, lrand48, nrand48, mrand48, jrand48, srand48, seed48, "
1144 "lcong48 - generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers"
1148 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:39
1150 msgid "B<double drand48(void);>\n"
1154 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:41
1156 msgid "B<double erand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1160 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:43
1162 msgid "B<long int lrand48(void);>\n"
1166 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:45
1168 msgid "B<long int nrand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1172 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:47
1174 msgid "B<long int mrand48(void);>\n"
1178 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:49
1180 msgid "B<long int jrand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1184 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:51
1186 msgid "B<void srand48(long int >I<seedval>B<);>\n"
1190 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:53
1192 msgid "B<unsigned short *seed48(unsigned short >I<seed16v>B<[3]);>\n"
1196 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:55
1198 msgid "B<void lcong48(unsigned short >I<param>B<[7]);>\n"
1211 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:74
1212 msgid "All functions shown above: _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
1216 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:78
1218 "These functions generate pseudo-random numbers using the linear congruential "
1219 "algorithm and 48-bit integer arithmetic."
1223 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:86
1225 "The B<drand48>() and B<erand48>() functions return nonnegative "
1226 "double-precision floating-point values uniformly distributed between [0.0, "
1231 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:93
1233 "The B<lrand48>() and B<nrand48>() functions return nonnegative long "
1234 "integers uniformly distributed between 0 and 2^31."
1238 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:100
1240 "The B<mrand48>() and B<jrand48>() functions return signed long integers "
1241 "uniformly distributed between -2^31 and 2^31."
1245 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:119
1247 "The B<srand48>(), B<seed48>() and B<lcong48>() functions are "
1248 "initialization functions, one of which should be called before using "
1249 "B<drand48>(), B<lrand48>() or B<mrand48>(). The functions B<erand48>(), "
1250 "B<nrand48>() and B<jrand48>() do not require an initialization function to "
1255 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:123
1257 "All the functions work by generating a sequence of 48-bit integers, I<Xi>, "
1258 "according to the linear congruential formula:"
1262 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:127
1264 msgid "B<Xn+1 = (aXn + c) mod m, where n E<gt>= 0>\n"
1268 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:140
1270 "The parameter I<m> = 2^48, hence 48-bit integer arithmetic is performed. "
1271 "Unless B<lcong48>() is called, I<a> and I<c> are given by:"
1275 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:145
1278 "B<a = 0x5DEECE66D>\n"
1283 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:165
1285 "The value returned by any of the functions B<drand48>(), B<erand48>(), "
1286 "B<lrand48>(), B<nrand48>(), B<mrand48>() or B<jrand48>() is computed by "
1287 "first generating the next 48-bit I<Xi> in the sequence. Then the "
1288 "appropriate number of bits, according to the type of data item to be "
1289 "returned, is copied from the high-order bits of I<Xi> and transformed into "
1290 "the returned value."
1294 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:191
1296 "The functions B<drand48>(), B<lrand48>() and B<mrand48>() store the last "
1297 "48-bit I<Xi> generated in an internal buffer. The functions B<erand48>(), "
1298 "B<nrand48>() and B<jrand48>() require the calling program to provide "
1299 "storage for the successive I<Xi> values in the array argument I<xsubi>. The "
1300 "functions are initialized by placing the initial value of I<Xi> into the "
1301 "array before calling the function for the first time."
1305 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:200
1307 "The initializer function B<srand48>() sets the high order 32-bits of I<Xi> "
1308 "to the argument I<seedval>. The low order 16-bits are set to the arbitrary "
1313 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:214
1315 "The initializer function B<seed48>() sets the value of I<Xi> to the 48-bit "
1316 "value specified in the array argument I<seed16v>. The previous value of "
1317 "I<Xi> is copied into an internal buffer and a pointer to this buffer is "
1318 "returned by B<seed48>()."
1322 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:245
1324 "The initialization function B<lcong48>() allows the user to specify initial "
1325 "values for I<Xi>, I<a> and I<c>. Array argument elements I<param[0-2]> "
1326 "specify I<Xi>, I<param[3-5]> specify I<a>, and I<param[6]> specifies I<c>. "
1327 "After B<lcong48>() has been called, a subsequent call to either "
1328 "B<srand48>() or B<seed48>() will restore the standard values of I<a> and "
1333 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:260
1335 "The B<drand48>(), B<erand48>(), B<lrand48>(), B<nrand48>(), B<mrand48>(), "
1336 "B<jrand48>(), B<srand48>(), B<seed48>(), and B<lcong48>() functions record "
1337 "global state information for the random number generator, so they are not "
1342 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:262
1343 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001."
1347 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:265
1348 msgid "B<rand>(3), B<random>(3)"
1352 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27
1358 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27
1364 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:32
1366 "drand48_r, erand48_r, lrand48_r, nrand48_r, mrand48_r, jrand48_r, srand48_r, "
1367 "seed48_r, lcong48_r - generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers "
1372 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:37
1374 msgid "B<int drand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, double *>I<result>B<);>\n"
1378 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:39
1380 msgid "B<int erand48_r(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]>I<,>\n"
1384 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:41
1386 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, double *>I<result>B<);>\n"
1390 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:43
1393 "B<int lrand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, long int "
1394 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1398 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:45
1400 msgid "B<int nrand48_r(unsigned short int >I<xsubi[3]>B<,>\n"
1404 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:47 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:53
1407 "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, long int "
1408 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1412 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:49
1415 "B<int mrand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<,long int "
1416 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1420 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:51
1422 msgid "B<int jrand48_r(unsigned short int >I<xsubi[3]>B<,>\n"
1426 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:55
1429 "B<int srand48_r(long int >I<seedval>B<, struct drand48_data "
1430 "*>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1434 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:57
1436 msgid "B<int seed48_r(unsigned short int >I<seed16v[3]>B<,>\n"
1440 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:59
1442 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1446 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:61
1448 msgid "B<int lcong48_r(unsigned short int >I<param[7]>B<,>\n"
1452 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:63
1454 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1457 #. .BR drand48_r (),
1458 #. .BR erand48_r (),
1459 #. .BR lrand48_r (),
1460 #. .BR nrand48_r (),
1461 #. .BR mrand48_r (),
1462 #. .BR jrand48_r (),
1463 #. .BR srand48_r (),
1465 #. .BR lcong48_r ():
1467 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:82
1468 msgid "All functions shown above: _SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
1472 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:89
1474 "These functions are the reentrant analogs of the functions described in "
1475 "B<drand48>(3). Instead of modifying the global random generator state, they "
1476 "use the supplied data I<buffer>."
1480 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:96
1482 "Before the first use, this struct must be initialized, for example, by "
1483 "filling it with zeros, or by calling one of the functions B<srand48_r>(), "
1484 "B<seed48_r>(), or B<lcong48_r>()."
1488 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:98
1489 msgid "The return value is 0."
1493 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:112
1495 "The B<drand48_r>(), B<erand48_r>(), B<lrand48_r>(), B<nrand48_r>(), "
1496 "B<mrand48_r>(), B<jrand48_r>(), B<srand48_r>(), B<seed48_r>(), and "
1497 "B<lcong48_r>() functions are thread-safe."
1501 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:114
1502 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions and are not portable."
1506 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:118 build/C/man3/random_r.3:145
1507 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<rand>(3), B<random>(3)"
1511 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32
1517 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:35
1518 msgid "ecvt, fcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
1522 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:40
1524 "B<char *ecvt(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,> "
1525 "B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
1529 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:43
1531 "B<char *fcvt(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,> "
1532 "B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
1536 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:51
1537 msgid "B<ecvt>(), B<fcvt>():"
1541 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:54 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:49 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:53
1543 msgid "Since glibc 2.12:"
1547 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:61 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:56
1551 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
1552 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
1553 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
1557 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:62 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:57 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:59
1559 msgid "Before glibc 2.12:"
1563 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:92
1565 "The B<ecvt>() function converts I<number> to a null-terminated string of "
1566 "I<ndigits> digits (where I<ndigits> is reduced to a system-specific limit "
1567 "determined by the precision of a I<double>), and returns a pointer to the "
1568 "string. The high-order digit is nonzero, unless I<number> is zero. The low "
1569 "order digit is rounded. The string itself does not contain a decimal point; "
1570 "however, the position of the decimal point relative to the start of the "
1571 "string is stored in I<*decpt>. A negative value for I<*decpt> means that "
1572 "the decimal point is to the left of the start of the string. If the sign of "
1573 "I<number> is negative, I<*sign> is set to a nonzero value, otherwise it is "
1574 "set to 0. If I<number> is zero, it is unspecified whether I<*decpt> is 0 or "
1579 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:99
1581 "The B<fcvt>() function is identical to B<ecvt>(), except that I<ndigits> "
1582 "specifies the number of digits after the decimal point."
1586 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:110
1588 "Both the B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>() functions return a pointer to a static "
1589 "string containing the ASCII representation of I<number>. The static string "
1590 "is overwritten by each call to B<ecvt>() or B<fcvt>()."
1594 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:117
1595 msgid "The B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>() functions are not thread-safe."
1599 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:129
1601 "SVr2; marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the "
1602 "specifications of B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>(), recommending the use of "
1603 "B<sprintf>(3) instead (though B<snprintf>(3) may be preferable)."
1606 #. Linux libc4 and libc5 specified the type of
1611 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:135
1612 msgid "Not all locales use a point as the radix character (\"decimal point\")."
1616 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:141
1617 msgid "B<ecvt_r>(3), B<gcvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3), B<setlocale>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1621 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30
1627 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:33
1629 "ecvt_r, fcvt_r, qecvt_r, qfcvt_r - convert a floating-point number to a "
1634 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:39
1637 "B<int ecvt_r(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,>\n"
1638 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1642 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:42
1645 "B<int fcvt_r(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,>\n"
1646 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1650 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:45
1653 "B<int qecvt_r(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
1655 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1659 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:48
1662 "B<int qfcvt_r(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
1664 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1668 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:60
1669 msgid "B<ecvt_r>(), B<fcvt_r>(), B<qecvt_r>(), B<qfcvt_r>():"
1673 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:62
1674 msgid "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500"
1678 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:86
1680 "The functions B<ecvt_r>(), B<fcvt_r>(), B<qecvt_r>(), and B<qfcvt_r>() are "
1681 "identical to B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3), and B<qfcvt>(3), "
1682 "respectively, except that they do not return their result in a static "
1683 "buffer, but instead use the supplied I<buf> of size I<len>. See B<ecvt>(3) "
1688 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:88
1689 msgid "These functions return 0 on success, and -1 otherwise."
1693 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:90
1694 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions."
1698 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:95
1699 msgid "These functions are obsolete. Instead, B<sprintf>(3) is recommended."
1703 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:99
1704 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1708 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:29
1714 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:29 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26
1720 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:32
1721 msgid "exit - cause normal process termination"
1725 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:37
1727 msgid "B<void exit(int >I<status>B<);>\n"
1731 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:45
1733 "The B<exit>() function causes normal process termination and the value of "
1734 "I<status & 0377> is returned to the parent (see B<wait>(2))."
1738 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:72
1740 "All functions registered with B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3) are called, "
1741 "in the reverse order of their registration. (It is possible for one of "
1742 "these functions to use B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3) to register an "
1743 "additional function to be executed during exit processing; the new "
1744 "registration is added to the front of the list of functions that remain to "
1745 "be called.) If one of these functions does not return (e.g., it calls "
1746 "B<_exit>(2), or kills itself with a signal), then none of the remaining "
1747 "functions is called, and further exit processing (in particular, flushing of "
1748 "B<stdio>(3) streams) is abandoned. If a function has been registered "
1749 "multiple times using B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3), then it is called as "
1750 "many times as it was registered."
1754 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:79
1756 "All open B<stdio>(3) streams are flushed and closed. Files created by "
1757 "B<tmpfile>(3) are removed."
1761 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:86
1763 "The C standard specifies two constants, B<EXIT_SUCCESS> and B<EXIT_FAILURE>, "
1764 "that may be passed to B<exit>() to indicate successful or unsuccessful "
1765 "termination, respectively."
1769 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:90
1770 msgid "The B<exit>() function does not return."
1774 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:96
1776 "The B<exit>() function uses a global variable that is not protected, so it "
1777 "is not thread-safe."
1781 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:98
1782 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, C89, C99."
1786 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:115
1788 "It is undefined what happens if one of the functions registered using "
1789 "B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3) calls either B<exit>() or B<longjmp>(3). "
1790 "Note that a call to B<execve>(2) removes registrations created using "
1791 "B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3)."
1795 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:124
1797 "The use of B<EXIT_SUCCESS> and B<EXIT_FAILURE> is slightly more portable (to "
1798 "non-UNIX environments) than the use of 0 and some nonzero value like 1 or "
1799 "-1. In particular, VMS uses a different convention."
1803 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:127
1805 "BSD has attempted to standardize exit codes; see the file "
1806 "I<E<lt>sysexits.hE<gt>>."
1810 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:152
1812 "After B<exit>(), the exit status must be transmitted to the parent process. "
1813 "There are three cases. If the parent has set B<SA_NOCLDWAIT>, or has set "
1814 "the B<SIGCHLD> handler to B<SIG_IGN>, the status is discarded. If the "
1815 "parent was waiting on the child, it is notified of the exit status. In both "
1816 "cases the exiting process dies immediately. If the parent has not indicated "
1817 "that it is not interested in the exit status, but is not waiting, the "
1818 "exiting process turns into a \"zombie\" process (which is nothing but a "
1819 "container for the single byte representing the exit status) so that the "
1820 "parent can learn the exit status when it later calls one of the B<wait>(2) "
1825 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:162
1827 "If the implementation supports the B<SIGCHLD> signal, this signal is sent to "
1828 "the parent. If the parent has set B<SA_NOCLDWAIT>, it is undefined whether "
1829 "a B<SIGCHLD> signal is sent."
1833 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:171
1835 "If the process is a session leader and its controlling terminal is the "
1836 "controlling terminal of the session, then each process in the foreground "
1837 "process group of this controlling terminal is sent a B<SIGHUP> signal, and "
1838 "the terminal is disassociated from this session, allowing it to be acquired "
1839 "by a new controlling process."
1843 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:183
1845 "If the exit of the process causes a process group to become orphaned, and if "
1846 "any member of the newly orphaned process group is stopped, then a B<SIGHUP> "
1847 "signal followed by a B<SIGCONT> signal will be sent to each process in this "
1848 "process group. See B<setpgid>(2) for an explanation of orphaned process "
1853 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:190
1855 "B<_exit>(2), B<setpgid>(2), B<wait>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<on_exit>(3), "
1860 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30
1866 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:33
1867 msgid "gcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
1871 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:38
1873 msgid "B<char *gcvt(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigit>B<, char *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
1877 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:46
1882 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:61
1884 "_SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE && "
1885 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
1889 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:72
1891 "The B<gcvt>() function converts I<number> to a minimal length "
1892 "null-terminated ASCII string and stores the result in I<buf>. It produces "
1893 "I<ndigit> significant digits in either B<printf>(3) F format or E format."
