1 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2 # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4 # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
9 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
10 "POT-Creation-Date: 2014-04-13 10:27+0900\n"
11 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
12 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
13 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
16 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
17 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
20 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38
26 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38
32 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38 build/C/man2/access.2:43 build/C/man2/alarm.2:30 build/C/man2/brk.2:29 build/C/man2/chdir.2:33 build/C/man2/chmod.2:32 build/C/man2/chown.2:38 build/C/man2/chroot.2:33 build/C/man2/close.2:35 build/C/man2/dup.2:36 build/C/man7/environ.7:34 build/C/man2/execve.2:37 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:61 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25 build/C/man2/flock.2:35 build/C/man2/fork.2:39 build/C/man2/fsync.2:38 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25 build/C/man2/gettid.2:26 build/C/man2/idle.2:32 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34 build/C/man2/mincore.2:34 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:11 build/C/man2/nice.2:31 build/C/man2/pread.2:25 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/setup.2:34 build/C/man2/swapon.2:37 build/C/man2/syscall.2:40 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14 build/C/man2/truncate.2:43 build/C/man2/umask.2:34 build/C/man2/uname.2:27 build/C/man2/uselib.2:31 build/C/man2/vfork.2:28 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28
38 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38 build/C/man2/access.2:43 build/C/man2/alarm.2:30 build/C/man2/brk.2:29 build/C/man2/chdir.2:33 build/C/man2/chmod.2:32 build/C/man2/chown.2:38 build/C/man2/chroot.2:33 build/C/man2/close.2:35 build/C/man3/confstr.3:31 build/C/man3/crypt.3:36 build/C/man3/daemon.3:36 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:14 build/C/man2/dup.2:36 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:30 build/C/man7/environ.7:34 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:25 build/C/man3/exec.3:41 build/C/man2/execve.2:37 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:61 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25 build/C/man2/flock.2:35 build/C/man2/fork.2:39 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41 build/C/man2/fsync.2:38 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28 build/C/man3/getopt.3:41 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25 build/C/man2/gettid.2:26 build/C/man3/getumask.3:28 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30 build/C/man2/idle.2:32 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34 build/C/man3/lockf.3:28 build/C/man2/mincore.2:34 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:11 build/C/man2/nice.2:31 build/C/man2/pread.2:25 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/setup.2:34 build/C/man5/shells.5:28 build/C/man3/sleep.3:26 build/C/man3/swab.3:31 build/C/man2/swapon.2:37 build/C/man2/syscall.2:40 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25 build/C/man2/truncate.2:43 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:24 build/C/man2/umask.2:34 build/C/man2/uname.2:27 build/C/man2/uselib.2:31 build/C/man3/usleep.3:33 build/C/man2/vfork.2:28 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28
40 msgid "Linux Programmer's Manual"
44 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:39 build/C/man2/access.2:44 build/C/man2/alarm.2:31 build/C/man2/brk.2:30 build/C/man2/chdir.2:34 build/C/man2/chmod.2:33 build/C/man2/chown.2:39 build/C/man2/chroot.2:34 build/C/man2/close.2:36 build/C/man3/confstr.3:32 build/C/man3/crypt.3:37 build/C/man3/daemon.3:37 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:15 build/C/man2/dup.2:37 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:31 build/C/man7/environ.7:35 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:26 build/C/man3/exec.3:42 build/C/man2/execve.2:38 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:26 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:62 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:26 build/C/man2/flock.2:36 build/C/man2/fork.2:40 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:42 build/C/man2/fsync.2:39 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:27 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:9 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:33 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:30 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:28 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:30 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:33 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:29 build/C/man3/getopt.3:42 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:26 build/C/man2/gettid.2:27 build/C/man3/getumask.3:29 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:31 build/C/man2/idle.2:33 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:42 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:31 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:35 build/C/man3/lockf.3:29 build/C/man2/mincore.2:35 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:12 build/C/man2/nice.2:32 build/C/man2/pread.2:26 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:9 build/C/man2/setup.2:35 build/C/man5/shells.5:29 build/C/man3/sleep.3:27 build/C/man3/swab.3:32 build/C/man2/swapon.2:38 build/C/man2/syscall.2:41 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:32 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:28 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:31 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:15 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:26 build/C/man2/truncate.2:44 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:25 build/C/man2/umask.2:35 build/C/man2/uname.2:28 build/C/man2/uselib.2:32 build/C/man3/usleep.3:34 build/C/man2/vfork.2:29 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:29
50 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:41
51 msgid "_syscall - invoking a system call without library support (OBSOLETE)"
55 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:41 build/C/man2/access.2:46 build/C/man2/alarm.2:33 build/C/man2/brk.2:32 build/C/man2/chdir.2:36 build/C/man2/chmod.2:35 build/C/man2/chown.2:41 build/C/man2/chroot.2:36 build/C/man2/close.2:38 build/C/man3/confstr.3:34 build/C/man3/crypt.3:39 build/C/man3/daemon.3:39 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:18 build/C/man2/dup.2:39 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:33 build/C/man7/environ.7:37 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:28 build/C/man3/exec.3:44 build/C/man2/execve.2:40 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:28 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:64 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:28 build/C/man2/flock.2:38 build/C/man2/fork.2:42 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:44 build/C/man2/fsync.2:41 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:29 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:11 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:35 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:32 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:30 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:32 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:35 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:31 build/C/man3/getopt.3:45 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:28 build/C/man2/gettid.2:29 build/C/man3/getumask.3:31 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:33 build/C/man2/idle.2:35 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:44 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:37 build/C/man3/lockf.3:31 build/C/man2/mincore.2:37 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:14 build/C/man2/nice.2:34 build/C/man2/pread.2:28 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:11 build/C/man2/setup.2:37 build/C/man3/sleep.3:29 build/C/man3/swab.3:34 build/C/man2/swapon.2:40 build/C/man2/syscall.2:43 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:34 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:30 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:33 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:17 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:28 build/C/man2/truncate.2:46 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:27 build/C/man2/umask.2:37 build/C/man2/uname.2:30 build/C/man2/uselib.2:34 build/C/man3/usleep.3:36 build/C/man2/vfork.2:31 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:31
61 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:43 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:13 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:13
62 msgid "B<#include E<lt>linux/unistd.hE<gt>>"
66 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:45
67 msgid "A _syscall macro"
71 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:47
72 msgid "desired system call"
76 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:47 build/C/man2/access.2:78 build/C/man2/alarm.2:39 build/C/man2/brk.2:64 build/C/man2/chdir.2:59 build/C/man2/chmod.2:81 build/C/man2/chown.2:88 build/C/man2/chroot.2:63 build/C/man2/close.2:44 build/C/man3/confstr.3:48 build/C/man3/crypt.3:56 build/C/man3/daemon.3:51 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:34 build/C/man2/dup.2:52 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:56 build/C/man7/environ.7:42 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:36 build/C/man3/exec.3:72 build/C/man2/execve.2:46 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:34 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:71 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:53 build/C/man2/flock.2:42 build/C/man2/fork.2:46 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:52 build/C/man2/fsync.2:61 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:35 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:75 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:51 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:57 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:56 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:63 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:52 build/C/man3/getopt.3:79 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:55 build/C/man2/gettid.2:38 build/C/man3/getumask.3:39 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:57 build/C/man2/idle.2:39 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:50 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:33 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:45 build/C/man3/lockf.3:48 build/C/man2/mincore.2:51 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:47 build/C/man2/nice.2:46 build/C/man2/pread.2:53 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man2/setup.2:41 build/C/man5/shells.5:31 build/C/man3/sleep.3:35 build/C/man3/swab.3:41 build/C/man2/swapon.2:50 build/C/man2/syscall.2:51 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:36 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:36 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:44 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:21 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:34 build/C/man2/truncate.2:79 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:58 build/C/man2/umask.2:43 build/C/man2/uname.2:34 build/C/man2/uselib.2:38 build/C/man3/usleep.3:67 build/C/man2/vfork.2:62 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:45
82 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:53
84 "The important thing to know about a system call is its prototype. You need "
85 "to know how many arguments, their types, and the function return type. "
86 "There are seven macros that make the actual call into the system easier. "
91 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:56
92 msgid "_syscallI<X>(I<type>,I<name>,I<type1>,I<arg1>,I<type2>,I<arg2>,...)"
96 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:59
101 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:63
102 msgid "I<X> is 0\\(en6, which are the number of arguments taken by the system call"
106 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:66
107 msgid "I<type> is the return type of the system call"
111 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:69
112 msgid "I<name> is the name of the system call"
116 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:72
117 msgid "I<typeN> is the Nth argument's type"
121 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:75
122 msgid "I<argN> is the name of the Nth argument"
126 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:83
128 "These macros create a function called I<name> with the arguments you "
129 "specify. Once you include the _syscall() in your source file, you call the "
130 "system call by I<name>."
134 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:83 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:132 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:89 build/C/man5/shells.5:43
140 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:85
141 msgid "I</usr/include/linux/unistd.h>"
145 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:85 build/C/man2/access.2:262 build/C/man2/alarm.2:59 build/C/man2/brk.2:114 build/C/man2/chdir.2:125 build/C/man2/chmod.2:330 build/C/man2/chown.2:308 build/C/man2/chroot.2:134 build/C/man2/close.2:84 build/C/man3/confstr.3:127 build/C/man3/crypt.3:183 build/C/man3/daemon.3:96 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:142 build/C/man2/dup.2:170 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:137 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:80 build/C/man3/exec.3:199 build/C/man2/execve.2:456 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:43 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1162 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:94 build/C/man2/flock.2:138 build/C/man2/fork.2:206 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:169 build/C/man2/fsync.2:125 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:48 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:46 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:208 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:110 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:69 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:92 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:124 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:154 build/C/man3/getopt.3:318 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:64 build/C/man2/gettid.2:58 build/C/man3/getumask.3:58 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:101 build/C/man2/idle.2:61 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:119 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:104 build/C/man3/lockf.3:154 build/C/man2/mincore.2:134 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:204 build/C/man2/nice.2:75 build/C/man2/pread.2:115 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:63 build/C/man2/setup.2:62 build/C/man3/sleep.3:44 build/C/man3/swab.3:77 build/C/man2/swapon.2:159 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:324 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:100 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:83 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:116 build/C/man2/truncate.2:195 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:97 build/C/man2/umask.2:95 build/C/man2/uname.2:73 build/C/man2/uselib.2:76 build/C/man3/usleep.3:96 build/C/man2/vfork.2:159 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:63
147 msgid "CONFORMING TO"
151 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:87
152 msgid "The use of these macros is Linux-specific, and deprecated."
156 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:87 build/C/man2/access.2:268 build/C/man2/alarm.2:61 build/C/man2/brk.2:122 build/C/man2/chdir.2:127 build/C/man2/chmod.2:337 build/C/man2/chown.2:325 build/C/man2/chroot.2:139 build/C/man2/close.2:87 build/C/man3/crypt.3:188 build/C/man3/daemon.3:102 build/C/man2/dup.2:180 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:148 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:86 build/C/man3/exec.3:205 build/C/man2/execve.2:464 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:45 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1212 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:99 build/C/man2/flock.2:147 build/C/man2/fork.2:208 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:171 build/C/man2/fsync.2:140 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:50 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:50 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:230 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:113 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:77 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:102 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:130 build/C/man3/getopt.3:350 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:71 build/C/man2/gettid.2:62 build/C/man3/getumask.3:60 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:134 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:108 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:211 build/C/man2/nice.2:82 build/C/man2/pread.2:117 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:67 build/C/man2/setup.2:65 build/C/man2/swapon.2:165 build/C/man2/syscall.2:78 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:655 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:114 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:118 build/C/man2/truncate.2:208 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:105 build/C/man2/umask.2:97 build/C/man2/uname.2:82 build/C/man2/uselib.2:80 build/C/man3/usleep.3:114 build/C/man2/vfork.2:174
162 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:97
164 "Starting around kernel 2.6.18, the _syscall macros were removed from header "
165 "files supplied to user space. Use B<syscall>(2) instead. (Some "
166 "architectures, notably ia64, never provided the _syscall macros; on those "
167 "architectures, B<syscall>(2) was always required.)"
171 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:103
173 "The _syscall() macros I<do not> produce a prototype. You may have to create "
174 "one, especially for C++ users."
178 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:124
180 "System calls are not required to return only positive or negative error "
181 "codes. You need to read the source to be sure how it will return errors. "
182 "Usually, it is the negative of a standard error code, for example, "
183 "-I<EPERM>. The _syscall() macros will return the result I<r> of the system "
184 "call when I<r> is nonnegative, but will return -1 and set the variable "
185 "I<errno> to -I<r> when I<r> is negative. For the error codes, see "
189 #. The preferred way to invoke system calls that glibc does not know
192 #. However, this mechanism can be used only if using a libc
193 #. (such as glibc) that supports
196 #. .I <sys/syscall.h>
197 #. header file contains the required SYS_foo definition.
198 #. Otherwise, the use of a _syscall macro is required.
200 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:140
202 "When defining a system call, the argument types I<must> be passed by-value "
203 "or by-pointer (for aggregates like structs)."
207 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:140 build/C/man2/chown.2:421 build/C/man3/confstr.3:129 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:150 build/C/man2/execve.2:550 build/C/man2/fork.2:239 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:67 build/C/man3/getopt.3:376 build/C/man5/shells.5:45 build/C/man2/syscall.2:203 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:143
213 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:147
216 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
217 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
218 "#include E<lt>errno.hE<gt>\n"
219 "#include E<lt>linux/unistd.hE<gt> /* for _syscallX macros/related "
221 "#include E<lt>linux/kernel.hE<gt> /* for struct sysinfo */\n"
225 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:149
227 msgid "_syscall1(int, sysinfo, struct sysinfo *, info);\n"
231 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:152
234 "/* Note: if you copy directly from the nroff source, remember to\n"
235 "REMOVE the extra backslashes in the printf statement. */\n"
239 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:158
245 " struct sysinfo s_info;\n"
250 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:173
253 " error = sysinfo(&s_info);\n"
254 " printf(\"code error = %d\\en\", error);\n"
255 " printf(\"Uptime = %lds\\enLoad: 1 min %lu / 5 min %lu / 15 min "
257 " \"RAM: total %lu / free %lu / shared %lu\\en\"\n"
258 " \"Memory in buffers = %lu\\enSwap: total %lu / free %lu\\en\"\n"
259 " \"Number of processes = %d\\en\",\n"
260 " s_info.uptime, s_info.loads[0],\n"
261 " s_info.loads[1], s_info.loads[2],\n"
262 " s_info.totalram, s_info.freeram,\n"
263 " s_info.sharedram, s_info.bufferram,\n"
264 " s_info.totalswap, s_info.freeswap,\n"
266 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
271 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:174
273 msgid "Sample output"
277 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:183
282 "Load: 1 min 13376 / 5 min 5504 / 15 min 1152\n"
283 "RAM: total 15343616 / free 827392 / shared 8237056\n"
284 "Memory in buffers = 5066752\n"
285 "Swap: total 27881472 / free 24698880\n"
286 "Number of processes = 40\n"
290 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:184 build/C/man2/access.2:372 build/C/man2/alarm.2:86 build/C/man2/brk.2:164 build/C/man2/chdir.2:136 build/C/man2/chmod.2:347 build/C/man2/chown.2:469 build/C/man2/chroot.2:151 build/C/man2/close.2:131 build/C/man3/confstr.3:146 build/C/man3/crypt.3:249 build/C/man3/daemon.3:110 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:145 build/C/man2/dup.2:207 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:174 build/C/man7/environ.7:248 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:101 build/C/man3/exec.3:241 build/C/man2/execve.2:645 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:49 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1326 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:124 build/C/man2/flock.2:201 build/C/man2/fork.2:244 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:180 build/C/man2/fsync.2:162 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:55 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:249 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:127 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:90 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:124 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:176 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:209 build/C/man3/getopt.3:514 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:108 build/C/man2/gettid.2:71 build/C/man3/getumask.3:63 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:103 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:142 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:963 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:121 build/C/man3/lockf.3:156 build/C/man2/mincore.2:166 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:223 build/C/man2/nice.2:105 build/C/man2/pread.2:158 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:72 build/C/man5/shells.5:56 build/C/man3/sleep.3:61 build/C/man3/swab.3:79 build/C/man2/swapon.2:199 build/C/man2/syscall.2:220 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:832 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:335 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:181 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:94 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:127 build/C/man2/truncate.2:256 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:147 build/C/man2/umask.2:118 build/C/man2/uname.2:167 build/C/man2/uselib.2:102 build/C/man3/usleep.3:147 build/C/man2/vfork.2:273 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:66
296 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:188
297 msgid "B<intro>(2), B<syscall>(2), B<errno>(3)"
301 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:188 build/C/man2/access.2:383 build/C/man2/alarm.2:95 build/C/man2/brk.2:169 build/C/man2/chdir.2:140 build/C/man2/chmod.2:354 build/C/man2/chown.2:474 build/C/man2/chroot.2:154 build/C/man2/close.2:138 build/C/man3/confstr.3:150 build/C/man3/crypt.3:255 build/C/man3/daemon.3:113 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:149 build/C/man2/dup.2:211 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:179 build/C/man7/environ.7:262 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:112 build/C/man3/exec.3:248 build/C/man2/execve.2:656 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:51 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1347 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:126 build/C/man2/flock.2:215 build/C/man2/fork.2:255 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:185 build/C/man2/fsync.2:171 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:88 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:58 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:256 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:131 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:95 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:127 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:180 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:213 build/C/man3/getopt.3:516 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:111 build/C/man2/gettid.2:90 build/C/man3/getumask.3:65 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:105 build/C/man2/idle.2:64 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:150 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:965 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:125 build/C/man3/lockf.3:171 build/C/man2/mincore.2:169 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:234 build/C/man2/nice.2:112 build/C/man2/pread.2:163 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:74 build/C/man2/setup.2:72 build/C/man5/shells.5:59 build/C/man3/sleep.3:66 build/C/man3/swab.3:81 build/C/man2/swapon.2:203 build/C/man2/syscall.2:225 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:838 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:343 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:183 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:96 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:131 build/C/man2/truncate.2:260 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:155 build/C/man2/umask.2:124 build/C/man2/uname.2:171 build/C/man2/uselib.2:112 build/C/man3/usleep.3:156 build/C/man2/vfork.2:279 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:69
307 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:195 build/C/man2/access.2:390 build/C/man2/alarm.2:102 build/C/man2/brk.2:176 build/C/man2/chdir.2:147 build/C/man2/chmod.2:361 build/C/man2/chown.2:481 build/C/man2/chroot.2:161 build/C/man2/close.2:145 build/C/man3/confstr.3:157 build/C/man3/crypt.3:262 build/C/man3/daemon.3:120 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:156 build/C/man2/dup.2:218 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:186 build/C/man7/environ.7:269 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:119 build/C/man3/exec.3:255 build/C/man2/execve.2:663 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:58 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1354 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:133 build/C/man2/flock.2:222 build/C/man2/fork.2:262 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:192 build/C/man2/fsync.2:178 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:95 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:65 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:263 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:138 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:102 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:134 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:187 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:220 build/C/man3/getopt.3:523 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:118 build/C/man2/gettid.2:97 build/C/man3/getumask.3:72 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:112 build/C/man2/idle.2:71 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:157 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:972 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:132 build/C/man3/lockf.3:178 build/C/man2/mincore.2:176 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:241 build/C/man2/nice.2:119 build/C/man2/pread.2:170 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:81 build/C/man2/setup.2:79 build/C/man5/shells.5:66 build/C/man3/sleep.3:73 build/C/man3/swab.3:88 build/C/man2/swapon.2:210 build/C/man2/syscall.2:232 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:845 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:350 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:190 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:103 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:138 build/C/man2/truncate.2:267 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:162 build/C/man2/umask.2:131 build/C/man2/uname.2:178 build/C/man2/uselib.2:119 build/C/man3/usleep.3:163 build/C/man2/vfork.2:286 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:76
309 "This page is part of release 3.63 of the Linux I<man-pages> project. A "
310 "description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be "
311 "found at \\%http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/."
315 #: build/C/man2/access.2:43
321 #: build/C/man2/access.2:43 build/C/man2/chmod.2:32 build/C/man2/chown.2:38 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:11
327 #: build/C/man2/access.2:46
328 msgid "access, faccessat - check user's permissions for a file"
332 #: build/C/man2/access.2:49 build/C/man2/alarm.2:36 build/C/man2/chown.2:44 build/C/man2/close.2:41 build/C/man3/confstr.3:37 build/C/man3/crypt.3:44 build/C/man2/dup.2:42 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:31 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:47 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:38 build/C/man3/getopt.3:48 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:36 build/C/man3/sleep.3:32 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:33 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:36 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:30 build/C/man3/usleep.3:39
334 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
338 #: build/C/man2/access.2:51
340 msgid "B<int access(const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<mode>B<);>\n"
344 #: build/C/man2/access.2:54 build/C/man2/chown.2:53
347 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt> >/* Definition of AT_* constants */\n"
348 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
352 #: build/C/man2/access.2:57
355 "B<int faccessat(int >I<dirfd>B<, const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<mode>B<, "
356 "int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
360 #: build/C/man2/access.2:62 build/C/man2/brk.2:42 build/C/man2/chdir.2:46 build/C/man2/chmod.2:53 build/C/man2/chown.2:62 build/C/man2/chroot.2:44 build/C/man3/confstr.3:44 build/C/man3/daemon.3:47 build/C/man3/exec.3:68 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:38 build/C/man2/fsync.2:51 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:49 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:42 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:38 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:42 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:45 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:45 build/C/man3/getopt.3:69 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:36 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:47 build/C/man3/lockf.3:39 build/C/man2/mincore.2:47 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:31 build/C/man2/nice.2:42 build/C/man2/pread.2:40 build/C/man2/truncate.2:58 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:37 build/C/man3/usleep.3:46 build/C/man2/vfork.2:41 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:39
361 msgid "Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see B<feature_test_macros>(7)):"
365 #: build/C/man2/access.2:65
366 msgid "B<faccessat>():"
370 #: build/C/man2/access.2:68 build/C/man2/chmod.2:71 build/C/man2/chown.2:79 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:44 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:37
372 msgid "Since glibc 2.10:"
376 #: build/C/man2/access.2:71 build/C/man2/chmod.2:74 build/C/man2/chown.2:82 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:47 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:40
377 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700 || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L"
381 #: build/C/man2/access.2:71 build/C/man2/chmod.2:74 build/C/man2/chown.2:82 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:47 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:40
383 msgid "Before glibc 2.10:"
387 #: build/C/man2/access.2:74 build/C/man2/chmod.2:77 build/C/man2/chown.2:85 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:43
388 msgid "_ATFILE_SOURCE"
392 #: build/C/man2/access.2:85
394 "B<access>() checks whether the calling process can access the file "
395 "I<pathname>. If I<pathname> is a symbolic link, it is dereferenced."
398 #. F_OK is defined as 0 on every system that I know of.
400 #: build/C/man2/access.2:99
402 "The I<mode> specifies the accessibility check(s) to be performed, and is "
403 "either the value B<F_OK>, or a mask consisting of the bitwise OR of one or "
404 "more of B<R_OK>, B<W_OK>, and B<X_OK>. B<F_OK> tests for the existence of "
405 "the file. B<R_OK>, B<W_OK>, and B<X_OK> test whether the file exists and "
406 "grants read, write, and execute permissions, respectively."
410 #: build/C/man2/access.2:108
412 "The check is done using the calling process's I<real> UID and GID, rather "
413 "than the effective IDs as is done when actually attempting an operation "
414 "(e.g., B<open>(2)) on the file. This allows set-user-ID programs to easily "
415 "determine the invoking user's authority."
419 #: build/C/man2/access.2:114
421 "If the calling process is privileged (i.e., its real UID is zero), then an "
422 "B<X_OK> check is successful for a regular file if execute permission is "
423 "enabled for any of the file owner, group, or other."
427 #: build/C/man2/access.2:114 build/C/man2/access.2:326
433 #: build/C/man2/access.2:120
435 "The B<faccessat>() system call operates in exactly the same way as "
436 "B<access>(), except for the differences described here."
440 #: build/C/man2/access.2:130
442 "If the pathname given in I<pathname> is relative, then it is interpreted "
443 "relative to the directory referred to by the file descriptor I<dirfd> "
444 "(rather than relative to the current working directory of the calling "
445 "process, as is done by B<access>() for a relative pathname)."
449 #: build/C/man2/access.2:142
451 "If I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is the special value B<AT_FDCWD>, "
452 "then I<pathname> is interpreted relative to the current working directory of "
453 "the calling process (like B<access>())."
457 #: build/C/man2/access.2:148 build/C/man2/chmod.2:216 build/C/man2/chown.2:179 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:110
458 msgid "If I<pathname> is absolute, then I<dirfd> is ignored."
462 #: build/C/man2/access.2:151
464 "I<flags> is constructed by ORing together zero or more of the following "
469 #: build/C/man2/access.2:151
471 msgid "B<AT_EACCESS>"
475 #: build/C/man2/access.2:158
477 "Perform access checks using the effective user and group IDs. By default, "
478 "B<faccessat>() uses the real IDs (like B<access>())."
482 #: build/C/man2/access.2:158 build/C/man2/chmod.2:219 build/C/man2/chown.2:203
484 msgid "B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW>"
488 #: build/C/man2/access.2:164
490 "If I<pathname> is a symbolic link, do not dereference it: instead return "
491 "information about the link itself."
495 #: build/C/man2/access.2:169
496 msgid "See B<openat>(2) for an explanation of the need for B<faccessat>()."
500 #: build/C/man2/access.2:169 build/C/man2/alarm.2:54 build/C/man2/brk.2:93 build/C/man2/chdir.2:70 build/C/man2/chmod.2:231 build/C/man2/chown.2:219 build/C/man2/chroot.2:90 build/C/man2/close.2:64 build/C/man3/confstr.3:94 build/C/man3/crypt.3:120 build/C/man3/daemon.3:73 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:106 build/C/man2/dup.2:120 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:113 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:58 build/C/man3/exec.3:183 build/C/man2/execve.2:357 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:39 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1067 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:67 build/C/man2/flock.2:111 build/C/man2/fork.2:173 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:160 build/C/man2/fsync.2:108 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:46 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:29 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:156 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:75 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:61 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:71 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:89 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:95 build/C/man3/getopt.3:274 build/C/man2/gettid.2:50 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:85 build/C/man2/idle.2:52 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:85 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:107 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:82 build/C/man3/lockf.3:116 build/C/man2/mincore.2:94 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:115 build/C/man2/nice.2:56 build/C/man2/pread.2:79 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:44 build/C/man2/setup.2:53 build/C/man3/sleep.3:40 build/C/man3/swab.3:68 build/C/man2/swapon.2:108 build/C/man2/syscall.2:72 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:311 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:74 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:74 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:64 build/C/man2/truncate.2:110 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:81 build/C/man2/umask.2:92 build/C/man2/uname.2:63 build/C/man2/uselib.2:48 build/C/man3/usleep.3:75 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:50
506 #: build/C/man2/access.2:185
508 "On success (all requested permissions granted, or I<mode> is B<F_OK> and the "
509 "file exists), zero is returned. On error (at least one bit in I<mode> asked "
510 "for a permission that is denied, or I<mode> is B<F_OK> and the file does not "
511 "exist, or some other error occurred), -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set "
516 #: build/C/man2/access.2:185 build/C/man2/chdir.2:75 build/C/man2/chmod.2:236 build/C/man2/chown.2:224 build/C/man2/chroot.2:95 build/C/man2/close.2:70 build/C/man3/confstr.3:121 build/C/man3/crypt.3:123 build/C/man2/dup.2:126 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:115 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:66 build/C/man3/exec.3:190 build/C/man2/execve.2:363 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1100 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:74 build/C/man2/flock.2:116 build/C/man2/fork.2:180 build/C/man2/fsync.2:113 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:35 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:172 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:80 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:63 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:81 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:94 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:103 build/C/man2/gettid.2:52 build/C/man2/idle.2:55 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:94 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:87 build/C/man3/lockf.3:121 build/C/man2/mincore.2:101 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:122 build/C/man2/nice.2:61 build/C/man2/pread.2:89 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:49 build/C/man2/setup.2:56 build/C/man2/swapon.2:113 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:81 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:79 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:86 build/C/man2/truncate.2:115 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:84 build/C/man2/uname.2:68 build/C/man2/uselib.2:53 build/C/man3/usleep.3:82 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:55
522 #: build/C/man2/access.2:190
523 msgid "B<access>() and B<faccessat>() shall fail if:"
527 #: build/C/man2/access.2:190 build/C/man2/chdir.2:81 build/C/man2/chdir.2:117 build/C/man2/chmod.2:243 build/C/man2/chown.2:231 build/C/man2/chroot.2:98 build/C/man2/execve.2:371 build/C/man2/execve.2:378 build/C/man2/execve.2:381 build/C/man2/execve.2:384 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:173 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:84 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:123 build/C/man2/truncate.2:118 build/C/man2/uselib.2:59
533 #: build/C/man2/access.2:197
535 "The requested access would be denied to the file, or search permission is "
536 "denied for one of the directories in the path prefix of I<pathname>. (See "
537 "also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
541 #: build/C/man2/access.2:197 build/C/man2/chdir.2:94 build/C/man2/chmod.2:255 build/C/man2/chown.2:240 build/C/man2/chroot.2:112 build/C/man2/execve.2:409 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:145 build/C/man2/truncate.2:151
547 #: build/C/man2/access.2:201 build/C/man2/chmod.2:259 build/C/man2/chown.2:244 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:149
548 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<pathname>."
552 #: build/C/man2/access.2:201 build/C/man2/chdir.2:98 build/C/man2/chmod.2:259 build/C/man2/chown.2:244 build/C/man2/chroot.2:116 build/C/man2/execve.2:417 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:109 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:153 build/C/man2/truncate.2:154
554 msgid "B<ENAMETOOLONG>"
558 #: build/C/man2/access.2:205 build/C/man2/chmod.2:263 build/C/man2/chown.2:248
559 msgid "I<pathname> is too long."
563 #: build/C/man2/access.2:205 build/C/man2/chdir.2:102 build/C/man2/chmod.2:263 build/C/man2/chown.2:248 build/C/man2/chown.2:274 build/C/man2/chroot.2:120 build/C/man2/execve.2:424 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:198 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:122 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:156 build/C/man2/swapon.2:144 build/C/man2/truncate.2:158
569 #: build/C/man2/access.2:210
570 msgid "A component of I<pathname> does not exist or is a dangling symbolic link."
574 #: build/C/man2/access.2:210 build/C/man2/access.2:252 build/C/man2/chdir.2:108 build/C/man2/chmod.2:269 build/C/man2/chmod.2:314 build/C/man2/chown.2:254 build/C/man2/chown.2:298 build/C/man2/chroot.2:126 build/C/man2/execve.2:438 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:173 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:194 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:88 build/C/man2/truncate.2:161
580 #: build/C/man2/access.2:215 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:178
581 msgid "A component used as a directory in I<pathname> is not, in fact, a directory."
585 #: build/C/man2/access.2:215 build/C/man2/chmod.2:278 build/C/man2/chmod.2:296 build/C/man2/chown.2:261 build/C/man2/chown.2:280 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:183 build/C/man2/truncate.2:170
591 #: build/C/man2/access.2:218
592 msgid "Write permission was requested for a file on a read-only filesystem."
596 #: build/C/man2/access.2:223
597 msgid "B<access>() and B<faccessat>() may fail if:"
601 #: build/C/man2/access.2:223 build/C/man2/chdir.2:87 build/C/man2/chmod.2:248 build/C/man2/chown.2:236 build/C/man2/chroot.2:105 build/C/man2/execve.2:388 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1122 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:36 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:176 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:83 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:95 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:99 build/C/man2/mincore.2:104 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:142 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:53 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:82 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:80 build/C/man2/truncate.2:124 build/C/man2/uname.2:69
607 #: build/C/man2/access.2:227 build/C/man2/chmod.2:252 build/C/man2/chown.2:240 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:145
608 msgid "I<pathname> points outside your accessible address space."