1897 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:77
1899 "The B<gcvt>() function returns the address of the string pointed to by "
1904 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:86
1906 "Marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
1907 "B<gcvt>(), recommending the use of B<sprintf>(3) instead (though "
1908 "B<snprintf>(3) may be preferable)."
1912 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:90
1913 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1917 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29
1923 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:32
1924 msgid "getauxval - retrieve a value from the auxiliary vector"
1928 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:35
1930 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/auxv.hE<gt>>\n"
1934 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:37
1936 msgid "B<unsigned long getauxval(unsigned long >I<type>B<);>\n"
1940 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:45
1942 "The B<getauxval>() function retrieves values from the auxiliary vector, a "
1943 "mechanism that the kernel's ELF binary loader uses to pass certain "
1944 "information to user space when a program is executed."
1948 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:53
1950 "Each entry in the auxiliary vector consists of a pair of values: a type that "
1951 "identifies what this entry represents, and a value for that type. Given the "
1952 "argument I<type>, B<getauxval>() returns the corresponding value."
1956 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:60
1958 "The value returned for each I<type> is given in the following list. Not all "
1959 "I<type> values are present on all architectures."
1963 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:60
1969 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:63
1970 msgid "The base address of the program interpreter (usually, the dynamic linker)."
1974 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:63
1976 msgid "B<AT_BASE_PLATFORM>"
1980 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:68
1982 "A string identifying the real platform; may differ from B<AT_PLATFORM> "
1987 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:68
1989 msgid "B<AT_CLKTCK>"
1993 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:75
1995 "The frequency with which B<times>(2) counts. This value can also be "
1996 "obtained via I<sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)>."
2000 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:75
2002 msgid "B<AT_DCACHEBSIZE>"
2006 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:78
2007 msgid "The data cache block size."
2011 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:78
2017 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:81
2018 msgid "The effective group ID of the thread."
2022 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:81
2028 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:84
2029 msgid "The entry address of the executable."
2033 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:84
2039 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:87
2040 msgid "The effective user ID of the thread."
2044 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:87
2046 msgid "B<AT_EXECFD>"
2050 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:90
2051 msgid "File descriptor of program."
2055 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:90
2057 msgid "B<AT_EXECFN>"
2061 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:93
2062 msgid "Pathname used to execute program."
2066 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:93
2072 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:96
2073 msgid "Flags (unused)."
2077 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:96
2083 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:101
2085 "Used FPU control word (SuperH architecture only). This gives some "
2086 "information about the FPU initialization performed by the kernel."
2090 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:101
2096 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:104
2097 msgid "The real group ID of the thread."
2101 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:104
2107 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:114
2109 "A pointer to a multibyte mask of bits whose settings indicate detailed "
2110 "processor capabilities. The contents of the bit mask are hardware dependent "
2111 "(for example, see the kernel source file "
2112 "I<arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h> for details relating to the Intel x86 "
2113 "architecture). A human-readable version of the same information is "
2114 "available via I</proc/cpuinfo>."
2118 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:114
2120 msgid "B<AT_ICACHEBSIZE>"
2130 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:123
2131 msgid "The instruction cache block size."
2135 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:123
2137 msgid "B<AT_PAGESZ>"
2141 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:127
2142 msgid "The system page size (the same value returned by I<sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)>)."
2146 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:127
2152 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:130
2153 msgid "The address of the program headers of the executable."
2157 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:130
2163 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:133
2164 msgid "The size of program header entry."
2168 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:133
2174 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:136
2175 msgid "The number of program headers."
2179 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:136
2181 msgid "B<AT_PLATFORM>"
2185 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:143
2187 "A pointer to a string that identifies the hardware platform that the program "
2188 "is running on. The dynamic linker uses this in the interpretation of "
2193 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:143
2195 msgid "B<AT_RANDOM>"
2199 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:146
2200 msgid "The address of sixteen bytes containing a random value."
2204 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:146
2206 msgid "B<AT_SECURE>"
2210 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:158
2212 "Has a nonzero value if this executable should be treated securely. Most "
2213 "commonly, a nonzero value indicates that the process is executing a "
2214 "set-user-ID or set-group-ID program; alternatively, a nonzero value may be "
2215 "triggered by a Linux Security Module. When this value is nonzero, the "
2216 "dynamic linker disables the use of certain environment variables (see "
2217 "B<ld-linux.so>(8)) and glibc changes other aspects of its behavior. (See "
2218 "also B<secure_getenv>(3).)"
2222 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:158
2224 msgid "B<AT_SYSINFO>"
2228 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:162
2230 "The entry point to the system call function in the vDSO. Not present/needed "
2231 "on all architectures (e.g., absent on x86-64)."
2235 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:162
2237 msgid "B<AT_SYSINFO_EHDR>"
2241 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:167
2243 "The address of a page containing the virtual Dynamic Shared Object (vDSO) "
2244 "that the kernel creates in order to provide fast implementations of certain "
2249 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:167
2251 msgid "B<AT_UCACHEBSIZE>"
2255 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:170
2256 msgid "The unified cache block size."
2260 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:170
2266 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:173
2267 msgid "The real user ID of the thread."
2271 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:181
2273 "On success, B<getauxval>() returns the value corresponding to I<type>. If "
2274 "I<type> is not found, 0 is returned."
2278 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:182
2280 msgid "B<ENOENT> (since glibc 2.19)"
2283 #. commit b9ab448f980e296eac21ac65f53783967cc6037b
2285 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:188
2286 msgid "No entry corresponding to I<type> could be found in the auxiliary vector."
2290 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:192
2291 msgid "The B<getauxval>() function was added to glibc in version 2.16."
2295 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:197
2296 msgid "The B<getauxval>() function is thread-safe."
2300 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:199
2301 msgid "This function is a nonstandard glibc extension."
2305 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:208
2307 "The primary consumer of the information in the auxiliary vector is the "
2308 "dynamic linker B<ld-linux.so>(8). The auxiliary vector is a convenient and "
2309 "efficient shortcut that allows the kernel to communicate a certain set of "
2310 "standard information that the dynamic linker usually or always needs. In "
2311 "some cases, the same information could be obtained by system calls, but "
2312 "using the auxiliary vector is cheaper."
2316 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:214
2318 "The auxiliary vector resides just above the argument list and environment in "
2319 "the process address space. The auxiliary vector supplied to a program can "
2320 "be viewed by setting the B<LD_SHOW_AUXV> environment variable when running a "
2325 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:216
2327 msgid " $ LD_SHOW_AUXV=1 sleep 1\n"
2331 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:223
2333 "The auxiliary vector of any process can (subject to file permissions) be "
2334 "obtained via I</proc/PID/auxv>; see B<proc>(5) for more information."
2338 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:223 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:105 build/C/man3/random.3:189 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:104 build/C/man3/setenv.3:144
2344 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:232
2346 "Before the addition of the B<ENOENT> error in glibc 2.19, there was no way "
2347 "to unambiguously distinguish the case where I<type> could not be found from "
2348 "the case where the value corresponding to I<type> was zer0."
2352 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:236
2353 msgid "B<secure_getenv>(3), B<vdso>(7), B<ld-linux.so>(8)"
2357 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:33
2363 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:33
2369 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:36
2370 msgid "getenv, secure_getenv - get an environment variable"
2374 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:41
2376 msgid "B<char *getenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
2380 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:43
2382 msgid "B<char *secure_getenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
2386 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:52
2387 msgid "B<secure_getenv>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
2391 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:61
2393 "The B<getenv>() function searches the environment list to find the "
2394 "environment variable I<name>, and returns a pointer to the corresponding "
2399 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:69
2401 "The GNU-specific B<secure_getenv>() function is just like B<getenv>() "
2402 "except that it returns NULL in cases where \"secure execution\" is "
2403 "required. Secure execution is required if one of the following conditions "
2404 "was true when the program run by the calling process was loaded:"
2408 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:69 build/C/man3/getenv.3:74 build/C/man3/getenv.3:76 build/C/man3/system.3:77 build/C/man3/system.3:82 build/C/man3/system.3:86 build/C/man3/system.3:91
2414 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:74
2416 "the process's effective user ID did not match its real user ID or the "
2417 "process's effective group ID did not match its real group ID (typically this "
2418 "is the result of executing a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program);"
2422 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:76
2423 msgid "the effective capability bit was set on the executable file; or"
2427 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:78
2428 msgid "the process has a nonempty permitted capability set."
2432 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:81
2434 "Secure execution may also required if triggered by some Linux security "
2439 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:88
2441 "The B<secure_getenv>() function is intended for use in general-purpose "
2442 "libraries to avoid vulnerabilities that could occur if set-user-ID or "
2443 "set-group-ID programs accidentally trusted the environment."
2447 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:93
2449 "The B<getenv>() function returns a pointer to the value in the environment, "
2450 "or NULL if there is no match."
2454 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:96
2455 msgid "B<secure_getenv>() first appeared in glibc 2.17."
2459 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:99
2460 msgid "B<getenv>(): SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C89, C99."
2464 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:102
2465 msgid "B<secure_getenv>() is a GNU extension."
2469 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:104
2470 msgid "The strings in the environment list are of the form I<name=value>."
2474 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:110
2476 "As typically implemented, B<getenv>() returns a pointer to a string within "
2477 "the environment list. The caller must take care not to modify this string, "
2478 "since that would change the environment of the process."
2482 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:123
2484 "The implementation of B<getenv>() is not required to be reentrant. The "
2485 "string pointed to by the return value of B<getenv>() may be statically "
2486 "allocated, and can be modified by a subsequent call to B<getenv>(), "
2487 "B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), or B<unsetenv>(3)."
2491 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:129
2493 "The \"secure execution\" mode of B<secure_getenv>() is controlled by the "
2494 "B<AT_SECURE> flag contained in the auxiliary vector passed from the kernel "
2499 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:137
2501 "B<clearenv>(3), B<getauxval>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), "
2502 "B<capabilities>(7), B<environ>(7)"
2506 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34
2512 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34
2518 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:37
2519 msgid "getloadavg - get system load averages"
2523 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:41
2526 "B<#define _BSD_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
2527 "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>\n"
2531 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:43
2533 msgid "B<int getloadavg(double >I<loadavg[]>B<, int >I<nelem>B<);>\n"
2537 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:55
2539 "The B<getloadavg>() function returns the number of processes in the system "
2540 "run queue averaged over various periods of time. Up to I<nelem> samples are "
2541 "retrieved and assigned to successive elements of I<loadavg>[]. The system "
2542 "imposes a maximum of 3 samples, representing averages over the last 1, 5, "
2543 "and 15 minutes, respectively."
2549 #. function appeared in
2552 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:63
2554 "If the load average was unobtainable, -1 is returned; otherwise, the number "
2555 "of samples actually retrieved is returned."
2559 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:65
2560 msgid "This function is available in glibc since version 2.2."
2564 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:70
2565 msgid "The B<getloadavg>() function is thread-safe."
2568 #. mdoc seems to have a bug - there must be no newline here
2570 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:74
2571 msgid "Not in POSIX.1-2001. Present on the BSDs and Solaris."
2575 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:77
2576 msgid "B<uptime>(1), B<proc>(5)"
2580 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25
2586 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25
2592 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:28
2593 msgid "getsubopt - parse suboption arguments from a string"
2597 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:33
2599 "B<int getsubopt(char **>I<optionp>B<, char * const *>I<tokens>B<, char "
2604 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:40
2605 msgid "B<getsubopt>():"
2609 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:45
2610 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>= 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
2614 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:47
2615 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L"
2619 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:64
2621 "B<getsubopt>() parses the list of comma-separated suboptions provided in "
2622 "I<optionp>. (Such a suboption list is typically produced when B<getopt>(3) "
2623 "is used to parse a command line; see for example the I<-o> option of "
2624 "B<mount>(8).) Each suboption may include an associated value, which is "
2625 "separated from the suboption name by an equal sign. The following is an "
2626 "example of the kind of string that might be passed in I<optionp>:"
2630 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:67
2631 msgid "B<ro,name=xyz>"
2635 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:77
2637 "The I<tokens> argument is a pointer to a NULL-terminated array of pointers "
2638 "to the tokens that B<getsubopt>() will look for in I<optionp>. The tokens "
2639 "should be distinct, null-terminated strings containing at least one "
2640 "character, with no embedded equal signs or commas."
2644 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:98
2646 "Each call to B<getsubopt>() returns information about the next unprocessed "
2647 "suboption in I<optionp>. The first equal sign in a suboption (if any) is "
2648 "interpreted as a separator between the name and the value of that "
2649 "suboption. The value extends to the next comma, or (for the last suboption) "
2650 "to the end of the string. If the name of the suboption matches a known name "
2651 "from I<tokens>, and a value string was found, B<getsubopt>() sets "
2652 "I<*valuep> to the address of that string. The first comma in I<optionp> is "
2653 "overwritten with a null byte, so I<*valuep> is precisely the \"value "
2654 "string\" for that suboption."
2658 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:102
2660 "If the suboption is recognized, but no value string was found, I<*valuep> is "
2665 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:110
2667 "When B<getsubopt>() returns, I<optionp> points to the next suboption, or to "
2668 "the null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) at the end of the string if the last "
2669 "suboption was just processed."
2673 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:122
2675 "If the first suboption in I<optionp> is recognized, B<getsubopt>() returns "
2676 "the index of the matching suboption element in I<tokens>. Otherwise, -1 is "
2677 "returned and I<*valuep> is the entire I<name>B<[=>I<value>B<]> string."
2681 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:129
2683 "Since I<*optionp> is changed, the first suboption before the call to "
2684 "B<getsubopt>() is not (necessarily) the same as the first suboption after "
2689 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:134
2690 msgid "The B<getsubopt>() function is thread-safe."
2694 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:143
2696 "Since B<getsubopt>() overwrites any commas it finds in the string "
2697 "I<*optionp>, that string must be writable; it cannot be a string constant."
2701 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:145
2702 msgid "The following program expects suboptions following a \"-o\" option."
2706 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:151
2709 "#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500\n"
2710 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
2711 "#include E<lt>assert.hE<gt>\n"
2712 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
2716 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:169
2720 "main(int argc, char **argv)\n"
2727 " char *const token[] = {\n"
2728 " [RO_OPT] = \"ro\",\n"
2729 " [RW_OPT] = \"rw\",\n"
2730 " [NAME_OPT] = \"name\",\n"
2739 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:174
2742 " int readonly = 0;\n"
2743 " int readwrite = 0;\n"
2744 " char *name = NULL;\n"
2745 " int errfnd = 0;\n"
2749 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:180
2752 " while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, \"o:\")) != -1) {\n"
2754 " case \\(aqo\\(aq:\n"
2755 " subopts = optarg;\n"
2756 " while (*subopts != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq && !errfnd) {\n"
2760 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:185
2763 " switch (getsubopt(&subopts, token, &value)) {\n"
2770 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:189
2779 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:197
2783 " if (value == NULL) {\n"
2784 " fprintf(stderr, \"Missing value for \"\n"
2785 " \"suboption \\(aq%s\\(aq\\en\", "
2786 "token[NAME_OPT]);\n"
2793 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:200
2801 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:214
2805 " fprintf(stderr, \"No match found \"\n"
2806 " \"for token: /%s/\\en\", value);\n"
2811 " if (readwrite && readonly) {\n"
2812 " fprintf(stderr, \"Only one of \\(aq%s\\(aq and \\(aq%s\\(aq can "
2814 " \"specified\\en\", token[RO_OPT], token[RW_OPT]);\n"
2821 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:219
2831 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:226
2834 " if (errfnd || argc == 1) {\n"
2835 " fprintf(stderr, \"\\enUsage: %s -o E<lt>suboptstringE<gt>\\en\", "
2837 " fprintf(stderr, \"suboptions are \\(aqro\\(aq, \\(aqrw\\(aq, \"\n"
2838 " \"and \\(aqname=E<lt>valueE<gt>\\(aq\\en\");\n"
2839 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2844 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:228
2846 msgid " /* Remainder of program... */\n"
2850 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:234
2851 msgid "B<getopt>(3)"
2855 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:33
2861 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:33
2867 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:36
2868 msgid "malloc, free, calloc, realloc - allocate and free dynamic memory"
2872 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:44
2875 "B<void *malloc(size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2876 "B<void free(void >I<*ptr>B<);>\n"
2877 "B<void *calloc(size_t >I<nmemb>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2878 "B<void *realloc(void >I<*ptr>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2883 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:61
2885 "The B<malloc>() function allocates I<size> bytes and returns a pointer to "
2886 "the allocated memory. I<The memory is not initialized>. If I<size> is 0, "
2887 "then B<malloc>() returns either NULL, or a unique pointer value that can "
2888 "later be successfully passed to B<free>()."
2892 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:77
2894 "The B<free>() function frees the memory space pointed to by I<ptr>, which "
2895 "must have been returned by a previous call to B<malloc>(), B<calloc>(), or "
2896 "B<realloc>(). Otherwise, or if I<free(ptr)> has already been called before, "
2897 "undefined behavior occurs. If I<ptr> is NULL, no operation is performed."
2902 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:96
2904 "The B<calloc>() function allocates memory for an array of I<nmemb> elements "
2905 "of I<size> bytes each and returns a pointer to the allocated memory. The "
2906 "memory is set to zero. If I<nmemb> or I<size> is 0, then B<calloc>() "
2907 "returns either NULL, or a unique pointer value that can later be "
2908 "successfully passed to B<free>()."
2912 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:132
2914 "The B<realloc>() function changes the size of the memory block pointed to "
2915 "by I<ptr> to I<size> bytes. The contents will be unchanged in the range "
2916 "from the start of the region up to the minimum of the old and new sizes. If "
2917 "the new size is larger than the old size, the added memory will I<not> be "
2918 "initialized. If I<ptr> is NULL, then the call is equivalent to "
2919 "I<malloc(size)>, for all values of I<size>; if I<size> is equal to zero, and "
2920 "I<ptr> is not NULL, then the call is equivalent to I<free(ptr)>. Unless "
2921 "I<ptr> is NULL, it must have been returned by an earlier call to "
2922 "B<malloc>(), B<calloc>() or B<realloc>(). If the area pointed to was "
2923 "moved, a I<free(ptr)> is done."
2927 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:152
2929 "The B<malloc>() and B<calloc>() functions return a pointer to the "
2930 "allocated memory, which is suitably aligned for any built-in type. On "
2931 "error, these functions return NULL. NULL may also be returned by a "
2932 "successful call to B<malloc>() with a I<size> of zero, or by a successful "
2933 "call to B<calloc>() with I<nmemb> or I<size> equal to zero."
2937 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:156
2938 msgid "The B<free>() function returns no value."
2942 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:171
2944 "The B<realloc>() function returns a pointer to the newly allocated memory, "
2945 "which is suitably aligned for any built-in type and may be different from "
2946 "I<ptr>, or NULL if the request fails. If I<size> was equal to 0, either "
2947 "NULL or a pointer suitable to be passed to B<free>() is returned. If "
2948 "B<realloc>() fails, the original block is left untouched; it is not freed "
2953 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:173
2958 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:189
2960 "By default, Linux follows an optimistic memory allocation strategy. This "
2961 "means that when B<malloc>() returns non-NULL there is no guarantee that the "
2962 "memory really is available. In case it turns out that the system is out of "
2963 "memory, one or more processes will be killed by the OOM killer. For more "
2964 "information, see the description of I</proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory> and "
2965 "I</proc/sys/vm/oom_adj> in B<proc>(5), and the Linux kernel source file "
2966 "I<Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting>."
2970 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:210
2972 "Normally, B<malloc>() allocates memory from the heap, and adjusts the size "
2973 "of the heap as required, using B<sbrk>(2). When allocating blocks of memory "
2974 "larger than B<MMAP_THRESHOLD> bytes, the glibc B<malloc>() implementation "
2975 "allocates the memory as a private anonymous mapping using B<mmap>(2). "
2976 "B<MMAP_THRESHOLD> is 128 kB by default, but is adjustable using "
2977 "B<mallopt>(3). Allocations performed using B<mmap>(2) are unaffected by "
2978 "the B<RLIMIT_DATA> resource limit (see B<getrlimit>(2))."
2982 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:228
2984 "To avoid corruption in multithreaded applications, mutexes are used "
2985 "internally to protect the memory-management data structures employed by "
2986 "these functions. In a multithreaded application in which threads "
2987 "simultaneously allocate and free memory, there could be contention for these "
2988 "mutexes. To scalably handle memory allocation in multithreaded "
2989 "applications, glibc creates additional I<memory allocation arenas> if mutex "
2990 "contention is detected. Each arena is a large region of memory that is "
2991 "internally allocated by the system (using B<brk>(2) or B<mmap>(2)), and "
2992 "managed with its own mutexes."
2996 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:246
2998 "The UNIX 98 standard requires B<malloc>(), B<calloc>(), and B<realloc>() to "
2999 "set I<errno> to B<ENOMEM> upon failure. Glibc assumes that this is done "
3000 "(and the glibc versions of these routines do this); if you use a private "
3001 "malloc implementation that does not set I<errno>, then certain library "
3002 "routines may fail without having a reason in I<errno>."
3006 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:255
3008 "Crashes in B<malloc>(), B<calloc>(), B<realloc>(), or B<free>() are almost "
3009 "always related to heap corruption, such as overflowing an allocated chunk or "
3010 "freeing the same pointer twice."
3014 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:261
3016 "The B<malloc>() implementation is tunable via environment variables; see "
3017 "B<mallopt>(3) for details."
3021 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:285
3023 "B<brk>(2), B<mmap>(2), B<alloca>(3), B<malloc_get_state>(3), "
3024 "B<malloc_info>(3), B<malloc_trim>(3), B<malloc_usable_size>(3), "
3025 "B<mallopt>(3), B<mcheck>(3), B<mtrace>(3), B<posix_memalign>(3)"
3029 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:16
3035 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:16
3041 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:19
3042 msgid "mblen - determine number of bytes in next multibyte character"
3046 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:24
3048 msgid "B<int mblen(const char *>I<s>B<, size_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
3052 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:43
3054 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<mblen>() function inspects at most I<n> bytes of "
3055 "the multibyte string starting at I<s> and extracts the next complete "
3056 "multibyte character. It uses a static anonymous shift state known only to "
3057 "the B<mblen>() function. If the multibyte character is not the null wide "
3058 "character, it returns the number of bytes that were consumed from I<s>. If "
3059 "the multibyte character is the null wide character, it returns 0."
3063 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:57
3065 "If the I<n> bytes starting at I<s> do not contain a complete multibyte "
3066 "character, B<mblen>() returns -1. This can happen even if I<n> is greater "
3067 "than or equal to I<MB_CUR_MAX>, if the multibyte string contains redundant "
3072 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:64
3074 "If the multibyte string starting at I<s> contains an invalid multibyte "
3075 "sequence before the next complete character, B<mblen>() also returns -1."
3078 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
3079 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
3081 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:75
3083 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<mblen>() function resets the shift state, known to "
3084 "only this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the "
3085 "encoding has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3089 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:87
3091 "The B<mblen>() function returns the number of bytes parsed from the "
3092 "multibyte sequence starting at I<s>, if a non-null wide character was "
3093 "recognized. It returns 0, if a null wide character was recognized. It "
3094 "returns -1, if an invalid multibyte sequence was encountered or if it "
3095 "couldn't parse a complete multibyte character."
3099 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:92
3100 msgid "The B<mblen>() function is not thread-safe."
3104 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:94 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:96 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:115 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:91 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:91
3109 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:101
3111 "The behavior of B<mblen>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3116 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:106
3118 "The function B<mbrlen>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
3123 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:108
3124 msgid "B<mbrlen>(3)"
3128 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18
3134 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
3140 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:21
3141 msgid "mbstowcs - convert a multibyte string to a wide-character string"
3145 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:26
3148 "B<size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t *>I<dest>B<, const char *>I<src>B<, size_t "
3153 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:45
3155 "If I<dest> is not NULL, the B<mbstowcs>() function converts the multibyte "
3156 "string I<src> to a wide-character string starting at I<dest>. At most I<n> "
3157 "wide characters are written to I<dest>. The conversion starts in the "
3158 "initial state. The conversion can stop for three reasons:"
3162 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:45
3168 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:50
3170 "An invalid multibyte sequence has been encountered. In this case, "
3171 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
3175 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:50
3181 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:58
3183 "I<n> non-L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq wide characters have been stored at I<dest>. In "
3184 "this case, the number of wide characters written to I<dest> is returned, but "
3185 "the shift state at this point is lost."
3189 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:58
3195 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:64
3197 "The multibyte string has been completely converted, including the "
3198 "terminating null wide character (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). In this case, the number "
3199 "of wide characters written to I<dest>, excluding the terminating null wide "
3200 "character, is returned."
3204 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:70
3206 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least I<n> wide "
3207 "characters at I<dest>."
3211 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:78
3213 "If I<dest> is NULL, I<n> is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, "
3214 "except that the converted wide characters are not written out to memory, and "
3215 "that no length limit exists."
3219 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:84
3221 "In order to avoid the case 2 above, the programmer should make sure I<n> is "
3222 "greater than or equal to I<mbstowcs(NULL,src,0)+1>."
3226 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:94
3228 "The B<mbstowcs>() function returns the number of wide characters that make "
3229 "up the converted part of the wide-character string, not including the "
3230 "terminating null wide character. If an invalid multibyte sequence was "
3231 "encountered, I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
3235 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:103
3237 "The behavior of B<mbstowcs>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3242 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:108
3244 "The function B<mbsrtowcs>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
3249 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:113
3251 "The program below illustrates the use of B<mbstowcs>(), as well as some of "
3252 "the wide character classification functions. An example run is the "
3257 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:120
3260 "$ ./t_mbstowcs de_DE.UTF-8 Grüße!\n"
3261 "Length of source string (excluding terminator):\n"
3263 " 6 multibyte characters\n"
3267 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:128
3270 "Wide character string is: Grüße! (6 characters)\n"
3280 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:130 build/C/man3/strtol.3:248
3282 msgid "Program source"
3286 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:137
3289 "#include E<lt>locale.hE<gt>\n"
3290 "#include E<lt>wchar.hE<gt>\n"
3291 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
3292 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
3293 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
3297 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:144
3301 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
3303 " size_t mbslen; /* Number of multibyte characters in source */\n"
3304 " wchar_t *wcs; /* Pointer to converted wide character string */\n"
3309 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:149
3312 " if (argc E<lt> 3) {\n"
3313 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>localeE<gt> E<lt>stringE<gt>\\en\", "
3315 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3320 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:151
3322 msgid " /* Apply the specified locale */\n"
3326 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:156
3329 " if (setlocale(LC_ALL, argv[1]) == NULL) {\n"
3330 " perror(\"setlocale\");\n"
3331 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3336 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:159
3339 " /* Calculate the length required to hold argv[2] converted to\n"
3340 " a wide character string */\n"
3344 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:165
3347 " mbslen = mbstowcs(NULL, argv[2], 0);\n"
3348 " if (mbslen == (size_t) -1) {\n"
3349 " perror(\"mbstowcs\");\n"
3350 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3355 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:167
3357 msgid " /* Describe the source string to the user */\n"
3361 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:171
3364 " printf(\"Length of source string (excluding terminator):\\en\");\n"
3365 " printf(\" %zu bytes\\en\", strlen(argv[2]));\n"
3366 " printf(\" %zu multibyte characters\\en\\en\", mbslen);\n"
3370 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:174
3373 " /* Allocate wide character string of the desired size. Add 1\n"
3374 " to allow for terminating null wide character (L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). */\n"
3378 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:180
3381 " wcs = calloc(mbslen + 1, sizeof(wchar_t));\n"
3382 " if (wcs == NULL) {\n"
3383 " perror(\"calloc\");\n"
3384 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3389 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:183
3392 " /* Convert the multibyte character string in argv[2] to a\n"
3393 " wide character string */\n"
3397 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:188
3400 " if (mbstowcs(wcs, argv[2], mbslen + 1) == (size_t) -1) {\n"
3401 " perror(\"mbstowcs\");\n"
3402 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3407 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:191
3410 " printf(\"Wide character string is: %ls (%zu characters)\\en\",\n"
3415 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:194
3418 " /* Now do some inspection of the classes of the characters in\n"
3419 " the wide character string */\n"
3423 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:197
3426 " for (wp = wcs; *wp != 0; wp++) {\n"
3427 " printf(\" %lc \", (wint_t) *wp);\n"
3431 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:201
3434 " if (!iswalpha(*wp))\n"
3436 " printf(\"alpha \");\n"
3440 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:205
3443 " if (iswalpha(*wp)) {\n"
3444 " if (iswupper(*wp))\n"
3445 " printf(\"upper \");\n"
3449 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:209
3452 " if (iswlower(*wp))\n"
3453 " printf(\"lower \");\n"
3458 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:212
3461 " putchar(\\(aq\\en\\(aq);\n"
3466 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:222
3467 msgid "B<mblen>(3), B<mbsrtowcs>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<wctomb>(3), B<wcstombs>(3)"
3471 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16
3477 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:19
3478 msgid "mbtowc - convert a multibyte sequence to a wide character"
3482 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:24
3484 msgid "B<int mbtowc(wchar_t *>I<pwc>B<, const char *>I<s>B<, size_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
3488 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:50
3490 "The main case for this function is when I<s> is not NULL and I<pwc> is not "
3491 "NULL. In this case, the B<mbtowc>() function inspects at most I<n> bytes "
3492 "of the multibyte string starting at I<s>, extracts the next complete "
3493 "multibyte character, converts it to a wide character and stores it at "
3494 "I<*pwc>. It updates an internal shift state known only to the B<mbtowc>() "
3495 "function. If I<s> does not point to a null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), it "
3496 "returns the number of bytes that were consumed from I<s>, otherwise it "
3501 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:64
3503 "If the I<n> bytes starting at I<s> do not contain a complete multibyte "
3504 "character, or if they contain an invalid multibyte sequence, B<mbtowc>() "
3505 "returns -1. This can happen even if I<n> E<gt>= I<MB_CUR_MAX>, if the "
3506 "multibyte string contains redundant shift sequences."