612 #: build/C/man2/access.2:227 build/C/man2/access.2:248 build/C/man2/chmod.2:310 build/C/man2/chown.2:294 build/C/man3/confstr.3:122 build/C/man3/crypt.3:124 build/C/man2/dup.2:151 build/C/man2/execve.2:396 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1138 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:78 build/C/man2/flock.2:126 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:39 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:180 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:87 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:99 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:99 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:103 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:88 build/C/man3/lockf.3:147 build/C/man2/mincore.2:108 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:50 build/C/man2/swapon.2:121 build/C/man2/swapon.2:126 build/C/man2/swapon.2:136 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:91 build/C/man2/truncate.2:140 build/C/man2/truncate.2:191 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:88 build/C/man3/usleep.3:87
618 #: build/C/man2/access.2:231
619 msgid "I<mode> was incorrectly specified."
623 #: build/C/man2/access.2:231 build/C/man2/chdir.2:91 build/C/man2/chmod.2:252 build/C/man2/chmod.2:290 build/C/man2/chown.2:271 build/C/man2/chroot.2:109 build/C/man2/close.2:81 build/C/man2/execve.2:400 build/C/man2/fsync.2:118 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:94 build/C/man2/truncate.2:145
629 #: build/C/man2/access.2:234 build/C/man2/chdir.2:94 build/C/man2/chmod.2:255 build/C/man2/chroot.2:112 build/C/man2/close.2:84 build/C/man2/execve.2:403
630 msgid "An I/O error occurred."
634 #: build/C/man2/access.2:234 build/C/man2/chdir.2:105 build/C/man2/chmod.2:266 build/C/man2/chown.2:251 build/C/man2/chroot.2:123 build/C/man2/execve.2:435 build/C/man2/fork.2:196 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:125 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:97 build/C/man2/mincore.2:112 build/C/man2/mincore.2:124 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:161 build/C/man2/swapon.2:149
640 #: build/C/man2/access.2:237 build/C/man2/chdir.2:108 build/C/man2/chmod.2:269 build/C/man2/chown.2:254 build/C/man2/chroot.2:126 build/C/man2/execve.2:438 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:164
641 msgid "Insufficient kernel memory was available."
645 #: build/C/man2/access.2:237 build/C/man2/execve.2:453 build/C/man2/truncate.2:173
651 #: build/C/man2/access.2:241
652 msgid "Write access was requested to an executable which is being executed."
656 #: build/C/man2/access.2:244
657 msgid "The following additional errors can occur for B<faccessat>():"
661 #: build/C/man2/access.2:244 build/C/man2/chdir.2:121 build/C/man2/chmod.2:285 build/C/man2/chmod.2:306 build/C/man2/chown.2:268 build/C/man2/chown.2:290 build/C/man2/close.2:71 build/C/man2/dup.2:127 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1108 build/C/man2/flock.2:117 build/C/man2/fsync.2:114 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:95 build/C/man3/lockf.3:130 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:190 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:87 build/C/man2/truncate.2:183
667 #: build/C/man2/access.2:248 build/C/man2/chmod.2:310 build/C/man2/chown.2:294 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:194
668 msgid "I<dirfd> is not a valid file descriptor."
672 #: build/C/man2/access.2:252 build/C/man2/chmod.2:314 build/C/man2/chown.2:298
673 msgid "Invalid flag specified in I<flags>."
677 #: build/C/man2/access.2:258 build/C/man2/chmod.2:320 build/C/man2/chown.2:304 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:200
679 "I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is a file descriptor referring to a "
680 "file other than a directory."
684 #: build/C/man2/access.2:258 build/C/man2/chmod.2:326 build/C/man2/chown.2:304 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:131 build/C/man2/dup.2:165 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:69 build/C/man3/exec.3:195 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:41 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:91 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:42 build/C/man2/gettid.2:54 build/C/man2/idle.2:59 build/C/man2/mincore.2:132 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:200 build/C/man2/pread.2:104 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:59 build/C/man2/setup.2:60
690 #: build/C/man2/access.2:262
692 "B<faccessat>() was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16; library support was "
693 "added to glibc in version 2.4."
697 #: build/C/man2/access.2:265
698 msgid "B<access>(): SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008."
702 #: build/C/man2/access.2:268
703 msgid "B<faccessat>(): POSIX.1-2008."
707 #: build/C/man2/access.2:281
709 "B<Warning>: Using these calls to check if a user is authorized to, for "
710 "example, open a file before actually doing so using B<open>(2) creates a "
711 "security hole, because the user might exploit the short time interval "
712 "between checking and opening the file to manipulate it. B<For this reason, "
713 "the use of this system call should be avoided>. (In the example just "
714 "described, a safer alternative would be to temporarily switch the process's "
715 "effective user ID to the real ID and then call B<open>(2).)"
719 #: build/C/man2/access.2:288
721 "B<access>() always dereferences symbolic links. If you need to check the "
722 "permissions on a symbolic link, use B<faccessat>(2) with the flag "
723 "B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW>."
727 #: build/C/man2/access.2:294
729 "These calls return an error if any of the access types in I<mode> is denied, "
730 "even if some of the other access types in I<mode> are permitted."
733 #. HPU-UX 11 and Tru64 5.1 do this.
735 #: build/C/man2/access.2:301
737 "If the calling process has appropriate privileges (i.e., is superuser), "
738 "POSIX.1-2001 permits an implementation to indicate success for an B<X_OK> "
739 "check even if none of the execute file permission bits are set. Linux does "
744 #: build/C/man2/access.2:309
746 "A file is accessible only if the permissions on each of the directories in "
747 "the path prefix of I<pathname> grant search (i.e., execute) access. If any "
748 "directory is inaccessible, then the B<access>() call will fail, regardless "
749 "of the permissions on the file itself."
753 #: build/C/man2/access.2:317
755 "Only access bits are checked, not the file type or contents. Therefore, if "
756 "a directory is found to be writable, it probably means that files can be "
757 "created in the directory, and not that the directory can be written as a "
758 "file. Similarly, a DOS file may be found to be \"executable,\" but the "
759 "B<execve>(2) call will still fail."
763 #: build/C/man2/access.2:326
765 "These calls may not work correctly on NFSv2 filesystems with UID mapping "
766 "enabled, because UID mapping is done on the server and hidden from the "
767 "client, which checks permissions. (NFS versions 3 and higher perform the "
768 "check on the server.) Similar problems can occur to FUSE mounts."
772 #: build/C/man2/access.2:339
774 "The raw B<faccessat>() system call takes only the first three arguments. "
775 "The B<AT_EACCESS> and B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW> flags are actually implemented "
776 "within the glibc wrapper function for B<faccessat>(). If either of these "
777 "flags is specified, then the wrapper function employs B<fstatat>(2) to "
778 "determine access permissions."
782 #: build/C/man2/access.2:339 build/C/man7/environ.7:210 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1255 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:122 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:177 build/C/man3/getopt.3:369 build/C/man2/mincore.2:144 build/C/man2/pread.2:146 build/C/man3/sleep.3:46 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:326 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:135 build/C/man2/truncate.2:248 build/C/man2/vfork.2:252
787 #. This behavior appears to have been an implementation accident.
789 #: build/C/man2/access.2:362
791 "In kernel 2.4 (and earlier) there is some strangeness in the handling of "
792 "B<X_OK> tests for superuser. If all categories of execute permission are "
793 "disabled for a nondirectory file, then the only B<access>() test that "
794 "returns -1 is when I<mode> is specified as just B<X_OK>; if B<R_OK> or "
795 "B<W_OK> is also specified in I<mode>, then B<access>() returns 0 for such "
796 "files. Early 2.6 kernels (up to and including 2.6.3) also behaved in the "
797 "same way as kernel 2.4."
801 #: build/C/man2/access.2:372
803 "In kernels before 2.6.20, these calls ignored the effect of the B<MS_NOEXEC> "
804 "flag if it was used to B<mount>(2) the underlying filesystem. Since kernel "
805 "2.6.20, the B<MS_NOEXEC> is honored"
809 #: build/C/man2/access.2:383
811 "B<chmod>(2), B<chown>(2), B<open>(2), B<setgid>(2), B<setuid>(2), "
812 "B<stat>(2), B<euidaccess>(3), B<credentials>(7), B<path_resolution>(7), "
817 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:30
823 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:30
829 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:33
830 msgid "alarm - set an alarm clock for delivery of a signal"
834 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:38
836 msgid "B<unsigned int alarm(unsigned int >I<seconds>B<);>\n"
840 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:46
842 "B<alarm>() arranges for a B<SIGALRM> signal to be delivered to the calling "
843 "process in I<seconds> seconds."
847 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:50
848 msgid "If I<seconds> is zero, any pending alarm is canceled."
852 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:54
853 msgid "In any event any previously set B<alarm>() is canceled."
857 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:59
859 "B<alarm>() returns the number of seconds remaining until any previously "
860 "scheduled alarm was due to be delivered, or zero if there was no previously "
865 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:61
866 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD."
870 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:67
872 "B<alarm>() and B<setitimer>(2) share the same timer; calls to one will "
873 "interfere with use of the other."
877 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:74
879 "Alarms created by B<alarm()> are preserved across B<execve>(2) and are not "
880 "inherited by children created via B<fork>(2)."
884 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:83
886 "B<sleep>(3) may be implemented using B<SIGALRM>; mixing calls to B<alarm>() "
887 "and B<sleep>(3) is a bad idea."
891 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:86
893 "Scheduling delays can, as ever, cause the execution of the process to be "
894 "delayed by an arbitrary amount of time."
898 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:95
900 "B<gettimeofday>(2), B<pause>(2), B<select>(2), B<setitimer>(2), "
901 "B<sigaction>(2), B<signal>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<time>(7)"
905 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:29
911 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:29 build/C/man2/chroot.2:33 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29
917 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:32
918 msgid "brk, sbrk - change data segment size"
922 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:34 build/C/man2/chdir.2:38 build/C/man2/chroot.2:38 build/C/man3/daemon.3:41 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:37 build/C/man3/exec.3:46 build/C/man2/execve.2:42 build/C/man2/fork.2:44 build/C/man2/fsync.2:43 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:34 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:32 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:34 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:37 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:33 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:30 build/C/man2/idle.2:37 build/C/man3/lockf.3:33 build/C/man2/mincore.2:39 build/C/man2/nice.2:36 build/C/man2/pread.2:30 build/C/man2/setup.2:39 build/C/man2/swapon.2:42 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:30 build/C/man2/truncate.2:48 build/C/man2/uselib.2:36 build/C/man2/vfork.2:35 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:33
923 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>"
927 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:36
928 msgid "B<int brk(void *>I<addr>B<);>"
932 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:38
933 msgid "B<void *sbrk(intptr_t >I<increment>B<);>"
937 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:46
938 msgid "B<brk>(), B<sbrk>():"
942 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:49 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:60 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:44 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:42 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:43 build/C/man3/usleep.3:52 build/C/man2/vfork.2:47
944 msgid "Since glibc 2.12:"
948 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:56
951 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE ||\n"
952 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
953 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
954 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
958 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:61
960 "Before glibc 2.12: _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ "
961 "500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
965 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:76
967 "B<brk>() and B<sbrk>() change the location of the I<program break>, which "
968 "defines the end of the process's data segment (i.e., the program break is "
969 "the first location after the end of the uninitialized data segment). "
970 "Increasing the program break has the effect of allocating memory to the "
971 "process; decreasing the break deallocates memory."
975 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:83
977 "B<brk>() sets the end of the data segment to the value specified by "
978 "I<addr>, when that value is reasonable, the system has enough memory, and "
979 "the process does not exceed its maximum data size (see B<setrlimit>(2))."
983 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:93
985 "B<sbrk>() increments the program's data space by I<increment> bytes. "
986 "Calling B<sbrk>() with an I<increment> of 0 can be used to find the current "
987 "location of the program break."
991 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:102
993 "On success, B<brk>() returns zero. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> "
994 "is set to B<ENOMEM>. (But see I<Linux Notes> below.)"
998 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:114
1000 "On success, B<sbrk>() returns the previous program break. (If the break "
1001 "was increased, then this value is a pointer to the start of the newly "
1002 "allocated memory). On error, I<(void\\ *)\\ -1> is returned, and I<errno> "
1003 "is set to B<ENOMEM>."
1010 #. are not defined in the C Standard and are deliberately excluded from the
1011 #. POSIX.1-1990 standard (see paragraphs B.1.1.1.3 and B.8.3.3).
1013 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:122
1014 msgid "4.3BSD; SUSv1, marked LEGACY in SUSv2, removed in POSIX.1-2001."
1018 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:131
1020 "Avoid using B<brk>() and B<sbrk>(): the B<malloc>(3) memory allocation "
1021 "package is the portable and comfortable way of allocating memory."
1025 #. \fIint\fP (e.g., XPGv4, DU 4.0, HP-UX 11, FreeBSD 4.0, OpenBSD 3.2),
1026 #. \fIssize_t\fP (OSF1 2.0, Irix 5.3, 6.5),
1027 #. \fIptrdiff_t\fP (libc4, libc5, ulibc, glibc 2.0, 2.1),
1028 #. \fIintptr_t\fP (e.g., XPGv5, AIX, SunOS 5.8, 5.9, FreeBSD 4.7, NetBSD 1.6,
1029 #. Tru64 5.1, glibc2.2).
1031 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:141
1033 "Various systems use various types for the argument of B<sbrk>(). Common are "
1034 "I<int>, I<ssize_t>, I<ptrdiff_t>, I<intptr_t>."
1038 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:141 build/C/man2/vfork.2:213
1044 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:157
1046 "The return value described above for B<brk>() is the behavior provided by "
1047 "the glibc wrapper function for the Linux B<brk>() system call. (On most "
1048 "other implementations, the return value from B<brk>() is the same; this "
1049 "return value was also specified in SUSv2.) However, the actual Linux system "
1050 "call returns the new program break on success. On failure, the system call "
1051 "returns the current break. The glibc wrapper function does some work (i.e., "
1052 "checks whether the new break is less than I<addr>) to provide the 0 and -1 "
1053 "return values described above."
1057 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:164
1059 "On Linux, B<sbrk>() is implemented as a library function that uses the "
1060 "B<brk>() system call, and does some internal bookkeeping so that it can "
1061 "return the old break value."
1065 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:169
1066 msgid "B<execve>(2), B<getrlimit>(2), B<end>(3), B<malloc>(3)"
1070 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:33
1076 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:33
1082 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:36
1083 msgid "chdir, fchdir - change working directory"
1087 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:40
1088 msgid "B<int chdir(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
1092 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:42
1093 msgid "B<int fchdir(int >I<fd>B<);>"
1097 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:49
1098 msgid "B<fchdir>():"
1102 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:54 build/C/man2/chmod.2:62 build/C/man2/chown.2:71 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:50 build/C/man2/truncate.2:66 build/C/man2/truncate.2:74
1104 "_BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ "
1105 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
1109 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:56 build/C/man2/chmod.2:64 build/C/man2/chown.2:73 build/C/man2/pread.2:50 build/C/man2/truncate.2:68
1110 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L"
1114 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:64
1116 "B<chdir>() changes the current working directory of the calling process to "
1117 "the directory specified in I<path>."
1121 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:70
1123 "B<fchdir>() is identical to B<chdir>(); the only difference is that the "
1124 "directory is given as an open file descriptor."
1128 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:75 build/C/man2/chmod.2:236 build/C/man2/chown.2:224 build/C/man2/chroot.2:95 build/C/man2/flock.2:116 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:80 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:94 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:87 build/C/man3/lockf.3:121 build/C/man2/swapon.2:113 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:79 build/C/man2/truncate.2:115 build/C/man2/uname.2:68 build/C/man2/uselib.2:53 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:55
1130 "On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set "
1135 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:81
1137 "Depending on the filesystem, other errors can be returned. The more general "
1138 "errors for B<chdir>() are listed below:"
1142 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:87
1144 "Search permission is denied for one of the components of I<path>. (See also "
1145 "B<path_resolution>(7).)"
1149 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:91 build/C/man2/chroot.2:109
1150 msgid "I<path> points outside your accessible address space."
1154 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:98 build/C/man2/chroot.2:116
1155 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<path>."
1159 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:102 build/C/man2/chroot.2:120
1160 msgid "I<path> is too long."
1164 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:105 build/C/man2/chmod.2:266 build/C/man2/chown.2:251 build/C/man2/chroot.2:123
1165 msgid "The file does not exist."
1169 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:113 build/C/man2/chroot.2:131
1170 msgid "A component of I<path> is not a directory."
1174 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:117
1175 msgid "The general errors for B<fchdir>() are listed below:"
1179 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:121
1180 msgid "Search permission was denied on the directory open on I<fd>."
1184 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:125 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:91
1185 msgid "I<fd> is not a valid file descriptor."
1189 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:127
1190 msgid "SVr4, 4.4BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
1194 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:130
1196 "The current working directory is the starting point for interpreting "
1197 "relative pathnames (those not starting with \\(aq/\\(aq)."
1201 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:136
1203 "A child process created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's current "
1204 "working directory. The current working directory is left unchanged by "
1209 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:140
1210 msgid "B<chroot>(2), B<getcwd>(3), B<path_resolution>(7)"
1214 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:32
1220 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:35
1221 msgid "chmod, fchmod, fchmodat - change permissions of a file"
1225 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:38
1227 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
1231 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:40
1233 msgid "B<int chmod(const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<);>\n"
1237 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:42
1239 msgid "B<int fchmod(int >I<fd>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<);>\n"
1243 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:45
1246 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>> /* Definition of AT_* constants */\n"
1247 "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
1251 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:48
1254 "B<int fchmodat(int >I<dirfd>B<, const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t "
1255 ">I<mode>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
1259 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:58
1260 msgid "B<fchmod>():"
1264 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:68
1265 msgid "B<fchmodat>():"
1269 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:88
1271 "The B<chmod>() and B<fchmod>() system calls change the permissions of a "
1272 "file. They differ only in how the file is specified:"
1276 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:88 build/C/man2/chmod.2:93 build/C/man2/chown.2:96 build/C/man2/chown.2:101 build/C/man2/chown.2:105 build/C/man2/chown.2:366 build/C/man2/chown.2:371 build/C/man2/chown.2:377 build/C/man2/dup.2:62 build/C/man2/dup.2:68 build/C/man2/dup.2:101 build/C/man2/dup.2:110 build/C/man2/execve.2:124 build/C/man2/execve.2:128 build/C/man2/execve.2:131 build/C/man2/execve.2:134 build/C/man2/execve.2:137 build/C/man2/execve.2:140 build/C/man2/execve.2:143 build/C/man2/execve.2:146 build/C/man2/execve.2:149 build/C/man2/execve.2:152 build/C/man2/execve.2:156 build/C/man2/execve.2:160 build/C/man2/execve.2:169 build/C/man2/execve.2:176 build/C/man2/execve.2:181 build/C/man2/execve.2:188 build/C/man2/execve.2:195 build/C/man2/execve.2:202 build/C/man2/execve.2:209 build/C/man2/execve.2:213 build/C/man2/execve.2:216 build/C/man2/execve.2:224 build/C/man2/execve.2:228 build/C/man2/execve.2:233 build/C/man2/fork.2:52 build/C/man2/fork.2:56 build/C/man2/fork.2:58 build/C/man2/fork.2:62 build/C/man2/fork.2:68 build/C/man2/fork.2:71 build/C/man2/fork.2:74 build/C/man2/fork.2:77 build/C/man2/fork.2:82 build/C/man2/fork.2:94 build/C/man2/fork.2:101 build/C/man2/fork.2:107 build/C/man2/fork.2:114 build/C/man2/fork.2:120 build/C/man2/fork.2:125 build/C/man2/fork.2:133 build/C/man2/fork.2:142 build/C/man2/fork.2:156 build/C/man2/fork.2:165 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:87 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:90 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:96 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:112 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:118 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:124 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:130 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:137 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:691 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:712 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:723 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:730 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:741 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:753 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:774 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:782 build/C/man2/vfork.2:193 build/C/man2/vfork.2:197
1282 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:93
1284 "B<chmod>() changes the permissions of the file specified whose pathname is "
1285 "given in I<pathname>, which is dereferenced if it is a symbolic link."
1289 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:97
1291 "B<fchmod>() changes the permissions of the file referred to by the open "
1292 "file descriptor I<fd>."
1296 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:102
1298 "The new file permissions are specified in I<mode>, which is a bit mask "
1299 "created by ORing together zero or more of the following:"
1303 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:102
1305 msgid "B<S_ISUID> (04000)"
1309 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:106
1310 msgid "set-user-ID (set process effective user ID on B<execve>(2))"
1314 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:106
1316 msgid "B<S_ISGID> (02000)"
1320 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:116
1322 "set-group-ID (set process effective group ID on B<execve>(2); mandatory "
1323 "locking, as described in B<fcntl>(2); take a new file's group from parent "
1324 "directory, as described in B<chown>(2) and B<mkdir>(2))"
1328 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:116
1330 msgid "B<S_ISVTX> (01000)"
1334 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:120
1335 msgid "sticky bit (restricted deletion flag, as described in B<unlink>(2))"
1339 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:120
1341 msgid "B<S_IRUSR> (00400)"
1345 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:123
1346 msgid "read by owner"
1350 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:123
1352 msgid "B<S_IWUSR> (00200)"
1356 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:126
1357 msgid "write by owner"
1361 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:126
1363 msgid "B<S_IXUSR> (00100)"
1367 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:130
1369 "execute/search by owner (\"search\" applies for directories, and means that "
1370 "entries within the directory can be accessed)"
1374 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:130
1376 msgid "B<S_IRGRP> (00040)"
1380 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:133
1381 msgid "read by group"
1385 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:133
1387 msgid "B<S_IWGRP> (00020)"
1391 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:136
1392 msgid "write by group"
1396 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:136
1398 msgid "B<S_IXGRP> (00010)"
1402 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:139
1403 msgid "execute/search by group"
1407 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:139
1409 msgid "B<S_IROTH> (00004)"
1413 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:142
1414 msgid "read by others"
1418 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:142
1420 msgid "B<S_IWOTH> (00002)"
1424 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:145
1425 msgid "write by others"
1429 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:145
1431 msgid "B<S_IXOTH> (00001)"
1435 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:148
1436 msgid "execute/search by others"
1440 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:153
1442 "The effective UID of the calling process must match the owner of the file, "
1443 "or the process must be privileged (Linux: it must have the B<CAP_FOWNER> "
1448 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:162
1450 "If the calling process is not privileged (Linux: does not have the "
1451 "B<CAP_FSETID> capability), and the group of the file does not match the "
1452 "effective group ID of the process or one of its supplementary group IDs, the "
1453 "B<S_ISGID> bit will be turned off, but this will not cause an error to be "
1458 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:174
1460 "As a security measure, depending on the filesystem, the set-user-ID and "
1461 "set-group-ID execution bits may be turned off if a file is written. (On "
1462 "Linux this occurs if the writing process does not have the B<CAP_FSETID> "
1463 "capability.) On some filesystems, only the superuser can set the sticky "
1464 "bit, which may have a special meaning. For the sticky bit, and for "
1465 "set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits on directories, see B<stat>(2)."
1469 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:182
1471 "On NFS filesystems, restricting the permissions will immediately influence "
1472 "already open files, because the access control is done on the server, but "
1473 "open files are maintained by the client. Widening the permissions may be "
1474 "delayed for other clients if attribute caching is enabled on them."
1478 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:182
1484 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:188
1486 "The B<fchmodat>() system call operates in exactly the same way as "
1487 "B<chmod>(), except for the differences described here."
1491 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:198
1493 "If the pathname given in I<pathname> is relative, then it is interpreted "
1494 "relative to the directory referred to by the file descriptor I<dirfd> "
1495 "(rather than relative to the current working directory of the calling "
1496 "process, as is done by B<chmod>() for a relative pathname)."
1500 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:210
1502 "If I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is the special value B<AT_FDCWD>, "
1503 "then I<pathname> is interpreted relative to the current working directory of "
1504 "the calling process (like B<chmod>())."
1508 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:219
1509 msgid "I<flags> can either be 0, or include the following flag:"
1513 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:226
1515 "If I<pathname> is a symbolic link, do not dereference it: instead operate on "
1516 "the link itself. This flag is not currently implemented."
1520 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:231
1521 msgid "See B<openat>(2) for an explanation of the need for B<fchmodat>()."
1525 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:239 build/C/man2/chown.2:227
1527 "Depending on the filesystem, errors other than those listed below can be "
1532 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:243
1533 msgid "The more general errors for B<chmod>() are listed below:"
1536 #. Also search permission is required on the final component,
1537 #. maybe just to guarantee that it is a directory?
1539 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:248 build/C/man2/chown.2:236 build/C/man2/chroot.2:105
1541 "Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix. (See also "
1542 "B<path_resolution>(7).)"
1546 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:272 build/C/man2/chown.2:257 build/C/man2/truncate.2:164
1547 msgid "A component of the path prefix is not a directory."
1551 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:272 build/C/man2/chmod.2:293 build/C/man2/chown.2:257 build/C/man2/chown.2:277 build/C/man2/chroot.2:131 build/C/man3/crypt.3:169 build/C/man2/execve.2:443 build/C/man2/execve.2:449 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1157 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:91 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:88 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:117 build/C/man2/idle.2:56 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:101 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:178 build/C/man2/nice.2:62 build/C/man2/setup.2:57 build/C/man2/swapon.2:152 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:104 build/C/man2/truncate.2:164 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:56
1557 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:278
1559 "The effective UID does not match the owner of the file, and the process is "
1560 "not privileged (Linux: it does not have the B<CAP_FOWNER> capability)."
1564 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:281 build/C/man2/chown.2:264 build/C/man2/truncate.2:173
1565 msgid "The named file resides on a read-only filesystem."
1569 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:285
1570 msgid "The general errors for B<fchmod>() are listed below:"
1574 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:290
1575 msgid "The file descriptor I<fd> is not valid."
1579 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:293 build/C/man2/chmod.2:296 build/C/man2/chmod.2:299 build/C/man2/chown.2:277 build/C/man2/chown.2:280 build/C/man2/chown.2:283
1584 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:306
1586 "The same errors that occur for B<chmod>() can also occur for "
1587 "B<fchmodat>(). The following additional errors can occur for B<fchmodat>():"
1591 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:320
1597 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:326
1598 msgid "I<flags> specified B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW>, which is not supported."
1602 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:330
1604 "B<fchmodat>() was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16; library support was "
1605 "added to glibc in version 2.4."
1609 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:334
1610 msgid "B<chmod>(), B<fchmod>(): 4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001i, POSIX.1-2008."
1614 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:337
1615 msgid "B<fchmodat>(): POSIX.1-2008."
1619 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:347
1621 "The GNU C library B<fchmodat>() wrapper function implements the "
1622 "POSIX-specified interface described in this page. This interface differs "
1623 "from the underlying Linux system call, which does I<not> have a I<flags> "
1628 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:354
1630 "B<chown>(2), B<execve>(2), B<open>(2), B<stat>(2), B<path_resolution>(7), "
1635 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:38
1641 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:41
1642 msgid "chown, fchown, lchown, fchownat - change ownership of a file"
1646 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:46
1649 "B<int chown(const char *>I<pathname>B<, uid_t >I<owner>B<, gid_t "
1654 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:48
1656 msgid "B<int fchown(int >I<fd>B<, uid_t >I<owner>B<, gid_t >I<group>B<);>\n"
1660 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:50
1663 "B<int lchown(const char *>I<pathname>B<, uid_t >I<owner>B<, gid_t "
1668 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:56
1671 "B<int fchownat(int >I<dirfd>B<, const char *>I<pathname>B<,>\n"
1672 "B< uid_t >I<owner>B<, gid_t >I<group>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
1676 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:66
1677 msgid "B<fchown>(), B<lchown>():"
1681 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:76
1682 msgid "B<fchownat>():"
1686 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:96
1688 "These system calls change the owner and group of a file. The B<chown>(), "
1689 "B<fchown>(), and B<lchown>() system calls differ only in how the file is "
1694 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:101
1696 "B<chown>() changes the ownership of the file specified by I<pathname>, "
1697 "which is dereferenced if it is a symbolic link."
1701 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:105
1703 "B<fchown>() changes the ownership of the file referred to by the open file "
1708 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:110
1709 msgid "B<lchown>() is like B<chown>(), but does not dereference symbolic links."
1713 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:119
1715 "Only a privileged process (Linux: one with the B<CAP_CHOWN> capability) may "
1716 "change the owner of a file. The owner of a file may change the group of the "
1717 "file to any group of which that owner is a member. A privileged process "
1718 "(Linux: with B<CAP_CHOWN>) may change the group arbitrarily."
1722 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:125
1723 msgid "If the I<owner> or I<group> is specified as -1, then that ID is not changed."
1726 #. In Linux 2.0 kernels, superuser was like everyone else
1727 #. In 2.2, up to 2.2.12, these bits were not cleared for superuser.
1728 #. Since 2.2.13, superuser is once more like everyone else.
1730 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:145
1732 "When the owner or group of an executable file are changed by an unprivileged "
1733 "user the B<S_ISUID> and B<S_ISGID> mode bits are cleared. POSIX does not "
1734 "specify whether this also should happen when root does the B<chown>(); the "
1735 "Linux behavior depends on the kernel version. In case of a "
1736 "non-group-executable file (i.e., one for which the B<S_IXGRP> bit is not "
1737 "set) the B<S_ISGID> bit indicates mandatory locking, and is not cleared by a "
1742 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:145
1748 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:151
1750 "The B<fchownat>() system call operates in exactly the same way as "
1751 "B<chown>(), except for the differences described here."
1755 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:161
1757 "If the pathname given in I<pathname> is relative, then it is interpreted "
1758 "relative to the directory referred to by the file descriptor I<dirfd> "
1759 "(rather than relative to the current working directory of the calling "
1760 "process, as is done by B<chown>() for a relative pathname)."
1764 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:173
1766 "If I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is the special value B<AT_FDCWD>, "
1767 "then I<pathname> is interpreted relative to the current working directory of "
1768 "the calling process (like B<chown>())."
1772 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:184
1774 "The I<flags> argument is a bit mask created by ORing together 0 or more of "
1775 "the following values;"
1779 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:184
1781 msgid "B<AT_EMPTY_PATH> (since Linux 2.6.39)"
1784 #. commit 65cfc6722361570bfe255698d9cd4dccaf47570d
1785 #. Before glibc 2.16, defining _ATFILE_SOURCE sufficed
1787 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:202
1789 "If I<pathname> is an empty string, operate on the file referred to by "
1790 "I<dirfd> (which may have been obtained using the B<open>(2) B<O_PATH> "
1791 "flag). In this case, I<dirfd> can refer to any type of file, not just a "
1792 "directory. This flag is Linux-specific; define B<_GNU_SOURCE> to obtain its "
1797 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:214
1799 "If I<pathname> is a symbolic link, do not dereference it: instead operate on "
1800 "the link itself, like B<lchown>(). (By default, B<fchownat>() dereferences "
1801 "symbolic links, like B<chown>().)"
1805 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:219
1806 msgid "See B<openat>(2) for an explanation of the need for B<fchownat>()."
1810 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:231
1811 msgid "The more general errors for B<chown>() are listed below."
1815 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:261
1817 "The calling process did not have the required permissions (see above) to "
1818 "change owner and/or group."
1822 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:268
1823 msgid "The general errors for B<fchown>() are listed below:"
1827 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:271
1828 msgid "The descriptor is not valid."
1832 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:274
1833 msgid "A low-level I/O error occurred while modifying the inode."
1837 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:290
1839 "The same errors that occur for B<chown>() can also occur for "
1840 "B<fchownat>(). The following additional errors can occur for B<fchownat>():"
1844 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:308
1846 "B<fchownat>() was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16; library support was "
1847 "added to glibc in version 2.4."
1851 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:313
1853 "B<chown>(), B<fchown>(), B<lchown>(): 4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, "
1858 #. SVr4 documents EINVAL, EINTR, ENOLINK and EMULTIHOP returns, but no
1859 #. ENOMEM. POSIX.1 does not document ENOMEM or ELOOP error conditions.
1861 #. SVr4 documents additional EINVAL, EIO, EINTR, and ENOLINK
1862 #. error conditions.
1864 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:322
1866 "The 4.4BSD version can be used only by the superuser (that is, ordinary "
1867 "users cannot give away files)."
1871 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:325
1872 msgid "B<fchownat>(): POSIX.1-2008."
1876 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:344
1878 "The original Linux B<chown>(), B<fchown>(), and B<lchown>() system calls "
1879 "supported only 16-bit user and group IDs. Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added "
1880 "B<chown32>(), B<fchown32>(), and B<lchown32>(), supporting 32-bit IDs. The "
1881 "glibc B<chown>(), B<fchown>(), and B<lchown>() wrapper functions "
1882 "transparently deal with the variations across kernel versions."
1886 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:366
1888 "When a new file is created (by, for example, B<open>(2) or B<mkdir>(2)), "
1889 "its owner is made the same as the filesystem user ID of the creating "
1890 "process. The group of the file depends on a range of factors, including the "
1891 "type of filesystem, the options used to mount the filesystem, and whether or "
1892 "not the set-group-ID permission bit is enabled on the parent directory. If "
1893 "the filesystem supports the I<-o\\ grpid> (or, synonymously I<-o\\ "
1894 "bsdgroups>) and I<-o\\ nogrpid> (or, synonymously I<-o\\ sysvgroups>) "
1895 "B<mount>(8) options, then the rules are as follows:"
1899 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:371
1901 "If the filesystem is mounted with I<-o\\ grpid>, then the group of a new "
1902 "file is made the same as that of the parent directory."
1906 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:377
1908 "If the filesystem is mounted with I<-o\\ nogrpid> and the set-group-ID bit "
1909 "is disabled on the parent directory, then the group of a new file is made "
1910 "the same as the process's filesystem GID."
1914 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:383
1916 "If the filesystem is mounted with I<-o\\ nogrpid> and the set-group-ID bit "
1917 "is enabled on the parent directory, then the group of a new file is made the "
1918 "same as that of the parent directory."
1922 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:393
1924 "As at Linux 2.6.25, the I<-o\\ grpid> and I<-o\\ nogrpid> mount options are "
1925 "supported by ext2, ext3, ext4, and XFS. Filesystems that don't support "
1926 "these mount options follow the I<-o\\ nogrpid> rules."
1930 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:406
1932 "The B<chown>() semantics are deliberately violated on NFS filesystems which "
1933 "have UID mapping enabled. Additionally, the semantics of all system calls "
1934 "which access the file contents are violated, because B<chown>() may cause "
1935 "immediate access revocation on already open files. Client side caching may "
1936 "lead to a delay between the time where ownership have been changed to allow "
1937 "access for a user and the time where the file can actually be accessed by "
1938 "the user on other clients."
1942 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:421
1944 "In versions of Linux prior to 2.1.81 (and distinct from 2.1.46), B<chown>() "
1945 "did not follow symbolic links. Since Linux 2.1.81, B<chown>() does follow "
1946 "symbolic links, and there is a new system call B<lchown>() that does not "
1947 "follow symbolic links. Since Linux 2.1.86, this new call (that has the same "
1948 "semantics as the old B<chown>()) has got the same syscall number, and "
1949 "B<chown>() got the newly introduced number."
1953 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:430
1955 "The following program changes the ownership of the file named in its second "
1956 "command-line argument to the value specified in its first command-line "
1957 "argument. The new owner can be specified either as a numeric user ID, or as "
1958 "a username (which is converted to a user ID by using B<getpwnam>(3) to "
1959 "perform a lookup in the system password file)."
1963 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:430
1965 msgid "Program source"
1969 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:436
1972 "#include E<lt>pwd.hE<gt>\n"
1973 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
1974 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
1975 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
1979 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:443
1983 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
1986 " struct passwd *pwd;\n"
1991 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:448
1994 " if (argc != 3 || argv[1][0] == \\(aq\\e0\\(aq) {\n"
1995 " fprintf(stderr, \"%s E<lt>ownerE<gt> E<lt>fileE<gt>\\en\", "
1997 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2002 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:450
2004 msgid " uid = strtol(argv[1], &endptr, 10); /* Allow a numeric string */\n"
2008 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:457
2011 " if (*endptr != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq) { /* Was not pure numeric string "
2013 " pwd = getpwnam(argv[1]); /* Try getting UID for username */\n"
2014 " if (pwd == NULL) {\n"
2015 " perror(\"getpwnam\");\n"
2016 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2021 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:460
2024 " uid = pwd-E<gt>pw_uid;\n"
2029 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:465
2032 " if (chown(argv[2], uid, -1) == -1) {\n"
2033 " perror(\"chown\");\n"
2034 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2039 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:468 build/C/man2/execve.2:571 build/C/man3/getopt.3:428 build/C/man3/getopt.3:513
2042 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
2047 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:474
2048 msgid "B<chmod>(2), B<flock>(2), B<path_resolution>(7), B<symlink>(7)"
2052 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:33
2058 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:36
2059 msgid "chroot - change root directory"
2063 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:40
2064 msgid "B<int chroot(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
2068 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:47
2069 msgid "B<chroot>():"
2073 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:50
2075 msgid "Since glibc 2.2.2:"
2079 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:57
2083 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
2084 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
2085 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
2089 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:60
2090 msgid "Before glibc 2.2.2: none"
2094 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:69
2096 "B<chroot>() changes the root directory of the calling process to that "
2097 "specified in I<path>. This directory will be used for pathnames beginning "
2098 "with I</>. The root directory is inherited by all children of the calling "
2103 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:74
2105 "Only a privileged process (Linux: one with the B<CAP_SYS_CHROOT> capability) "
2106 "may call B<chroot>()."
2110 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:77
2112 "This call changes an ingredient in the pathname resolution process and does "
2117 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:83
2119 "This call does not change the current working directory, so that after the "
2120 "call \\(aqI<.>\\(aq can be outside the tree rooted at \\(aqI</>\\(aq. In "
2121 "particular, the superuser can escape from a \"chroot jail\" by doing:"
2125 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:86
2127 msgid " mkdir foo; chroot foo; cd ..\n"
2131 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:90
2133 "This call does not close open file descriptors, and such file descriptors "
2134 "may allow access to files outside the chroot tree."
2138 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:98
2140 "Depending on the filesystem, other errors can be returned. The more general "
2141 "errors are listed below:"
2145 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:134
2146 msgid "The caller has insufficient privilege."
2149 #. SVr4 documents additional EINTR, ENOLINK and EMULTIHOP error conditions.
2150 #. X/OPEN does not document EIO, ENOMEM or EFAULT error conditions.
2152 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:139
2154 "SVr4, 4.4BSD, SUSv2 (marked LEGACY). This function is not part of "
2159 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:145
2161 "A child process created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's root "
2162 "directory. The root directory is left unchanged by B<execve>(2)."
2165 #. FIXME . eventually say something about containers,
2166 #. virtual servers, etc.?
2168 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:151
2169 msgid "FreeBSD has a stronger B<jail>() system call."
2173 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:154
2174 msgid "B<chdir>(2), B<path_resolution>(7)"
2178 #: build/C/man2/close.2:35
2184 #: build/C/man2/close.2:35
2190 #: build/C/man2/close.2:38
2191 msgid "close - close a file descriptor"
2195 #: build/C/man2/close.2:43
2197 msgid "B<int close(int >I<fd>B<);>\n"
2201 #: build/C/man2/close.2:53
2203 "B<close>() closes a file descriptor, so that it no longer refers to any "
2204 "file and may be reused. Any record locks (see B<fcntl>(2)) held on the "
2205 "file it was associated with, and owned by the process, are removed "
2206 "(regardless of the file descriptor that was used to obtain the lock)."
2210 #: build/C/man2/close.2:64
2212 "If I<fd> is the last file descriptor referring to the underlying open file "
2213 "description (see B<open>(2)), the resources associated with the open file "
2214 "description are freed; if the descriptor was the last reference to a file "
2215 "which has been removed using B<unlink>(2) the file is deleted."
2219 #: build/C/man2/close.2:70
2221 "B<close>() returns zero on success. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> "
2222 "is set appropriately."
2226 #: build/C/man2/close.2:75
2227 msgid "I<fd> isn't a valid open file descriptor."
2231 #: build/C/man2/close.2:75 build/C/man2/dup.2:143 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1126 build/C/man2/flock.2:121 build/C/man2/truncate.2:133 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:85 build/C/man3/usleep.3:83
2237 #: build/C/man2/close.2:81
2238 msgid "The B<close>() call was interrupted by a signal; see B<signal>(7)."
2242 #: build/C/man2/close.2:87 build/C/man2/fork.2:208 build/C/man3/swab.3:79 build/C/man2/umask.2:97
2243 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
2247 #: build/C/man2/close.2:107
2249 "Not checking the return value of B<close>() is a common but nevertheless "
2250 "serious programming error. It is quite possible that errors on a previous "
2251 "B<write>(2) operation are first reported at the final B<close>(). Not "
2252 "checking the return value when closing the file may lead to silent loss of "
2253 "data. This can especially be observed with NFS and with disk quota. Note "
2254 "that the return value should only be used for diagnostics. In particular "
2255 "B<close>() should not be retried after an B<EINTR> since this may cause a "
2256 "reused descriptor from another thread to be closed."
2260 #: build/C/man2/close.2:116
2262 "A successful close does not guarantee that the data has been successfully "
2263 "saved to disk, as the kernel defers writes. It is not common for a "
2264 "filesystem to flush the buffers when the stream is closed. If you need to "
2265 "be sure that the data is physically stored use B<fsync>(2). (It will depend "
2266 "on the disk hardware at this point.)"
2269 #. Date: Tue, 4 Sep 2007 13:57:35 +0200
2270 #. From: Fredrik Noring <noring@nocrew.org>
2271 #. One such race involves signals and ERESTARTSYS. If a file descriptor
2272 #. in use by a system call is closed and then reused by e.g. an
2273 #. independent open() in some unrelated thread, before the original system
2274 #. call has restarted after ERESTARTSYS, the original system call will
2275 #. later restart with the reused file descriptor. This is most likely a
2276 #. serious programming error.
2278 #: build/C/man2/close.2:131
2280 "It is probably unwise to close file descriptors while they may be in use by "
2281 "system calls in other threads in the same process. Since a file descriptor "
2282 "may be reused, there are some obscure race conditions that may cause "
2283 "unintended side effects."
2287 #: build/C/man2/close.2:138
2289 "B<fcntl>(2), B<fsync>(2), B<open>(2), B<shutdown>(2), B<unlink>(2), "
2294 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:31
2300 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:31
2306 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:31 build/C/man3/daemon.3:36 build/C/man3/exec.3:41 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28 build/C/man3/getopt.3:41 build/C/man3/getumask.3:28 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30 build/C/man3/lockf.3:28 build/C/man3/sleep.3:26 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25
2312 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:34
2313 msgid "confstr - get configuration dependent string variables"
2317 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:39
2319 msgid "B<size_t confstr(int >I<name>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
2323 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:48
2324 msgid "B<confstr>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 2 || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
2328 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:51
2329 msgid "B<confstr>() gets the value of configuration-dependent string variables."
2333 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:56
2335 "The I<name> argument is the system variable to be queried. The following "
2336 "variables are supported:"
2340 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:56
2342 msgid "B<_CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION> (GNU C library only; since glibc 2.3.2)"
2346 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:60
2348 "A string which identifies the GNU C library version on this system (e.g, "
2353 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:60
2355 msgid "B<_CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION> (GNU C library only; since glibc 2.3.2)"
2359 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:64
2361 "A string which identifies the POSIX implementation supplied by this C "
2362 "library (e.g, \"NPTL 2.3.4\" or \"linuxthreads-0.10\")."
2366 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:64
2372 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:70
2374 "A value for the B<PATH> variable which indicates where all the POSIX.2 "
2375 "standard utilities can be found."
2379 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:86
2381 "If I<buf> is not NULL and I<len> is not zero, B<confstr>() copies the value "
2382 "of the string to I<buf> truncated to I<len - 1> bytes if necessary, with a "
2383 "null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) as terminator. This can be detected by comparing "
2384 "the return value of B<confstr>() against I<len>."
2388 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:94
2390 "If I<len> is zero and I<buf> is NULL, B<confstr>() just returns the value "
2395 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:106
2397 "If I<name> is a valid configuration variable, B<confstr>() returns the "
2398 "number of bytes (including the terminating null byte) that would be "
2399 "required to hold the entire value of that variable. This value may be "
2400 "greater than I<len>, which means that the value in I<buf> is truncated."
2404 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:121
2406 "If I<name> is a valid configuration variable, but that variable does not "
2407 "have a value, then B<confstr>() returns 0. If I<name> does not correspond "
2408 "to a valid configuration variable, B<confstr>() returns 0, and I<errno> is "
2413 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:127
2414 msgid "The value of I<name> is invalid."
2418 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:129 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:171 build/C/man2/pread.2:117 build/C/man3/sleep.3:46 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:326 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:118
2419 msgid "POSIX.1-2001."
2423 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:132
2425 "The following code fragment determines the path where to find the POSIX.2 "
2430 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:138
2438 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:144
2441 "n = confstr(_CS_PATH, NULL, (size_t) 0);\n"
2442 "pathbuf = malloc(n);\n"
2443 "if (pathbuf == NULL)\n"
2445 "confstr(_CS_PATH, pathbuf, n);\n"
2449 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:150
2450 msgid "B<sh>(1), B<exec>(3), B<system>(3)"
2454 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:36
2460 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:36 build/C/man2/swapon.2:37
2466 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:39
2467 msgid "crypt, crypt_r - password and data encryption"
2471 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:42
2473 msgid "B<#define _XOPEN_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
2477 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:46
2479 msgid "B<char *crypt(const char *>I<key>B<, const char *>I<salt>B<);>\n"
2483 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:48
2485 msgid "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
2489 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:50
2491 msgid "B<#include E<lt>crypt.hE<gt>>\n"
2495 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:53
2498 "B<char *crypt_r(const char *>I<key>B<, const char *>I<salt>B<,>\n"
2499 "B< struct crypt_data *>I<data>B<);>\n"
2503 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:56
2504 msgid "Link with I<-lcrypt>."
2508 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:62
2510 "B<crypt>() is the password encryption function. It is based on the Data "
2511 "Encryption Standard algorithm with variations intended (among other things) "
2512 "to discourage use of hardware implementations of a key search."
2516 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:65
2517 msgid "I<key> is a user's typed password."
2521 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:71
2523 "I<salt> is a two-character string chosen from the set "
2524 "[B<a>\\(enB<zA>\\(enB<Z0>\\(enB<9./>]. This string is used to perturb the "
2525 "algorithm in one of 4096 different ways."
2529 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:82
2531 "By taking the lowest 7 bits of each of the first eight characters of the "
2532 "I<key>, a 56-bit key is obtained. This 56-bit key is used to encrypt "
2533 "repeatedly a constant string (usually a string consisting of all zeros). "
2534 "The returned value points to the encrypted password, a series of 13 "
2535 "printable ASCII characters (the first two characters represent the salt "
2536 "itself). The return value points to static data whose content is "
2537 "overwritten by each call."
2541 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:84
2542 msgid "Warning: The key space consists of"
2546 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:99
2548 "equal 7.2e16 possible values. Exhaustive searches of this key space are "
2549 "possible using massively parallel computers. Software, such as B<crack>(1), "
2550 "is available which will search the portion of this key space that is "
2551 "generally used by humans for passwords. Hence, password selection should, "
2552 "at minimum, avoid common words and names. The use of a B<passwd>(1) "
2553 "program that checks for crackable passwords during the selection process is "
2558 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:108
2560 "The DES algorithm itself has a few quirks which make the use of the "
2561 "B<crypt>() interface a very poor choice for anything other than password "
2562 "authentication. If you are planning on using the B<crypt>() interface for "
2563 "a cryptography project, don't do it: get a good book on encryption and one "
2564 "of the widely available DES libraries."
2568 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:120
2570 "B<crypt_r>() is a reentrant version of B<crypt>(). The structure pointed "
2571 "to by I<data> is used to store result data and bookkeeping information. "
2572 "Other than allocating it, the only thing that the caller should do with this "
2573 "structure is to set I<data-E<gt>initialized> to zero before the first call "
2578 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:123
2580 "On success, a pointer to the encrypted password is returned. On error, NULL "
2585 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:128
2586 msgid "I<salt> has the wrong format."
2590 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:130 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:120 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:86 build/C/man2/fork.2:200
2595 #. This level of detail is not necessary in this man page. . .
2597 #. When encrypting a plain text P using DES with the key K results in the
2598 #. encrypted text C, then the complementary plain text P' being encrypted
2599 #. using the complementary key K' will result in the complementary encrypted
2602 #. Weak keys are keys which stay invariant under the DES key transformation.
2603 #. The four known weak keys 0101010101010101, fefefefefefefefe,
2604 #. 1f1f1f1f0e0e0e0e and e0e0e0e0f1f1f1f1 must be avoided.
2606 #. There are six known half weak key pairs, which keys lead to the same
2607 #. encrypted data. Keys which are part of such key clusters should be
2609 #. Sorry, I could not find out what they are.
2612 #. Heavily redundant data causes trouble with DES encryption, when used in the
2618 #. interface should be used only for its intended purpose of password
2619 #. verification, and should not be used as part of a data encryption tool.
2621 #. The first and last three output bits of the fourth S-box can be
2622 #. represented as function of their input bits. Empiric studies have
2623 #. shown that S-boxes partially compute the same output for similar input.
2624 #. It is suspected that this may contain a back door which could allow the
2625 #. NSA to decrypt DES encrypted data.
2627 #. Making encrypted data computed using crypt() publicly available has
2628 #. to be considered insecure for the given reasons.
2630 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:169
2632 "The B<crypt>() function was not implemented, probably because of "
2633 "U.S.A. export restrictions."
2637 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:174
2639 "I</proc/sys/crypto/fips_enabled> has a nonzero value, and an attempt was "
2640 "made to use a weak encryption type, such as DES."
2644 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:174 build/C/man3/daemon.3:91 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:134 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:124 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:73 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:140 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:93 build/C/man3/swab.3:72 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:109 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:92 build/C/man3/usleep.3:91
2650 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:175 build/C/man3/daemon.3:92 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:135 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:125 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:74 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:141 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:94 build/C/man3/swab.3:73 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:110 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:93 build/C/man3/usleep.3:92
2652 msgid "Multithreading (see pthreads(7))"
2656 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:179
2657 msgid "The B<crypt>() function is not thread-safe."
2661 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:183
2662 msgid "The B<crypt_r>() function is thread-safe."
2666 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:188
2667 msgid "B<crypt>(): SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. B<crypt_r>() is a GNU extension."
2671 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:189 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:140
2677 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:192
2679 "The glibc2 version of this function supports additional encryption "
2684 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:197
2686 "If I<salt> is a character string starting with the characters \"$I<id>$\" "
2687 "followed by a string terminated by \"$\":"
2691 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:200
2692 msgid "$I<id>$I<salt>$I<encrypted>"
2696 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:209
2698 "then instead of using the DES machine, I<id> identifies the encryption "
2699 "method used and this then determines how the rest of the password string is "
2700 "interpreted. The following values of I<id> are supported:"
2704 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:212
2706 msgid "ID | Method\n"
2710 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:213 build/C/man2/syscall.2:158 build/C/man2/syscall.2:183
2716 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:214
2722 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:215
2724 msgid "2a | Blowfish (not in mainline glibc; added in some\n"
2728 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:216
2730 msgid " | Linux distributions)\n"
2733 #. openSUSE has Blowfish, but AFAICS, this option is not supported
2734 #. natively by glibc -- mtk, Jul 08
2737 #. glibc doesn't appear to natively support Sun MD5; I don't know
2738 #. if any distros add the support.
2740 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:223
2742 msgid "5 | SHA-256 (since glibc 2.7)\n"
2746 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:224
2748 msgid "6 | SHA-512 (since glibc 2.7)\n"
2752 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:231
2754 "So $5$I<salt>$I<encrypted> is an SHA-256 encoded password and "
2755 "$6$I<salt>$I<encrypted> is an SHA-512 encoded one."
2759 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:236
2761 "\"I<salt>\" stands for the up to 16 characters following \"$I<id>$\" in the "
2762 "salt. The encrypted part of the password string is the actual computed "
2763 "password. The size of this string is fixed:"
2767 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:238
2769 msgid "MD5 | 22 characters\n"
2773 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:239
2775 msgid "SHA-256 | 43 characters\n"
2779 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:240
2781 msgid "SHA-512 | 86 characters\n"
2785 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:249
2787 "The characters in \"I<salt>\" and \"I<encrypted>\" are drawn from the set "
2788 "[B<a>\\(enB<zA>\\(enB<Z0>\\(enB<9./>]. In the MD5 and SHA implementations "
2789 "the entire I<key> is significant (instead of only the first 8 bytes in DES)."
2793 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:255
2794 msgid "B<login>(1), B<passwd>(1), B<encrypt>(3), B<getpass>(3), B<passwd>(5)"
2798 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:36
2804 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:36
2810 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:39
2811 msgid "daemon - run in the background"
2815 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:43
2816 msgid "B<int daemon(int >I<nochdir>B<, int >I<noclose>B<);>"
2820 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:51
2821 msgid "B<daemon>(): _BSD_SOURCE || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<lt>\\ 500)"
2825 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:56
2827 "The B<daemon>() function is for programs wishing to detach themselves from "
2828 "the controlling terminal and run in the background as system daemons."
2832 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:64
2834 "If I<nochdir> is zero, B<daemon>() changes the calling process's current "
2835 "working directory to the root directory (\"/\"); otherwise, the current "
2836 "working directory is left unchanged."
2840 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:73
2842 "If I<noclose> is zero, B<daemon>() redirects standard input, standard "
2843 "output and standard error to I</dev/null>; otherwise, no changes are made to "
2844 "these file descriptors."
2847 #. not .IR in order not to underline _
2849 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:91
2851 "(This function forks, and if the B<fork>(2) succeeds, the parent calls "
2852 "B<_exit>(2), so that further errors are seen by the child only.) On success "
2853 "B<daemon>() returns zero. If an error occurs, B<daemon>() returns -1 and "
2854 "sets I<errno> to any of the errors specified for the B<fork>(2) and "
2859 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:96
2860 msgid "The B<daemon>() function is thread-safe."
2864 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:102
2866 "Not in POSIX.1-2001. A similar function appears on the BSDs. The "
2867 "B<daemon>() function first appeared in 4.4BSD."
2871 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:110
2873 "The glibc implementation can also return -1 when I</dev/null> exists but is "
2874 "not a character device with the expected major and minor numbers. In this "
2875 "case I<errno> need not be set."
2879 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:113
2880 msgid "B<fork>(2), B<setsid>(2)"
2884 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:14
2890 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:14
2896 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:18
2898 "des_crypt, ecb_crypt, cbc_crypt, des_setparity, DES_FAILED - fast DES "
2903 #. .B #include <des_crypt.h>
2905 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:23
2907 msgid "B<#include E<lt>rpc/des_crypt.hE<gt>>\n"
2911 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:26
2914 "B<int ecb_crypt(char *>I<key>B<, char *>I<data>B<, unsigned "
2916 "B< unsigned >I<mode>B<);>\n"
2920 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:29
2923 "B<int cbc_crypt(char *>I<key>B<, char *>I<data>B<, unsigned "
2925 "B< unsigned >I<mode>B<, char *>I<ivec>B<);>\n"
2929 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:31
2931 msgid "B<void des_setparity(char *>I<key>B<);>\n"
2935 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:33
2937 msgid "B<int DES_FAILED(int >I<status>B<);>\n"
2941 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:63
2943 "B<ecb_crypt>() and B<cbc_crypt>() implement the NBS DES (Data Encryption "
2944 "Standard). These routines are faster and more general purpose than "
2945 "B<crypt>(3). They also are able to utilize DES hardware if it is "
2946 "available. B<ecb_crypt>() encrypts in ECB (Electronic Code Book) mode, "
2947 "which encrypts blocks of data independently. B<cbc_crypt>() encrypts in "
2948 "CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) mode, which chains together successive blocks. "
2949 "CBC mode protects against insertions, deletions and substitutions of "
2950 "blocks. Also, regularities in the clear text will not appear in the cipher "
2955 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:106
2957 "Here is how to use these routines. The first argument, I<key>, is the "
2958 "8-byte encryption key with parity. To set the key's parity, which for DES "
2959 "is in the low bit of each byte, use B<des_setparity>(). The second "
2960 "argument, I<data>, contains the data to be encrypted or decrypted. The "
2961 "third argument, I<datalen>, is the length in bytes of I<data>, which must be "
2962 "a multiple of 8. The fourth argument, I<mode>, is formed by ORing together "
2963 "some things. For the encryption direction OR in either B<DES_ENCRYPT> or "
2964 "B<DES_DECRYPT>. For software versus hardware encryption, OR in either "
2965 "B<DES_HW> or B<DES_SW>. If B<DES_HW> is specified, and there is no "
2966 "hardware, then the encryption is performed in software and the routine "
2967 "returns B<DESERR_NOHWDEVICE>. For B<cbc_crypt>(), the argument I<ivec> is "
2968 "the 8-byte initialization vector for the chaining. It is updated to the "
2969 "next initialization vector upon return."
2973 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:108
2975 msgid "B<DESERR_NONE>"
2979 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:111
2984 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:111
2986 msgid "B<DESERR_NOHWDEVICE>"
2990 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:114
2992 "Encryption succeeded, but done in software instead of the requested "
2997 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:114
2999 msgid "B<DESERR_HWERROR>"
3003 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:117
3004 msgid "An error occurred in the hardware or driver."
3008 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:117
3010 msgid "B<DESERR_BADPARAM>"
3014 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:120
3015 msgid "Bad argument to routine."
3020 #. So far the Sun page
3021 #. Some additions - aeb
3023 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:131
3025 "Given a result status I<stat>, the macro B<DES_FAILED(>I<stat>B<)> is false "
3026 "only for the first two statuses."
3030 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:134
3032 "These routines are present in libc 4.6.27 and later, and in glibc 2.1 and "
3037 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:142
3039 "The B<ecb_crypt>(), B<cbc_crypt>(), and B<des_setparity>() functions are "
3044 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:145
3045 msgid "4.3BSD. Not in POSIX.1-2001."
3049 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:149
3050 msgid "B<des>(1), B<crypt>(3), B<xcrypt>(3)"
3054 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:36
3060 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:36
3066 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:39
3067 msgid "dup, dup2, dup3 - duplicate a file descriptor"
3071 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:45
3074 "B<int dup(int >I<oldfd>B<);>\n"
3075 "B<int dup2(int >I<oldfd>B<, int >I<newfd>B<);>\n"
3079 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:49
3082 "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
3083 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>> /* Obtain O_* constant "
3085 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
3089 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:51
3091 msgid "B<int dup3(int >I<oldfd>B<, int >I<newfd>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
3095 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:55
3096 msgid "These system calls create a copy of the file descriptor I<oldfd>."
3100 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:58
3101 msgid "B<dup>() uses the lowest-numbered unused descriptor for the new descriptor."
3105 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:62
3107 "B<dup2>() makes I<newfd> be the copy of I<oldfd>, closing I<newfd> first if "
3108 "necessary, but note the following:"
3112 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:68
3114 "If I<oldfd> is not a valid file descriptor, then the call fails, and "
3115 "I<newfd> is not closed."
3119 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:79
3121 "If I<oldfd> is a valid file descriptor, and I<newfd> has the same value as "
3122 "I<oldfd>, then B<dup2>() does nothing, and returns I<newfd>."
3126 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:88
3128 "After a successful return from one of these system calls, the old and new "
3129 "file descriptors may be used interchangeably. They refer to the same open "
3130 "file description (see B<open>(2)) and thus share file offset and file "
3131 "status flags; for example, if the file offset is modified by using "
3132 "B<lseek>(2) on one of the descriptors, the offset is also changed for the "
3137 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:96
3139 "The two descriptors do not share file descriptor flags (the close-on-exec "
3140 "flag). The close-on-exec flag (B<FD_CLOEXEC>; see B<fcntl>(2)) for the "
3141 "duplicate descriptor is off."
3145 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:101
3146 msgid "B<dup3>() is the same as B<dup2>(), except that:"
3150 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:110
3152 "The caller can force the close-on-exec flag to be set for the new file "
3153 "descriptor by specifying B<O_CLOEXEC> in I<flags>. See the description of "
3154 "the same flag in B<open>(2) for reasons why this may be useful."
3157 #. FIXME . To confirm with Al Viro that this was intended, and its rationale
3159 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:120
3160 msgid "If I<oldfd> equals I<newfd>, then B<dup3>() fails with the error B<EINVAL>."
3164 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:126
3166 "On success, these system calls return the new descriptor. On error, -1 is "
3167 "returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
3171 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:133
3173 "I<oldfd> isn't an open file descriptor, or I<newfd> is out of the allowed "
3174 "range for file descriptors."
3178 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:133 build/C/man2/swapon.2:114
3184 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:143
3186 "(Linux only) This may be returned by B<dup2>() or B<dup3>() during a race "
3187 "condition with B<open>(2) and B<dup>()."
3191 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:151
3193 "The B<dup2>() or B<dup3>() call was interrupted by a signal; see "
3197 #. FIXME . To confirm with Al Viro that this was intended, and its rationale
3199 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:161
3201 "(B<dup3>()) I<flags> contain an invalid value. Or, I<oldfd> was equal to "
3206 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:161 build/C/man2/execve.2:414 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1148 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:105
3212 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:165
3214 "The process already has the maximum number of file descriptors open and "
3215 "tried to open a new one."
3219 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:170
3221 "B<dup3>() was added to Linux in version 2.6.27; glibc support is available "
3222 "starting with version 2.9."
3226 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:174
3227 msgid "B<dup>(), B<dup2>(): SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
3230 #. SVr4 documents additional
3231 #. EINTR and ENOLINK error conditions. POSIX.1 adds EINTR.
3232 #. The EBUSY return is Linux-specific.
3234 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:180
3235 msgid "B<dup3>() is Linux-specific."
3239 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:194
3241 "The error returned by B<dup2>() is different from that returned by "
3242 "B<fcntl(>..., B<F_DUPFD>, ...B<)> when I<newfd> is out of range. On some "
3243 "systems B<dup2>() also sometimes returns B<EINVAL> like B<F_DUPFD>."
3247 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:207
3249 "If I<newfd> was open, any errors that would have been reported at "
3250 "B<close>(2) time are lost. A careful programmer will not use B<dup2>() or "
3251 "B<dup3>() without closing I<newfd> first."
3255 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:211
3256 msgid "B<close>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<open>(2)"
3260 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:30
3266 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:30
3272 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:33
3273 msgid "encrypt, setkey, encrypt_r, setkey_r - encrypt 64-bit messages"
3277 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:35 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:41
3278 msgid "B<#define _XOPEN_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
3282 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:39
3283 msgid "B<void encrypt(char >I<block>B<[64], int >I<edflag>B<);>"
3287 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:43
3288 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>"
3292 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:45
3293 msgid "B<void setkey(const char *>I<key>B<);>"
3297 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:47 build/C/man3/getumask.3:33
3298 msgid "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
3302 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:49
3303 msgid "B<#include E<lt>crypt.hE<gt>>"
3307 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:51
3308 msgid "B<void setkey_r(const char *>I<key>B<, struct crypt_data *>I<data>B<);>"
3312 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:54
3314 "B<void encrypt_r(char *>I<block>B<, int >I<edflag>B<, struct crypt_data "
3319 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:56
3320 msgid "Each of these requires linking with I<-lcrypt>."
3324 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:68
3326 "These functions encrypt and decrypt 64-bit messages. The B<setkey>() "
3327 "function sets the key used by B<encrypt>(). The I<key> argument used here "
3328 "is an array of 64 bytes, each of which has numerical value 1 or 0. The "
3329 "bytes key[n] where n=8*i-1 are ignored, so that the effective key length is "
3334 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:80
3336 "The B<encrypt>() function modifies the passed buffer, encoding if I<edflag> "
3337 "is 0, and decoding if 1 is being passed. Like the I<key> argument, also "
3338 "I<block> is a bit vector representation of the actual value that is "
3339 "encoded. The result is returned in that same vector."
3343 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:90
3345 "These two functions are not reentrant, that is, the key data is kept in "
3346 "static storage. The functions B<setkey_r>() and B<encrypt_r>() are the "
3347 "reentrant versions. They use the following structure to hold the key data:"
3351 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:105
3354 "struct crypt_data {\n"
3355 " char keysched[16 * 8];\n"
3356 " char sb0[32768];\n"
3357 " char sb1[32768];\n"
3358 " char sb2[32768];\n"
3359 " char sb3[32768];\n"
3360 " char crypt_3_buf[14];\n"
3361 " char current_salt[2];\n"
3362 " long int current_saltbits;\n"
3364 " int initialized;\n"
3369 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:113
3370 msgid "Before calling B<setkey_r>() set I<data-E<gt>initialized> to zero."