3510 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:74
3512 "A different case is when I<s> is not NULL but I<pwc> is NULL. In this case, "
3513 "the B<mbtowc>() function behaves as above, except that it does not store "
3514 "the converted wide character in memory."
3517 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
3518 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
3520 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:93
3522 "A third case is when I<s> is NULL. In this case, I<pwc> and I<n> are "
3523 "ignored. The B<mbtowc>() function resets the shift state, only known to "
3524 "this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the encoding has "
3525 "nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3529 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:105
3531 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<mbtowc>() function returns the number of "
3532 "consumed bytes starting at I<s>, or 0 if I<s> points to a null byte, or -1 "
3537 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:113
3539 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<mbtowc>() function returns nonzero if the encoding "
3540 "has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3544 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:122
3546 "The behavior of B<mbtowc>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3551 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:128
3553 "This function is not multithread safe. The function B<mbrtowc>(3) provides "
3554 "a better interface to the same functionality."
3558 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:135
3560 "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3), B<mblen>(3), B<mbrtowc>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<wctomb>(3), "
3565 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26
3571 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26 build/C/man3/system.3:31
3577 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:29
3578 msgid "mkdtemp - create a unique temporary directory"
3582 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:34
3584 msgid "B<char *mkdtemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3588 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:42
3589 msgid "B<mkdtemp>():"
3593 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:47
3598 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:49
3599 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.10: */"
3603 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:51
3604 msgid "(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700)"
3608 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:68
3610 "The B<mkdtemp>() function generates a uniquely named temporary directory "
3611 "from I<template>. The last six characters of I<template> must be XXXXXX and "
3612 "these are replaced with a string that makes the directory name unique. The "
3613 "directory is then created with permissions 0700. Since it will be modified, "
3614 "I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be declared as a "
3619 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:75
3621 "The B<mkdtemp>() function returns a pointer to the modified template string "
3622 "on success, and NULL on failure, in which case I<errno> is set "
3627 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:76 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:166 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:92 build/C/man3/random.3:141 build/C/man3/random.3:148 build/C/man3/random_r.3:106 build/C/man3/random_r.3:110 build/C/man3/random_r.3:119 build/C/man3/setenv.3:120 build/C/man3/strtol.3:145 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:149
3633 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:80
3635 "The last six characters of I<template> were not XXXXXX. Now I<template> is "
3640 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:84
3641 msgid "Also see B<mkdir>(2) for other possible values for I<errno>."
3645 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:86
3646 msgid "Available since glibc 2.1.91."
3650 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:91
3651 msgid "The B<mkdtemp>() function is thread-safe."
3654 #. As at 2006, this function is being considered for a revision of POSIX.1
3655 #. Also in NetBSD 1.4.
3657 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:96
3658 msgid "POSIX.1-2008. This function is present on the BSDs."
3662 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:103
3664 "B<mkdir>(2), B<mkstemp>(3), B<mktemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), "
3669 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35
3675 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:38
3676 msgid "mkstemp, mkostemp, mkstemps, mkostemps - create a unique temporary file"
3680 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:43
3682 msgid "B<int mkstemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3686 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:45
3688 msgid "B<int mkostemp(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
3692 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:47
3694 msgid "B<int mkstemps(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<suffixlen>B<);>\n"
3698 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:49
3701 "B<int mkostemps(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<suffixlen>B<, int "
3706 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:57
3707 msgid "B<mkstemp>():"
3711 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:62 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:63
3713 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
3714 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
3718 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:64
3719 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L"
3723 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:70
3724 msgid "B<mkostemp>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
3728 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:73
3729 msgid "B<mkstemps>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
3733 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:76
3734 msgid "B<mkostemps>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
3738 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:83
3740 "The B<mkstemp>() function generates a unique temporary filename from "
3741 "I<template>, creates and opens the file, and returns an open file descriptor "
3746 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:91
3748 "The last six characters of I<template> must be \"XXXXXX\" and these are "
3749 "replaced with a string that makes the filename unique. Since it will be "
3750 "modified, I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be declared "
3751 "as a character array."
3755 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:99
3757 "The file is created with permissions 0600, that is, read plus write for "
3758 "owner only. The returned file descriptor provides both read and write "
3759 "access to the file. The file is opened with the B<open>(2) B<O_EXCL> flag, "
3760 "guaranteeing that the caller is the process that creates the file."
3763 #. Reportedly, FreeBSD
3765 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:130
3767 "The B<mkostemp>() function is like B<mkstemp>(), with the difference that "
3768 "the following bits\\(emwith the same meaning as for B<open>(2)\\(emmay be "
3769 "specified in I<flags>: B<O_APPEND>, B<O_CLOEXEC>, and B<O_SYNC>. Note that "
3770 "when creating the file, B<mkostemp>() includes the values B<O_RDWR>, "
3771 "B<O_CREAT>, and B<O_EXCL> in the I<flags> argument given to B<open>(2); "
3772 "including these values in the I<flags> argument given to B<mkostemp>() is "
3773 "unnecessary, and produces errors on some systems."
3777 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:146
3779 "The B<mkstemps>() function is like B<mkstemp>(), except that the string in "
3780 "I<template> contains a suffix of I<suffixlen> characters. Thus, I<template> "
3781 "is of the form I<prefixXXXXXXsuffix>, and the string XXXXXX is modified as "
3786 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:155
3788 "The B<mkostemps>() function is to B<mkstemps>() as B<mkostemp>() is to "
3793 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:161
3795 "On success, these functions return the file descriptor of the temporary "
3796 "file. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
3800 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:162
3806 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:166
3808 "Could not create a unique temporary filename. Now the contents of "
3809 "I<template> are undefined."
3813 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:174
3815 "For B<mkstemp>() and B<mkostemp>(): The last six characters of I<template> "
3816 "were not XXXXXX; now I<template> is unchanged."
3820 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:185
3822 "For B<mkstemps>() and B<mkostemps>(): I<template> is less than I<(6 + "
3823 "suffixlen)> characters long, or the last 6 characters before the suffix in "
3824 "I<template> were not XXXXXX."
3828 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:188
3830 "These functions may also fail with any of the errors described for "
3835 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:195
3837 "B<mkostemp>() is available since glibc 2.7. B<mkstemps>() and "
3838 "B<mkostemps>() are available since glibc 2.11."
3842 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:204
3844 "The B<mkstemp>(), B<mkostemp>(), B<mkstemps>(), and B<mkostemps>() "
3845 "functions are thread-safe."
3849 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:207
3850 msgid "B<mkstemp>(): 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
3853 #. mkstemps() appears to be at least on the BSDs, Mac OS X, Solaris,
3856 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:212
3857 msgid "B<mkstemps>(): unstandardized, but appears on several other systems."
3861 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:217
3862 msgid "B<mkostemp>() and B<mkostemps>(): are glibc extensions."
3866 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:224
3868 "In glibc versions 2.06 and earlier, the file is created with permissions "
3869 "0666, that is, read and write for all users. This old behavior may be a "
3870 "security risk, especially since other UNIX flavors use 0600, and somebody "
3871 "might overlook this detail when porting programs. POSIX.1-2008 adds a "
3872 "requirement that the file be created with mode 0600."
3876 #. The prototype for
3880 #. for libc4, libc5, glibc1; glibc2 follows POSIX.1 and has the prototype in
3883 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:242
3885 "More generally, the POSIX specification of B<mkstemp>() does not say "
3886 "anything about file modes, so the application should make sure its file mode "
3887 "creation mask (see B<umask>(2)) is set appropriately before calling "
3888 "B<mkstemp>() (and B<mkostemp>())."
3892 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:248
3893 msgid "B<mkdtemp>(3), B<mktemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), B<tmpnam>(3)"
3897 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34
3903 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:37
3904 msgid "mktemp - make a unique temporary filename"
3908 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:42
3910 msgid "B<char *mktemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3914 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:50
3915 msgid "B<mktemp>():"
3919 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:59
3922 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE ||\n"
3923 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
3924 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
3925 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
3929 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:69
3930 msgid "I<Never use this function>; see NOTES."
3934 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:80
3936 "The B<mktemp>() function generates a unique temporary filename from "
3937 "I<template>. The last six characters of I<template> must be XXXXXX and "
3938 "these are replaced with a string that makes the filename unique. Since it "
3939 "will be modified, I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be "
3940 "declared as a character array."
3944 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:91
3946 "The B<mktemp>() function always returns I<template>. If a unique name was "
3947 "created, the last six bytes of I<template> will have been modified in such a "
3948 "way that the resulting name is unique (i.e., does not exist already) If a "
3949 "unique name could not be created, I<template> is made an empty string, and "
3950 "I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
3954 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:95
3955 msgid "The last six characters of I<template> were not XXXXXX."
3959 #. The prototype is in
3961 #. for libc4, libc5, glibc1; glibc2 follows the Single UNIX Specification
3962 #. and has the prototype in
3965 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:105
3967 "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
3972 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:118
3974 "Never use B<mktemp>(). Some implementations follow 4.3BSD and replace "
3975 "XXXXXX by the current process ID and a single letter, so that at most 26 "
3976 "different names can be returned. Since on the one hand the names are easy "
3977 "to guess, and on the other hand there is a race between testing whether the "
3978 "name exists and opening the file, every use of B<mktemp>() is a security "
3979 "risk. The race is avoided by B<mkstemp>(3)."
3983 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:123
3984 msgid "B<mkstemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), B<tmpnam>(3)"
3988 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31
3994 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:34
3995 msgid "on_exit - register a function to be called at normal process termination"
3999 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:39
4001 msgid "B<int on_exit(void (*>I<function>B<)(int , void *), void *>I<arg>B<);>\n"
4005 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:48
4006 msgid "B<on_exit>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
4010 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:66
4012 "The B<on_exit>() function registers the given I<function> to be called at "
4013 "normal process termination, whether via B<exit>(3) or via return from the "
4014 "program's I<main>(). The I<function> is passed the status argument given to "
4015 "the last call to B<exit>(3) and the I<arg> argument from B<on_exit>()."
4019 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:81
4021 "The B<on_exit>() function returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise it "
4022 "returns a nonzero value."
4026 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:87
4028 "This function comes from SunOS 4, but is also present in glibc. It no "
4029 "longer occurs in Solaris (SunOS 5). Portable application should avoid this "
4030 "function, and use the standard B<atexit>(3) instead."
4034 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:91
4035 msgid "B<_exit>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<exit>(3)"
4039 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:36
4045 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:39
4046 msgid "putenv - change or add an environment variable"
4049 #. Not: const char *
4051 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:45
4053 msgid "B<int putenv(char *>I<string>B<);>\n"
4057 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:54
4058 msgid "B<putenv>(): _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
4062 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:67
4064 "The B<putenv>() function adds or changes the value of environment "
4065 "variables. The argument I<string> is of the form I<name>=I<value>. If "
4066 "I<name> does not already exist in the environment, then I<string> is added "
4067 "to the environment. If I<name> does exist, then the value of I<name> in the "
4068 "environment is changed to I<value>. The string pointed to by I<string> "
4069 "becomes part of the environment, so altering the string changes the "
4074 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:75
4076 "The B<putenv>() function returns zero on success, or nonzero if an error "
4077 "occurs. In the event of an error, I<errno> is set to indicate the cause."
4081 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:76 build/C/man3/setenv.3:125
4087 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:79
4088 msgid "Insufficient space to allocate new environment."
4092 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:81
4093 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD."
4097 #. Description for libc4, libc5, glibc:
4098 #. If the argument \fIstring\fP is of the form \fIname\fP,
4099 #. and does not contain an \(aq=\(aq character, then the variable \fIname\fP
4100 #. is removed from the environment.
4103 #. has to allocate a new array \fIenviron\fP,
4104 #. and the previous array was also allocated by
4106 #. then it will be freed.
4107 #. In no case will the old storage associated
4108 #. to the environment variable itself be freed.
4110 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:99
4112 "The B<putenv>() function is not required to be reentrant, and the one in "
4113 "glibc 2.0 is not, but the glibc 2.1 version is."
4117 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:114
4119 "Since version 2.1.2, the glibc implementation conforms to SUSv2: the pointer "
4120 "I<string> given to B<putenv>() is used. In particular, this string becomes "
4121 "part of the environment; changing it later will change the environment. "
4122 "(Thus, it is an error is to call B<putenv>() with an automatic variable as "
4123 "the argument, then return from the calling function while I<string> is still "
4124 "part of the environment.) However, glibc versions 2.0 to 2.1.1 differ: a "
4125 "copy of the string is used. On the one hand this causes a memory leak, and "
4126 "on the other hand it violates SUSv2."
4130 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:116
4131 msgid "The 4.4BSD version, like glibc 2.0, uses a copy."
4135 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:118
4136 msgid "SUSv2 removes the I<const> from the prototype, and so does glibc 2.1.3."
4140 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:124
4141 msgid "B<clearenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
4145 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28
4151 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:31
4152 msgid "qecvt, qfcvt, qgcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
4156 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:36
4158 "B<char *qecvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
4159 "*>I<decpt>B<,> B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
4163 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:39
4165 "B<char *qfcvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
4166 "*>I<decpt>B<,> B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
4170 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:41
4171 msgid "B<char *qgcvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigit>B<, char *>I<buf>B<);>"
4175 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:52
4176 msgid "B<qecvt>(), B<qfcvt>(), B<qgcvt>(): _SVID_SOURCE"
4180 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:85
4182 "The functions B<qecvt>(), B<qfcvt>(), and B<qgcvt>() are identical to "
4183 "B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3), and B<gcvt>(3) respectively, except that they use a "
4184 "I<long double> argument I<number>. See B<ecvt>(3) and B<gcvt>(3)."