3374 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:115
3375 msgid "These functions do not return any value."
3379 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:120
3381 "Set I<errno> to zero before calling the above functions. On success, it is "
3386 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:124
3388 "The function is not provided. (For example because of former USA export "
3393 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:131
3394 msgid "The B<encrypt>() and B<setkey>() functions are not thread-safe."
3398 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:137
3399 msgid "The B<encrypt_r>() and B<setkey_r>() functions are thread-safe."
3403 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:148
3405 "The functions B<encrypt>() and B<setkey>() conform to SVr4, SUSv2, and "
3406 "POSIX.1-2001. The functions B<encrypt_r>() and B<setkey_r>() are GNU "
3411 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:150
3412 msgid "In glibc 2.2 these functions use the DES algorithm."
3416 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:157
3418 "You need to link with libcrypt to compile this example with glibc. To do "
3419 "useful work the I<key[]> and I<txt[]> arrays must be filled with a useful "
3424 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:162
3427 "#define _XOPEN_SOURCE\n"
3428 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
3429 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
3433 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:168
3439 " char key[64]; /* bit pattern for key */\n"
3440 " char txt[64]; /* bit pattern for messages */\n"
3444 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:173
3448 " encrypt(txt, 0); /* encode */\n"
3449 " encrypt(txt, 1); /* decode */\n"
3455 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:179
3456 msgid "B<cbc_crypt>(3), B<crypt>(3), B<ecb_crypt>(3),"
3460 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:34
3466 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:34
3472 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:37
3473 msgid "environ - user environment"
3477 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:40
3479 msgid "B<extern char **>I<environ>B<;>\n"
3483 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:57
3485 "The variable I<environ> points to an array of pointers to strings called the "
3486 "\"environment\". The last pointer in this array has the value NULL. (This "
3487 "variable must be declared in the user program, but is declared in the header "
3488 "file I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> in case the header files came from libc4 or "
3489 "libc5, and in case they came from glibc and B<_GNU_SOURCE> was defined.) "
3490 "This array of strings is made available to the process by the B<exec>(3) "
3491 "call that started the process."
3495 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:62
3497 "By convention the strings in I<environ> have the form "
3498 "\"I<name>B<=>I<value>\". Common examples are:"
3502 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:62
3508 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:65
3509 msgid "The name of the logged-in user (used by some BSD-derived programs)."
3513 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:65
3519 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:68
3520 msgid "The name of the logged-in user (used by some System-V derived programs)."
3524 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:68
3530 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:74
3532 "A user's login directory, set by B<login>(1) from the password file "
3537 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:74
3543 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:92
3545 "The name of a locale to use for locale categories when not overridden by "
3546 "B<LC_ALL> or more specific environment variables such as B<LC_COLLATE>, "
3547 "B<LC_CTYPE>, B<LC_MESSAGES>, B<LC_MONETARY>, B<LC_NUMERIC>, and B<LC_TIME> "
3548 "(see B<locale>(7) for further details of the B<LC_*> environment "
3553 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:92
3559 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:107
3561 "The sequence of directory prefixes that B<sh>(1) and many other programs "
3562 "apply in searching for a file known by an incomplete pathname. The prefixes "
3563 "are separated by \\(aqB<:>\\(aq. (Similarly one has B<CDPATH> used by some "
3564 "shells to find the target of a change directory command, B<MANPATH> used by "
3565 "B<man>(1) to find manual pages, and so on)"
3569 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:107
3575 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:111
3576 msgid "The current working directory. Set by some shells."
3580 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:111
3586 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:114
3587 msgid "The pathname of the user's login shell."
3591 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:114
3597 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:117
3598 msgid "The terminal type for which output is to be prepared."
3602 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:117
3608 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:120
3609 msgid "The user's preferred utility to display text files."
3613 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:120
3615 msgid "B<EDITOR>/B<VISUAL>"
3620 #. The user's preferred utility to browse URLs. Sequence of colon-separated
3621 #. browser commands. See http://www.catb.org/~esr/BROWSER/ .
3623 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:127
3624 msgid "The user's preferred utility to edit text files."
3628 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:145
3630 "Further names may be placed in the environment by the I<export> command and "
3631 "\"name=value\" in B<sh>(1), or by the I<setenv> command if you use "
3632 "B<csh>(1). Arguments may also be placed in the environment at the point of "
3633 "an B<exec>(3). A C program can manipulate its environment using the "
3634 "functions B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), and B<unsetenv>(3)."
3638 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:149
3640 "Note that the behavior of many programs and library routines is influenced "
3641 "by the presence or value of certain environment variables. A random "
3646 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:158
3648 "The variables B<LANG>, B<LANGUAGE>, B<NLSPATH>, B<LOCPATH>, B<LC_ALL>, "
3649 "B<LC_MESSAGES>, and so on influence locale handling; see B<catopen>(3), "
3650 "B<gettext>(3), and B<locale>(7)."
3654 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:165
3656 "B<TMPDIR> influences the path prefix of names created by B<tmpnam>(3) and "
3657 "other routines, and the temporary directory used by B<sort>(1) and other "
3662 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:169
3664 "B<LD_LIBRARY_PATH>, B<LD_PRELOAD> and other LD_* variables influence the "
3665 "behavior of the dynamic loader/linker."
3669 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:173
3671 "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> makes certain programs and library routines follow the "
3672 "prescriptions of POSIX."
3676 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:179
3677 msgid "The behavior of B<malloc>(3) is influenced by B<MALLOC_*> variables."
3681 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:185
3683 "The variable B<HOSTALIASES> gives the name of a file containing aliases to "
3684 "be used with B<gethostbyname>(3)."
3688 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:196
3690 "B<TZ> and B<TZDIR> give timezone information used by B<tzset>(3) and "
3691 "through that by functions like B<ctime>(3), B<localtime>(3), B<mktime>(3), "
3692 "B<strftime>(3). See also B<tzselect>(8)."
3696 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:200
3698 "B<TERMCAP> gives information on how to address a given terminal (or gives "
3699 "the name of a file containing such information)."
3703 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:203
3705 "B<COLUMNS> and B<LINES> tell applications about the window size, possibly "
3706 "overriding the actual size."
3710 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:208
3712 "B<PRINTER> or B<LPDEST> may specify the desired printer to use. See "
3717 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:210
3722 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:215
3724 "Clearly there is a security risk here. Many a system command has been "
3725 "tricked into mischief by a user who specified unusual values for B<IFS> or "
3726 "B<LD_LIBRARY_PATH>."
3730 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:248
3732 "There is also the risk of name space pollution. Programs like I<make> and "
3733 "I<autoconf> allow overriding of default utility names from the environment "
3734 "with similarly named variables in all caps. Thus one uses B<CC> to select "
3735 "the desired C compiler (and similarly B<MAKE>, B<AR>, B<AS>, B<FC>, B<LD>, "
3736 "B<LEX>, B<RM>, B<YACC>, etc.). However, in some traditional uses such an "
3737 "environment variable gives options for the program instead of a pathname. "
3738 "Thus, one has B<MORE>, B<LESS>, and B<GZIP>. Such usage is considered "
3739 "mistaken, and to be avoided in new programs. The authors of I<gzip> should "
3740 "consider renaming their option to B<GZIP_OPT>."
3744 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:262
3746 "B<bash>(1), B<csh>(1), B<login>(1), B<sh>(1), B<tcsh>(1), B<execve>(2), "
3747 "B<clearenv>(3), B<exec>(3), B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), "
3748 "B<unsetenv>(3), B<locale>(7)"
3752 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:25
3758 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:25
3764 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:28
3765 msgid "euidaccess, eaccess - check effective user's permissions for a file"
3769 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:32
3772 "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
3773 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
3777 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:35
3780 "B<int euidaccess(const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<mode>B<);>\n"
3781 "B<int eaccess(const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<mode>B<);>\n"
3785 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:47
3787 "Like B<access>(2), B<euidaccess>() checks permissions and existence of the "
3788 "file identified by its argument I<pathname>. However, whereas B<access>(2), "
3789 "performs checks using the real user and group identifiers of the process, "
3790 "B<euidaccess>() uses the effective identifiers."
3794 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:53
3796 "I<mode> is a mask consisting of one or more of B<R_OK>, B<W_OK>, B<X_OK>, "
3797 "and B<F_OK>, with the same meanings as for B<access>(2)."
3801 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:58
3803 "B<eaccess>() is a synonym for B<euidaccess>(), provided for compatibility "
3804 "with some other systems."
3808 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:66
3810 "On success (all requested permissions granted), zero is returned. On error "
3811 "(at least one bit in I<mode> asked for a permission that is denied, or some "
3812 "other error occurred), -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
3816 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:69
3817 msgid "As for B<access>(2)."
3821 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:73
3822 msgid "The B<eaccess>() function was added to glibc in version 2.4."
3826 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:80
3827 msgid "The B<euidaccess>() and B<eaccess>() functions are thread-safe."
3830 #. e.g., FreeBSD 6.1.
3832 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:86
3834 "These functions are nonstandard. Some other systems have an B<eaccess>() "
3839 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:93
3841 "I<Warning>: Using this function to check a process's permissions on a file "
3842 "before performing some operation based on that information leads to race "
3843 "conditions: the file permissions may change between the two steps. "
3844 "Generally, it is safer just to attempt the desired operation and handle any "
3845 "permission error that occurs."
3849 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:101
3851 "This function always dereferences symbolic links. If you need to check the "
3852 "permissions on a symbolic link, use B<faccessat>(2) with the flags "
3853 "B<AT_EACCESS> and B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW>."
3857 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:112
3859 "B<access>(2), B<chmod>(2), B<chown>(2), B<faccessat>(2), B<open>(2), "
3860 "B<setgid>(2), B<setuid>(2), B<stat>(2), B<credentials>(7), "
3861 "B<path_resolution>(7)"
3865 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:41
3871 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:41
3877 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:44
3878 msgid "execl, execlp, execle, execv, execvp, execvpe - execute a file"
3882 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:48
3883 msgid "B<extern char **environ;>"
3887 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:50
3888 msgid "B<int execl(const char *>I<path>B<, const char *>I<arg>B<, ...);>"
3892 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:52
3893 msgid "B<int execlp(const char *>I<file>B<, const char *>I<arg>B<, ...);>"
3897 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:54
3898 msgid "B<int execle(const char *>I<path>B<, const char *>I<arg>B<,>"
3902 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:56
3903 msgid "B< ..., char * const >I<envp>B<[]);>"
3907 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:58
3908 msgid "B<int execv(const char *>I<path>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[]);>"
3912 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:60
3913 msgid "B<int execvp(const char *>I<file>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[]);>"
3917 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:62
3918 msgid "B<int execvpe(const char *>I<file>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[],>"
3922 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:64 build/C/man2/execve.2:46
3923 msgid "B< char *const >I<envp>B<[]);>"
3927 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:72
3928 msgid "B<execvpe>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
3932 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:82
3934 "The B<exec>() family of functions replaces the current process image with a "
3935 "new process image. The functions described in this manual page are "
3936 "front-ends for B<execve>(2). (See the manual page for B<execve>(2) for "
3937 "further details about the replacement of the current process image.)"
3941 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:85
3943 "The initial argument for these functions is the name of a file that is to be "
3948 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:107
3950 "The I<const char\\ *arg> and subsequent ellipses in the B<execl>(), "
3951 "B<execlp>(), and B<execle>() functions can be thought of as I<arg0>, "
3952 "I<arg1>, \\&..., I<argn>. Together they describe a list of one or more "
3953 "pointers to null-terminated strings that represent the argument list "
3954 "available to the executed program. The first argument, by convention, "
3955 "should point to the filename associated with the file being executed. The "
3956 "list of arguments I<must> be terminated by a null pointer, and, since these "
3957 "are variadic functions, this pointer must be cast I<(char\\ *) NULL>."
3961 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:120
3963 "The B<execv>(), B<execvp>(), and B<execvpe>() functions provide an array of "
3964 "pointers to null-terminated strings that represent the argument list "
3965 "available to the new program. The first argument, by convention, should "
3966 "point to the filename associated with the file being executed. The array of "
3967 "pointers I<must> be terminated by a null pointer."
3971 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:137
3973 "The B<execle>() and B<execvpe>() functions allow the caller to specify the "
3974 "environment of the executed program via the argument I<envp>. The I<envp> "
3975 "argument is an array of pointers to null-terminated strings and I<must> be "
3976 "terminated by a null pointer. The other functions take the environment for "
3977 "the new process image from the external variable I<environ> in the calling "
3982 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:137
3984 msgid "Special semantics for execlp() and execvp()"
3988 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:157
3990 "The B<execlp>(), B<execvp>(), and B<execvpe>() functions duplicate the "
3991 "actions of the shell in searching for an executable file if the specified "
3992 "filename does not contain a slash (/) character. The file is sought in the "
3993 "colon-separated list of directory pathnames specified in the B<PATH> "
3994 "environment variable. If this variable isn't defined, the path list "
3995 "defaults to the current directory followed by the list of directories "
3996 "returned by I<confstr(_CS_PATH)>. (This B<confstr>(3) call typically "
3997 "returns the value \"/bin:/usr/bin\".)"
4001 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:161
4003 "If the specified filename includes a slash character, then B<PATH> is "
4004 "ignored, and the file at the specified pathname is executed."
4008 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:163
4009 msgid "In addition, certain errors are treated specially."
4013 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:174
4015 "If permission is denied for a file (the attempted B<execve>(2) failed with "
4016 "the error B<EACCES>), these functions will continue searching the rest of "
4017 "the search path. If no other file is found, however, they will return with "
4018 "I<errno> set to B<EACCES>."
4022 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:183
4024 "If the header of a file isn't recognized (the attempted B<execve>(2) failed "
4025 "with the error B<ENOEXEC>), these functions will execute the shell "
4026 "(I</bin/sh>) with the path of the file as its first argument. (If this "
4027 "attempt fails, no further searching is done.)"
4031 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:190
4033 "The B<exec>() functions return only if an error has occurred. The return "
4034 "value is -1, and I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
4038 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:195
4040 "All of these functions may fail and set I<errno> for any of the errors "
4041 "specified for B<execve>(2)."
4045 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:199
4046 msgid "The B<execvpe>() function first appeared in glibc 2.11."
4050 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:201
4051 msgid "POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008."
4055 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:205
4056 msgid "The B<execvpe>() function is a GNU extension."
4060 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:215
4062 "On some other systems, the default path (used when the environment does not "
4063 "contain the variable B<PATH>) has the current working directory listed after "
4064 "I</bin> and I</usr/bin>, as an anti-Trojan-horse measure. Linux uses here "
4065 "the traditional \"current directory first\" default path."
4069 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:229
4071 "The behavior of B<execlp>() and B<execvp>() when errors occur while "
4072 "attempting to execute the file is historic practice, but has not "
4073 "traditionally been documented and is not specified by the POSIX standard. "
4074 "BSD (and possibly other systems) do an automatic sleep and retry if "
4075 "B<ETXTBSY> is encountered. Linux treats it as a hard error and returns "
4080 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:241
4082 "Traditionally, the functions B<execlp>() and B<execvp>() ignored all "
4083 "errors except for the ones described above and B<ENOMEM> and B<E2BIG>, upon "
4084 "which they returned. They now return if any error other than the ones "
4085 "described above occurs."
4089 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:248
4091 "B<sh>(1), B<execve>(2), B<fork>(2), B<ptrace>(2), B<fexecve>(3), "
4096 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:37
4102 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:37
4108 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:40
4109 msgid "execve - execute program"
4113 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:44
4114 msgid "B<int execve(const char *>I<filename>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[], >"
4118 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:51
4120 "B<execve>() executes the program pointed to by I<filename>. I<filename> "
4121 "must be either a binary executable, or a script starting with a line of the "
4126 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:55 build/C/man2/execve.2:267
4128 msgid "B<#!> I<interpreter >[optional-arg]\n"
4132 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:59
4133 msgid "For details of the latter case, see \"Interpreter scripts\" below."
4137 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:68
4139 "I<argv> is an array of argument strings passed to the new program. By "
4140 "convention, the first of these strings should contain the filename "
4141 "associated with the file being executed. I<envp> is an array of strings, "
4142 "conventionally of the form B<key=value>, which are passed as environment to "
4143 "the new program. Both I<argv> and I<envp> must be terminated by a null "
4144 "pointer. The argument vector and environment can be accessed by the called "
4145 "program's main function, when it is defined as:"
4149 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:72
4151 msgid "int main(int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[])\n"
4155 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:79
4157 "B<execve>() does not return on success, and the text, data, bss, and stack "
4158 "of the calling process are overwritten by that of the program loaded."
4162 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:83
4164 "If the current program is being ptraced, a B<SIGTRAP> is sent to it after a "
4165 "successful B<execve>()."
4169 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:98
4171 "If the set-user-ID bit is set on the program file pointed to by I<filename>, "
4172 "and the underlying filesystem is not mounted I<nosuid> (the B<MS_NOSUID> "
4173 "flag for B<mount>(2)), and the calling process is not being ptraced, then "
4174 "the effective user ID of the calling process is changed to that of the owner "
4175 "of the program file. Similarly, when the set-group-ID bit of the program "
4176 "file is set the effective group ID of the calling process is set to the "
4177 "group of the program file."
4181 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:103
4183 "The effective user ID of the process is copied to the saved set-user-ID; "
4184 "similarly, the effective group ID is copied to the saved set-group-ID. This "
4185 "copying takes place after any effective ID changes that occur because of the "
4186 "set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission bits."
4190 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:111
4192 "If the executable is an a.out dynamically linked binary executable "
4193 "containing shared-library stubs, the Linux dynamic linker B<ld.so>(8) is "
4194 "called at the start of execution to bring needed shared libraries into "
4195 "memory and link the executable with them."
4199 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:120
4201 "If the executable is a dynamically linked ELF executable, the interpreter "
4202 "named in the PT_INTERP segment is used to load the needed shared libraries. "
4203 "This interpreter is typically I</lib/ld-linux.so.2> for binaries linked with "
4204 "glibc 2. (For binaries linked with the old Linux libc5, the interpreter was "
4205 "typically I</lib/ld-linux.so.1>.)"
4209 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:124
4211 "All process attributes are preserved during an B<execve>(), except the "
4216 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:128
4218 "The dispositions of any signals that are being caught are reset to the "
4219 "default (B<signal>(7))."
4223 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:131
4224 msgid "Any alternate signal stack is not preserved (B<sigaltstack>(2))."
4228 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:134
4229 msgid "Memory mappings are not preserved (B<mmap>(2))."
4233 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:137
4234 msgid "Attached System V shared memory segments are detached (B<shmat>(2))."
4238 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:140
4239 msgid "POSIX shared memory regions are unmapped (B<shm_open>(3))."
4243 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:143
4244 msgid "Open POSIX message queue descriptors are closed (B<mq_overview>(7))."
4248 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:146
4249 msgid "Any open POSIX named semaphores are closed (B<sem_overview>(7))."
4253 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:149
4254 msgid "POSIX timers are not preserved (B<timer_create>(2))."
4258 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:152
4259 msgid "Any open directory streams are closed (B<opendir>(3))."
4263 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:156
4264 msgid "Memory locks are not preserved (B<mlock>(2), B<mlockall>(2))."
4268 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:160
4269 msgid "Exit handlers are not preserved (B<atexit>(3), B<on_exit>(3))."
4273 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:163
4274 msgid "The floating-point environment is reset to the default (see B<fenv>(3))."
4278 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:169
4280 "The process attributes in the preceding list are all specified in "
4281 "POSIX.1-2001. The following Linux-specific process attributes are also not "
4282 "preserved during an B<execve>():"
4286 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:176
4288 "The B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_DUMPABLE> flag is set, unless a set-user-ID or "
4289 "set-group ID program is being executed, in which case it is cleared."
4293 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:181
4294 msgid "The B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_KEEPCAPS> flag is cleared."
4298 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:188
4300 "(Since Linux 2.4.36 / 2.6.23) If a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program is "
4301 "being executed, then the parent death signal set by B<prctl>(2) "
4302 "B<PR_SET_PDEATHSIG> flag is cleared."
4306 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:195
4308 "The process name, as set by B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_NAME> (and displayed by "
4309 "I<ps\\ -o comm>), is reset to the name of the new executable file."
4313 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:202
4315 "The B<SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS> I<securebits> flag is cleared. See "
4316 "B<capabilities>(7)."
4320 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:207
4321 msgid "The termination signal is reset to B<SIGCHLD> (see B<clone>(2))."
4325 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:209 build/C/man2/fork.2:133
4326 msgid "Note the following further points:"
4330 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:213
4332 "All threads other than the calling thread are destroyed during an "
4333 "B<execve>(). Mutexes, condition variables, and other pthreads objects are "
4338 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:216
4340 "The equivalent of I<setlocale(LC_ALL, \"C\")> is executed at program "
4345 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:224
4347 "POSIX.1-2001 specifies that the dispositions of any signals that are ignored "
4348 "or set to the default are left unchanged. POSIX.1-2001 specifies one "
4349 "exception: if B<SIGCHLD> is being ignored, then an implementation may leave "
4350 "the disposition unchanged or reset it to the default; Linux does the former."
4354 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:228
4356 "Any outstanding asynchronous I/O operations are canceled (B<aio_read>(3), "
4361 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:233
4362 msgid "For the handling of capabilities during B<execve>(), see B<capabilities>(7)."
4365 #. On Linux it appears that these file descriptors are
4366 #. always open after an execve(), and it looks like
4367 #. Solaris 8 and FreeBSD 6.1 are the same. -- mtk, 30 Apr 2007
4369 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:260
4371 "By default, file descriptors remain open across an B<execve>(). File "
4372 "descriptors that are marked close-on-exec are closed; see the description of "
4373 "B<FD_CLOEXEC> in B<fcntl>(2). (If a file descriptor is closed, this will "
4374 "cause the release of all record locks obtained on the underlying file by "
4375 "this process. See B<fcntl>(2) for details.) POSIX.1-2001 says that if "
4376 "file descriptors 0, 1, and 2 would otherwise be closed after a successful "
4377 "B<execve>(), and the process would gain privilege because the set-user_ID or "
4378 "set-group_ID permission bit was set on the executed file, then the system "
4379 "may open an unspecified file for each of these file descriptors. As a "
4380 "general principle, no portable program, whether privileged or not, can "
4381 "assume that these three file descriptors will remain closed across an "
4386 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:260
4388 msgid "Interpreter scripts"
4392 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:263
4394 "An interpreter script is a text file that has execute permission enabled and "
4395 "whose first line is of the form:"
4399 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:281
4401 "The I<interpreter> must be a valid pathname for an executable which is not "
4402 "itself a script. If the I<filename> argument of B<execve>() specifies an "
4403 "interpreter script, then I<interpreter> will be invoked with the following "
4408 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:285
4410 msgid "I<interpreter> [optional-arg] I<filename> arg...\n"
4414 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:296
4416 "where I<arg...> is the series of words pointed to by the I<argv> argument of "
4417 "B<execve>(), starting at I<argv>[1]."
4421 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:301
4423 "For portable use, I<optional-arg> should either be absent, or be specified "
4424 "as a single word (i.e., it should not contain white space); see NOTES below."
4428 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:301
4430 msgid "Limits on size of arguments and environment"
4434 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:314
4436 "Most UNIX implementations impose some limit on the total size of the "
4437 "command-line argument (I<argv>) and environment (I<envp>) strings that may "
4438 "be passed to a new program. POSIX.1 allows an implementation to advertise "
4439 "this limit using the B<ARG_MAX> constant (either defined in "
4440 "I<E<lt>limits.hE<gt>> or available at run time using the call "
4441 "I<sysconf(_SC_ARG_MAX)>)."
4445 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:321
4447 "On Linux prior to kernel 2.6.23, the memory used to store the environment "
4448 "and argument strings was limited to 32 pages (defined by the kernel constant "
4449 "B<MAX_ARG_PAGES>). On architectures with a 4-kB page size, this yields a "
4450 "maximum size of 128 kB."
4453 #. For some background on the changes to ARG_MAX in kernels 2.6.23 and
4455 #. http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=5786
4456 #. http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=10095
4457 #. http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/646709/focus=648101,
4458 #. checked into 2.6.25 as commit a64e715fc74b1a7dcc5944f848acc38b2c4d4ee2.
4459 #. Ollie: That doesn't include the lists of pointers, though,
4460 #. so the actual usage is a bit higher (1 pointer per argument).
4462 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:357
4464 "On kernel 2.6.23 and later, most architectures support a size limit derived "
4465 "from the soft B<RLIMIT_STACK> resource limit (see B<getrlimit>(2)) that is "
4466 "in force at the time of the B<execve>() call. (Architectures with no "
4467 "memory management unit are excepted: they maintain the limit that was in "
4468 "effect before kernel 2.6.23.) This change allows programs to have a much "
4469 "larger argument and/or environment list. For these architectures, the total "
4470 "size is limited to 1/4 of the allowed stack size. (Imposing the 1/4-limit "
4471 "ensures that the new program always has some stack space.) Since Linux "
4472 "2.6.25, the kernel places a floor of 32 pages on this size limit, so that, "
4473 "even when B<RLIMIT_STACK> is set very low, applications are guaranteed to "
4474 "have at least as much argument and environment space as was provided by "
4475 "Linux 2.6.23 and earlier. (This guarantee was not provided in Linux 2.6.23 "
4476 "and 2.6.24.) Additionally, the limit per string is 32 pages (the kernel "
4477 "constant B<MAX_ARG_STRLEN>), and the maximum number of strings is "
4482 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:363
4484 "On success, B<execve>() does not return, on error -1 is returned, and "
4485 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
4489 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:364
4495 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:371
4497 "The total number of bytes in the environment (I<envp>) and argument list "
4498 "(I<argv>) is too large."
4502 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:378
4504 "Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix of I<filename> "
4505 "or the name of a script interpreter. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
4509 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:381
4510 msgid "The file or a script interpreter is not a regular file."
4514 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:384
4515 msgid "Execute permission is denied for the file or a script or ELF interpreter."
4519 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:388
4520 msgid "The filesystem is mounted I<noexec>."
4524 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:396
4526 "I<filename> or one of the pointers in the vectors I<argv> or I<envp> points "
4527 "outside your accessible address space."
4531 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:400
4533 "An ELF executable had more than one PT_INTERP segment (i.e., tried to name "
4534 "more than one interpreter)."
4538 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:403 build/C/man2/truncate.2:148
4544 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:406
4545 msgid "An ELF interpreter was a directory."
4549 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:406
4555 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:409
4556 msgid "An ELF interpreter was not in a recognized format."
4560 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:414
4562 "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<filename> or the "
4563 "name of a script or ELF interpreter."
4567 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:417
4568 msgid "The process has the maximum number of files open."
4572 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:421
4573 msgid "I<filename> is too long."
4577 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:421 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:108 build/C/man2/swapon.2:141 build/C/man2/uselib.2:67
4583 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:424 build/C/man2/swapon.2:144 build/C/man2/uselib.2:70
4584 msgid "The system limit on the total number of open files has been reached."
4588 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:430
4590 "The file I<filename> or a script or ELF interpreter does not exist, or a "
4591 "shared library needed for file or interpreter cannot be found."
4595 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:430 build/C/man2/uselib.2:70
4601 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:435
4603 "An executable is not in a recognized format, is for the wrong architecture, "
4604 "or has some other format error that means it cannot be executed."
4608 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:443
4610 "A component of the path prefix of I<filename> or a script or ELF interpreter "
4611 "is not a directory."
4615 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:449
4617 "The filesystem is mounted I<nosuid>, the user is not the superuser, and the "
4618 "file has the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit set."
4622 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:453
4624 "The process is being traced, the user is not the superuser and the file has "
4625 "the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit set."
4629 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:456
4630 msgid "Executable was open for writing by one or more processes."
4633 #. SVr4 documents additional error
4634 #. conditions EAGAIN, EINTR, ELIBACC, ENOLINK, EMULTIHOP; POSIX does not
4635 #. document ETXTBSY, EPERM, EFAULT, ELOOP, EIO, ENFILE, EMFILE, EINVAL,
4636 #. EISDIR or ELIBBAD error conditions.
4638 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:464
4640 "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2001 does not document the #! behavior "
4641 "but is otherwise compatible."
4645 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:467
4646 msgid "Set-user-ID and set-group-ID processes can not be B<ptrace>(2)d."
4650 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:469
4651 msgid "Linux ignores the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits on scripts."
4655 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:480
4657 "The result of mounting a filesystem I<nosuid> varies across Linux kernel "
4658 "versions: some will refuse execution of set-user-ID and set-group-ID "
4659 "executables when this would give the user powers she did not have already "
4660 "(and return B<EPERM>), some will just ignore the set-user-ID and "
4661 "set-group-ID bits and B<exec>() successfully."
4665 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:483
4667 "A maximum line length of 127 characters is allowed for the first line in a "
4668 "#! executable shell script."
4672 #. e.g., FreeBSD before 6.0, but not FreeBSD 6.0 onward
4674 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:502
4676 "The semantics of the I<optional-arg> argument of an interpreter script vary "
4677 "across implementations. On Linux, the entire string following the "
4678 "I<interpreter> name is passed as a single argument to the interpreter, and "
4679 "this string can include white space. However, behavior differs on some "
4680 "other systems. Some systems use the first white space to terminate "
4681 "I<optional-arg>. On some systems, an interpreter script can have multiple "
4682 "arguments, and white spaces in I<optional-arg> are used to delimit the "
4686 #. e.g., EFAULT on Solaris 8 and FreeBSD 6.1; but
4687 #. HP-UX 11 is like Linux -- mtk, Apr 2007
4688 #. Bug filed 30 Apr 2007: http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=8408
4689 #. Bug rejected (because fix would constitute an ABI change).
4691 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:519
4693 "On Linux, either I<argv> or I<envp> can be specified as NULL, which has the "
4694 "same effect as specifying these arguments as a pointer to a list containing "
4695 "a single null pointer. B<Do not take advantage of this misfeature!> It is "
4696 "nonstandard and nonportable: on most other UNIX systems doing this will "
4697 "result in an error (B<EFAULT>)."
4702 #. Some Linux versions have failed to check permissions on ELF
4703 #. interpreters. This is a security hole, because it allows users to
4704 #. open any file, such as a rewinding tape device, for reading. Some
4705 #. Linux versions have also had other security holes in
4707 #. that could be exploited for denial of service by a suitably crafted
4708 #. ELF binary. There are no known problems with 2.0.34 or 2.2.15.
4710 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:539
4712 "POSIX.1-2001 says that values returned by B<sysconf>(3) should be invariant "
4713 "over the lifetime of a process. However, since Linux 2.6.23, if the "
4714 "B<RLIMIT_STACK> resource limit changes, then the value reported by "
4715 "B<_SC_ARG_MAX> will also change, to reflect the fact that the limit on space "
4716 "for holding command-line arguments and environment variables has changed."
4720 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:539
4726 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:550
4728 "With UNIX V6 the argument list of an B<exec>() call was ended by 0, while "
4729 "the argument list of I<main> was ended by -1. Thus, this argument list was "
4730 "not directly usable in a further B<exec>() call. Since UNIX V7 both are "
4735 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:553
4737 "The following program is designed to be execed by the second program below. "
4738 "It just echoes its command-line one per line."
4742 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:557
4744 msgid "/* myecho.c */\n"
4748 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:560
4751 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4752 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4756 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:565
4760 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4766 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:568
4769 " for (j = 0; j E<lt> argc; j++)\n"
4770 " printf(\"argv[%d]: %s\\en\", j, argv[j]);\n"
4774 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:576
4776 "This program can be used to exec the program named in its command-line "
4781 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:580
4783 msgid "/* execve.c */\n"
4787 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:584
4790 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4791 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4792 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
4796 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:590
4800 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4802 " char *newargv[] = { NULL, \"hello\", \"world\", NULL };\n"
4803 " char *newenviron[] = { NULL };\n"
4807 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:595
4810 " if (argc != 2) {\n"
4811 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>file-to-execE<gt>\\en\", "
4813 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4818 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:597
4820 msgid " newargv[0] = argv[1];\n"
4824 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:602
4827 " execve(argv[1], newargv, newenviron);\n"
4828 " perror(\"execve\"); /* execve() only returns on error */\n"
4829 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4834 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:606
4835 msgid "We can use the second program to exec the first as follows:"
4839 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:615
4842 "$B< cc myecho.c -o myecho>\n"
4843 "$B< cc execve.c -o execve>\n"
4844 "$B< ./execve ./myecho>\n"
4845 "argv[0]: ./myecho\n"
4851 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:623
4853 "We can also use these programs to demonstrate the use of a script "
4854 "interpreter. To do this we create a script whose \"interpreter\" is our "
4855 "I<myecho> program:"
4859 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:630
4862 "$B< cat E<gt> script.sh>\n"
4863 "B<#! ./myecho script-arg>\n"
4865 "$B< chmod +x script.sh>\n"
4869 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:634
4870 msgid "We can then use our program to exec the script:"
4874 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:643
4877 "$B< ./execve ./script.sh>\n"
4878 "argv[0]: ./myecho\n"
4879 "argv[1]: script-arg\n"
4880 "argv[2]: ./script.sh\n"
4886 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:656
4888 "B<chmod>(2), B<fork>(2), B<ptrace>(2), B<execl>(3), B<fexecve>(3), "
4889 "B<getopt>(3), B<credentials>(7), B<environ>(7), B<path_resolution>(7), "
4894 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25
4900 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25
4906 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:28
4907 msgid "exit_group - exit all threads in a process"
4911 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:31
4913 msgid "B<#include E<lt>linux/unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
4917 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:33
4919 msgid "B<void exit_group(int >I<status>B<);>\n"
4923 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:39
4925 "This system call is equivalent to B<exit>(2) except that it terminates not "
4926 "only the calling thread, but all threads in the calling process's thread "
4931 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:41
4932 msgid "This system call does not return."
4936 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:43
4937 msgid "This call is present since Linux 2.5.35."
4941 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:45
4942 msgid "This call is Linux-specific."
4946 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:49
4948 "Since glibc 2.3, this is the system call invoked when the B<exit>(2) "
4949 "wrapper function is called."
4953 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:51
4958 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:61
4964 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:61 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31
4970 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:64
4971 msgid "fcntl - manipulate file descriptor"
4975 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:68
4978 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
4979 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>>\n"
4983 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:70
4985 msgid "B<int fcntl(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<cmd>B<, ... /* >I<arg>B< */ );>\n"
4989 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:77
4991 "B<fcntl>() performs one of the operations described below on the open file "
4992 "descriptor I<fd>. The operation is determined by I<cmd>."
4996 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:91
4998 "B<fcntl>() can take an optional third argument. Whether or not this "
4999 "argument is required is determined by I<cmd>. The required argument type is "
5000 "indicated in parentheses after each I<cmd> name (in most cases, the required "
5001 "type is I<int>, and we identify the argument using the name I<arg>), or "
5002 "I<void> is specified if the argument is not required."
5006 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:91
5008 msgid "Duplicating a file descriptor"
5012 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:92
5014 msgid "B<F_DUPFD> (I<int>)"
5018 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:102
5020 "Find the lowest numbered available file descriptor greater than or equal to "
5021 "I<arg> and make it be a copy of I<fd>. This is different from B<dup2>(2), "
5022 "which uses exactly the descriptor specified."
5026 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:104
5027 msgid "On success, the new descriptor is returned."
5031 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:108
5032 msgid "See B<dup>(2) for further details."
5036 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:108
5038 msgid "B<F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC> (I<int>; since Linux 2.6.24)"
5042 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:125
5044 "As for B<F_DUPFD>, but additionally set the close-on-exec flag for the "
5045 "duplicate descriptor. Specifying this flag permits a program to avoid an "
5046 "additional B<fcntl>() B<F_SETFD> operation to set the B<FD_CLOEXEC> flag. "
5047 "For an explanation of why this flag is useful, see the description of "
5048 "B<O_CLOEXEC> in B<open>(2)."
5052 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:125
5054 msgid "File descriptor flags"
5058 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:136
5060 "The following commands manipulate the flags associated with a file "
5061 "descriptor. Currently, only one such flag is defined: B<FD_CLOEXEC>, the "
5062 "close-on-exec flag. If the B<FD_CLOEXEC> bit is 0, the file descriptor will "
5063 "remain open across an B<execve>(2), otherwise it will be closed."
5067 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:136
5069 msgid "B<F_GETFD> (I<void>)"
5073 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:141
5074 msgid "Read the file descriptor flags; I<arg> is ignored."
5078 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:141
5080 msgid "B<F_SETFD> (I<int>)"
5084 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:145
5085 msgid "Set the file descriptor flags to the value specified by I<arg>."
5089 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:145
5091 msgid "File status flags"
5097 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:160
5099 "Each open file description has certain associated status flags, initialized "
5100 "by B<open>(2) and possibly modified by B<fcntl>(). Duplicated file "
5101 "descriptors (made with B<dup>(2), B<fcntl>(F_DUPFD), B<fork>(2), etc.) refer "
5102 "to the same open file description, and thus share the same file status "
5107 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:163
5108 msgid "The file status flags and their semantics are described in B<open>(2)."
5112 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:163
5114 msgid "B<F_GETFL> (I<void>)"
5118 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:168
5119 msgid "Get the file access mode and the file status flags; I<arg> is ignored."
5123 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:168
5125 msgid "B<F_SETFL> (I<int>)"
5129 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:193
5131 "Set the file status flags to the value specified by I<arg>. File access "
5132 "mode (B<O_RDONLY>, B<O_WRONLY>, B<O_RDWR>) and file creation flags (i.e., "
5133 "B<O_CREAT>, B<O_EXCL>, B<O_NOCTTY>, B<O_TRUNC>) in I<arg> are ignored. On "
5134 "Linux this command can change only the B<O_APPEND>, B<O_ASYNC>, B<O_DIRECT>, "
5135 "B<O_NOATIME>, and B<O_NONBLOCK> flags. It is not possible to change the "
5136 "B<O_DSYNC> and B<O_SYNC> flags; see BUGS, below."
5140 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:193
5142 msgid "Advisory locking"
5146 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:204
5148 "B<F_SETLK>, B<F_SETLKW>, and B<F_GETLK> are used to acquire, release, and "
5149 "test for the existence of record locks (also known as file-segment or "
5150 "file-region locks). The third argument, I<lock>, is a pointer to a "
5151 "structure that has at least the following fields (in unspecified order)."
5155 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:219
5160 " short l_type; /* Type of lock: F_RDLCK,\n"
5161 " F_WRLCK, F_UNLCK */\n"
5162 " short l_whence; /* How to interpret l_start:\n"
5163 " SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END */\n"
5164 " off_t l_start; /* Starting offset for lock */\n"
5165 " off_t l_len; /* Number of bytes to lock */\n"
5166 " pid_t l_pid; /* PID of process blocking our lock\n"
5167 " (F_GETLK only) */\n"
5173 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:227
5175 "The I<l_whence>, I<l_start>, and I<l_len> fields of this structure specify "
5176 "the range of bytes we wish to lock. Bytes past the end of the file may be "
5177 "locked, but not bytes before the start of the file."
5181 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:247
5183 "I<l_start> is the starting offset for the lock, and is interpreted relative "
5184 "to either: the start of the file (if I<l_whence> is B<SEEK_SET>); the "
5185 "current file offset (if I<l_whence> is B<SEEK_CUR>); or the end of the file "
5186 "(if I<l_whence> is B<SEEK_END>). In the final two cases, I<l_start> can be "
5187 "a negative number provided the offset does not lie before the start of the "
5192 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:262
5194 "I<l_len> specifies the number of bytes to be locked. If I<l_len> is "
5195 "positive, then the range to be locked covers bytes I<l_start> up to and "
5196 "including I<l_start>+I<l_len>-1. Specifying 0 for I<l_len> has the special "
5197 "meaning: lock all bytes starting at the location specified by I<l_whence> "
5198 "and I<l_start> through to the end of file, no matter how large the file "
5203 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:275
5205 "POSIX.1-2001 allows (but does not require) an implementation to support a "
5206 "negative I<l_len> value; if I<l_len> is negative, the interval described by "
5207 "I<lock> covers bytes I<l_start>+I<l_len> up to and including I<l_start>-1. "
5208 "This is supported by Linux since kernel versions 2.4.21 and 2.5.49."
5212 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:294
5214 "The I<l_type> field can be used to place a read (B<F_RDLCK>) or a write "
5215 "(B<F_WRLCK>) lock on a file. Any number of processes may hold a read lock "
5216 "(shared lock) on a file region, but only one process may hold a write lock "
5217 "(exclusive lock). An exclusive lock excludes all other locks, both shared "
5218 "and exclusive. A single process can hold only one type of lock on a file "
5219 "region; if a new lock is applied to an already-locked region, then the "
5220 "existing lock is converted to the new lock type. (Such conversions may "
5221 "involve splitting, shrinking, or coalescing with an existing lock if the "
5222 "byte range specified by the new lock does not precisely coincide with the "
5223 "range of the existing lock.)"
5227 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:294
5229 msgid "B<F_SETLK> (I<struct flock *>)"
5233 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:317
5235 "Acquire a lock (when I<l_type> is B<F_RDLCK> or B<F_WRLCK>) or release a "
5236 "lock (when I<l_type> is B<F_UNLCK>) on the bytes specified by the "
5237 "I<l_whence>, I<l_start>, and I<l_len> fields of I<lock>. If a conflicting "
5238 "lock is held by another process, this call returns -1 and sets I<errno> to "
5239 "B<EACCES> or B<EAGAIN>."
5243 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:317
5245 msgid "B<F_SETLKW> (I<struct flock *>)"
5249 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:331
5251 "As for B<F_SETLK>, but if a conflicting lock is held on the file, then wait "
5252 "for that lock to be released. If a signal is caught while waiting, then the "
5253 "call is interrupted and (after the signal handler has returned) returns "
5254 "immediately (with return value -1 and I<errno> set to B<EINTR>; see "
5259 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:331
5261 msgid "B<F_GETLK> (I<struct flock *>)"
5265 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:358
5267 "On input to this call, I<lock> describes a lock we would like to place on "
5268 "the file. If the lock could be placed, B<fcntl>() does not actually place "
5269 "it, but returns B<F_UNLCK> in the I<l_type> field of I<lock> and leaves the "
5270 "other fields of the structure unchanged. If one or more incompatible locks "
5271 "would prevent this lock being placed, then B<fcntl>() returns details about "
5272 "one of these locks in the I<l_type>, I<l_whence>, I<l_start>, and I<l_len> "
5273 "fields of I<lock> and sets I<l_pid> to be the PID of the process holding "
5274 "that lock. Note that the information returned by B<F_GETLK> may already be "
5275 "out of date by the time the caller inspects it."
5279 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:366
5281 "In order to place a read lock, I<fd> must be open for reading. In order to "
5282 "place a write lock, I<fd> must be open for writing. To place both types of "
5283 "lock, open a file read-write."
5286 #. (Additional file descriptors referring to the same file
5287 #. may have been obtained by calls to
5288 #. .BR open "(2), " dup "(2), " dup2 "(2), or " fcntl ().)
5290 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:383
5292 "As well as being removed by an explicit B<F_UNLCK>, record locks are "
5293 "automatically released when the process terminates or if it closes I<any> "
5294 "file descriptor referring to a file on which locks are held. This is bad: "
5295 "it means that a process can lose the locks on a file like I</etc/passwd> or "
5296 "I</etc/mtab> when for some reason a library function decides to open, read "
5301 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:388
5303 "Record locks are not inherited by a child created via B<fork>(2), but are "
5304 "preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
5308 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:397
5310 "Because of the buffering performed by the B<stdio>(3) library, the use of "
5311 "record locking with routines in that package should be avoided; use "
5312 "B<read>(2) and B<write>(2) instead."
5316 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:397 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1311
5318 msgid "Mandatory locking"
5322 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:401
5324 "(Non-POSIX.) The above record locks may be either advisory or mandatory, "
5325 "and are advisory by default."
5329 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:404
5331 "Advisory locks are not enforced and are useful only between cooperating "
5336 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:423
5338 "Mandatory locks are enforced for all processes. If a process tries to "
5339 "perform an incompatible access (e.g., B<read>(2) or B<write>(2)) on a file "
5340 "region that has an incompatible mandatory lock, then the result depends upon "
5341 "whether the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag is enabled for its open file description. If "
5342 "the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag is not enabled, then system call is blocked until the "
5343 "lock is removed or converted to a mode that is compatible with the access. "
5344 "If the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag is enabled, then the system call fails with the "
5349 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:440
5351 "To make use of mandatory locks, mandatory locking must be enabled both on "
5352 "the filesystem that contains the file to be locked, and on the file itself. "
5353 "Mandatory locking is enabled on a filesystem using the \"-o mand\" option to "
5354 "B<mount>(8), or the B<MS_MANDLOCK> flag for B<mount>(2). Mandatory locking "
5355 "is enabled on a file by disabling group execute permission on the file and "
5356 "enabling the set-group-ID permission bit (see B<chmod>(1) and B<chmod>(2))."
5360 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:443
5362 "The Linux implementation of mandatory locking is unreliable. See BUGS "
5367 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:443
5369 msgid "Managing signals"
5373 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:452
5375 "B<F_GETOWN>, B<F_SETOWN>, B<F_GETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETOWN_EX>, B<F_GETSIG> and "
5376 "B<F_SETSIG> are used to manage I/O availability signals:"
5380 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:452
5382 msgid "B<F_GETOWN> (I<void>)"
5386 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:465
5388 "Return (as the function result) the process ID or process group currently "
5389 "receiving B<SIGIO> and B<SIGURG> signals for events on file descriptor "
5390 "I<fd>. Process IDs are returned as positive values; process group IDs are "
5391 "returned as negative values (but see BUGS below). I<arg> is ignored."
5395 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:465
5397 msgid "B<F_SETOWN> (I<int>)"
5401 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:482
5403 "Set the process ID or process group ID that will receive B<SIGIO> and "
5404 "B<SIGURG> signals for events on file descriptor I<fd> to the ID given in "
5405 "I<arg>. A process ID is specified as a positive value; a process group ID "
5406 "is specified as a negative value. Most commonly, the calling process "
5407 "specifies itself as the owner (that is, I<arg> is specified as "
5413 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:499
5415 "If you set the B<O_ASYNC> status flag on a file descriptor by using the "
5416 "B<F_SETFL> command of B<fcntl>(), a B<SIGIO> signal is sent whenever input "
5417 "or output becomes possible on that file descriptor. B<F_SETSIG> can be used "
5418 "to obtain delivery of a signal other than B<SIGIO>. If this permission "
5419 "check fails, then the signal is silently discarded."
5423 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:507
5425 "Sending a signal to the owner process (group) specified by B<F_SETOWN> is "
5426 "subject to the same permissions checks as are described for B<kill>(2), "
5427 "where the sending process is the one that employs B<F_SETOWN> (but see BUGS "
5431 #. The following appears to be rubbish. It doesn't seem to
5432 #. be true according to the kernel source, and I can write
5433 #. a program that gets a terminal-generated SIGIO even though
5434 #. it is not the foreground process group of the terminal.
5437 #. If the file descriptor
5439 #. refers to a terminal device, then SIGIO
5440 #. signals are sent to the foreground process group of the terminal.
5442 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:531
5444 "If the file descriptor I<fd> refers to a socket, B<F_SETOWN> also selects "
5445 "the recipient of B<SIGURG> signals that are delivered when out-of-band data "
5446 "arrives on that socket. (B<SIGURG> is sent in any situation where "
5447 "B<select>(2) would report the socket as having an \"exceptional "
5452 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:534
5453 msgid "The following was true in 2.6.x kernels up to and including kernel 2.6.11:"
5456 #. The relevant place in the (2.6) kernel source is the
5457 #. 'switch' in fs/fcntl.c::send_sigio_to_task() -- MTK, Apr 2005
5458 #. send_sigurg()/send_sigurg_to_task() bypasses
5459 #. kill_fasync()/send_sigio()/send_sigio_to_task()
5460 #. to directly call send_group_sig_info()
5461 #. -- MTK, Apr 2005 (kernel 2.6.11)
5463 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:574
5465 "If a nonzero value is given to B<F_SETSIG> in a multithreaded process "
5466 "running with a threading library that supports thread groups (e.g., NPTL), "
5467 "then a positive value given to B<F_SETOWN> has a different meaning: instead "
5468 "of being a process ID identifying a whole process, it is a thread ID "
5469 "identifying a specific thread within a process. Consequently, it may be "
5470 "necessary to pass B<F_SETOWN> the result of B<gettid>(2) instead of "
5471 "B<getpid>(2) to get sensible results when B<F_SETSIG> is used. (In current "
5472 "Linux threading implementations, a main thread's thread ID is the same as "
5473 "its process ID. This means that a single-threaded program can equally use "
5474 "B<gettid>(2) or B<getpid>(2) in this scenario.) Note, however, that the "
5475 "statements in this paragraph do not apply to the B<SIGURG> signal generated "
5476 "for out-of-band data on a socket: this signal is always sent to either a "
5477 "process or a process group, depending on the value given to B<F_SETOWN>."
5481 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:585
5483 "The above behavior was accidentally dropped in Linux 2.6.12, and won't be "
5484 "restored. From Linux 2.6.32 onward, use B<F_SETOWN_EX> to target B<SIGIO> "
5485 "and B<SIGURG> signals at a particular thread."
5489 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:585
5491 msgid "B<F_GETOWN_EX> (struct f_owner_ex *) (since Linux 2.6.32)"
5495 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:594
5497 "Return the current file descriptor owner settings as defined by a previous "
5498 "B<F_SETOWN_EX> operation. The information is returned in the structure "
5499 "pointed to by I<arg>, which has the following form:"
5503 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:601
5506 "struct f_owner_ex {\n"
5513 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:618
5515 "The I<type> field will have one of the values B<F_OWNER_TID>, "
5516 "B<F_OWNER_PID>, or B<F_OWNER_PGRP>. The I<pid> field is a positive integer "
5517 "representing a thread ID, process ID, or process group ID. See "
5518 "B<F_SETOWN_EX> for more details."
5522 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:618
5524 msgid "B<F_SETOWN_EX> (struct f_owner_ex *) (since Linux 2.6.32)"
5528 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:634
5530 "This operation performs a similar task to B<F_SETOWN>. It allows the caller "
5531 "to direct I/O availability signals to a specific thread, process, or process "
5532 "group. The caller specifies the target of signals via I<arg>, which is a "
5533 "pointer to a I<f_owner_ex> structure. The I<type> field has one of the "
5534 "following values, which define how I<pid> is interpreted:"
5538 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:635
5540 msgid "B<F_OWNER_TID>"
5544 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:644
5546 "Send the signal to the thread whose thread ID (the value returned by a call "
5547 "to B<clone>(2) or B<gettid>(2)) is specified in I<pid>."
5551 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:644
5553 msgid "B<F_OWNER_PID>"
5557 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:649
5558 msgid "Send the signal to the process whose ID is specified in I<pid>."
5562 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:649
5564 msgid "B<F_OWNER_PGRP>"
5568 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:657
5570 "Send the signal to the process group whose ID is specified in I<pid>. (Note "
5571 "that, unlike with B<F_SETOWN>, a process group ID is specified as a positive "
5576 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:658
5578 msgid "B<F_GETSIG> (I<void>)"
5582 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:673
5584 "Return (as the function result) the signal sent when input or output "
5585 "becomes possible. A value of zero means B<SIGIO> is sent. Any other value "
5586 "(including B<SIGIO>) is the signal sent instead, and in this case "
5587 "additional info is available to the signal handler if installed with "
5588 "B<SA_SIGINFO>. I<arg> is ignored."
5592 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:673
5594 msgid "B<F_SETSIG> (I<int>)"
5598 #. The following was true only up until 2.6.11:
5600 #. Additionally, passing a nonzero value to
5602 #. changes the signal recipient from a whole process to a specific thread
5603 #. within a process.
5604 #. See the description of
5606 #. for more details.
5608 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:696
5610 "Set the signal sent when input or output becomes possible to the value given "
5611 "in I<arg>. A value of zero means to send the default B<SIGIO> signal. Any "
5612 "other value (including B<SIGIO>) is the signal to send instead, and in this "
5613 "case additional info is available to the signal handler if installed with "
5618 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:724
5620 "By using B<F_SETSIG> with a nonzero value, and setting B<SA_SIGINFO> for the "
5621 "signal handler (see B<sigaction>(2)), extra information about I/O events is "
5622 "passed to the handler in a I<siginfo_t> structure. If the I<si_code> field "
5623 "indicates the source is B<SI_SIGIO>, the I<si_fd> field gives the file "
5624 "descriptor associated with the event. Otherwise, there is no indication "
5625 "which file descriptors are pending, and you should use the usual mechanisms "
5626 "(B<select>(2), B<poll>(2), B<read>(2) with B<O_NONBLOCK> set etc.) to "
5627 "determine which file descriptors are available for I/O."
5631 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:733
5633 "By selecting a real time signal (value E<gt>= B<SIGRTMIN>), multiple I/O "
5634 "events may be queued using the same signal numbers. (Queuing is dependent "
5635 "on available memory). Extra information is available if B<SA_SIGINFO> is "
5636 "set for the signal handler, as above."
5639 #. See fs/fcntl.c::send_sigio_to_task() (2.4/2.6) sources -- MTK, Apr 05
5641 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:746
5643 "Note that Linux imposes a limit on the number of real-time signals that may "
5644 "be queued to a process (see B<getrlimit>(2) and B<signal>(7)) and if this "
5645 "limit is reached, then the kernel reverts to delivering B<SIGIO>, and this "
5646 "signal is delivered to the entire process rather than to a specific thread."
5650 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:753
5652 "Using these mechanisms, a program can implement fully asynchronous I/O "
5653 "without using B<select>(2) or B<poll>(2) most of the time."
5657 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:777
5659 "The use of B<O_ASYNC> is specific to BSD and Linux. The only use of "
5660 "B<F_GETOWN> and B<F_SETOWN> specified in POSIX.1 is in conjunction with the "
5661 "use of the B<SIGURG> signal on sockets. (POSIX does not specify the "
5662 "B<SIGIO> signal.) B<F_GETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETOWN_EX>, B<F_GETSIG>, and "
5663 "B<F_SETSIG> are Linux-specific. POSIX has asynchronous I/O and the "
5664 "I<aio_sigevent> structure to achieve similar things; these are also "
5665 "available in Linux as part of the GNU C Library (Glibc)."
5669 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:777
5675 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:792
5677 "B<F_SETLEASE> and B<F_GETLEASE> (Linux 2.4 onward) are used (respectively) "
5678 "to establish a new lease, and retrieve the current lease, on the open file "
5679 "description referred to by the file descriptor I<fd>. A file lease provides "
5680 "a mechanism whereby the process holding the lease (the \"lease holder\") is "
5681 "notified (via delivery of a signal) when a process (the \"lease breaker\") "
5682 "tries to B<open>(2) or B<truncate>(2) the file referred to by that file "
5687 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:792
5689 msgid "B<F_SETLEASE> (I<int>)"
5693 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:797
5695 "Set or remove a file lease according to which of the following values is "
5696 "specified in the integer I<arg>:"
5700 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:798
5705 #. The following became true in kernel 2.6.10:
5706 #. See the man-pages-2.09 Changelog for further info.
5708 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:807
5710 "Take out a read lease. This will cause the calling process to be notified "
5711 "when the file is opened for writing or is truncated. A read lease can be "
5712 "placed only on a file descriptor that is opened read-only."
5716 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:807
5722 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:814
5724 "Take out a write lease. This will cause the caller to be notified when the "
5725 "file is opened for reading or writing or is truncated. A write lease may be "
5726 "placed on a file only if there are no other open file descriptors for the "
5731 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:814
5737 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:817
5738 msgid "Remove our lease from the file."
5742 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:831
5744 "Leases are associated with an open file description (see B<open>(2)). This "
5745 "means that duplicate file descriptors (created by, for example, B<fork>(2) "
5746 "or B<dup>(2)) refer to the same lease, and this lease may be modified or "
5747 "released using any of these descriptors. Furthermore, the lease is released "
5748 "by either an explicit B<F_UNLCK> operation on any of these duplicate "
5749 "descriptors, or when all such descriptors have been closed."
5753 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:838
5755 "Leases may be taken out only on regular files. An unprivileged process may "
5756 "take out a lease only on a file whose UID (owner) matches the filesystem UID "
5757 "of the process. A process with the B<CAP_LEASE> capability may take out "
5758 "leases on arbitrary files."
5762 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:838
5764 msgid "B<F_GETLEASE> (I<void>)"
5768 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:847
5770 "Indicates what type of lease is associated with the file descriptor I<fd> by "
5771 "returning either B<F_RDLCK>, B<F_WRLCK>, or B<F_UNLCK>, indicating, "
5772 "respectively, a read lease , a write lease, or no lease. I<arg> is ignored."
5776 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:878
5778 "When a process (the \"lease breaker\") performs an B<open>(2) or "
5779 "B<truncate>(2) that conflicts with a lease established via B<F_SETLEASE>, "
5780 "the system call is blocked by the kernel and the kernel notifies the lease "
5781 "holder by sending it a signal (B<SIGIO> by default). The lease holder "
5782 "should respond to receipt of this signal by doing whatever cleanup is "
5783 "required in preparation for the file to be accessed by another process "
5784 "(e.g., flushing cached buffers) and then either remove or downgrade its "
5785 "lease. A lease is removed by performing an B<F_SETLEASE> command specifying "
5786 "I<arg> as B<F_UNLCK>. If the lease holder currently holds a write lease on "
5787 "the file, and the lease breaker is opening the file for reading, then it is "
5788 "sufficient for the lease holder to downgrade the lease to a read lease. "
5789 "This is done by performing an B<F_SETLEASE> command specifying I<arg> as "
5794 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:883
5796 "If the lease holder fails to downgrade or remove the lease within the number "
5797 "of seconds specified in I</proc/sys/fs/lease-break-time> then the kernel "
5798 "forcibly removes or downgrades the lease holder's lease."
5802 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:893
5804 "Once a lease break has been initiated, B<F_GETLEASE> returns the target "
5805 "lease type (either B<F_RDLCK> or B<F_UNLCK>, depending on what would be "
5806 "compatible with the lease breaker) until the lease holder voluntarily "
5807 "downgrades or removes the lease or the kernel forcibly does so after the "
5808 "lease break timer expires."
5812 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:897
5814 "Once the lease has been voluntarily or forcibly removed or downgraded, and "
5815 "assuming the lease breaker has not unblocked its system call, the kernel "
5816 "permits the lease breaker's system call to proceed."
5820 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:918
5822 "If the lease breaker's blocked B<open>(2) or B<truncate>(2) is interrupted "
5823 "by a signal handler, then the system call fails with the error B<EINTR>, but "
5824 "the other steps still occur as described above. If the lease breaker is "
5825 "killed by a signal while blocked in B<open>(2) or B<truncate>(2), then the "
5826 "other steps still occur as described above. If the lease breaker specifies "
5827 "the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag when calling B<open>(2), then the call immediately "
5828 "fails with the error B<EWOULDBLOCK>, but the other steps still occur as "
5833 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:939
5835 "The default signal used to notify the lease holder is B<SIGIO>, but this can "
5836 "be changed using the B<F_SETSIG> command to B<fcntl>(). If a B<F_SETSIG> "
5837 "command is performed (even one specifying B<SIGIO>), and the signal handler "
5838 "is established using B<SA_SIGINFO>, then the handler will receive a "
5839 "I<siginfo_t> structure as its second argument, and the I<si_fd> field of "
5840 "this argument will hold the descriptor of the leased file that has been "
5841 "accessed by another process. (This is useful if the caller holds leases "
5842 "against multiple files)."
5846 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:939
5848 msgid "File and directory change notification (dnotify)"
5852 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:940
5854 msgid "B<F_NOTIFY> (I<int>)"
5858 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:950
5860 "(Linux 2.4 onward) Provide notification when the directory referred to by "
5861 "I<fd> or any of the files that it contains is changed. The events to be "
5862 "notified are specified in I<arg>, which is a bit mask specified by ORing "
5863 "together zero or more of the following bits:"
5867 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:953
5869 msgid "B<DN_ACCESS>"
5873 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:956
5874 msgid "A file was accessed (read, pread, readv)"
5878 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:956
5880 msgid "B<DN_MODIFY>"
5884 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:959
5885 msgid "A file was modified (write, pwrite, writev, truncate, ftruncate)."
5889 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:959
5891 msgid "B<DN_CREATE>"
5895 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:962
5896 msgid "A file was created (open, creat, mknod, mkdir, link, symlink, rename)."
5900 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:962
5902 msgid "B<DN_DELETE>"
5906 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:965
5907 msgid "A file was unlinked (unlink, rename to another directory, rmdir)."
5911 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:965
5913 msgid "B<DN_RENAME>"
5917 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:968
5918 msgid "A file was renamed within this directory (rename)."
5922 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:968
5924 msgid "B<DN_ATTRIB>"
5928 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:971
5929 msgid "The attributes of a file were changed (chown, chmod, utime[s])."
5933 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:979
5935 "(In order to obtain these definitions, the B<_GNU_SOURCE> feature test macro "
5936 "must be defined before including I<any> header files.)"
5940 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:987
5942 "Directory notifications are normally \"one-shot\", and the application must "
5943 "reregister to receive further notifications. Alternatively, if "
5944 "B<DN_MULTISHOT> is included in I<arg>, then notification will remain in "
5945 "effect until explicitly removed."
5948 #. The following does seem a poor API-design choice...
5950 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:999
5952 "A series of B<F_NOTIFY> requests is cumulative, with the events in I<arg> "
5953 "being added to the set already monitored. To disable notification of all "
5954 "events, make an B<F_NOTIFY> call specifying I<arg> as 0."
5958 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1017
5960 "Notification occurs via delivery of a signal. The default signal is "
5961 "B<SIGIO>, but this can be changed using the B<F_SETSIG> command to "
5962 "B<fcntl>(). In the latter case, the signal handler receives a I<siginfo_t> "
5963 "structure as its second argument (if the handler was established using "
5964 "B<SA_SIGINFO>) and the I<si_fd> field of this structure contains the file "
5965 "descriptor which generated the notification (useful when establishing "
5966 "notification on multiple directories)."
5970 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1022
5972 "Especially when using B<DN_MULTISHOT>, a real time signal should be used for "
5973 "notification, so that multiple notifications can be queued."
5977 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1031
5979 "B<NOTE:> New applications should use the I<inotify> interface (available "
5980 "since kernel 2.6.13), which provides a much superior interface for obtaining "
5981 "notifications of filesystem events. See B<inotify>(7)."
5985 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1031
5987 msgid "Changing the capacity of a pipe"
5991 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1032
5993 msgid "B<F_SETPIPE_SZ> (I<int>; since Linux 2.6.35)"
5997 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1063
5999 "Change the capacity of the pipe referred to by I<fd> to be at least I<arg> "
6000 "bytes. An unprivileged process can adjust the pipe capacity to any value "
6001 "between the system page size and the limit defined in "
6002 "I</proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size> (see B<proc>(5)). Attempts to set the pipe "
6003 "capacity below the page size are silently rounded up to the page size. "
6004 "Attempts by an unprivileged process to set the pipe capacity above the limit "
6005 "in I</proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size> yield the error B<EPERM>; a privileged "
6006 "process (B<CAP_SYS_RESOURCE>) can override the limit. When allocating the "
6007 "buffer for the pipe, the kernel may use a capacity larger than I<arg>, if "
6008 "that is convenient for the implementation. The B<F_GETPIPE_SZ> operation "
6009 "returns the actual size used. Attempting to set the pipe capacity smaller "
6010 "than the amount of buffer space currently used to store data produces the "
6015 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1063
6017 msgid "B<F_GETPIPE_SZ> (I<void>; since Linux 2.6.35)"
6021 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1067
6023 "Return (as the function result) the capacity of the pipe referred to by "
6028 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1069
6029 msgid "For a successful call, the return value depends on the operation:"
6033 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1069
6039 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1072
6040 msgid "The new descriptor."
6044 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1072
6050 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1075
6051 msgid "Value of file descriptor flags."
6055 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1075
6061 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1078
6062 msgid "Value of file status flags."
6066 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1078
6068 msgid "B<F_GETLEASE>"
6072 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1081
6073 msgid "Type of lease held on file descriptor."