4188 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:92
4189 msgid "The B<qecvt>() and B<qfcvt>() functions are not thread-safe."
4193 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:96
4194 msgid "The B<qgcvt>() function is thread-safe."
4197 #. Not supported by libc4 and libc5.
4199 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:102
4201 "SVr4. Not seen in most common UNIX implementations, but occurs in SunOS. "
4202 "Supported by glibc."
4206 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:107
4207 msgid "These functions are obsolete. Instead, B<snprintf>(3) is recommended."
4211 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:112
4212 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<ecvt_r>(3), B<gcvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
4216 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:41
4222 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:41
4228 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:44
4229 msgid "rand, rand_r, srand - pseudo-random number generator"
4233 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:49
4235 msgid "B<int rand(void);>\n"
4239 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:51
4241 msgid "B<int rand_r(unsigned int *>I<seedp>B<);>\n"
4245 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:53
4247 msgid "B<void srand(unsigned int >I<seed>B<);>\n"
4251 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:62
4252 msgid "B<rand_r>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 1 || _XOPEN_SOURCE || _POSIX_SOURCE"
4256 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:68
4258 "The B<rand>() function returns a pseudo-random integer in the range 0 to "
4259 "B<RAND_MAX> inclusive (i.e., the mathematical range [0,\\ B<RAND_MAX>])."
4263 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:77
4265 "The B<srand>() function sets its argument as the seed for a new sequence of "
4266 "pseudo-random integers to be returned by B<rand>(). These sequences are "
4267 "repeatable by calling B<srand>() with the same seed value."
4271 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:81
4273 "If no seed value is provided, the B<rand>() function is automatically "
4274 "seeded with a value of 1."
4278 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:92
4280 "The function B<rand>() is not reentrant or thread-safe, since it uses "
4281 "hidden state that is modified on each call. This might just be the seed "
4282 "value to be used by the next call, or it might be something more elaborate. "
4283 "In order to get reproducible behavior in a threaded application, this state "
4284 "must be made explicit; this can be done using the reentrant function "
4289 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:108
4291 "Like B<rand>(), B<rand_r>() returns a pseudo-random integer in the range "
4292 "[0,\\ B<RAND_MAX>]. The I<seedp> argument is a pointer to an I<unsigned "
4293 "int> that is used to store state between calls. If B<rand_r>() is called "
4294 "with the same initial value for the integer pointed to by I<seedp>, and that "
4295 "value is not modified between calls, then the same pseudo-random sequence "
4300 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:118
4302 "The value pointed to by the I<seedp> argument of B<rand_r>() provides only "
4303 "a very small amount of state, so this function will be a weak pseudo-random "
4304 "generator. Try B<drand48_r>(3) instead."
4308 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:129
4310 "The B<rand>() and B<rand_r>() functions return a value between 0 and "
4311 "B<RAND_MAX> (inclusive). The B<srand>() function returns no value."
4315 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:141
4317 "The functions B<rand>() and B<srand>() conform to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, "
4318 "POSIX.1-2001. The function B<rand_r>() is from POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 "
4319 "marks B<rand_r>() as obsolete."
4323 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:160
4325 "The versions of B<rand>() and B<srand>() in the Linux C Library use the "
4326 "same random number generator as B<random>(3) and B<srandom>(3), so the "
4327 "lower-order bits should be as random as the higher-order bits. However, on "
4328 "older B<rand>() implementations, and on current implementations on "
4329 "different systems, the lower-order bits are much less random than the "
4330 "higher-order bits. Do not use this function in applications intended to be "
4331 "portable when good randomness is needed. (Use B<random>(3) instead.)"
4335 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:166
4337 "POSIX.1-2001 gives the following example of an implementation of B<rand>() "
4338 "and B<srand>(), possibly useful when one needs the same sequence on two "
4339 "different machines."
4343 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:170
4345 msgid "static unsigned long next = 1;\n"
4349 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:176
4352 "/* RAND_MAX assumed to be 32767 */\n"
4353 "int myrand(void) {\n"
4354 " next = next * 1103515245 + 12345;\n"
4355 " return((unsigned)(next/65536) % 32768);\n"
4360 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:180
4363 "void mysrand(unsigned int seed) {\n"
4369 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:187
4371 "The following program can be used to display the pseudo-random sequence "
4372 "produced by B<rand>() when given a particular seed."
4376 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:192
4379 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4380 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4384 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:198
4388 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4390 " int j, r, nloops;\n"
4391 " unsigned int seed;\n"
4395 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:203
4398 " if (argc != 3) {\n"
4399 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>seedE<gt> E<lt>nloopsE<gt>\\en\", "
4401 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4406 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:206
4409 " seed = atoi(argv[1]);\n"
4410 " nloops = atoi(argv[2]);\n"
4414 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:212
4418 " for (j = 0; j E<lt> nloops; j++) {\n"
4420 " printf(\"%d\\en\", r);\n"
4425 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:220
4426 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<random>(3)"
4430 #: build/C/man3/random.3:33
4436 #: build/C/man3/random.3:36
4437 msgid "random, srandom, initstate, setstate - random number generator"
4441 #: build/C/man3/random.3:41
4443 msgid "B<long int random(void);>\n"
4447 #: build/C/man3/random.3:43
4449 msgid "B<void srandom(unsigned int >I<seed>B<);>\n"
4453 #: build/C/man3/random.3:45
4456 "B<char *initstate(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, char *>I<state>B<, size_t "
4461 #: build/C/man3/random.3:47
4463 msgid "B<char *setstate(char *>I<state>B<);>\n"
4467 #: build/C/man3/random.3:59
4468 msgid "B<random>(), B<srandom>(), B<initstate>(), B<setstate>():"
4472 #: build/C/man3/random.3:62
4474 "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
4475 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
4479 #: build/C/man3/random.3:73
4481 "The B<random>() function uses a nonlinear additive feedback random number "
4482 "generator employing a default table of size 31 long integers to return "
4483 "successive pseudo-random numbers in the range from 0 to B<RAND_MAX>. The "
4484 "period of this random number generator is very large, approximately I<16\\ "
4485 "*\\ ((2^31)\\ -\\ 1)>."
4489 #: build/C/man3/random.3:87
4491 "The B<srandom>() function sets its argument as the seed for a new sequence "
4492 "of pseudo-random integers to be returned by B<random>(). These sequences "
4493 "are repeatable by calling B<srandom>() with the same seed value. If no "
4494 "seed value is provided, the B<random>() function is automatically seeded "
4495 "with a value of 1."
4499 #: build/C/man3/random.3:102
4501 "The B<initstate>() function allows a state array I<state> to be initialized "
4502 "for use by B<random>(). The size of the state array I<n> is used by "
4503 "B<initstate>() to decide how sophisticated a random number generator it "
4504 "should use\\(emthe larger the state array, the better the random numbers "
4505 "will be. I<seed> is the seed for the initialization, which specifies a "
4506 "starting point for the random number sequence, and provides for restarting "
4507 "at the same point."
4511 #: build/C/man3/random.3:118
4513 "The B<setstate>() function changes the state array used by the B<random>() "
4514 "function. The state array I<state> is used for random number generation "
4515 "until the next call to B<initstate>() or B<setstate>(). I<state> must "
4516 "first have been initialized using B<initstate>() or be the result of a "
4517 "previous call of B<setstate>()."
4521 #: build/C/man3/random.3:126
4523 "The B<random>() function returns a value between 0 and B<RAND_MAX>. The "
4524 "B<srandom>() function returns no value."
4528 #: build/C/man3/random.3:133
4530 "The B<initstate>() function returns a pointer to the previous state array. "
4531 "On error, I<errno> is set to indicate the cause."
4535 #: build/C/man3/random.3:140
4537 "On success, B<setstate>() returns a pointer to the previous state array. "
4538 "On error, it returns NULL, with I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the "
4543 #: build/C/man3/random.3:148
4544 msgid "The I<state> argument given to B<setstate>() was NULL."
4548 #: build/C/man3/random.3:152
4549 msgid "A state array of less than 8 bytes was specified to B<initstate>()."
4553 #: build/C/man3/random.3:161
4555 "The B<random>(), B<srandom>(), B<initstate>(), and B<setstate>() functions "
4560 #: build/C/man3/random.3:163 build/C/man3/setenv.3:130
4561 msgid "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
4565 #: build/C/man3/random.3:169
4567 "Current \"optimal\" values for the size of the state array I<n> are 8, 32, "
4568 "64, 128, and 256 bytes; other amounts will be rounded down to the nearest "
4569 "known amount. Using less than 8 bytes will cause an error."
4573 #: build/C/man3/random.3:176
4575 "This function should not be used in cases where multiple threads use "
4576 "B<random>() and the behavior should be reproducible. Use B<random_r>(3) "
4581 #: build/C/man3/random.3:183
4583 "Random-number generation is a complex topic. I<Numerical Recipes in C: The "
4584 "Art of Scientific Computing> (William H. Press, Brian P. Flannery, Saul "
4585 "A. Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling; New York: Cambridge University Press, "
4586 "2007, 3rd ed.) provides an excellent discussion of practical random-number "
4587 "generation issues in Chapter 7 (Random Numbers)."
4591 #: build/C/man3/random.3:189
4593 "For a more theoretical discussion which also covers many practical issues in "
4594 "depth, see Chapter 3 (Random Numbers) in Donald E. Knuth's I<The Art of "
4595 "Computer Programming>, volume 2 (Seminumerical Algorithms), 2nd ed.; "
4596 "Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1981."
4599 #. http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=15380
4601 #: build/C/man3/random.3:197
4603 "According to POSIX, B<initstate>() should return NULL on error. In the "
4604 "glibc implementation, I<errno> is (as specified) set on error, but the "
4605 "function does not return NULL."
4609 #: build/C/man3/random.3:202
4610 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<rand>(3), B<random_r>(3), B<srand>(3)"
4614 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:26
4620 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:30
4622 "random_r, srandom_r, initstate_r, setstate_r - reentrant random number "
4627 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:35
4629 msgid "B<int random_r(struct random_data *>I<buf>B<, int32_t *>I<result>B<);>\n"
4633 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:37
4635 msgid "B<int srandom_r(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4639 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:40
4642 "B<int initstate_r(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, char *>I<statebuf>B<,>\n"
4643 "B< size_t >I<statelen>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4647 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:42
4649 msgid "B<int setstate_r(char *>I<statebuf>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4653 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:54
4654 msgid "B<random_r>(), B<srandom_r>(), B<initstate_r>(), B<setstate_r>():"
4658 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:56
4659 msgid "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE"
4663 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:64
4665 "These functions are the reentrant equivalents of the functions described in "
4666 "B<random>(3). They are suitable for use in multithreaded programs where "
4667 "each thread needs to obtain an independent, reproducible sequence of random "
4672 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:75
4674 "The B<random_r>() function is like B<random>(3), except that instead of "
4675 "using state information maintained in a global variable, it uses the state "
4676 "information in the argument pointed to by I<buf>. The generated random "
4677 "number is returned in the argument I<result>."
4681 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:84
4683 "The B<srandom_r>() function is like B<srandom>(3), except that it "
4684 "initializes the seed for the random number generator whose state is "
4685 "maintained in the object pointed to by I<buf>, instead of the seed "
4686 "associated with the global state variable."
4690 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:92
4692 "The B<initstate_r>() function is like B<initstate>(3) except that it "
4693 "initializes the state in the object pointed to by I<buf>, rather than "
4694 "initializing the global state variable."
4698 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:100
4700 "The B<setstate_r>() function is like B<setstate>(3) except that it "
4701 "modifies the state in the object pointer to by I<buf>, rather than modifying "
4702 "the global state variable."
4706 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:105
4708 "All of these functions return 0 on success. On error, -1 is returned, with "
4709 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4713 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:110
4714 msgid "A state array of less than 8 bytes was specified to B<initstate_r>()."
4718 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:119
4719 msgid "The I<statebuf> or I<buf> argument to B<setstate_r>() was NULL."
4723 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:128
4724 msgid "The I<buf> or I<result> argument to B<random_r>() was NULL."
4728 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:137
4730 "The B<random_r>(), B<srandom_r>(), B<initstate_r>(), and B<setstate_r>() "
4731 "functions are thread-safe."
4734 #. These functions appear to be on Tru64, but don't seem to be on
4735 #. Solaris, HP-UX, or FreeBSD.
4737 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:141
4738 msgid "These functions are nonstandard glibc extensions."
4742 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29
4748 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:32
4749 msgid "rpmatch - determine if the answer to a question is affirmative or negative"
4753 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:37
4755 msgid "B<int rpmatch(const char *>I<response>B<);>\n"
4759 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:46
4760 msgid "B<rpmatch>(): _SVID_SOURCE"
4764 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:50
4766 "B<rpmatch>() handles a user response to yes or no questions, with support "
4767 "for internationalization."
4771 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:57
4773 "I<response> should be a null-terminated string containing a user-supplied "
4774 "response, perhaps obtained with B<fgets>(3) or B<getline>(3)."
4778 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:67
4780 "The user's language preference is taken into account per the environment "
4781 "variables B<LANG>, B<LC_MESSAGES>, and B<LC_ALL>, if the program has called "
4782 "B<setlocale>(3) to effect their changes."
4786 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:73
4788 "Regardless of the locale, responses matching B<^[Yy]> are always accepted as "
4789 "affirmative, and those matching B<^[Nn]> are always accepted as negative."
4793 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:82
4795 "After examining I<response>, B<rpmatch>() returns 0 for a recognized "
4796 "negative response (\"no\"), 1 for a recognized positive response (\"yes\"), "
4797 "and -1 when the value of I<response> is unrecognized."
4801 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:86
4803 "A return value of -1 may indicate either an invalid input, or some other "
4804 "error. It is incorrect to only test if the return value is nonzero."
4808 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:99
4810 "B<rpmatch>() can fail for any of the reasons that B<regcomp>(3) or "
4811 "B<regexec>(3) can fail; the cause of the error is not available from "
4812 "I<errno> or anywhere else, but indicates a failure of the regex engine (but "
4813 "this case is indistinguishable from that of an unrecognized value of "
4817 #. It is available on at least AIX 5.1 and FreeBSD 6.0.
4819 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:104
4821 "B<rpmatch>() is not required by any standard, but is available on a few "
4826 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:119
4828 "The B<rpmatch>() implementation looks at only the first character of "
4829 "I<response>. As a consequence, \"nyes\" returns 0, and \"ynever; not in a "
4830 "million years\" returns 1. It would be preferable to accept input strings "
4831 "much more strictly, for example (using the extended regular expression "
4832 "notation described in B<regex>(7)): B<^([yY]|yes|YES)$> and "
4833 "B<^([nN]|no|NO)$>."