6077 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1081
6083 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1084
6084 msgid "Value of descriptor owner."
6088 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1084
6094 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1090
6096 "Value of signal sent when read or write becomes possible, or zero for "
6097 "traditional B<SIGIO> behavior."
6101 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1090
6103 msgid "B<F_GETPIPE_SZ>"
6107 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1093
6108 msgid "The pipe capacity."
6112 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1093
6114 msgid "All other commands"
6118 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1096
6123 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1100
6124 msgid "On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
6128 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1101 build/C/man3/lockf.3:122
6130 msgid "B<EACCES> or B<EAGAIN>"
6134 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1104
6135 msgid "Operation is prohibited by locks held by other processes."
6139 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1104 build/C/man2/fork.2:181 build/C/man2/fork.2:186
6145 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1108
6147 "The operation is prohibited because the file has been memory-mapped by "
6152 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1117
6154 "I<fd> is not an open file descriptor, or the command was B<F_SETLK> or "
6155 "B<F_SETLKW> and the file descriptor open mode doesn't match with the type of "
6160 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1117 build/C/man3/lockf.3:142
6166 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1122
6168 "It was detected that the specified B<F_SETLKW> command would cause a "
6173 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1126
6174 msgid "I<lock> is outside your accessible address space."
6178 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1138
6180 "For B<F_SETLKW>, the command was interrupted by a signal; see B<signal>(7). "
6181 "For B<F_GETLK> and B<F_SETLK>, the command was interrupted by a signal "
6182 "before the lock was checked or acquired. Most likely when locking a remote "
6183 "file (e.g., locking over NFS), but can sometimes happen locally."
6187 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1148
6189 "For B<F_DUPFD>, I<arg> is negative or is greater than the maximum allowable "
6190 "value. For B<F_SETSIG>, I<arg> is not an allowable signal number."
6194 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1153
6196 "For B<F_DUPFD>, the process already has the maximum number of file "
6201 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1153 build/C/man2/flock.2:130 build/C/man3/lockf.3:151
6207 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1157
6209 "Too many segment locks open, lock table is full, or a remote locking "
6210 "protocol failed (e.g., locking over NFS)."
6214 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1162
6216 "Attempted to clear the B<O_APPEND> flag on a file that has the append-only "
6221 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1175
6223 "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. Only the operations B<F_DUPFD>, B<F_GETFD>, "
6224 "B<F_SETFD>, B<F_GETFL>, B<F_SETFL>, B<F_GETLK>, B<F_SETLK>, and B<F_SETLKW> "
6225 "are specified in POSIX.1-2001."
6229 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1187
6231 "B<F_GETOWN> and B<F_SETOWN> are specified in POSIX.1-2001. (To get their "
6232 "definitions, define B<BSD_SOURCE>, or B<_XOPEN_SOURCE> with the value 500 or "
6233 "greater, or define B<_POSIX_C_SOURCE> with the value 200809L or greater.)"
6237 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1195
6239 "B<F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC> is specified in POSIX.1-2008. (To get this definition, "
6240 "define B<_POSIX_C_SOURCE> with the value 200809L or greater, or "
6241 "B<_XOPEN_SOURCE> with the value 700 or greater.)"
6245 #. SVr4 documents additional EIO, ENOLINK and EOVERFLOW error conditions.
6247 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1212
6249 "B<F_GETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETPIPE_SZ>, B<F_GETPIPE_SZ>, "
6250 "B<F_GETSIG>, B<F_SETSIG>, B<F_NOTIFY>, B<F_GETLEASE>, and B<F_SETLEASE> are "
6251 "Linux-specific. (Define the B<_GNU_SOURCE> macro to obtain these "
6256 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1233
6258 "The original Linux B<fcntl>() system call was not designed to handle large "
6259 "file offsets (in the I<flock> structure). Consequently, an B<fcntl64>() "
6260 "system call was added in Linux 2.4. The newer system call employs a "
6261 "different structure for file locking, I<flock64>, and corresponding "
6262 "commands, B<F_GETLK64>, B<F_SETLK64>, and B<F_SETLKW64>. However, these "
6263 "details can be ignored by applications using glibc, whose B<fcntl>() "
6264 "wrapper function transparently employs the more recent system call where it "
6269 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1238
6271 "The errors returned by B<dup2>(2) are different from those returned by "
6276 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1244
6278 "Since kernel 2.0, there is no interaction between the types of lock placed "
6279 "by B<flock>(2) and B<fcntl>()."
6282 #. e.g., Solaris 8 documents this field in fcntl(2), and Irix 6.5
6283 #. documents it in fcntl(5). mtk, May 2007
6285 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1255
6287 "Several systems have more fields in I<struct flock> such as, for example, "
6288 "I<l_sysid>. Clearly, I<l_pid> alone is not going to be very useful if the "
6289 "process holding the lock may live on a different machine."
6293 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1256
6298 #. FIXME . According to POSIX.1-2001, O_SYNC should also be modifiable
6299 #. via fcntl(2), but currently Linux does not permit this
6300 #. See http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=5994
6302 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1268
6304 "It is not possible to use B<F_SETFL> to change the state of the B<O_DSYNC> "
6305 "and B<O_SYNC> flags. Attempts to change the state of these flags are "
6310 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1268
6315 #. glibc source: sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/sysdep.h
6316 #. mtk, Dec 04: some limited testing on alpha and ia64 seems to
6317 #. indicate that ANY negative PGID value will cause F_GETOWN
6318 #. to misinterpret the return as an error. Some other architectures
6319 #. seem to have the same range check as i386.
6321 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1294
6323 "A limitation of the Linux system call conventions on some architectures "
6324 "(notably i386) means that if a (negative) process group ID to be returned "
6325 "by B<F_GETOWN> falls in the range -1 to -4095, then the return value is "
6326 "wrongly interpreted by glibc as an error in the system call; that is, the "
6327 "return value of B<fcntl>() will be -1, and I<errno> will contain the "
6328 "(positive) process group ID. The Linux-specific B<F_GETOWN_EX> operation "
6329 "avoids this problem. Since glibc version 2.11, glibc makes the kernel "
6330 "B<F_GETOWN> problem invisible by implementing B<F_GETOWN> using "
6335 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1294
6341 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1311
6343 "In Linux 2.4 and earlier, there is bug that can occur when an unprivileged "
6344 "process uses B<F_SETOWN> to specify the owner of a socket file descriptor as "
6345 "a process (group) other than the caller. In this case, B<fcntl>() can "
6346 "return -1 with I<errno> set to B<EPERM>, even when the owner process (group) "
6347 "is one that the caller has permission to send signals to. Despite this "
6348 "error return, the file descriptor owner is set, and signals will be sent to "
6352 #. http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=119013491707153&w=2
6354 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1326
6356 "The implementation of mandatory locking in all known versions of Linux is "
6357 "subject to race conditions which render it unreliable: a B<write>(2) call "
6358 "that overlaps with a lock may modify data after the mandatory lock is "
6359 "acquired; a B<read>(2) call that overlaps with a lock may detect changes to "
6360 "data that were made only after a write lock was acquired. Similar races "
6361 "exist between mandatory locks and B<mmap>(2). It is therefore inadvisable "
6362 "to rely on mandatory locking."
6366 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1334
6368 "B<dup2>(2), B<flock>(2), B<open>(2), B<socket>(2), B<lockf>(3), "
6369 "B<capabilities>(7), B<feature_test_macros>(7)"
6373 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1347
6375 "I<locks.txt>, I<mandatory-locking.txt>, and I<dnotify.txt> in the Linux "
6376 "kernel source directory I<Documentation/filesystems/> (on older kernels, "
6377 "these files are directly under the I<Documentation/> directory, and "
6378 "I<mandatory-locking.txt> is called I<mandatory.txt>)"
6382 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25
6388 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25
6394 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:28
6395 msgid "fexecve - execute program specified via file descriptor"
6399 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:33
6402 "B<int fexecve(int >I<fd>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[], char *const "
6407 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:41
6408 msgid "B<fexecve>():"
6412 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:50 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:54
6416 #. POSIX.1-2008 specifies the O_EXEC flag for open as an alternative,
6417 #. but Linux doesn't support this flag yet.
6419 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:67
6421 "B<fexecve>() performs the same task as B<execve>(2), with the difference "
6422 "that the file to be executed is specified via a file descriptor, I<fd>, "
6423 "rather than via a pathname. The file descriptor I<fd> must be opened "
6424 "read-only, and the caller must have permission to execute the file that it "
6429 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:74
6431 "A successful call to B<fexecve>() never returns. On error, the function "
6432 "returns, with a result value of -1, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
6436 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:78
6437 msgid "Errors are as for B<execve>(2), with the following additions:"
6441 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:86
6443 "I<fd> is not a valid file descriptor, or I<argv> is NULL, or I<envp> is "
6448 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:91
6449 msgid "The I</proc> filesystem could not be accessed."
6453 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:94
6454 msgid "B<fexecve>() is implemented since glibc 2.3.2."
6458 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:99
6460 "POSIX.1-2008. This function is not specified in POSIX.1-2001, and is not "
6461 "widely available on other systems. It is specified in POSIX.1-2008."
6465 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:107
6467 "On Linux, B<fexecve>() is implemented using the B<proc>(5) filesystem, so "
6468 "I</proc> needs to be mounted and available at the time of the call."
6472 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:124
6474 "The idea behind B<fexecve>() is to allow the caller to verify (checksum) "
6475 "the contents of an executable before executing it. Simply opening the file, "
6476 "checksumming the contents, and then doing an B<execve>(2) would not "
6477 "suffice, since, between the two steps, the filename, or a directory prefix "
6478 "of the pathname, could have been exchanged (by, for example, modifying the "
6479 "target of a symbolic link). B<fexecve>() does not mitigate the problem "
6480 "that the I<contents> of a file could be changed between the checksumming and "
6481 "the call to B<fexecve>(); for that, the solution is to ensure that the "
6482 "permissions on the file prevent it from being modified by malicious users."
6486 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:126
6487 msgid "B<execve>(2)"
6491 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:35
6497 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:35
6503 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:38
6504 msgid "flock - apply or remove an advisory lock on an open file"
6508 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:40
6509 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/file.hE<gt>>"
6513 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:42
6514 msgid "B<int flock(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<operation>B<);>"
6518 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:48
6520 "Apply or remove an advisory lock on the open file specified by I<fd>. The "
6521 "argument I<operation> is one of the following:"
6525 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:49
6531 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:54
6533 "Place a shared lock. More than one process may hold a shared lock for a "
6534 "given file at a given time."
6538 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:54
6544 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:59
6546 "Place an exclusive lock. Only one process may hold an exclusive lock for a "
6547 "given file at a given time."
6551 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:59
6557 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:62
6558 msgid "Remove an existing lock held by this process."
6562 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:71
6564 "A call to B<flock>() may block if an incompatible lock is held by another "
6565 "process. To make a nonblocking request, include B<LOCK_NB> (by ORing) with "
6566 "any of the above operations."
6570 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:73
6571 msgid "A single file may not simultaneously have both shared and exclusive locks."
6575 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:87
6577 "Locks created by B<flock>() are associated with an open file table entry. "
6578 "This means that duplicate file descriptors (created by, for example, "
6579 "B<fork>(2) or B<dup>(2)) refer to the same lock, and this lock may be "
6580 "modified or released using any of these descriptors. Furthermore, the lock "
6581 "is released either by an explicit B<LOCK_UN> operation on any of these "
6582 "duplicate descriptors, or when all such descriptors have been closed."
6586 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:96
6588 "If a process uses B<open>(2) (or similar) to obtain more than one "
6589 "descriptor for the same file, these descriptors are treated independently by "
6590 "B<flock>(). An attempt to lock the file using one of these file descriptors "
6591 "may be denied by a lock that the calling process has already placed via "
6592 "another descriptor."
6596 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:103
6598 "A process may hold only one type of lock (shared or exclusive) on a file. "
6599 "Subsequent B<flock>() calls on an already locked file will convert an "
6600 "existing lock to the new lock mode."
6604 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:108
6605 msgid "Locks created by B<flock>() are preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
6609 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:111
6611 "A shared or exclusive lock can be placed on a file regardless of the mode in "
6612 "which the file was opened."
6616 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:121
6617 msgid "I<fd> is not an open file descriptor."
6621 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:126
6623 "While waiting to acquire a lock, the call was interrupted by delivery of a "
6624 "signal caught by a handler; see B<signal>(7)."
6628 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:130
6629 msgid "I<operation> is invalid."
6633 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:133
6634 msgid "The kernel ran out of memory for allocating lock records."
6638 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:133
6640 msgid "B<EWOULDBLOCK>"
6644 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:138
6645 msgid "The file is locked and the B<LOCK_NB> flag was selected."
6649 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:147
6651 "4.4BSD (the B<flock>() call first appeared in 4.2BSD). A version of "
6652 "B<flock>(), possibly implemented in terms of B<fcntl>(2), appears on most "
6657 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:154
6659 "B<flock>() does not lock files over NFS. Use B<fcntl>(2) instead: that "
6660 "does work over NFS, given a sufficiently recent version of Linux and a "
6661 "server which supports locking."
6665 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:169
6667 "Since kernel 2.0, B<flock>() is implemented as a system call in its own "
6668 "right rather than being emulated in the GNU C library as a call to "
6669 "B<fcntl>(2). This yields true BSD semantics: there is no interaction "
6670 "between the types of lock placed by B<flock>() and B<fcntl>(2), and "
6671 "B<flock>() does not detect deadlock."
6675 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:175
6677 "B<flock>() places advisory locks only; given suitable permissions on a "
6678 "file, a process is free to ignore the use of B<flock>() and perform I/O on "
6683 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:188
6685 "B<flock>() and B<fcntl>(2) locks have different semantics with respect to "
6686 "forked processes and B<dup>(2). On systems that implement B<flock>() using "
6687 "B<fcntl>(2), the semantics of B<flock>() will be different from those "
6688 "described in this manual page."
6691 #. Kernel 2.5.21 changed things a little: during lock conversion
6692 #. it is now the highest priority process that will get the lock -- mtk
6694 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:201
6696 "Converting a lock (shared to exclusive, or vice versa) is not guaranteed to "
6697 "be atomic: the existing lock is first removed, and then a new lock is "
6698 "established. Between these two steps, a pending lock request by another "
6699 "process may be granted, with the result that the conversion either blocks, "
6700 "or fails if B<LOCK_NB> was specified. (This is the original BSD behavior, "
6701 "and occurs on many other implementations.)"
6705 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:210
6707 "B<flock>(1), B<close>(2), B<dup>(2), B<execve>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<fork>(2), "
6708 "B<open>(2), B<lockf>(3)"
6712 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:215
6714 "I<Documentation/filesystems/locks.txt> in the Linux kernel source tree "
6715 "(I<Documentation/locks.txt> in older kernels)"
6719 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:39
6725 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:39 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34
6731 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:42
6732 msgid "fork - create a child process"
6736 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:46
6737 msgid "B<pid_t fork(void);>"
6741 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:52
6743 "B<fork>() creates a new process by duplicating the calling process. The "
6744 "new process, referred to as the I<child>, is an exact duplicate of the "
6745 "calling process, referred to as the I<parent>, except for the following "
6750 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:56
6752 "The child has its own unique process ID, and this PID does not match the ID "
6753 "of any existing process group (B<setpgid>(2))."
6757 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:58
6758 msgid "The child's parent process ID is the same as the parent's process ID."
6762 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:62
6764 "The child does not inherit its parent's memory locks (B<mlock>(2), "
6769 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:68
6771 "Process resource utilizations (B<getrusage>(2)) and CPU time counters "
6772 "(B<times>(2)) are reset to zero in the child."
6776 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:71
6777 msgid "The child's set of pending signals is initially empty (B<sigpending>(2))."
6781 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:74
6783 "The child does not inherit semaphore adjustments from its parent "
6788 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:77
6789 msgid "The child does not inherit record locks from its parent (B<fcntl>(2))."
6793 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:82
6795 "The child does not inherit timers from its parent (B<setitimer>(2), "
6796 "B<alarm>(2), B<timer_create>(2))."
6800 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:89
6802 "The child does not inherit outstanding asynchronous I/O operations from its "
6803 "parent (B<aio_read>(3), B<aio_write>(3)), nor does it inherit any "
6804 "asynchronous I/O contexts from its parent (see B<io_setup>(2))."
6808 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:94
6810 "The process attributes in the preceding list are all specified in "
6811 "POSIX.1-2001. The parent and child also differ with respect to the "
6812 "following Linux-specific process attributes:"
6816 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:101
6818 "The child does not inherit directory change notifications (dnotify) from "
6819 "its parent (see the description of B<F_NOTIFY> in B<fcntl>(2))."
6823 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:107
6825 "The B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_PDEATHSIG> setting is reset so that the child does "
6826 "not receive a signal when its parent terminates."
6830 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:114
6832 "The default timer slack value is set to the parent's current timer slack "
6833 "value. See the description of B<PR_SET_TIMERSLACK> in B<prctl>(2)."
6837 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:120
6839 "Memory mappings that have been marked with the B<madvise>(2) "
6840 "B<MADV_DONTFORK> flag are not inherited across a B<fork>()."
6844 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:125
6845 msgid "The termination signal of the child is always B<SIGCHLD> (see B<clone>(2))."
6849 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:131
6851 "The port access permission bits set by B<ioperm>(2) are not inherited by "
6852 "the child; the child must turn on any bits that it requires using "
6857 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:142
6859 "The child process is created with a single thread\\(emthe one that called "
6860 "B<fork>(). The entire virtual address space of the parent is replicated in "
6861 "the child, including the states of mutexes, condition variables, and other "
6862 "pthreads objects; the use of B<pthread_atfork>(3) may be helpful for "
6863 "dealing with problems that this can cause."
6867 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:156
6869 "The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open file descriptors. "
6870 "Each file descriptor in the child refers to the same open file description "
6871 "(see B<open>(2)) as the corresponding file descriptor in the parent. This "
6872 "means that the two descriptors share open file status flags, current file "
6873 "offset, and signal-driven I/O attributes (see the description of B<F_SETOWN> "
6874 "and B<F_SETSIG> in B<fcntl>(2))."
6878 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:165
6880 "The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open message queue "
6881 "descriptors (see B<mq_overview>(7)). Each descriptor in the child refers to "
6882 "the same open message queue description as the corresponding descriptor in "
6883 "the parent. This means that the two descriptors share the same flags "
6888 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:173
6890 "The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open directory streams (see "
6891 "B<opendir>(3)). POSIX.1-2001 says that the corresponding directory streams "
6892 "in the parent and child I<may> share the directory stream positioning; on "
6893 "Linux/glibc they do not."
6897 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:180
6899 "On success, the PID of the child process is returned in the parent, and 0 is "
6900 "returned in the child. On failure, -1 is returned in the parent, no child "
6901 "process is created, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
6905 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:186
6907 "B<fork>() cannot allocate sufficient memory to copy the parent's page "
6908 "tables and allocate a task structure for the child."
6912 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:196
6914 "It was not possible to create a new process because the caller's "
6915 "B<RLIMIT_NPROC> resource limit was encountered. To exceed this limit, the "
6916 "process must have either the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> or the B<CAP_SYS_RESOURCE> "
6921 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:200
6923 "B<fork>() failed to allocate the necessary kernel structures because memory "
6927 #. e.g., arm (optionally), blackfin, c6x, frv, h8300, microblaze, xtensa
6929 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:206
6931 "B<fork>() is not supported on this platform (for example, hardware without "
6932 "a Memory-Management Unit)."
6936 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:215
6938 "Under Linux, B<fork>() is implemented using copy-on-write pages, so the "
6939 "only penalty that it incurs is the time and memory required to duplicate the "
6940 "parent's page tables, and to create a unique task structure for the child."
6943 #. nptl/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/fork.c
6944 #. and does some magic to ensure that getpid(2) returns the right value.
6946 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:239
6948 "Since version 2.3.3, rather than invoking the kernel's B<fork>() system "
6949 "call, the glibc B<fork>() wrapper that is provided as part of the NPTL "
6950 "threading implementation invokes B<clone>(2) with flags that provide the "
6951 "same effect as the traditional system call. (A call to B<fork>() is "
6952 "equivalent to a call to B<clone>(2) specifying I<flags> as just "
6953 "B<SIGCHLD>.) The glibc wrapper invokes any fork handlers that have been "
6954 "established using B<pthread_atfork>(3)."
6958 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:244
6959 msgid "See B<pipe>(2) and B<wait>(2)."
6963 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:255
6965 "B<clone>(2), B<execve>(2), B<exit>(2), B<setrlimit>(2), B<unshare>(2), "
6966 "B<vfork>(2), B<wait>(2), B<daemon>(3), B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7)"
6970 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41
6976 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41
6982 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:44
6983 msgid "fpathconf, pathconf - get configuration values for files"
6987 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:49
6989 msgid "B<long fpathconf(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<name>B<);>\n"
6993 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:51
6995 msgid "B<long pathconf(char *>I<path>B<, int >I<name>B<);>\n"
6999 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:58
7001 "B<fpathconf>() gets a value for the configuration option I<name> for the "
7002 "open file descriptor I<fd>."
7006 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:64
7008 "B<pathconf>() gets a value for configuration option I<name> for the "
7013 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:73
7015 "The corresponding macros defined in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> are minimum "
7016 "values; if an application wants to take advantage of values which may "
7017 "change, a call to B<fpathconf>() or B<pathconf>() can be made, which may "
7018 "yield more liberal results."
7022 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:78
7024 "Setting I<name> equal to one of the following constants returns the "
7025 "following configuration options:"
7029 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:78
7031 msgid "B<_PC_LINK_MAX>"
7035 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:88
7037 "returns the maximum number of links to the file. If I<fd> or I<path> refer "
7038 "to a directory, then the value applies to the whole directory. The "
7039 "corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_LINK_MAX>."
7043 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:88
7045 msgid "B<_PC_MAX_CANON>"
7049 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:97
7051 "returns the maximum length of a formatted input line, where I<fd> or I<path> "
7052 "must refer to a terminal. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_MAX_CANON>."
7056 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:97
7058 msgid "B<_PC_MAX_INPUT>"
7062 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:106
7064 "returns the maximum length of an input line, where I<fd> or I<path> must "
7065 "refer to a terminal. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_MAX_INPUT>."
7069 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:106
7071 msgid "B<_PC_NAME_MAX>"
7075 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:115
7077 "returns the maximum length of a filename in the directory I<path> or I<fd> "
7078 "that the process is allowed to create. The corresponding macro is "
7079 "B<_POSIX_NAME_MAX>."
7083 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:115
7085 msgid "B<_PC_PATH_MAX>"
7089 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:124
7091 "returns the maximum length of a relative pathname when I<path> or I<fd> is "
7092 "the current working directory. The corresponding macro is "
7093 "B<_POSIX_PATH_MAX>."
7097 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:124
7099 msgid "B<_PC_PIPE_BUF>"
7103 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:133
7105 "returns the size of the pipe buffer, where I<fd> must refer to a pipe or "
7106 "FIFO and I<path> must refer to a FIFO. The corresponding macro is "
7107 "B<_POSIX_PIPE_BUF>."
7111 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:133
7113 msgid "B<_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED>"
7117 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:146
7119 "returns nonzero if the B<chown>(2) call may not be used on this file. If "
7120 "I<fd> or I<path> refer to a directory, then this applies to all files in "
7121 "that directory. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED>."
7125 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:146
7127 msgid "B<_PC_NO_TRUNC>"
7131 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:153
7133 "returns nonzero if accessing filenames longer than B<_POSIX_NAME_MAX> "
7134 "generates an error. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_NO_TRUNC>."
7138 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:153
7140 msgid "B<_PC_VDISABLE>"
7144 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:160
7146 "returns nonzero if special character processing can be disabled, where I<fd> "
7147 "or I<path> must refer to a terminal."
7151 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:169
7153 "The limit is returned, if one exists. If the system does not have a limit "
7154 "for the requested resource, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is unchanged. If "
7155 "there is an error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set to reflect the nature "
7160 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:177
7162 "Files with name lengths longer than the value returned for I<name> equal to "
7163 "B<_PC_NAME_MAX> may exist in the given directory."
7167 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:180 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:335
7169 "Some returned values may be huge; they are not suitable for allocating "
7174 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:185
7175 msgid "B<getconf>(1), B<open>(2), B<statfs>(2), B<sysconf>(3)"
7179 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:38
7185 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:38
7191 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:41
7192 msgid "fsync, fdatasync - synchronize a file's in-core state with storage device"
7196 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:45
7197 msgid "B<int fsync(int >I<fd>B<);>"
7201 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:47
7202 msgid "B<int fdatasync(int >I<fd>B<);>"
7206 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:55
7207 msgid "B<fsync>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
7210 #. _POSIX_C_SOURCE\ >=\ 200112L only since glibc 2.8
7212 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:58
7214 msgid " || /* since glibc 2.8: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L\n"
7218 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:61
7220 "B<fdatasync>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 199309L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ "
7225 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:74
7227 "B<fsync>() transfers (\"flushes\") all modified in-core data of (i.e., "
7228 "modified buffer cache pages for) the file referred to by the file descriptor "
7229 "I<fd> to the disk device (or other permanent storage device) so that all "
7230 "changed information can be retrieved even after the system crashed or was "
7231 "rebooted. This includes writing through or flushing a disk cache if "
7232 "present. The call blocks until the device reports that the transfer has "
7233 "completed. It also flushes metadata information associated with the file "
7238 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:82
7240 "Calling B<fsync>() does not necessarily ensure that the entry in the "
7241 "directory containing the file has also reached disk. For that an explicit "
7242 "B<fsync>() on a file descriptor for the directory is also needed."
7246 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:103
7248 "B<fdatasync>() is similar to B<fsync>(), but does not flush modified "
7249 "metadata unless that metadata is needed in order to allow a subsequent data "
7250 "retrieval to be correctly handled. For example, changes to I<st_atime> or "
7251 "I<st_mtime> (respectively, time of last access and time of last "
7252 "modification; see B<stat>(2)) do not require flushing because they are not "
7253 "necessary for a subsequent data read to be handled correctly. On the other "
7254 "hand, a change to the file size (I<st_size>, as made by say "
7255 "B<ftruncate>(2)), would require a metadata flush."
7259 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:108
7261 "The aim of B<fdatasync>() is to reduce disk activity for applications that "
7262 "do not require all metadata to be synchronized with the disk."
7266 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:113
7268 "On success, these system calls return zero. On error, -1 is returned, and "
7269 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
7273 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:118
7274 msgid "I<fd> is not a valid open file descriptor."
7278 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:121
7279 msgid "An error occurred during synchronization."
7283 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:121
7285 msgid "B<EROFS>, B<EINVAL>"
7289 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:125
7290 msgid "I<fd> is bound to a special file which does not support synchronization."
7294 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:127
7295 msgid "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
7299 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:127
7301 msgid "AVAILABILITY"
7304 #. POSIX.1-2001: It shall be defined to -1 or 0 or 200112L.
7305 #. -1: unavailable, 0: ask using sysconf().
7306 #. glibc defines them to 1.
7308 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:140
7310 "On POSIX systems on which B<fdatasync>() is available, "
7311 "B<_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO> is defined in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> to a value "
7312 "greater than 0. (See also B<sysconf>(3).)"
7316 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:146
7318 "On some UNIX systems (but not Linux), I<fd> must be a I<writable> file "
7323 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:152
7325 "In Linux 2.2 and earlier, B<fdatasync>() is equivalent to B<fsync>(), and "
7326 "so has no performance advantage."
7330 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:162
7332 "The B<fsync>() implementations in older kernels and lesser used filesystems "
7333 "does not know how to flush disk caches. In these cases disk caches need to "
7334 "be disabled using B<hdparm>(8) or B<sdparm>(8) to guarantee safe "
7339 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:171
7341 "B<bdflush>(2), B<open>(2), B<sync>(2), B<sync_file_range>(2), B<hdparm>(8), "
7342 "B<mount>(8), B<sync>(8), B<update>(8)"
7346 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26
7352 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26
7358 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:29
7359 msgid "get_nprocs, get_nprocs_conf - get number of processors"
7363 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:31 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:19
7364 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/sysinfo.hE<gt>>"
7368 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:33
7369 msgid "B<int get_nprocs(void);>"
7373 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:35
7374 msgid "B<int get_nprocs_conf(void);>"
7378 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:39
7380 "The function B<get_nprocs_conf>() returns the number of processors "
7381 "configured by the operating system."
7385 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:46
7387 "The function B<get_nprocs>() returns the number of processors currently "
7388 "available in the system. This may be less than the number returned by "
7389 "B<get_nprocs_conf>() because processors may be offline (e.g., on "
7390 "hotpluggable systems)."
7394 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:48
7395 msgid "As given in DESCRIPTION."
7399 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:50 build/C/man3/getopt.3:350
7400 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions."
7405 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:57
7407 "The current implementation of these functions is rather expensive, since "
7408 "they open and parse files in the I</sys> filesystem each time they are "
7413 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:62
7415 "The following B<sysconf>(3) calls make use of the functions documented on "
7416 "this page to return the same information."
7420 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:66
7423 " np = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF); /* processors configured */\n"
7424 " np = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN); /* processors available */\n"
7428 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:73
7430 "The following example shows how B<get_nprocs>() and B<get_nprocs_conf>() "
7435 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:77
7438 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
7439 "#include E<lt>sys/sysinfo.hE<gt>\n"
7443 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:86
7447 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
7449 " printf(\"This system has %d processors configured and \"\n"
7450 " \"%d processors available.\\en\",\n"
7451 " get_nprocs_conf(), get_nprocs());\n"
7457 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8
7459 msgid "GET_THREAD_AREA"
7463 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8
7469 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:11
7470 msgid "get_thread_area - get a thread-local storage (TLS) area"
7474 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:15 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:15
7475 msgid "B<#include E<lt>asm/ldt.hE<gt>>"
7479 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:17
7480 msgid "B<int get_thread_area(struct user_desc *>I<u_info>B<);>"
7484 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man2/gettid.2:38 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:44
7485 msgid "I<Note>: There is no glibc wrapper for this system call; see NOTES."
7489 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:29
7491 "B<get_thread_area>() returns an entry in the current thread's thread-local "
7492 "storage (TLS) array. The index of the entry corresponds to the value of "
7493 "I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number>, passed in by the user. If the value is in "
7494 "bounds, B<get_thread_area>() copies the corresponding TLS entry into the "
7495 "area pointed to by I<u_info>."
7499 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:35
7501 "B<get_thread_area>() returns 0 on success. Otherwise, it returns -1 and "
7502 "sets I<errno> appropriately."
7506 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:39 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:56
7507 msgid "I<u_info> is an invalid pointer."
7511 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:42 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:53
7512 msgid "I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number> is out of bounds."
7516 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:46
7517 msgid "A version of B<get_thread_area>() first appeared in Linux 2.5.32."
7521 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:50
7523 "B<get_thread_area>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs "
7524 "that are intended to be portable."
7528 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:55
7530 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call, since it is generally "
7531 "intended for use only by threading libraries. In the unlikely event that "
7532 "you want to call it directly, use B<syscall>(2)."
7536 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:58
7537 msgid "B<modify_ldt>(2), B<set_thread_area>(2)"
7541 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32
7547 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:35
7548 msgid "getcwd, getwd, get_current_dir_name - get current working directory"
7552 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:40
7554 msgid "B<char *getcwd(char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
7558 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:42
7560 msgid "B<char *getwd(char *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
7564 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:44
7566 msgid "B<char *get_current_dir_name(void);>\n"
7570 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:52
7571 msgid "B<get_current_dir_name>():"
7575 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:57
7580 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:67 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:50 build/C/man3/usleep.3:59 build/C/man2/vfork.2:54
7584 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
7585 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
7586 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700)\n"
7590 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:72 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:54 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:52 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:55 build/C/man3/usleep.3:64 build/C/man2/vfork.2:59
7592 "Before glibc 2.12: _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
7593 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
7597 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:82
7599 "These functions return a null-terminated string containing an absolute "
7600 "pathname that is the current working directory of the calling process. The "
7601 "pathname is returned as the function result and via the argument I<buf>, if "
7606 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:90
7608 "The B<getcwd>() function copies an absolute pathname of the current working "
7609 "directory to the array pointed to by I<buf>, which is of length I<size>."