4837 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:123
4839 "The following program displays the results when B<rpmatch>() is applied to "
4840 "the string given in the program's command-line argument."
4844 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:130
4847 "#define _SVID_SOURCE\n"
4848 "#include E<lt>locale.hE<gt>\n"
4849 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4850 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
4851 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4855 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:138
4859 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4861 " if (argc != 2 || strcmp(argv[1], \"--help\") == 0) {\n"
4862 " fprintf(stderr, \"%s response\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
4863 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4868 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:143
4871 " setlocale(LC_ALL, \"\");\n"
4872 " printf(\"rpmatch() returns: %d\\en\", rpmatch(argv[1]));\n"
4873 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
4878 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:150
4880 "B<fgets>(3), B<getline>(3), B<nl_langinfo>(3), B<regcomp>(3), "
4885 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:37
4891 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:37
4897 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:40
4898 msgid "setenv - change or add an environment variable"
4902 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:45
4905 "B<int setenv(const char *>I<name>B<, const char *>I<value>B<, int "
4906 ">I<overwrite>B<);>\n"
4910 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:47
4912 msgid "B<int unsetenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
4916 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:57
4917 msgid "B<setenv>(), B<unsetenv>():"
4921 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:59
4923 "_BSD_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ "
4928 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:94
4930 "The B<setenv>() function adds the variable I<name> to the environment with "
4931 "the value I<value>, if I<name> does not already exist. If I<name> does "
4932 "exist in the environment, then its value is changed to I<value> if "
4933 "I<overwrite> is nonzero; if I<overwrite> is zero, then the value of I<name> "
4934 "is not changed (and B<setenv>() returns a success status). This function "
4935 "makes copies of the strings pointed to by I<name> and I<value> (by contrast "
4936 "with B<putenv>(3))."
4940 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:105
4942 "The B<unsetenv>() function deletes the variable I<name> from the "
4943 "environment. If I<name> does not exist in the environment, then the "
4944 "function succeeds, and the environment is unchanged."
4948 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:112
4950 "The B<setenv>() function returns zero on success, or -1 on error, with "
4951 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4955 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:119
4957 "The B<unsetenv>() function returns zero on success, or -1 on error, with "
4958 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4962 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:125
4964 "I<name> is NULL, points to a string of length 0, or contains an \\(aq=\\(aq "
4969 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:128
4970 msgid "Insufficient memory to add a new variable to the environment."
4974 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:136
4976 "POSIX.1-2001 does not require B<setenv>() or B<unsetenv>() to be "
4981 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:144
4983 "Prior to glibc 2.2.2, B<unsetenv>() was prototyped as returning I<void>; "
4984 "more recent glibc versions follow the POSIX.1-2001-compliant prototype shown "
4989 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:153
4991 "POSIX.1-2001 specifies that if I<name> contains an \\(aq=\\(aq character, "
4992 "then B<setenv>() should fail with the error B<EINVAL>; however, versions of "
4993 "glibc before 2.3.4 allowed an \\(aq=\\(aq sign in I<name>."
4997 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:158
4998 msgid "B<clearenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
5002 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:45
5008 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:48
5009 msgid "strtod, strtof, strtold - convert ASCII string to floating-point number"
5013 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:52
5014 msgid "B<double strtod(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
5018 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:54
5019 msgid "B<float strtof(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
5023 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:56
5024 msgid "B<long double strtold(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
5028 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:65
5029 msgid "B<strtof>(), B<strtold>():"
5033 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:87
5035 "The B<strtod>(), B<strtof>(), and B<strtold>() functions convert the "
5036 "initial portion of the string pointed to by I<nptr> to I<double>, I<float>, "
5037 "and I<long double> representation, respectively."
5041 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:94
5043 "The expected form of the (initial portion of the) string is optional leading "
5044 "white space as recognized by B<isspace>(3), an optional plus (\\(aq+\\(aq) "
5045 "or minus sign (\\(aq-\\(aq) and then either (i) a decimal number, or (ii) a "
5046 "hexadecimal number, or (iii) an infinity, or (iv) a NAN (not-a-number)."
5050 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:103
5052 "A I<decimal number> consists of a nonempty sequence of decimal digits "
5053 "possibly containing a radix character (decimal point, locale-dependent, "
5054 "usually \\(aq.\\(aq), optionally followed by a decimal exponent. A decimal "
5055 "exponent consists of an \\(aqE\\(aq or \\(aqe\\(aq, followed by an optional "
5056 "plus or minus sign, followed by a nonempty sequence of decimal digits, and "
5057 "indicates multiplication by a power of 10."
5061 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:114
5063 "A I<hexadecimal number> consists of a \"0x\" or \"0X\" followed by a "
5064 "nonempty sequence of hexadecimal digits possibly containing a radix "
5065 "character, optionally followed by a binary exponent. A binary exponent "
5066 "consists of a \\(aqP\\(aq or \\(aqp\\(aq, followed by an optional plus or "
5067 "minus sign, followed by a nonempty sequence of decimal digits, and indicates "
5068 "multiplication by a power of 2. At least one of radix character and binary "
5069 "exponent must be present."
5073 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:118
5074 msgid "An I<infinity> is either \"INF\" or \"INFINITY\", disregarding case."
5078 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:127
5080 "A I<NAN> is \"NAN\" (disregarding case) optionally followed by a string, "
5081 "I<(n-char-sequence)>, where I<n-char-sequence> specifies in an "
5082 "implementation-dependent way the type of NAN (see NOTES)."
5086 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:129
5087 msgid "These functions return the converted value, if any."
5091 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:136
5093 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, a pointer to the character after the last "
5094 "character used in the conversion is stored in the location referenced by "
5099 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:141
5101 "If no conversion is performed, zero is returned and the value of I<nptr> is "
5102 "stored in the location referenced by I<endptr>."
5106 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:155
5108 "If the correct value would cause overflow, plus or minus B<HUGE_VAL> "
5109 "(B<HUGE_VALF>, B<HUGE_VALL>) is returned (according to the sign of the "
5110 "value), and B<ERANGE> is stored in I<errno>. If the correct value would "
5111 "cause underflow, zero is returned and B<ERANGE> is stored in I<errno>."
5115 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:156 build/C/man3/strtol.3:151 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:155
5121 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:159
5122 msgid "Overflow or underflow occurred."
5126 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:171
5128 "The B<strtod>(), B<strtof>(), and B<strtold>() functions are thread-safe "
5129 "with exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5130 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5131 "during their execution."
5135 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:176
5136 msgid "C89 describes B<strtod>(), C99 describes the other two functions."
5140 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:185
5142 "Since 0 can legitimately be returned on both success and failure, the "
5143 "calling program should set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and then determine "
5144 "if an error occurred by checking whether I<errno> has a nonzero value after "
5148 #. From glibc 2.8's stdlib/strtod_l.c:
5149 #. We expect it to be a number which is put in the
5150 #. mantissa of the number.
5151 #. It looks as though at least FreeBSD (according to the manual) does
5152 #. something similar.
5153 #. C11 says: "An implementation may use the n-char sequence to determine
5154 #. extra information to be represented in the NaN's significant."
5156 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:200
5158 "In the glibc implementation, the I<n-char-sequence> that optionally follows "
5159 "\"NAN\" is interpreted as an integer number (with an optional '0' or '0x' "
5160 "prefix to select base 8 or 16) that is to be placed in the mantissa "
5161 "component of the returned value."
5165 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:205 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:225
5167 "See the example on the B<strtol>(3) manual page; the use of the functions "
5168 "described in this manual page is similar."
5172 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:214
5174 "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<nan>(3), B<nanf>(3), B<nanl>(3), "
5175 "B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
5179 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24
5185 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:27
5186 msgid "strtoimax, strtoumax - convert string to integer"
5190 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:30
5192 msgid "B<#include E<lt>inttypes.hE<gt>>\n"
5196 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:32
5199 "B<intmax_t strtoimax(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5204 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:34
5207 "B<uintmax_t strtoumax(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5212 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:45
5214 "These functions are just like B<strtol>(3) and B<strtoul>(3), except that "
5215 "they return a value of type I<intmax_t> and I<uintmax_t>, respectively."
5219 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:58
5221 "On success, the converted value is returned. If nothing was found to "
5222 "convert, zero is returned. On overflow or underflow B<INTMAX_MAX> or "
5223 "B<INTMAX_MIN> or B<UINTMAX_MAX> is returned, and I<errno> is set to "
5228 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:69
5230 "The B<strtoimax>() and B<strtoumax>() functions are thread-safe with "
5231 "exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5232 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5233 "during their execution."
5237 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:77
5238 msgid "B<imaxabs>(3), B<imaxdiv>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3), B<wcstoimax>(3)"
5242 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:31
5248 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:34
5249 msgid "strtol, strtoll, strtoq - convert a string to a long integer"
5253 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:39
5256 "B<long int strtol(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5261 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:42
5264 "B<long long int strtoll(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5269 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:51
5270 msgid "B<strtoll>():"
5274 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:54 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:57
5276 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || "
5277 "_ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L;"
5281 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:68
5283 "The B<strtol>() function converts the initial part of the string in I<nptr> "
5284 "to a long integer value according to the given I<base>, which must be "
5285 "between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0."
5289 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:81 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:89
5291 "The string may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space (as determined "
5292 "by B<isspace>(3)) followed by a single optional \\(aq+\\(aq or \\(aq-\\(aq "
5293 "sign. If I<base> is zero or 16, the string may then include a \"0x\" "
5294 "prefix, and the number will be read in base 16; otherwise, a zero I<base> is "
5295 "taken as 10 (decimal) unless the next character is \\(aq0\\(aq, in which "
5296 "case it is taken as 8 (octal)."
5300 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:90
5302 "The remainder of the string is converted to a I<long int> value in the "
5303 "obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid digit "
5304 "in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter \\(aqA\\(aq in either "
5305 "uppercase or lowercase represents 10, \\(aqB\\(aq represents 11, and so "
5306 "forth, with \\(aqZ\\(aq representing 35.)"
5310 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:111
5312 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, B<strtol>() stores the address of the first "
5313 "invalid character in I<*endptr>. If there were no digits at all, "
5314 "B<strtol>() stores the original value of I<nptr> in I<*endptr> (and returns "
5315 "0). In particular, if I<*nptr> is not \\(aq\\e0\\(aq but I<**endptr> is "
5316 "\\(aq\\e0\\(aq on return, the entire string is valid."
5320 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:117
5322 "The B<strtoll>() function works just like the B<strtol>() function but "
5323 "returns a long long integer value."
5327 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:144
5329 "The B<strtol>() function returns the result of the conversion, unless the "
5330 "value would underflow or overflow. If an underflow occurs, B<strtol>() "
5331 "returns B<LONG_MIN>. If an overflow occurs, B<strtol>() returns "
5332 "B<LONG_MAX>. In both cases, I<errno> is set to B<ERANGE>. Precisely the "
5333 "same holds for B<strtoll>() (with B<LLONG_MIN> and B<LLONG_MAX> instead of "
5334 "B<LONG_MIN> and B<LONG_MAX>)."
5338 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:151 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:155
5339 msgid "(not in C99) The given I<base> contains an unsupported value."
5343 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:154 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:158
5344 msgid "The resulting value was out of range."
5348 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:161 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:165
5350 "The implementation may also set I<errno> to B<EINVAL> in case no conversion "
5351 "was performed (no digits seen, and 0 returned)."
5355 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:173
5357 "The B<strtol>(), B<strtoll>(), and B<strtoq>() functions are thread-safe "
5358 "with exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5359 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5360 "during their execution."
5364 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:178
5366 "B<strtol>() conforms to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, and POSIX.1-2001, and "
5367 "B<strtoll>() to C99 and POSIX.1-2001."
5371 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:196
5373 "Since B<strtol>() can legitimately return 0, B<LONG_MAX>, or B<LONG_MIN> "
5374 "(B<LLONG_MAX> or B<LLONG_MIN> for B<strtoll>()) on both success and "
5375 "failure, the calling program should set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and "
5376 "then determine if an error occurred by checking whether I<errno> has a "
5377 "nonzero value after the call."
5381 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:201
5383 "According to POSIX.1-2001, in locales other than the \"C\" and \"POSIX\", "
5384 "these functions may accept other, implementation-defined numeric strings."
5388 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:203 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:202
5389 msgid "BSD also has"
5393 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:207
5396 "B<quad_t strtoq(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5401 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:216
5403 "with completely analogous definition. Depending on the wordsize of the "
5404 "current architecture, this may be equivalent to B<strtoll>() or to "
5409 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:230
5411 "The program shown below demonstrates the use of B<strtol>(). The first "
5412 "command-line argument specifies a string from which B<strtol>() should "
5413 "parse a number. The second (optional) argument specifies the base to be "
5414 "used for the conversion. (This argument is converted to numeric form using "
5415 "B<atoi>(3), a function that performs no error checking and has a simpler "
5416 "interface than B<strtol>().) Some examples of the results produced by this "
5417 "program are the following:"
5421 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:246
5424 "$B< ./a.out 123>\n"
5425 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5426 "$B< ./a.out \\(aq 123\\(aq>\n"
5427 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5428 "$B< ./a.out 123abc>\n"
5429 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5430 "Further characters after number: abc\n"
5431 "$B< ./a.out 123abc 55>\n"
5432 "strtol: Invalid argument\n"
5433 "$B< ./a.out \\(aq\\(aq>\n"
5434 "No digits were found\n"
5435 "$B< ./a.out 4000000000>\n"
5436 "strtol: Numerical result out of range\n"
5440 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:255
5443 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
5444 "#include E<lt>limits.hE<gt>\n"
5445 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
5446 "#include E<lt>errno.hE<gt>\n"
5450 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:262
5454 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
5457 " char *endptr, *str;\n"
5462 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:267
5465 " if (argc E<lt> 2) {\n"
5466 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s str [base]\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
5467 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5472 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:270
5476 " base = (argc E<gt> 2) ? atoi(argv[2]) : 10;\n"
5480 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:273
5483 " errno = 0; /* To distinguish success/failure after call */\n"
5484 " val = strtol(str, &endptr, base);\n"
5488 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:275
5490 msgid " /* Check for various possible errors */\n"
5494 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:281
5497 " if ((errno == ERANGE && (val == LONG_MAX || val == LONG_MIN))\n"
5498 " || (errno != 0 && val == 0)) {\n"
5499 " perror(\"strtol\");\n"
5500 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5505 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:286
5508 " if (endptr == str) {\n"
5509 " fprintf(stderr, \"No digits were found\\en\");\n"
5510 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5515 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:288
5517 msgid " /* If we got here, strtol() successfully parsed a number */\n"
5521 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:290
5523 msgid " printf(\"strtol() returned %ld\\en\", val);\n"
5527 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:293
5530 " if (*endptr != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq) /* Not necessarily an "
5532 " printf(\"Further characters after number: %s\\en\", endptr);\n"
5536 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:303
5537 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
5541 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33
5547 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:36
5548 msgid "strtoul, strtoull, strtouq - convert a string to an unsigned long integer"
5552 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:42
5555 "B<unsigned long int strtoul(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5560 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:45
5563 "B<unsigned long long int strtoull(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char "
5564 "**>I<endptr>B<,>\n"
5565 "B< int >I<base>B<);>\n"
5569 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:54
5570 msgid "B<strtoull>():"
5574 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:75
5576 "The B<strtoul>() function converts the initial part of the string in "
5577 "I<nptr> to an I<unsigned long int> value according to the given I<base>, "
5578 "which must be between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0."