7613 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:100
7615 "If the length of the absolute pathname of the current working directory, "
7616 "including the terminating null byte, exceeds I<size> bytes, NULL is "
7617 "returned, and I<errno> is set to B<ERANGE>; an application should check for "
7618 "this error, and allocate a larger buffer if necessary."
7622 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:118
7624 "As an extension to the POSIX.1-2001 standard, Linux (libc4, libc5, glibc) "
7625 "B<getcwd>() allocates the buffer dynamically using B<malloc>(3) if I<buf> "
7626 "is NULL. In this case, the allocated buffer has the length I<size> unless "
7627 "I<size> is zero, when I<buf> is allocated as big as necessary. The caller "
7628 "should B<free>(3) the returned buffer."
7632 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:131
7634 "B<get_current_dir_name>() will B<malloc>(3) an array big enough to hold "
7635 "the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If the environment "
7636 "variable B<PWD> is set, and its value is correct, then that value will be "
7637 "returned. The caller should B<free>(3) the returned buffer."
7641 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:156
7643 "B<getwd>() does not B<malloc>(3) any memory. The I<buf> argument should "
7644 "be a pointer to an array at least B<PATH_MAX> bytes long. If the length of "
7645 "the absolute pathname of the current working directory, including the "
7646 "terminating null byte, exceeds B<PATH_MAX> bytes, NULL is returned, and "
7647 "I<errno> is set to B<ENAMETOOLONG>. (Note that on some systems, B<PATH_MAX> "
7648 "may not be a compile-time constant; furthermore, its value may depend on the "
7649 "filesystem, see B<pathconf>(3).) For portability and security reasons, use "
7650 "of B<getwd>() is deprecated."
7654 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:165
7656 "On success, these functions return a pointer to a string containing the "
7657 "pathname of the current working directory. In the case B<getcwd>() and "
7658 "B<getwd>() this is the same value as I<buf>."
7662 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:172
7664 "On failure, these functions return NULL, and I<errno> is set to indicate the "
7665 "error. The contents of the array pointed to by I<buf> are undefined on "
7670 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:176
7671 msgid "Permission to read or search a component of the filename was denied."
7675 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:180
7676 msgid "I<buf> points to a bad address."
7680 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:187
7681 msgid "The I<size> argument is zero and I<buf> is not a null pointer."
7685 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:187
7691 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:192
7692 msgid "B<getwd>(): I<buf> is NULL."
7696 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:192
7698 msgid "ENAMETOOLONG"
7702 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:198
7704 "B<getwd>(): The size of the null-terminated absolute pathname string exceeds "
7705 "B<PATH_MAX> bytes."
7709 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:201
7710 msgid "The current working directory has been unlinked."
7714 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:201 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:114
7720 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:208
7722 "The I<size> argument is less than the length of the absolute pathname of the "
7723 "working directory, including the terminating null byte. You need to "
7724 "allocate a bigger array and try again."
7728 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:216
7730 "B<getcwd>() conforms to POSIX.1-2001. Note however that POSIX.1-2001 "
7731 "leaves the behavior of B<getcwd>() unspecified if I<buf> is NULL."
7735 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:227
7737 "B<getwd>() is present in POSIX.1-2001, but marked LEGACY. POSIX.1-2008 "
7738 "removes the specification of B<getwd>(). Use B<getcwd>() instead. "
7739 "POSIX.1-2001 does not define any errors for B<getwd>()."
7743 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:230
7744 msgid "B<get_current_dir_name>() is a GNU extension."
7748 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:241
7750 "Under Linux, the function B<getcwd>() is a system call (since 2.1.92). On "
7751 "older systems it would query I</proc/self/cwd>. If both system call and "
7752 "proc filesystem are missing, a generic implementation is called. Only in "
7753 "that case can these calls fail under Linux with B<EACCES>."
7757 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:249
7759 "These functions are often used to save the location of the current working "
7760 "directory for the purpose of returning to it later. Opening the current "
7761 "directory (\".\") and calling B<fchdir>(2) to return is usually a faster "
7762 "and more reliable alternative when sufficiently many file descriptors are "
7763 "available, especially on platforms other than Linux."
7767 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:256
7769 "B<chdir>(2), B<fchdir>(2), B<open>(2), B<unlink>(2), B<free>(3), "
7774 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29
7776 msgid "GETDOMAINNAME"
7780 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29
7786 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:32
7787 msgid "getdomainname, setdomainname - get/set NIS domain name"
7791 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:36
7792 msgid "B<int getdomainname(char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
7796 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:38
7797 msgid "B<int setdomainname(const char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
7801 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:47
7802 msgid "B<getdomainname>(), B<setdomainname>():"
7806 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:49 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:54 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:60 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:55
7807 msgid "_BSD_SOURCE || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<lt>\\ 500)"
7811 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:54
7813 "These functions are used to access or to change the NIS domain name of the "
7818 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:65
7820 "B<setdomainname>() sets the domain name to the value given in the character "
7821 "array I<name>. The I<len> argument specifies the number of bytes in "
7822 "I<name>. (Thus, I<name> does not require a terminating null byte.)"
7826 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:75
7828 "B<getdomainname>() returns the null-terminated domain name in the character "
7829 "array I<name>, which has a length of I<len> bytes. If the null-terminated "
7830 "domain name requires more than I<len> bytes, B<getdomainname>() returns the "
7831 "first I<len> bytes (glibc) or gives an error (libc)."
7835 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:83
7836 msgid "B<setdomainname>() can fail with the following errors:"
7840 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:87
7841 msgid "I<name> pointed outside of user address space."
7845 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:91
7846 msgid "I<len> was negative or too large."
7850 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:96
7852 "the caller is unprivileged (Linux: does not have the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> "
7857 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:99
7858 msgid "B<getdomainname>() can fail with the following errors:"
7862 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:110
7864 "For B<getdomainname>() under libc: I<name> is NULL or I<name> is longer "
7865 "than I<len> bytes."
7868 #. But they appear on most systems...
7870 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:113
7871 msgid "POSIX does not specify these calls."
7875 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:117
7877 "Since Linux 1.0, the limit on the length of a domain name, including the "
7878 "terminating null byte, is 64 bytes. In older kernels, it was 8 bytes."
7882 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:127
7884 "On most Linux architectures (including x86), there is no B<getdomainname>() "
7885 "system call; instead, glibc implements B<getdomainname>() as a library "
7886 "function that returns a copy of the I<domainname> field returned from a call "
7891 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:131
7892 msgid "B<gethostname>(2), B<sethostname>(2), B<uname>(2)"
7896 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27
7898 msgid "GETDTABLESIZE"
7902 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27
7908 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:30
7909 msgid "getdtablesize - get descriptor table size"
7913 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:34
7914 msgid "B<int getdtablesize(void);>"
7918 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:41
7919 msgid "B<getdtablesize>():"
7923 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:49 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:47
7927 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
7931 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:61
7933 "B<getdtablesize>() returns the maximum number of files a process can have "
7934 "open, one more than the largest possible value for a file descriptor."
7938 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:63
7939 msgid "The current limit on the number of open files per process."
7943 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:69
7945 "On Linux, B<getdtablesize>() can return any of the errors described for "
7946 "B<getrlimit>(2); see NOTES below."
7950 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:77
7952 "SVr4, 4.4BSD (the B<getdtablesize>() function first appeared in 4.2BSD). "
7953 "It is not specified in POSIX.1-2001; portable applications should employ "
7954 "I<sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX)> instead of this call."
7958 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:90
7960 "B<getdtablesize>() is implemented as a libc library function. The glibc "
7961 "version calls B<getrlimit>(2) and returns the current B<RLIMIT_NOFILE> "
7962 "limit, or B<OPEN_MAX> when that fails. The libc4 and libc5 versions return "
7963 "B<OPEN_MAX> (set to 256 since Linux 0.98.4)."
7967 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:95
7968 msgid "B<close>(2), B<dup>(2), B<getrlimit>(2), B<open>(2)"
7972 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29
7978 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:32
7979 msgid "gethostid, sethostid - get or set the unique identifier of the current host"
7983 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:36
7984 msgid "B<long gethostid(void);>"
7988 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:38
7989 msgid "B<int sethostid(long >I<hostid>B<);>"
7993 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:47
7994 msgid "B<gethostid>():"
7998 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:52
7999 msgid "B<sethostid>():"
8003 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:67
8005 "B<gethostid>() and B<sethostid>() respectively get or set a unique 32-bit "
8006 "identifier for the current machine. The 32-bit identifier is intended to be "
8007 "unique among all UNIX systems in existence. This normally resembles the "
8008 "Internet address for the local machine, as returned by B<gethostbyname>(3), "
8009 "and thus usually never needs to be set."
8013 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:71
8014 msgid "The B<sethostid>() call is restricted to the superuser."
8018 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:75
8020 "B<gethostid>() returns the 32-bit identifier for the current host as set by "
8025 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:81
8027 "On success, B<sethostid>() returns 0; on error, -1 is returned, and "
8028 "I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
8032 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:84
8033 msgid "B<sethostid>() can fail with the following errors:"
8037 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:88
8039 "The caller did not have permission to write to the file used to store the "
8044 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:92
8046 "The calling process's effective user or group ID is not the same as its "
8047 "corresponding real ID."
8051 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:102
8053 "4.2BSD; these functions were dropped in 4.4BSD. SVr4 includes "
8054 "B<gethostid>() but not B<sethostid>(). POSIX.1-2001 specifies "
8055 "B<gethostid>() but not B<sethostid>()."
8058 #. libc5 used /etc/hostid; libc4 didn't have these functions
8060 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:111
8062 "In the glibc implementation, the I<hostid> is stored in the file "
8063 "I</etc/hostid>. (In glibc versions before 2.2, the file I</var/adm/hostid> "
8068 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:122
8070 "In the glibc implementation, if B<gethostid>() cannot open the file "
8071 "containing the host ID, then it obtains the hostname using "
8072 "B<gethostname>(2), passes that hostname to B<gethostbyname_r>(3) in order "
8073 "to obtain the host's IPv4 address, and returns a value obtained by "
8074 "bit-twiddling the IPv4 address. (This value may not be unique.)"
8078 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:124
8079 msgid "It is impossible to ensure that the identifier is globally unique."
8083 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:127
8084 msgid "B<hostid>(1), B<gethostbyname>(3)"
8088 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32
8094 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32
8100 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:35
8101 msgid "gethostname, sethostname - get/set hostname"
8105 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:39
8106 msgid "B<int gethostname(char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
8110 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:41
8111 msgid "B<int sethostname(const char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
8115 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:50
8116 msgid "B<gethostname>():"
8120 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:53
8121 msgid "Since glibc 2.12: _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500"
8125 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:55
8126 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L"
8130 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:58
8131 msgid "B<sethostname>():"
8135 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:66
8137 "These system calls are used to access or to change the hostname of the "
8138 "current processor."
8142 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:77
8144 "B<sethostname>() sets the hostname to the value given in the character "
8145 "array I<name>. The I<len> argument specifies the number of bytes in "
8146 "I<name>. (Thus, I<name> does not require a terminating null byte.)"
8150 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:89
8152 "B<gethostname>() returns the null-terminated hostname in the character "
8153 "array I<name>, which has a length of I<len> bytes. If the null-terminated "
8154 "hostname is too large to fit, then the name is truncated, and no error is "
8155 "returned (but see NOTES below). POSIX.1-2001 says that if such truncation "
8156 "occurs, then it is unspecified whether the returned buffer includes a "
8157 "terminating null byte."
8161 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:99
8162 msgid "I<name> is an invalid address."
8165 #. Can't occur for gethostbyname() wrapper, since 'len' has an
8166 #. unsigned type; can occur for the underlying system call.
8168 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:109
8170 "I<len> is negative or, for B<sethostname>(), I<len> is larger than the "
8171 "maximum allowed size."
8175 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:117
8177 "(glibc B<gethostname>()) I<len> is smaller than the actual size. (Before "
8178 "version 2.1, glibc uses B<EINVAL> for this case.)"
8182 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:124
8184 "For B<sethostname>(), the caller did not have the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> "
8189 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:130
8191 "SVr4, 4.4BSD (these interfaces first appeared in 4.2BSD). POSIX.1-2001 "
8192 "specifies B<gethostname>() but not B<sethostname>()."
8196 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:140
8198 "SUSv2 guarantees that \"Host names are limited to 255 bytes\". POSIX.1-2001 "
8199 "guarantees that \"Host names (not including the terminating null byte) are "
8200 "limited to B<HOST_NAME_MAX> bytes\". On Linux, B<HOST_NAME_MAX> is defined "
8201 "with the value 64, which has been the limit since Linux 1.0 (earlier kernels "
8202 "imposed a limit of 8 bytes)."
8206 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:163
8208 "The GNU C library does not employ the B<gethostname>() system call; "
8209 "instead, it implements B<gethostname>() as a library function that calls "
8210 "B<uname>(2) and copies up to I<len> bytes from the returned I<nodename> "
8211 "field into I<name>. Having performed the copy, the function then checks if "
8212 "the length of the I<nodename> was greater than or equal to I<len>, and if it "
8213 "is, then the function returns -1 with I<errno> set to B<ENAMETOOLONG>; in "
8214 "this case, a terminating null byte is not included in the returned I<name>."
8217 #. At least glibc 2.0 and 2.1, older versions not checked
8219 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:176
8221 "Versions of glibc before 2.2 handle the case where the length of the "
8222 "I<nodename> was greater than or equal to I<len> differently: nothing is "
8223 "copied into I<name> and the function returns -1 with I<errno> set to "
8228 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:180
8229 msgid "B<getdomainname>(2), B<setdomainname>(2), B<uname>(2)"
8233 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28
8239 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28
8245 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:31
8246 msgid "getlogin, getlogin_r, cuserid - get username"
8250 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:35
8251 msgid "B<char *getlogin(void);>"
8255 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:37
8256 msgid "B<int getlogin_r(char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<bufsize>B<);>"
8260 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:39
8261 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>"
8265 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:41
8266 msgid "B<char *cuserid(char *>I<string>B<);>"
8270 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:49
8271 msgid "B<getlogin_r>(): _REENTRANT || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 199506L"
8275 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:52
8276 msgid "B<cuserid>(): _XOPEN_SOURCE"
8280 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:61
8282 "B<getlogin>() returns a pointer to a string containing the name of the user "
8283 "logged in on the controlling terminal of the process, or a null pointer if "
8284 "this information cannot be determined. The string is statically allocated "
8285 "and might be overwritten on subsequent calls to this function or to "
8290 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:67
8292 "B<getlogin_r>() returns this same username in the array I<buf> of size "
8297 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:79
8299 "B<cuserid>() returns a pointer to a string containing a username associated "
8300 "with the effective user ID of the process. If I<string> is not a null "
8301 "pointer, it should be an array that can hold at least B<L_cuserid> "
8302 "characters; the string is returned in this array. Otherwise, a pointer to a "
8303 "string in a static area is returned. This string is statically allocated "
8304 "and might be overwritten on subsequent calls to this function or to "
8309 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:83
8311 "The macro B<L_cuserid> is an integer constant that indicates how long an "
8312 "array you might need to store a username. B<L_cuserid> is declared in "
8313 "I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>."
8317 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:90
8319 "These functions let your program identify positively the user who is running "
8320 "(B<cuserid>()) or the user who logged in this session (B<getlogin>()). "
8321 "(These can differ when set-user-ID programs are involved.)"
8325 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:95
8327 "For most purposes, it is more useful to use the environment variable "
8328 "B<LOGNAME> to find out who the user is. This is more flexible precisely "
8329 "because the user can set B<LOGNAME> arbitrarily."
8333 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:103
8335 "B<getlogin>() returns a pointer to the username when successful, and NULL "
8336 "on failure, with I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error. "
8337 "B<getlogin_r>() returns 0 when successful, and nonzero on failure."
8341 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:105
8342 msgid "POSIX specifies"
8346 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:108
8347 msgid "The calling process already has the maximum allowed number of open files."
8351 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:111
8352 msgid "The system already has the maximum allowed number of open files."
8356 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:111
8362 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:114
8363 msgid "The calling process has no controlling terminal."
8367 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:120
8369 "(getlogin_r) The length of the username, including the terminating null "
8370 "byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), is larger than I<bufsize>."
8374 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:122
8375 msgid "Linux/glibc also has"
8379 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:125
8380 msgid "There was no corresponding entry in the utmp-file."
8384 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:128
8385 msgid "Insufficient memory to allocate passwd structure."
8389 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:128 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:109 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:113 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:95
8395 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:132
8396 msgid "Standard input didn't refer to a terminal. (See BUGS.)"
8400 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:133
8402 msgid "I</etc/passwd>"
8406 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:136
8407 msgid "password database file"
8411 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:136
8413 msgid "I</var/run/utmp>"
8417 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:140
8418 msgid "(traditionally I</etc/utmp>; some libc versions used I</var/adm/utmp>)"
8422 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:145
8423 msgid "The B<getlogin>() function is not thread-safe."
8427 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:149
8428 msgid "The B<getlogin_r>() function is thread-safe."
8432 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:154
8434 "The B<cuserid>() function is thread-safe with exceptions. It is not "
8435 "thread-safe if called with a NULL parameter."
8439 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:159
8440 msgid "B<getlogin>() and B<getlogin_r>() specified in POSIX.1-2001."
8444 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:170
8446 "System V has a B<cuserid>() function which uses the real user ID rather "
8447 "than the effective user ID. The B<cuserid>() function was included in the "
8448 "1988 version of POSIX, but removed from the 1990 version. It was present in "
8449 "SUSv2, but removed in POSIX.1-2001."
8453 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:177
8455 "OpenBSD has B<getlogin>() and B<setlogin>(), and a username associated with "
8456 "a session, even if it has no controlling terminal."
8460 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:189
8462 "Unfortunately, it is often rather easy to fool B<getlogin>(). Sometimes it "
8463 "does not work at all, because some program messed up the utmp file. Often, "
8464 "it gives only the first 8 characters of the login name. The user currently "
8465 "logged in on the controlling terminal of our program need not be the user "
8466 "who started it. Avoid B<getlogin>() for security-related purposes."
8470 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:199
8472 "Note that glibc does not follow the POSIX specification and uses I<stdin> "
8473 "instead of I</dev/tty>. A bug. (Other recent systems, like SunOS 5.8 and "
8474 "HP-UX 11.11 and FreeBSD 4.8 all return the login name also when I<stdin> is "
8479 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:209
8481 "Nobody knows precisely what B<cuserid>() does; avoid it in portable "
8482 "programs. Or avoid it altogether: use I<getpwuid(geteuid())> instead, if "
8483 "that is what you meant. B<Do not use> B<cuserid>()."
8487 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:213
8488 msgid "B<geteuid>(2), B<getuid>(2), B<utmp>(5)"
8492 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:41
8498 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:41
8504 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:45
8506 "getopt, getopt_long, getopt_long_only, optarg, optind, opterr, optopt - "
8507 "Parse command-line options"
8511 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:51
8514 "B<int getopt(int >I<argc>B<, char * const >I<argv[]>B<,>\n"
8515 "B< const char *>I<optstring>B<);>\n"
8519 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:54
8522 "B<extern char *>I<optarg>B<;>\n"
8523 "B<extern int >I<optind>B<, >I<opterr>B<, >I<optopt>B<;>\n"
8527 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:56
8529 msgid "B<#include E<lt>getopt.hE<gt>>\n"
8533 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:60
8536 "B<int getopt_long(int >I<argc>B<, char * const >I<argv[]>B<,>\n"
8537 "B< const char *>I<optstring>B<,>\n"
8538 "B< const struct option *>I<longopts>B<, int *>I<longindex>B<);>\n"
8542 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:64
8545 "B<int getopt_long_only(int >I<argc>B<, char * const >I<argv[]>B<,>\n"
8546 "B< const char *>I<optstring>B<,>\n"
8547 "B< const struct option *>I<longopts>B<, int *>I<longindex>B<);>\n"
8551 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:74
8552 msgid "B<getopt>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 2 || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
8556 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:78
8557 msgid "B<getopt_long>(), B<getopt_long_only>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
8561 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:99
8563 "The B<getopt>() function parses the command-line arguments. Its arguments "
8564 "I<argc> and I<argv> are the argument count and array as passed to the "
8565 "I<main>() function on program invocation. An element of I<argv> that "
8566 "starts with \\(aq-\\(aq (and is not exactly \"-\" or \"--\") is an option "
8567 "element. The characters of this element (aside from the initial "
8568 "\\(aq-\\(aq) are option characters. If B<getopt>() is called repeatedly, "
8569 "it returns successively each of the option characters from each of the "
8574 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:108
8576 "The variable I<optind> is the index of the next element to be processed in "
8577 "I<argv>. The system initializes this value to 1. The caller can reset it "
8578 "to 1 to restart scanning of the same I<argv>, or when scanning a new "
8583 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:118
8585 "If B<getopt>() finds another option character, it returns that character, "
8586 "updating the external variable I<optind> and a static variable I<nextchar> "
8587 "so that the next call to B<getopt>() can resume the scan with the following "
8588 "option character or I<argv>-element."
8592 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:124
8594 "If there are no more option characters, B<getopt>() returns -1. Then "
8595 "I<optind> is the index in I<argv> of the first I<argv>-element that is not "
8600 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:151
8602 "I<optstring> is a string containing the legitimate option characters. If "
8603 "such a character is followed by a colon, the option requires an argument, so "
8604 "B<getopt>() places a pointer to the following text in the same "
8605 "I<argv>-element, or the text of the following I<argv>-element, in "
8606 "I<optarg>. Two colons mean an option takes an optional arg; if there is "
8607 "text in the current I<argv>-element (i.e., in the same word as the option "
8608 "name itself, for example, \"-oarg\"), then it is returned in I<optarg>, "
8609 "otherwise I<optarg> is set to zero. This is a GNU extension. If "
8610 "I<optstring> contains B<W> followed by a semicolon, then B<-W foo> is "
8611 "treated as the long option B<--foo>. (The B<-W> option is reserved by "
8612 "POSIX.2 for implementation extensions.) This behavior is a GNU extension, "
8613 "not available with libraries before glibc 2."
8617 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:169
8619 "By default, B<getopt>() permutes the contents of I<argv> as it scans, so "
8620 "that eventually all the nonoptions are at the end. Two other modes are also "
8621 "implemented. If the first character of I<optstring> is \\(aq+\\(aq or the "
8622 "environment variable B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> is set, then option processing stops "
8623 "as soon as a nonoption argument is encountered. If the first character of "
8624 "I<optstring> is \\(aq-\\(aq, then each nonoption I<argv>-element is handled "
8625 "as if it were the argument of an option with character code 1. (This is "
8626 "used by programs that were written to expect options and other "
8627 "I<argv>-elements in any order and that care about the ordering of the two.) "
8628 "The special argument \"--\" forces an end of option-scanning regardless of "
8629 "the scanning mode."
8633 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:177
8635 "If B<getopt>() does not recognize an option character, it prints an error "
8636 "message to I<stderr>, stores the character in I<optopt>, and returns "
8637 "\\(aq?\\(aq. The calling program may prevent the error message by setting "
8642 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:196
8644 "If B<getopt>() finds an option character in I<argv> that was not included "
8645 "in I<optstring>, or if it detects a missing option argument, it returns "
8646 "\\(aq?\\(aq and sets the external variable I<optopt> to the actual option "
8647 "character. If the first character (following any optional \\(aq+\\(aq or "
8648 "\\(aq-\\(aq described above) of I<optstring> is a colon (\\(aq:\\(aq), then "
8649 "B<getopt>() returns \\(aq:\\(aq instead of \\(aq?\\(aq to indicate a "
8650 "missing option argument. If an error was detected, and the first character "
8651 "of I<optstring> is not a colon, and the external variable I<opterr> is "
8652 "nonzero (which is the default), B<getopt>() prints an error message."
8656 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:196
8658 msgid "getopt_long() and getopt_long_only()"
8662 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:212
8664 "The B<getopt_long>() function works like B<getopt>() except that it also "
8665 "accepts long options, started with two dashes. (If the program accepts only "
8666 "long options, then I<optstring> should be specified as an empty string "
8667 "(\"\"), not NULL.) Long option names may be abbreviated if the abbreviation "
8668 "is unique or is an exact match for some defined option. A long option may "
8669 "take a parameter, of the form B<--arg=param> or B<--arg param>."
8673 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:219
8675 "I<longopts> is a pointer to the first element of an array of I<struct "
8676 "option> declared in I<E<lt>getopt.hE<gt>> as"
8680 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:228
8684 " const char *name;\n"
8692 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:232
8693 msgid "The meanings of the different fields are:"
8697 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:232
8703 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:235
8704 msgid "is the name of the long option."
8708 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:235
8714 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:241
8716 "is: B<no_argument> (or 0) if the option does not take an argument; "
8717 "B<required_argument> (or 1) if the option requires an argument; or "
8718 "B<optional_argument> (or 2) if the option takes an optional argument."
8722 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:241
8728 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:255
8730 "specifies how results are returned for a long option. If I<flag> is NULL, "
8731 "then B<getopt_long>() returns I<val>. (For example, the calling program "
8732 "may set I<val> to the equivalent short option character.) Otherwise, "
8733 "B<getopt_long>() returns 0, and I<flag> points to a variable which is set "
8734 "to I<val> if the option is found, but left unchanged if the option is not "
8739 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:255
8745 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:259
8746 msgid "is the value to return, or to load into the variable pointed to by I<flag>."
8750 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:261
8751 msgid "The last element of the array has to be filled with zeros."
8755 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:265
8757 "If I<longindex> is not NULL, it points to a variable which is set to the "
8758 "index of the long option relative to I<longopts>."
8762 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:274
8764 "B<getopt_long_only>() is like B<getopt_long>(), but \\(aq-\\(aq as well as "
8765 "\"--\" can indicate a long option. If an option that starts with "
8766 "\\(aq-\\(aq (not \"--\") doesn't match a long option, but does match a short "
8767 "option, it is parsed as a short option instead."
8771 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:292
8773 "If an option was successfully found, then B<getopt>() returns the option "
8774 "character. If all command-line options have been parsed, then B<getopt>() "
8775 "returns -1. If B<getopt>() encounters an option character that was not in "
8776 "I<optstring>, then \\(aq?\\(aq is returned. If B<getopt>() encounters an "
8777 "option with a missing argument, then the return value depends on the first "
8778 "character in I<optstring>: if it is \\(aq:\\(aq, then \\(aq:\\(aq is "
8779 "returned; otherwise \\(aq?\\(aq is returned."
8783 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:304
8785 "B<getopt_long>() and B<getopt_long_only>() also return the option "
8786 "character when a short option is recognized. For a long option, they return "
8787 "I<val> if I<flag> is NULL, and 0 otherwise. Error and -1 returns are the "
8788 "same as for B<getopt>(), plus \\(aq?\\(aq for an ambiguous match or an "
8789 "extraneous parameter."
8793 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:304
8799 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:305
8801 msgid "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT>"
8805 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:309
8807 "If this is set, then option processing stops as soon as a nonoption argument "
8812 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:309
8814 msgid "B<_E<lt>PIDE<gt>_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_>"
8818 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:318
8820 "This variable was used by B<bash>(1) 2.0 to communicate to glibc which "
8821 "arguments are the results of wildcard expansion and so should not be "
8822 "considered as options. This behavior was removed in B<bash>(1) version "
8823 "2.01, but the support remains in glibc."
8827 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:319
8829 msgid "B<getopt>():"
8833 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:329
8835 "POSIX.2 and POSIX.1-2001, provided the environment variable "
8836 "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> is set. Otherwise, the elements of I<argv> aren't really "
8837 "const, because we permute them. We pretend they're const in the prototype "
8838 "to be compatible with other systems."
8842 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:333
8843 msgid "The use of \\(aq+\\(aq and \\(aq-\\(aq in I<optstring> is a GNU extension."
8847 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:347
8849 "On some older implementations, B<getopt>() was declared in "
8850 "I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>. SUSv1 permitted the declaration to appear in either "
8851 "I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> or I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>. POSIX.1-2001 marked the use "
8852 "of I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>> for this purpose as LEGACY. POSIX.1-2001 does not "
8853 "allow the declaration to appear in I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>."
8857 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:347
8859 msgid "B<getopt_long>() and B<getopt_long_only>():"
8863 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:369
8865 "A program that scans multiple argument vectors, or rescans the same vector "
8866 "more than once, and wants to make use of GNU extensions such as \\(aq+\\(aq "
8867 "and \\(aq-\\(aq at the start of I<optstring>, or changes the value of "
8868 "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> between scans, must reinitialize B<getopt>() by "
8869 "resetting I<optind> to 0, rather than the traditional value of 1. "
8870 "(Resetting to 0 forces the invocation of an internal initialization routine "
8871 "that rechecks B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> and checks for GNU extensions in "
8876 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:376
8878 "The POSIX.2 specification of B<getopt>() has a technical error described in "
8879 "POSIX.2 Interpretation 150. The GNU implementation (and probably all other "
8880 "implementations) implements the correct behavior rather than that specified."
8884 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:384
8886 "The following trivial example program uses B<getopt>() to handle two "
8887 "program options: I<-n>, with no associated value; and I<-t val>, which "
8888 "expects an associated value."
8892 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:389
8895 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
8896 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
8897 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
8901 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:395
8905 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
8907 " int flags, opt;\n"
8908 " int nsecs, tfnd;\n"
8912 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:414
8918 " while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, \"nt:\")) != -1) {\n"
8920 " case \\(aqn\\(aq:\n"
8923 " case \\(aqt\\(aq:\n"
8924 " nsecs = atoi(optarg);\n"
8927 " default: /* \\(aq?\\(aq */\n"
8928 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s [-t nsecs] [-n] name\\en\",\n"
8930 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
8936 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:416
8938 msgid " printf(\"flags=%d; tfnd=%d; optind=%d\\en\", flags, tfnd, optind);\n"
8942 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:421
8945 " if (optind E<gt>= argc) {\n"
8946 " fprintf(stderr, \"Expected argument after options\\en\");\n"
8947 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
8952 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:423
8954 msgid " printf(\"name argument = %s\\en\", argv[optind]);\n"
8958 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:425
8960 msgid " /* Other code omitted */\n"
8964 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:433
8966 "The following example program illustrates the use of B<getopt_long>() with "
8967 "most of its features."
8971 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:438
8974 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt> /* for printf */\n"
8975 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt> /* for exit */\n"
8976 "#include E<lt>getopt.hE<gt>\n"
8980 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:444
8984 "main(int argc, char **argv)\n"
8987 " int digit_optind = 0;\n"
8991 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:457
8995 " int this_option_optind = optind ? optind : 1;\n"
8996 " int option_index = 0;\n"
8997 " static struct option long_options[] = {\n"
8998 " {\"add\", required_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
8999 " {\"append\", no_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
9000 " {\"delete\", required_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
9001 " {\"verbose\", no_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
9002 " {\"create\", required_argument, 0, \\(aqc\\(aq},\n"
9003 " {\"file\", required_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
9009 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:462
9012 " c = getopt_long(argc, argv, \"abc:d:012\",\n"
9013 " long_options, &option_index);\n"
9019 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:470
9024 " printf(\"option %s\", long_options[option_index].name);\n"
9026 " printf(\" with arg %s\", optarg);\n"
9027 " printf(\"\\en\");\n"
9032 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:479
9035 " case \\(aq0\\(aq:\n"
9036 " case \\(aq1\\(aq:\n"
9037 " case \\(aq2\\(aq:\n"
9038 " if (digit_optind != 0 && digit_optind != this_option_optind)\n"
9039 " printf(\"digits occur in two different "
9040 "argv-elements.\\en\");\n"
9041 " digit_optind = this_option_optind;\n"
9042 " printf(\"option %c\\en\", c);\n"
9047 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:483
9050 " case \\(aqa\\(aq:\n"
9051 " printf(\"option a\\en\");\n"
9056 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:487
9059 " case \\(aqb\\(aq:\n"
9060 " printf(\"option b\\en\");\n"
9065 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:491
9068 " case \\(aqc\\(aq:\n"
9069 " printf(\"option c with value \\(aq%s\\(aq\\en\", optarg);\n"
9074 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:495
9077 " case \\(aqd\\(aq:\n"
9078 " printf(\"option d with value \\(aq%s\\(aq\\en\", optarg);\n"
9083 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:498
9086 " case \\(aq?\\(aq:\n"
9091 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:503
9095 " printf(\"?? getopt returned character code 0%o ??\\en\", c);\n"
9101 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:510
9104 " if (optind E<lt> argc) {\n"
9105 " printf(\"non-option ARGV-elements: \");\n"
9106 " while (optind E<lt> argc)\n"
9107 " printf(\"%s \", argv[optind++]);\n"
9108 " printf(\"\\en\");\n"
9113 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:516
9114 msgid "B<getsubopt>(3)"
9118 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25
9124 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25
9130 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:28
9131 msgid "getpagesize - get memory page size"
9135 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:32
9136 msgid "B<int getpagesize(void);>"
9140 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:39
9141 msgid "B<getpagesize>():"
9145 #. This call first appeared in 4.2BSD.