5582 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:98
5584 "The remainder of the string is converted to an I<unsigned long int> value in "
5585 "the obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid "
5586 "digit in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter \\(aqA\\(aq in "
5587 "either uppercase or lowercase represents 10, \\(aqB\\(aq represents 11, and "
5588 "so forth, with \\(aqZ\\(aq representing 35.)"
5592 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:119
5594 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, B<strtoul>() stores the address of the first "
5595 "invalid character in I<*endptr>. If there were no digits at all, "
5596 "B<strtoul>() stores the original value of I<nptr> in I<*endptr> (and "
5597 "returns 0). In particular, if I<*nptr> is not \\(aq\\e0\\(aq but "
5598 "I<**endptr> is \\(aq\\e0\\(aq on return, the entire string is valid."
5602 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:127
5604 "The B<strtoull>() function works just like the B<strtoul>() function but "
5605 "returns an I<unsigned long long int> value."
5609 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:148
5611 "The B<strtoul>() function returns either the result of the conversion or, "
5612 "if there was a leading minus sign, the negation of the result of the "
5613 "conversion represented as an unsigned value, unless the original "
5614 "(nonnegated) value would overflow; in the latter case, B<strtoul>() returns "
5615 "B<ULONG_MAX> and sets I<errno> to B<ERANGE>. Precisely the same holds for "
5616 "B<strtoull>() (with B<ULLONG_MAX> instead of B<ULONG_MAX>)."
5620 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:177
5622 "The B<strtoul>(), B<strtoull>(), and B<strtouq>() functions are thread-safe "
5623 "with exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5624 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5625 "during their execution."
5629 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:182
5631 "B<strtoul>() conforms to SVr4, C89, C99, and POSIX-2001, and B<strtoull>() "
5632 "to C99 and POSIX.1-2001."
5636 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:196
5638 "Since B<strtoul>() can legitimately return 0 or B<ULONG_MAX> (B<ULLONG_MAX> "
5639 "for B<strtoull>()) on both success and failure, the calling program should "
5640 "set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and then determine if an error occurred "
5641 "by checking whether I<errno> has a nonzero value after the call."
5645 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:200
5647 "In locales other than the \"C\" locale, other strings may be accepted. (For "
5648 "example, the thousands separator of the current locale may be supported.)"
5652 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:206
5655 "B<u_quad_t strtouq(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5660 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:215
5662 "with completely analogous definition. Depending on the wordsize of the "
5663 "current architecture, this may be equivalent to B<strtoull>() or to "
5668 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:220
5670 "Negative values are considered valid input and are silently converted to the "
5671 "equivalent I<unsigned long int> value."
5675 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:231
5676 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3)"
5680 #: build/C/man3/system.3:31
5686 #: build/C/man3/system.3:34
5687 msgid "system - execute a shell command"
5691 #: build/C/man3/system.3:39
5693 msgid "B<int system(const char *>I<command>B<);>\n"
5697 #: build/C/man3/system.3:50
5699 "The B<system>() library function uses B<fork>(2) to create a child process "
5700 "that executes the shell command specified in I<command> using B<execl>(3) "
5705 #: build/C/man3/system.3:52
5707 msgid " execl(\"/bin/sh\", \"sh\", \"-c\", command, (char *) 0);\n"
5711 #: build/C/man3/system.3:55
5712 msgid "B<system>() returns after the command has been completed."
5716 #: build/C/man3/system.3:67
5718 "During execution of the command, B<SIGCHLD> will be blocked, and B<SIGINT> "
5719 "and B<SIGQUIT> will be ignored, in the process that calls B<system>() "
5720 "(these signals will be handled according to their defaults inside the child "
5721 "process that executes I<command>)."
5725 #: build/C/man3/system.3:73
5727 "If I<command> is NULL, then B<system>() returns a status indicating whether "
5728 "a shell is available on the system"
5732 #: build/C/man3/system.3:77
5733 msgid "The return value of B<system>() is one of the following:"
5737 #: build/C/man3/system.3:82
5739 "If I<command> is NULL, then a nonzero value if a shell is available, or 0 if "
5740 "no shell is available."
5744 #: build/C/man3/system.3:86
5746 "If a child process could not be created, or its status could not be "
5747 "retrieved, the return value is -1."
5751 #: build/C/man3/system.3:91
5753 "If a shell could not be executed in the child process, then the return value "
5754 "is as though the child shell terminated by calling B<_exit>(2) with the "
5759 #: build/C/man3/system.3:98
5761 "If all system calls succeed, then the return value is the termination status "
5762 "of the child shell used to execute I<command>. (The termination status of a "
5763 "shell is the termination status of the last command it executes.)"
5767 #: build/C/man3/system.3:107
5769 "In the last two cases, the return value is a \"wait status\" that can be "
5770 "examined using the macros described in B<waitpid>(2). (i.e., B<WIFEXITED>() "
5771 "B<WEXITSTATUS>() and so on)."
5775 #: build/C/man3/system.3:110
5776 msgid "B<system>() does not affect the wait status of any other children."
5780 #: build/C/man3/system.3:115
5781 msgid "The B<system>() function is thread-safe."
5785 #: build/C/man3/system.3:117
5786 msgid "C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001."
5790 #: build/C/man3/system.3:134
5792 "B<system>() provides simplicity and convenience: it handles all of the "
5793 "details of calling B<fork>(2), B<execl>(3), and B<waitpid>(2), as well as "
5794 "the necessary manipulations of signals; in addition, the shell performs the "
5795 "usual substitutions and I/O redirections for I<command>. The main cost of "
5796 "B<system>() is inefficiency: additional system calls are required to create "
5797 "the process that runs the shell and to execute the shell."
5801 #: build/C/man3/system.3:146
5803 "If the B<_XOPEN_SOURCE> feature test macro is defined (before including "
5804 "I<any> header files), then the macros described in B<waitpid>(2) "
5805 "(B<WEXITSTATUS>(), etc.) are made available when including "
5806 "I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>."
5810 #: build/C/man3/system.3:157
5812 "As mentioned, B<system>() ignores B<SIGINT> and B<SIGQUIT>. This may make "
5813 "programs that call it from a loop uninterruptible, unless they take care "
5814 "themselves to check the exit status of the child. For example:"
5818 #: build/C/man3/system.3:162
5821 " while (something) {\n"
5822 " int ret = system(\"foo\");\n"
5826 #: build/C/man3/system.3:167
5829 " if (WIFSIGNALED(ret) &&\n"
5830 " (WTERMSIG(ret) == SIGINT || WTERMSIG(ret) == SIGQUIT))\n"
5836 #: build/C/man3/system.3:187
5838 "Do not use B<system>() from a program with set-user-ID or set-group-ID "
5839 "privileges, because strange values for some environment variables might be "
5840 "used to subvert system integrity. Use the B<exec>(3) family of functions "
5841 "instead, but not B<execlp>(3) or B<execvp>(3). B<system>() will not, in "
5842 "fact, work properly from programs with set-user-ID or set-group-ID "
5843 "privileges on systems on which I</bin/sh> is bash version 2, since bash 2 "
5844 "drops privileges on startup. (Debian uses a modified bash which does not do "
5845 "this when invoked as B<sh>.)"
5849 #: build/C/man3/system.3:201
5851 "In versions of glibc before 2.1.3, the check for the availability of "
5852 "I</bin/sh> was not actually performed if I<command> was NULL; instead it was "
5853 "always assumed to be available, and B<system>() always returned 1 in this "
5854 "case. Since glibc 2.1.3, this check is performed because, even though "
5855 "POSIX.1-2001 requires a conforming implementation to provide a shell, that "
5856 "shell may not be available or executable if the calling program has "
5857 "previously called B<chroot>(2) (which is not specified by POSIX.1-2001)."
5861 #: build/C/man3/system.3:207
5863 "It is possible for the shell command to terminate with a status of 127, "
5864 "which yields a B<system>() return value that is indistinguishable from the "
5865 "case where a shell could not be executed in the child process."
5869 #: build/C/man3/system.3:215
5871 "B<sh>(1), B<sigaction>(2), B<sigprocmask>(2), B<fork>(2), B<wait>(2), "
5872 "B<exec>(3), B<signal>(7)"
5876 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:13
5882 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:16
5883 msgid "vDSO - overview of the virtual ELF dynamic shared object"
5887 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:18
5888 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/auxv.hE<gt>>"
5892 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:20
5893 msgid "B<void *vdso = (uintptr_t) getauxval(AT_SYSINFO_EHDR);>"
5897 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:29
5899 "The \"vDSO\" (virtual dynamic shared object) is a small shared library that "
5900 "the kernel automatically maps into the address space of all user-space "
5901 "applications. Applications usually do not need to concern themselves with "
5902 "these details as the vDSO is most commonly called by the C library. This "
5903 "way you can code in the normal way using standard functions and the C "
5904 "library will take care of using any functionality that is available via the "
5909 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:37
5911 "Why does the vDSO exist at all? There are some system calls the kernel "
5912 "provides that user-space code ends up using frequently, to the point that "
5913 "such calls can dominate overall performance. This is due both to the "
5914 "frequency of the call as well as the context-switch overhead that results "
5915 "from exiting user space and entering the kernel."
5919 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:42
5921 "The rest of this documentation is geared toward the curious and/or C library "
5922 "writers rather than general developers. If you're trying to call the vDSO "
5923 "in your own application rather than using the C library, you're most likely "
5928 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:42
5930 msgid "Example background"
5934 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:56
5936 "Making system calls can be slow. In x86 32-bit systems, you can trigger a "
5937 "software interrupt (I<int $0x80>) to tell the kernel you wish to make a "
5938 "system call. However, this instruction is expensive: it goes through the "
5939 "full interrupt-handling paths in the processor's microcode as well as in the "
5940 "kernel. Newer processors have faster (but backward incompatible) "
5941 "instructions to initiate system calls. Rather than require the C library to "
5942 "figure out if this functionality is available at run time, the C library can "
5943 "use functions provided by the kernel in the vDSO."
5947 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:63
5949 "Note that the terminology can be confusing. On x86 systems, the vDSO "
5950 "function used to determine the preferred method of making a system call is "
5951 "named \"__kernel_vsyscall\", but on x86_64, the term \"vsyscall\" also "
5952 "refers to an obsolete way to ask the kernel what time it is or what CPU the "
5957 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:79
5959 "One frequently used system call is B<gettimeofday>(2). This system call is "
5960 "called both directly by user-space applications as well as indirectly by the "
5961 "C library. Think timestamps or timing loops or polling\\(emall of these "
5962 "frequently need to know what time it is right now. This information is also "
5963 "not secret\\(emany application in any privilege mode (root or any "
5964 "unprivileged user) will get the same answer. Thus the kernel arranges for "
5965 "the information required to answer this question to be placed in memory the "
5966 "process can access. Now a call to B<gettimeofday>(2) changes from a system "
5967 "call to a normal function call and a few memory accesses."
5971 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:79
5973 msgid "Finding the vDSO"
5977 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:86
5979 "The base address of the vDSO (if one exists) is passed by the kernel to each "
5980 "program in the initial auxiliary vector (see B<getauxval>(3)), via the "
5981 "B<AT_SYSINFO_EHDR> tag."
5985 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:95
5987 "You must not assume the vDSO is mapped at any particular location in the "
5988 "user's memory map. The base address will usually be randomized at run time "
5989 "every time a new process image is created (at B<execve>(2) time). This is "
5990 "done for security reasons, to prevent \"return-to-libc\" attacks."
5994 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:104
5996 "For some architectures, there is also an B<AT_SYSINFO> tag. This is used "
5997 "only for locating the vsyscall entry point and is frequently omitted or set "
5998 "to 0 (meaning it's not available). This tag is a throwback to the initial "
5999 "vDSO work (see I<History> below) and its use should be avoided."
6003 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:104
6009 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:111
6011 "Since the vDSO is a fully formed ELF image, you can do symbol lookups on "
6012 "it. This allows new symbols to be added with newer kernel releases, and "
6013 "allows the C library to detect available functionality at run time when "
6014 "running under different kernel versions. Oftentimes the C library will do "
6015 "detection with the first call and then cache the result for subsequent "
6020 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:120
6022 "All symbols are also versioned (using the GNU version format). This allows "
6023 "the kernel to update the function signature without breaking backward "
6024 "compatibility. This means changing the arguments that the function accepts "
6025 "as well as the return value. Thus, when looking up a symbol in the vDSO, "
6026 "you must always include the version to match the ABI you expect."
6030 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:125
6032 "Typically the vDSO follows the naming convention of prefixing all symbols "
6033 "with \"__vdso_\" or \"__kernel_\" so as to distinguish them from other "
6034 "standard symbols. For example, the \"gettimeofday\" function is named "
6035 "\"__vdso_gettimeofday\"."
6039 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:129
6041 "You use the standard C calling conventions when calling any of these "
6042 "functions. No need to worry about weird register or stack behavior."
6046 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:130
6052 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:134
6054 "When you compile the kernel, it will automatically compile and link the vDSO "
6055 "code for you. You will frequently find it under the architecture-specific "
6060 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:136
6062 msgid " find arch/$ARCH/ -name '*vdso*.so*' -o -name '*gate*.so*'\n"
6066 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:137
6072 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:143
6074 "The name of the vDSO varies across architectures. It will often show up in "
6075 "things like glibc's B<ldd>(1) output. The exact name should not matter to "
6076 "any code, so do not hardcode it."
6080 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:148
6082 msgid "user ABI\tvDSO name\n"
6086 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:149 build/C/man7/vdso.7:198 build/C/man7/vdso.7:235 build/C/man7/vdso.7:263 build/C/man7/vdso.7:299 build/C/man7/vdso.7:333 build/C/man7/vdso.7:359 build/C/man7/vdso.7:384 build/C/man7/vdso.7:402 build/C/man7/vdso.7:420 build/C/man7/vdso.7:438 build/C/man7/vdso.7:463 build/C/man7/vdso.7:482
6092 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:150
6094 msgid "aarch64\tlinux-vdso.so.1\n"
6098 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:151
6100 msgid "ia64\tlinux-gate.so.1\n"
6104 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:152
6106 msgid "ppc/32\tlinux-vdso32.so.1\n"
6110 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:153
6112 msgid "ppc/64\tlinux-vdso64.so.1\n"
6116 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:154
6118 msgid "s390\tlinux-vdso32.so.1\n"
6122 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:155
6124 msgid "s390x\tlinux-vdso64.so.1\n"
6128 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:156
6130 msgid "sh\tlinux-gate.so.1\n"
6134 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:157
6136 msgid "i386\tlinux-gate.so.1\n"
6140 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:158
6142 msgid "x86_64\tlinux-vdso.so.1\n"
6146 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:159
6148 msgid "x86/x32\tlinux-vdso.so.1\n"
6152 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:165
6154 msgid "ARCHITECTURE-SPECIFIC NOTES"
6158 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:168
6159 msgid "The subsections below provide architecture-specific notes on the vDSO."
6163 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:177
6165 "Note that the vDSO that is used is based on the ABI of your user-space code "
6166 "and not the ABI of the kernel. Thus, for example, when you run an i386 "
6167 "32-bit ELF binary, you'll get the same vDSO regardless of whether you run it "
6168 "under an i386 32-bit kernel or under an x86_64 64-bit kernel. Therefore, "
6169 "the name of the user-space ABI should be used to determine which of the "
6170 "sections below is relevant."
6174 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:177
6176 msgid "ARM functions"
6179 #. See linux/arch/arm/kernel/entry-armv.S
6180 #. See linux/Documentation/arm/kernel_user_helpers.txt
6182 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:184
6184 "The ARM port has a code page full of utility functions. Since it's just a "
6185 "raw page of code, there is no ELF information for doing symbol lookups or "
6186 "versioning. It does provide support for different versions though."
6190 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:189
6192 "For information on this code page, it's best to refer to the kernel "
6193 "documentation as it's extremely detailed and covers everything you need to "
6194 "know: I<Documentation/arm/kernel_user_helpers.txt>."
6198 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:189
6200 msgid "aarch64 functions"
6203 #. See linux/arch/x86/vdso/vdso32.lds.S
6205 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:192 build/C/man7/vdso.7:229 build/C/man7/vdso.7:353 build/C/man7/vdso.7:378 build/C/man7/vdso.7:396 build/C/man7/vdso.7:414 build/C/man7/vdso.7:432 build/C/man7/vdso.7:476
6206 msgid "The table below lists the symbols exported by the vDSO."
6210 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:197 build/C/man7/vdso.7:234 build/C/man7/vdso.7:332 build/C/man7/vdso.7:358 build/C/man7/vdso.7:383 build/C/man7/vdso.7:401 build/C/man7/vdso.7:419 build/C/man7/vdso.7:437 build/C/man7/vdso.7:462 build/C/man7/vdso.7:481
6212 msgid "symbol\tversion\n"
6216 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:199
6218 msgid "__kernel_rt_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6222 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:200
6224 msgid "__kernel_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6228 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:201
6230 msgid "__kernel_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6234 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:202
6236 msgid "__kernel_clock_getres\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6240 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:208
6242 msgid "bfin (Blackfin) functions"
6245 #. See linux/arch/blackfin/kernel/fixed_code.S
6246 #. See http://docs.blackfin.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=linux-kernel:fixed-code
6248 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:220
6250 "As this CPU lacks a memory management unit (MMU), it doesn't set up a vDSO "
6251 "in the normal sense. Instead, it maps at boot time a few raw functions into "
6252 "a fixed location in memory. User-space applications then call directly into "
6253 "that region. There is no provision for backward compatibility beyond "
6254 "sniffing raw opcodes, but as this is an embedded CPU, it can get away with "
6255 "things\\(emsome of the object formats it runs aren't even ELF based (they're "
6260 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:223
6262 "For information on this code page, it's best to refer to the public "
6267 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:225
6268 msgid "http://docs.blackfin.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=linux-kernel:fixed-code"
6272 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:225
6274 msgid "ia64 (Itanium) functions"
6278 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:236
6280 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6284 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:237
6286 msgid "__kernel_syscall_via_break\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6290 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:238
6292 msgid "__kernel_syscall_via_epc\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6296 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:257
6298 "The Itanium port is somewhat tricky. In addition to the vDSO above, it also "
6299 "has \"light-weight system calls\" (also known as \"fast syscalls\" or "
6300 "\"fsys\"). You can invoke these via the I<__kernel_syscall_via_epc> vDSO "
6301 "helper. The system calls listed here have the same semantics as if you "
6302 "called them directly via B<syscall>(2), so refer to the relevant "
6303 "documentation for each. The table below lists the functions available via "
6308 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:262
6314 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:264
6316 msgid "clock_gettime\n"
6320 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:265
6326 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:266
6332 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:267
6338 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:268
6340 msgid "gettimeofday\n"
6344 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:269
6346 msgid "set_tid_address\n"
6350 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:275
6352 msgid "parisc (hppa) functions"
6355 #. See linux/arch/parisc/kernel/syscall.S
6356 #. See linux/Documentation/parisc/registers
6358 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:286
6360 "The parisc port has a code page full of utility functions called a gateway "
6361 "page. Rather than use the normal ELF auxiliary vector approach, it passes "
6362 "the address of the page to the process via the SR2 register. The "
6363 "permissions on the page are such that merely executing those addresses "
6364 "automatically executes with kernel privileges and not in user space. This "
6365 "is done to match the way HP-UX works."
6369 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:291
6371 "Since it's just a raw page of code, there is no ELF information for doing "
6372 "symbol lookups or versioning. Simply call into the appropriate offset via "
6373 "the branch instruction, for example:"
6377 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:293
6379 msgid " ble E<lt>offsetE<gt>(%sr2, %r0)\n"
6383 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:298
6385 msgid "offset\tfunction\n"
6389 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:300
6391 msgid "00b0\tlws_entry\n"
6395 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:301
6397 msgid "00e0\tset_thread_pointer\n"
6401 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:302
6403 msgid "0100\tlinux_gateway_entry (syscall)\n"
6407 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:303
6409 msgid "0268\tsyscall_nosys\n"
6413 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:304
6415 msgid "0274\ttracesys\n"
6419 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:305
6421 msgid "0324\ttracesys_next\n"
6425 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:306
6427 msgid "0368\ttracesys_exit\n"
6431 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:307
6433 msgid "03a0\ttracesys_sigexit\n"
6437 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:308
6439 msgid "03b8\tlws_start\n"
6443 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:309
6445 msgid "03dc\tlws_exit_nosys\n"
6449 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:310
6451 msgid "03e0\tlws_exit\n"
6455 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:311
6457 msgid "03e4\tlws_compare_and_swap64\n"
6461 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:312
6463 msgid "03e8\tlws_compare_and_swap\n"
6467 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:313
6469 msgid "0404\tcas_wouldblock\n"
6473 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:314
6475 msgid "0410\tcas_action\n"
6479 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:320
6481 msgid "ppc/32 functions"
6484 #. See linux/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/vdso32.lds.S
6486 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:327
6488 "The table below lists the symbols exported by the vDSO. The functions "
6489 "marked with a I<*> are available only when the kernel is a PowerPC64 "
6494 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:334 build/C/man7/vdso.7:360
6496 msgid "__kernel_clock_getres\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6500 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:335 build/C/man7/vdso.7:361
6502 msgid "__kernel_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6506 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:336 build/C/man7/vdso.7:362
6508 msgid "__kernel_datapage_offset\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6512 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:337 build/C/man7/vdso.7:363
6514 msgid "__kernel_get_syscall_map\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6518 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:338 build/C/man7/vdso.7:364
6520 msgid "__kernel_get_tbfreq\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6524 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:339
6526 msgid "__kernel_getcpu I<*>\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6530 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:340 build/C/man7/vdso.7:366
6532 msgid "__kernel_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6536 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:341
6538 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp_rt32\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6542 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:342
6544 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp32\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6548 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:343 build/C/man7/vdso.7:368
6550 msgid "__kernel_sync_dicache\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6554 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:344 build/C/man7/vdso.7:369
6556 msgid "__kernel_sync_dicache_p5\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6560 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:350
6562 msgid "ppc/64 functions"
6566 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:365
6568 msgid "__kernel_getcpu\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6572 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:367
6574 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp_rt64\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6578 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:375
6580 msgid "s390 functions"
6584 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:385 build/C/man7/vdso.7:403
6586 msgid "__kernel_clock_getres\tLINUX_2.6.29\n"
6590 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:386 build/C/man7/vdso.7:404
6592 msgid "__kernel_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6.29\n"
6596 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:387 build/C/man7/vdso.7:405
6598 msgid "__kernel_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6.29\n"
6602 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:393
6604 msgid "s390x functions"
6608 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:411
6610 msgid "sh (SuperH) functions"
6614 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:421
6616 msgid "__kernel_rt_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6620 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:422
6622 msgid "__kernel_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6626 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:423
6628 msgid "__kernel_vsyscall\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6632 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:429
6634 msgid "i386 functions"
6638 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:439
6640 msgid "__kernel_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6644 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:440
6646 msgid "__kernel_rt_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6650 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:441
6652 msgid "__kernel_vsyscall\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6655 #. Added in 7a59ed415f5b57469e22e41fc4188d5399e0b194 and updated
6656 #. in 37c975545ec63320789962bf307f000f08fabd48.
6658 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:444
6660 msgid "__vdso_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6 (exported since Linux 3.15)\n"
6664 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:445
6666 msgid "__vdso_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6 (exported since Linux 3.15)\n"
6670 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:446
6672 msgid "__vdso_time\tLINUX_2.6 (exported since Linux 3.15)\n"
6676 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:452
6678 msgid "x86_64 functions"
6681 #. See linux/arch/x86/vdso/vdso.lds.S
6683 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:457
6685 "The table below lists the symbols exported by the vDSO. All of these "
6686 "symbols are also available without the \"__vdso_\" prefix, but you should "
6687 "ignore those and stick to the names below."
6691 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:464 build/C/man7/vdso.7:483
6693 msgid "__vdso_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6697 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:465 build/C/man7/vdso.7:484
6699 msgid "__vdso_getcpu\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6703 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:466 build/C/man7/vdso.7:485
6705 msgid "__vdso_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6709 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:467 build/C/man7/vdso.7:486
6711 msgid "__vdso_time\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6715 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:473
6717 msgid "x86/x32 functions"
6721 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:492
6727 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:499
6729 "The vDSO was originally just a single function\\(emthe vsyscall. In older "
6730 "kernels, you might see that name in a process's memory map rather than "
6731 "\"vdso\". Over time, people realized that this mechanism was a great way to "
6732 "pass more functionality to user space, so it was reconceived as a vDSO in "
6733 "the current format."
6737 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:503
6738 msgid "B<syscalls>(2), B<getauxval>(3), B<proc>(5)"
6742 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:505
6743 msgid "The documents, examples, and source code in the Linux source code tree:"
6747 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:511
6750 "Documentation/ABI/stable/vdso\n"
6751 "Documentation/ia64/fsys.txt\n"
6752 "Documentation/vDSO/* (includes examples of using the vDSO)\n"
6756 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:513
6758 msgid "find arch/ -iname '*vdso*' -o -iname '*gate*'\n"
6762 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16
6768 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:19
6769 msgid "wcstombs - convert a wide-character string to a multibyte string"
6773 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:24
6776 "B<size_t wcstombs(char *>I<dest>B<, const wchar_t *>I<src>B<, size_t "
6781 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:42
6783 "If I<dest> is not NULL, the B<wcstombs>() function converts the "
6784 "wide-character string I<src> to a multibyte string starting at I<dest>. At "
6785 "most I<n> bytes are written to I<dest>. The conversion starts in the "
6786 "initial state. The conversion can stop for three reasons:"
6790 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:48
6792 "1. A wide character has been encountered that can not be represented as a "
6793 "multibyte sequence (according to the current locale). In this case, "
6794 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
6798 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:53
6800 "2. The length limit forces a stop. In this case, the number of bytes "
6801 "written to I<dest> is returned, but the shift state at this point is lost."
6805 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:60
6807 "3. The wide-character string has been completely converted, including the "
6808 "terminating null wide character (L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). In this case, the "
6809 "conversion ends in the initial state. The number of bytes written to "
6810 "I<dest>, excluding the terminating null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), is returned."
6814 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:66
6816 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least I<n> bytes at "
6821 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:74
6823 "If I<dest> is NULL, I<n> is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, "
6824 "except that the converted bytes are not written out to memory, and no length "
6829 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:79
6831 "In order to avoid the case 2 above, the programmer should make sure I<n> is "
6832 "greater than or equal to I<wcstombs(NULL,src,0)+1>."
6836 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:89
6838 "The B<wcstombs>() function returns the number of bytes that make up the "
6839 "converted part of a multibyte sequence, not including the terminating null "
6840 "byte. If a wide character was encountered which could not be converted, "
6841 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
6845 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:98
6847 "The behavior of B<wcstombs>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
6852 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:103
6854 "The function B<wcsrtombs>(3) provides a thread safe interface to the same "
6859 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:109
6860 msgid "B<mblen>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<wcsrtombs>(3) B<wctom>(3)"
6864 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
6870 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:19
6871 msgid "wctomb - convert a wide character to a multibyte sequence"
6875 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:24
6877 msgid "B<int wctomb(char *>I<s>B<, wchar_t >I<wc>B<);>\n"
6881 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:45
6883 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<wctomb>() function converts the wide character "
6884 "I<wc> to its multibyte representation and stores it at the beginning of the "
6885 "character array pointed to by I<s>. It updates the shift state, which is "
6886 "stored in a static anonymous variable known only to the B<wctomb>() "
6887 "function, and returns the length of said multibyte representation, that is, "
6888 "the number of bytes written at I<s>."
6892 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:51
6894 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least B<MB_CUR_MAX> "
6898 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
6899 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
6901 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:63
6903 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<wctomb>() function resets the shift state, known "
6904 "only to this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the "
6905 "encoding has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
6909 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:77
6911 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<wctomb>() function returns the number of bytes "
6912 "that have been written to the byte array at I<s>. If I<wc> can not be "
6913 "represented as a multibyte sequence (according to the current locale), -1 is "
6918 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:84
6920 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<wctomb>() function returns nonzero if the encoding "
6921 "has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
6925 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:89
6926 msgid "The B<wctomb>() function is not thread-safe."
6930 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:98
6932 "The behavior of B<wctomb>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
6937 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:103
6939 "The function B<wcrtomb>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
6944 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:110
6946 "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3), B<mblen>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<wcrtomb>(3), "