9147 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:64
9149 "The function B<getpagesize>() returns the number of bytes in a memory page, "
9150 "where \"page\" is a fixed-length block, the unit for memory allocation and "
9151 "file mapping performed by B<mmap>(2)."
9155 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:71
9157 "SVr4, 4.4BSD, SUSv2. In SUSv2 the B<getpagesize>() call is labeled LEGACY, "
9158 "and in POSIX.1-2001 it has been dropped; HP-UX does not have this call."
9162 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:76
9164 "Portable applications should employ I<sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)> instead of "
9169 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:81
9172 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
9173 "long sz = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);\n"
9177 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:88
9178 msgid "(Most systems allow the synonym B<_SC_PAGE_SIZE> for B<_SC_PAGESIZE>.)"
9182 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:108
9184 "Whether B<getpagesize>() is present as a Linux system call depends on the "
9185 "architecture. If it is, it returns the kernel symbol B<PAGE_SIZE>, whose "
9186 "value depends on the architecture and machine model. Generally, one uses "
9187 "binaries that are dependent on the architecture but not on the machine "
9188 "model, in order to have a single binary distribution per architecture. This "
9189 "means that a user program should not find B<PAGE_SIZE> at compile time from "
9190 "a header file, but use an actual system call, at least for those "
9191 "architectures (like sun4) where this dependency exists. Here libc4, libc5, "
9192 "glibc 2.0 fail because their B<getpagesize>() returns a statically derived "
9193 "value, and does not use a system call. Things are OK in glibc 2.1."
9197 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:111
9198 msgid "B<mmap>(2), B<sysconf>(3)"
9202 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:26
9208 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:26 build/C/man3/lockf.3:28
9214 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:29
9215 msgid "gettid - get thread identification"
9219 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:32
9221 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
9225 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:34
9227 msgid "B<pid_t gettid(void);>\n"
9231 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:50
9233 "B<gettid>() returns the caller's thread ID (TID). In a single-threaded "
9234 "process, the thread ID is equal to the process ID (PID, as returned by "
9235 "B<getpid>(2)). In a multithreaded process, all threads have the same PID, "
9236 "but each one has a unique TID. For further details, see the discussion of "
9237 "B<CLONE_THREAD> in B<clone>(2)."
9241 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:52
9242 msgid "On success, returns the thread ID of the calling process."
9246 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:54
9247 msgid "This call is always successful."
9251 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:58
9252 msgid "The B<gettid>() system call first appeared on Linux in kernel 2.4.11."
9256 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:62
9258 "B<gettid>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs that are "
9259 "intended to be portable."
9262 #. FIXME See http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=6399
9263 #. "gettid() should have a wrapper"
9265 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:67
9267 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using "
9272 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:71
9274 "The thread ID returned by this call is not the same thing as a POSIX thread "
9275 "ID (i.e., the opaque value returned by B<pthread_self>(3))."
9279 #. .BR move_pages (2),
9280 #. .BR migrate_pages (2),
9281 #. .BR process_vm_readv (2),
9284 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:90
9286 "B<capget>(2), B<clone>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<fork>(2), B<get_robust_list>(2), "
9287 "B<getpid>(2), B<ioprio_set>(2), B<perf_event_open>(2), "
9288 "B<sched_setaffinity>(2), B<sched_setparam>(2), B<sched_setscheduler>(2), "
9289 "B<tgkill>(2), B<timer_create>(2)"
9293 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:28
9299 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:28
9305 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:31
9306 msgid "getumask - get file creation mask"
9310 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:35 build/C/man2/truncate.2:50 build/C/man2/umask.2:39 build/C/man2/vfork.2:33
9311 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>"
9315 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:37 build/C/man2/umask.2:41
9316 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>"
9320 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:39
9321 msgid "B<mode_t getumask(void);>"
9325 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:42
9326 msgid "This function returns the current file creation mask. It is equivalent to"
9330 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:51
9333 "mode_t getumask(void)\n"
9335 " mode_t mask = umask( 0 );\n"
9342 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:58
9344 "except that it is documented to be thread-safe (that is, shares a lock with "
9345 "the B<umask>(2) library call)."
9349 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:60
9350 msgid "This is a vaporware GNU extension."
9354 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:63
9356 "This function is documented but not implemented yet in glibc, as at version "
9361 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:65
9366 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30
9368 msgid "GETUSERSHELL"
9372 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30 build/C/man2/pread.2:25
9378 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:33
9379 msgid "getusershell, setusershell, endusershell - get permitted user shells"
9383 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:38
9385 msgid "B<char *getusershell(void);>\n"
9389 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:40
9391 msgid "B<void setusershell(void);>\n"
9395 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:42
9397 msgid "B<void endusershell(void);>\n"
9401 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:53
9402 msgid "B<getusershell>(), B<setusershell>(), B<endusershell>():"
9406 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:75
9408 "The B<getusershell>() function returns the next line from the file "
9409 "I</etc/shells>, opening the file if necessary. The line should contain the "
9410 "pathname of a valid user shell. If I</etc/shells> does not exist or is "
9411 "unreadable, B<getusershell>() behaves as if I</bin/sh> and I</bin/csh> were "
9412 "listed in the file."
9416 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:80
9417 msgid "The B<setusershell>() function rewinds I</etc/shells>."
9421 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:85
9422 msgid "The B<endusershell>() function closes I</etc/shells>."
9426 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:89
9427 msgid "The B<getusershell>() function returns NULL on end-of-file."
9431 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:92
9433 msgid "/etc/shells\n"
9437 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:101
9439 "The B<getusershell>(), B<setusershell>() and B<endusershell>() functions "
9440 "are not thread-safe."
9444 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:103
9449 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:105
9450 msgid "B<shells>(5)"
9454 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:32
9460 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:32 build/C/man5/shells.5:28
9466 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:35
9467 msgid "idle - make process 0 idle"
9471 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:39
9472 msgid "B<int idle(void);>"
9476 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:46
9478 "B<idle>() is an internal system call used during bootstrap. It marks the "
9479 "process's pages as swappable, lowers its priority, and enters the main "
9480 "scheduling loop. B<idle>() never returns."
9484 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:52
9486 "Only process 0 may call B<idle>(). Any user process, even a process with "
9487 "superuser permission, will receive B<EPERM>."
9491 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:55
9493 "B<idle>() never returns for process 0, and always returns -1 for a user "
9498 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:59 build/C/man2/setup.2:60
9499 msgid "Always, for a user process."
9503 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:61
9504 msgid "Since Linux 2.3.13, this system call does not exist anymore."
9508 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:64 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:86
9510 "This function is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended "
9515 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41
9521 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41
9527 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:44
9528 msgid "ioctl - control device"
9532 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:46
9533 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/ioctl.hE<gt>>"
9536 #. POSIX says 'request' is int, but glibc has the above
9537 #. See https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=42705
9539 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:50
9540 msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<d>B<, unsigned long >I<request>B<, ...);>"
9544 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:61
9546 "The B<ioctl>() function manipulates the underlying device parameters of "
9547 "special files. In particular, many operating characteristics of character "
9548 "special files (e.g., terminals) may be controlled with B<ioctl>() "
9549 "requests. The argument I<d> must be an open file descriptor."
9553 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:69
9555 "The second argument is a device-dependent request code. The third argument "
9556 "is an untyped pointer to memory. It's traditionally B<char *>I<argp> (from "
9557 "the days before B<void *> was valid C), and will be so named for this "
9562 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:85
9564 "An B<ioctl>() I<request> has encoded in it whether the argument is an I<in> "
9565 "parameter or I<out> parameter, and the size of the argument I<argp> in "
9566 "bytes. Macros and defines used in specifying an B<ioctl>() I<request> are "
9567 "located in the file I<E<lt>sys/ioctl.hE<gt>>."
9571 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:94
9573 "Usually, on success zero is returned. A few B<ioctl>() requests use the "
9574 "return value as an output parameter and return a nonnegative value on "
9575 "success. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
9579 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:99
9580 msgid "I<d> is not a valid descriptor."
9584 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:103
9585 msgid "I<argp> references an inaccessible memory area."
9589 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:109
9590 msgid "I<Request> or I<argp> is not valid."
9594 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:113
9595 msgid "I<d> is not associated with a character special device."
9599 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:119
9601 "The specified request does not apply to the kind of object that the "
9602 "descriptor I<d> references."
9606 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:134
9608 "No single standard. Arguments, returns, and semantics of B<ioctl>() vary "
9609 "according to the device driver in question (the call is used as a catch-all "
9610 "for operations that don't cleanly fit the UNIX stream I/O model). See "
9611 "B<ioctl_list>(2) for a list of many of the known B<ioctl>() calls. The "
9612 "B<ioctl>() function call appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX."
9616 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:142
9618 "In order to use this call, one needs an open file descriptor. Often the "
9619 "B<open>(2) call has unwanted side effects, that can be avoided under Linux "
9620 "by giving it the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag."
9625 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:150
9626 msgid "B<execve>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<ioctl_list>(2), B<open>(2), B<sd>(4), B<tty>(4)"
9630 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30
9636 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30
9642 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:33
9643 msgid "ioctl_list - list of ioctl calls in Linux/i386 kernel"
9647 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:40
9649 "This is Ioctl List 1.3.27, a list of ioctl calls in Linux/i386 kernel "
9650 "1.3.27. It contains 421 ioctls from "
9651 "I<E<lt>/usr/include/{asm,linux}/*.hE<gt>>. For each ioctl, its numerical "
9652 "value, its name, and its argument type are given."
9656 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:48
9658 "An argument type of I<const struct foo\\ *> means the argument is input to "
9659 "the kernel. I<struct foo\\ *> means the kernel outputs the argument. If "
9660 "the kernel uses the argument for both input and output, this is marked with "
9665 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:53
9667 "Some ioctls take more arguments or return more values than a single "
9668 "structure. These are marked I<//\\ MORE> and documented further in a "
9673 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:55
9674 msgid "This list is very incomplete."
9678 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:55
9680 msgid "ioctl structure"
9683 #. added two sections - aeb
9685 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:60
9687 "Ioctl command values are 32-bit constants. In principle these constants are "
9688 "completely arbitrary, but people have tried to build some structure into "
9693 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:79
9695 "The old Linux situation was that of mostly 16-bit constants, where the last "
9696 "byte is a serial number, and the preceding byte(s) give a type indicating "
9697 "the driver. Sometimes the major number was used: 0x03 for the B<HDIO_*> "
9698 "ioctls, 0x06 for the B<LP*> ioctls. And sometimes one or more ASCII letters "
9699 "were used. For example, B<TCGETS> has value 0x00005401, with 0x54 = "
9700 "\\(aqT\\(aq indicating the terminal driver, and B<CYGETTIMEOUT> has value "
9701 "0x00435906, with 0x43 0x59 = \\(aqC\\(aq \\(aqY\\(aq indicating the cyclades "
9706 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:87
9708 "Later (0.98p5) some more information was built into the number. One has 2 "
9709 "direction bits (00: none, 01: write, 10: read, 11: read/write) followed by "
9710 "14 size bits (giving the size of the argument), followed by an 8-bit type "
9711 "(collecting the ioctls in groups for a common purpose or a common driver), "
9712 "and an 8-bit serial number."
9716 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:98
9718 "The macros describing this structure live in I<E<lt>asm/ioctl.hE<gt>> and "
9719 "are B<_IO(type,nr)> and B<{_IOR,_IOW,_IOWR}(type,nr,size)>. They use "
9720 "I<sizeof(size)> so that size is a misnomer here: this third argument is a "
9725 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:103
9727 "Note that the size bits are very unreliable: in lots of cases they are "
9728 "wrong, either because of buggy macros using I<sizeof(sizeof(struct))>, or "
9729 "because of legacy values."
9733 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:107
9735 "Thus, it seems that the new structure only gave disadvantages: it does not "
9736 "help in checking, but it causes varying values for the various "
9741 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:113
9743 "Decent ioctls return 0 on success and -1 on error, while any output value is "
9744 "stored via the argument. However, quite a few ioctls in fact return an "
9745 "output value. This is not yet indicated below."
9749 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:115
9750 msgid "// Main table."
9754 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:117
9755 msgid "// E<lt>include/asm-i386/socket.hE<gt>"
9759 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:119
9761 msgid "0x00008901\tFIOSETOWN\tconst int *\n"
9765 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:120
9767 msgid "0x00008902\tSIOCSPGRP\tconst int *\n"
9771 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:121
9773 msgid "0x00008903\tFIOGETOWN\tint *\n"
9777 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:122
9779 msgid "0x00008904\tSIOCGPGRP\tint *\n"
9783 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:123
9785 msgid "0x00008905\tSIOCATMAR\tint *\n"
9789 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:124
9791 msgid "0x00008906\tSIOCGSTAMP\ttimeval *\n"
9795 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:128
9796 msgid "// E<lt>include/asm-i386/termios.hE<gt>"
9800 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:130
9802 msgid "0x00005401\tTCGETS\tstruct termios *\n"
9806 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:131
9808 msgid "0x00005402\tTCSETS\tconst struct termios *\n"
9812 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:132
9814 msgid "0x00005403\tTCSETSW\tconst struct termios *\n"
9818 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:133
9820 msgid "0x00005404\tTCSETSF\tconst struct termios *\n"
9824 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:134
9826 msgid "0x00005405\tTCGETA\tstruct termio *\n"
9830 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:135
9832 msgid "0x00005406\tTCSETA\tconst struct termio *\n"
9836 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:136
9838 msgid "0x00005407\tTCSETAW\tconst struct termio *\n"
9842 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:137
9844 msgid "0x00005408\tTCSETAF\tconst struct termio *\n"
9848 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:138
9850 msgid "0x00005409\tTCSBRK\tint\n"
9854 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:139
9856 msgid "0x0000540A\tTCXONC\tint\n"
9860 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:140
9862 msgid "0x0000540B\tTCFLSH\tint\n"
9866 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:141
9868 msgid "0x0000540C\tTIOCEXCL\tvoid\n"
9872 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:142
9874 msgid "0x0000540D\tTIOCNXCL\tvoid\n"
9878 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:143
9880 msgid "0x0000540E\tTIOCSCTTY\tint\n"
9884 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:144
9886 msgid "0x0000540F\tTIOCGPGRP\tpid_t *\n"
9890 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:145
9892 msgid "0x00005410\tTIOCSPGRP\tconst pid_t *\n"
9896 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:146
9898 msgid "0x00005411\tTIOCOUTQ\tint *\n"
9902 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:147
9904 msgid "0x00005412\tTIOCSTI\tconst char *\n"
9908 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:148
9910 msgid "0x00005413\tTIOCGWINSZ\tstruct winsize *\n"
9914 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:149
9916 msgid "0x00005414\tTIOCSWINSZ\tconst struct winsize *\n"
9920 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:150
9922 msgid "0x00005415\tTIOCMGET\tint *\n"
9926 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:151
9928 msgid "0x00005416\tTIOCMBIS\tconst int *\n"
9932 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:152
9934 msgid "0x00005417\tTIOCMBIC\tconst int *\n"
9938 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:153
9940 msgid "0x00005418\tTIOCMSET\tconst int *\n"
9944 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:154
9946 msgid "0x00005419\tTIOCGSOFTCAR\tint *\n"
9950 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:155
9952 msgid "0x0000541A\tTIOCSSOFTCAR\tconst int *\n"
9956 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:156
9958 msgid "0x0000541B\tFIONREAD\tint *\n"
9962 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:157
9964 msgid "0x0000541B\tTIOCINQ\tint *\n"
9968 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:158
9970 msgid "0x0000541C\tTIOCLINUX\tconst char *\t// MORE\n"
9974 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:159
9976 msgid "0x0000541D\tTIOCCONS\tvoid\n"
9980 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:160
9982 msgid "0x0000541E\tTIOCGSERIAL\tstruct serial_struct *\n"
9986 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:161
9988 msgid "0x0000541F\tTIOCSSERIAL\tconst struct serial_struct *\n"
9992 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:162
9994 msgid "0x00005420\tTIOCPKT\tconst int *\n"
9998 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:163
10000 msgid "0x00005421\tFIONBIO\tconst int *\n"
10004 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:164
10006 msgid "0x00005422\tTIOCNOTTY\tvoid\n"
10010 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:165
10012 msgid "0x00005423\tTIOCSETD\tconst int *\n"
10016 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:166
10018 msgid "0x00005424\tTIOCGETD\tint *\n"
10022 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:167
10024 msgid "0x00005425\tTCSBRKP\tint\n"
10028 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:168
10030 msgid "0x00005426\tTIOCTTYGSTRUCT\tstruct tty_struct *\n"
10034 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:169
10036 msgid "0x00005450\tFIONCLEX\tvoid\n"
10040 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:170
10042 msgid "0x00005451\tFIOCLEX\tvoid\n"
10046 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:171
10048 msgid "0x00005452\tFIOASYNC\tconst int *\n"
10052 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:172
10054 msgid "0x00005453\tTIOCSERCONFIG\tvoid\n"
10058 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:173
10060 msgid "0x00005454\tTIOCSERGWILD\tint *\n"
10064 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:174
10066 msgid "0x00005455\tTIOCSERSWILD\tconst int *\n"
10070 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:175
10072 msgid "0x00005456\tTIOCGLCKTRMIOS\tstruct termios *\n"
10076 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:176
10078 msgid "0x00005457\tTIOCSLCKTRMIOS\tconst struct termios *\n"
10082 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:177
10084 msgid "0x00005458\tTIOCSERGSTRUCT\tstruct async_struct *\n"
10088 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:178
10090 msgid "0x00005459\tTIOCSERGETLSR\tint *\n"
10094 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:185
10096 msgid "0x0000545A\tTIOCSERGETMULTI\tstruct serial_multiport_struct *\n"
10100 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:186
10102 msgid "0x0000545B\tTIOCSERSETMULTI\tconst struct serial_multiport_struct *\n"
10105 #. type: Plain text
10106 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:190
10107 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/ax25.hE<gt>"
10111 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:192
10113 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCAX25GETUID\tconst struct sockaddr_ax25 *\n"
10117 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:193
10119 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCAX25ADDUID\tconst struct sockaddr_ax25 *\n"
10123 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:194
10125 msgid "0x000089E2\tSIOCAX25DELUID\tconst struct sockaddr_ax25 *\n"
10129 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:195
10131 msgid "0x000089E3\tSIOCAX25NOUID\tconst int *\n"
10135 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:196
10137 msgid "0x000089E4\tSIOCAX25DIGCTL\tconst int *\n"
10141 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:197
10143 msgid "0x000089E5\tSIOCAX25GETPARMS\tstruct ax25_parms_struct *\t// I-O\n"
10147 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:201
10149 msgid "0x000089E6\tSIOCAX25SETPARMS\tconst struct ax25_parms_struct *\n"
10152 #. type: Plain text
10153 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:205
10154 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cdk.hE<gt>"
10158 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:207
10160 msgid "0x00007314\tSTL_BINTR\tvoid\n"
10164 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:208
10166 msgid "0x00007315\tSTL_BSTART\tvoid\n"
10170 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:209
10172 msgid "0x00007316\tSTL_BSTOP\tvoid\n"
10176 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:210
10178 msgid "0x00007317\tSTL_BRESET\tvoid\n"
10181 #. type: Plain text
10182 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:214
10183 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cdrom.hE<gt>"
10187 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:216
10189 msgid "0x00005301\tCDROMPAUSE\tvoid\n"
10193 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:217
10195 msgid "0x00005302\tCDROMRESUME\tvoid\n"
10199 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:218
10201 msgid "0x00005303\tCDROMPLAYMSF\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\n"
10205 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:219
10207 msgid "0x00005304\tCDROMPLAYTRKIND\tconst struct cdrom_ti *\n"
10211 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:220
10213 msgid "0x00005305\tCDROMREADTOCHDR\tstruct cdrom_tochdr *\n"
10217 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:224
10219 msgid "0x00005306\tCDROMREADTOCENTRY\tstruct cdrom_tocentry *\t// I-O\n"
10223 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:228
10225 msgid "0x00005307\tCDROMSTOP\tvoid\n"
10229 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:229
10231 msgid "0x00005308\tCDROMSTART\tvoid\n"
10235 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:230
10237 msgid "0x00005309\tCDROMEJECT\tvoid\n"
10241 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:231
10243 msgid "0x0000530A\tCDROMVOLCTRL\tconst struct cdrom_volctrl *\n"
10247 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:232
10249 msgid "0x0000530B\tCDROMSUBCHNL\tstruct cdrom_subchnl *\t// I-O\n"
10253 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:233
10255 msgid "0x0000530C\tCDROMREADMODE2\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
10259 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:234
10261 msgid "0x0000530D\tCDROMREADMODE1\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
10265 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:235
10267 msgid "0x0000530E\tCDROMREADAUDIO\tconst struct cdrom_read_audio *\t// MORE\n"
10271 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:236
10273 msgid "0x0000530F\tCDROMEJECT_SW\tint\n"
10277 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:240
10279 msgid "0x00005310\tCDROMMULTISESSION\tstruct cdrom_multisession *\t// I-O\n"
10283 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:244
10285 msgid "0x00005311\tCDROM_GET_UPC\tstruct { char [8]; } *\n"
10289 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:245
10291 msgid "0x00005312\tCDROMRESET\tvoid\n"
10295 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:246
10297 msgid "0x00005313\tCDROMVOLREAD\tstruct cdrom_volctrl *\n"
10301 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:247
10303 msgid "0x00005314\tCDROMREADRAW\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
10307 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:248
10309 msgid "0x00005315\tCDROMREADCOOKED\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
10313 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:249
10315 msgid "0x00005316\tCDROMSEEK\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\n"
10318 #. type: Plain text
10319 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:253
10320 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cm206.hE<gt>"
10324 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:255
10326 msgid "0x00002000\tCM206CTL_GET_STAT\tint\n"
10330 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:256
10332 msgid "0x00002001\tCM206CTL_GET_LAST_STAT\tint\n"
10335 #. type: Plain text
10336 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:260
10337 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cyclades.hE<gt>"
10341 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:262
10343 msgid "0x00435901\tCYGETMON\tstruct cyclades_monitor *\n"
10347 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:263
10349 msgid "0x00435902\tCYGETTHRESH\tint *\n"
10353 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:264
10355 msgid "0x00435903\tCYSETTHRESH\tint\n"
10359 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:265
10361 msgid "0x00435904\tCYGETDEFTHRESH\tint *\n"
10365 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:266
10367 msgid "0x00435905\tCYSETDEFTHRESH\tint\n"
10371 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:267
10373 msgid "0x00435906\tCYGETTIMEOUT\tint *\n"
10377 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:268
10379 msgid "0x00435907\tCYSETTIMEOUT\tint\n"
10383 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:269
10385 msgid "0x00435908\tCYGETDEFTIMEOUT\tint *\n"
10389 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:270
10391 msgid "0x00435909\tCYSETDEFTIMEOUT\tint\n"
10394 #. type: Plain text
10395 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:274
10396 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/ext2_fs.hE<gt>"
10400 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:276
10402 msgid "0x80046601\tEXT2_IOC_GETFLAGS\tint *\n"
10406 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:277
10408 msgid "0x40046602\tEXT2_IOC_SETFLAGS\tconst int *\n"
10412 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:278
10414 msgid "0x80047601\tEXT2_IOC_GETVERSION\tint *\n"
10418 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:279
10420 msgid "0x40047602\tEXT2_IOC_SETVERSION\tconst int *\n"
10423 #. type: Plain text
10424 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:283
10425 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/fd.hE<gt>"
10429 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:285
10431 msgid "0x00000000\tFDCLRPRM\tvoid\n"
10435 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:286
10437 msgid "0x00000001\tFDSETPRM\tconst struct floppy_struct *\n"
10441 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:287
10443 msgid "0x00000002\tFDDEFPRM\tconst struct floppy_struct *\n"
10447 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:288
10449 msgid "0x00000003\tFDGETPRM\tstruct floppy_struct *\n"
10453 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:289
10455 msgid "0x00000004\tFDMSGON\tvoid\n"
10459 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:290
10461 msgid "0x00000005\tFDMSGOFF\tvoid\n"
10465 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:291
10467 msgid "0x00000006\tFDFMTBEG\tvoid\n"
10471 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:292
10473 msgid "0x00000007\tFDFMTTRK\tconst struct format_descr *\n"
10477 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:293
10479 msgid "0x00000008\tFDFMTEND\tvoid\n"
10483 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:294
10485 msgid "0x0000000A\tFDSETEMSGTRESH\tint\n"
10489 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:295
10491 msgid "0x0000000B\tFDFLUSH\tvoid\n"
10495 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:296
10497 msgid "0x0000000C\tFDSETMAXERRS\tconst struct floppy_max_errors *\n"
10501 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:297
10503 msgid "0x0000000E\tFDGETMAXERRS\tstruct floppy_max_errors *\n"
10507 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:298
10509 msgid "0x00000010\tFDGETDRVTYP\tstruct { char [16]; } *\n"
10513 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:299
10515 msgid "0x00000014\tFDSETDRVPRM\tconst struct floppy_drive_params *\n"
10519 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:300
10521 msgid "0x00000015\tFDGETDRVPRM\tstruct floppy_drive_params *\n"
10525 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:301
10527 msgid "0x00000016\tFDGETDRVSTAT\tstruct floppy_drive_struct *\n"
10531 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:302
10533 msgid "0x00000017\tFDPOLLDRVSTAT\tstruct floppy_drive_struct *\n"
10537 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:303
10539 msgid "0x00000018\tFDRESET\tint\n"
10543 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:304
10545 msgid "0x00000019\tFDGETFDCSTAT\tstruct floppy_fdc_state *\n"
10549 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:305
10551 msgid "0x0000001B\tFDWERRORCLR\tvoid\n"
10555 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:306
10557 msgid "0x0000001C\tFDWERRORGET\tstruct floppy_write_errors *\n"
10561 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:310
10563 msgid "0x0000001E\tFDRAWCMD\tstruct floppy_raw_cmd *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10567 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:311
10569 msgid "0x00000028\tFDTWADDLE\tvoid\n"
10572 #. type: Plain text
10573 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:315
10574 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/fs.hE<gt>"
10578 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:317
10580 msgid "0x0000125D\tBLKROSET\tconst int *\n"
10584 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:318
10586 msgid "0x0000125E\tBLKROGET\tint *\n"
10590 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:319
10592 msgid "0x0000125F\tBLKRRPART\tvoid\n"
10596 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:320
10598 msgid "0x00001260\tBLKGETSIZE\tunsigned long *\n"
10602 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:321
10604 msgid "0x00001261\tBLKFLSBUF\tvoid\n"
10608 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:322
10610 msgid "0x00001262\tBLKRASET\tint\n"
10614 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:323
10616 msgid "0x00001263\tBLKRAGET\tint *\n"
10620 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:324
10622 msgid "0x00000001\tFIBMAP\tint *\t// I-O\n"
10626 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:325
10628 msgid "0x00000002\tFIGETBSZ\tint *\n"
10631 #. type: Plain text
10632 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:329
10633 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/hdreg.hE<gt>"
10637 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:331
10639 msgid "0x00000301\tHDIO_GETGEO\tstruct hd_geometry *\n"
10643 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:332
10645 msgid "0x00000302\tHDIO_GET_UNMASKINTR\tint *\n"
10649 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:333
10651 msgid "0x00000304\tHDIO_GET_MULTCOUNT\tint *\n"
10655 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:334
10657 msgid "0x00000307\tHDIO_GET_IDENTITY\tstruct hd_driveid *\n"
10661 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:335
10663 msgid "0x00000308\tHDIO_GET_KEEPSETTINGS\tint *\n"
10667 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:336
10669 msgid "0x00000309\tHDIO_GET_CHIPSET\tint *\n"
10673 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:337
10675 msgid "0x0000030A\tHDIO_GET_NOWERR\tint *\n"
10679 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:338
10681 msgid "0x0000030B\tHDIO_GET_DMA\tint *\n"
10685 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:339
10687 msgid "0x0000031F\tHDIO_DRIVE_CMD\tint *\t// I-O\n"
10691 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:340
10693 msgid "0x00000321\tHDIO_SET_MULTCOUNT\tint\n"
10697 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:341
10699 msgid "0x00000322\tHDIO_SET_UNMASKINTR\tint\n"
10703 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:342
10705 msgid "0x00000323\tHDIO_SET_KEEPSETTINGS\tint\n"
10709 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:343
10711 msgid "0x00000324\tHDIO_SET_CHIPSET\tint\n"
10715 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:344
10717 msgid "0x00000325\tHDIO_SET_NOWERR\tint\n"
10721 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:345
10723 msgid "0x00000326\tHDIO_SET_DMA\tint\n"
10726 #. type: Plain text
10727 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:349
10728 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/if_eql.hE<gt>"
10732 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:351
10734 msgid "0x000089F0\tEQL_ENSLAVE\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10738 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:352
10740 msgid "0x000089F1\tEQL_EMANCIPATE\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10744 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:353
10746 msgid "0x000089F2\tEQL_GETSLAVECFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10750 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:354
10752 msgid "0x000089F3\tEQL_SETSLAVECFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10756 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:355
10758 msgid "0x000089F4\tEQL_GETMASTRCFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10762 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:356
10764 msgid "0x000089F5\tEQL_SETMASTRCFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10767 #. type: Plain text
10768 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:360
10769 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/if_plip.hE<gt>"
10773 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:362
10775 msgid "0x000089F0\tSIOCDEVPLIP\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
10778 #. type: Plain text
10779 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:366
10780 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/if_ppp.hE<gt>"
10784 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:368
10786 msgid "0x00005490\tPPPIOCGFLAGS\tint *\n"
10790 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:369
10792 msgid "0x00005491\tPPPIOCSFLAGS\tconst int *\n"
10796 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:370
10798 msgid "0x00005492\tPPPIOCGASYNCMAP\tint *\n"
10802 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:371
10804 msgid "0x00005493\tPPPIOCSASYNCMAP\tconst int *\n"
10808 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:372
10810 msgid "0x00005494\tPPPIOCGUNIT\tint *\n"
10814 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:373
10816 msgid "0x00005495\tPPPIOCSINPSIG\tconst int *\n"
10820 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:374
10822 msgid "0x00005497\tPPPIOCSDEBUG\tconst int *\n"
10826 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:375
10828 msgid "0x00005498\tPPPIOCGDEBUG\tint *\n"
10832 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:376
10834 msgid "0x00005499\tPPPIOCGSTAT\tstruct ppp_stats *\n"
10838 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:377
10840 msgid "0x0000549A\tPPPIOCGTIME\tstruct ppp_ddinfo *\n"
10844 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:378
10846 msgid "0x0000549B\tPPPIOCGXASYNCMAP\tstruct { int [8]; } *\n"
10850 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:379
10852 msgid "0x0000549C\tPPPIOCSXASYNCMAP\tconst struct { int [8]; } *\n"
10856 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:380
10858 msgid "0x0000549D\tPPPIOCSMRU\tconst int *\n"
10862 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:381
10864 msgid "0x0000549E\tPPPIOCRASYNCMAP\tconst int *\n"
10868 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:382
10870 msgid "0x0000549F\tPPPIOCSMAXCID\tconst int *\n"
10873 #. type: Plain text
10874 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:386
10875 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/ipx.hE<gt>"
10879 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:388
10881 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCAIPXITFCRT\tconst char *\n"
10885 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:389
10887 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCAIPXPRISLT\tconst char *\n"
10891 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:390
10893 msgid "0x000089E2\tSIOCIPXCFGDATA\tstruct ipx_config_data *\n"
10896 #. type: Plain text
10897 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:394
10898 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/kd.hE<gt>"
10902 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:396
10904 msgid "0x00004B60\tGIO_FONT\tstruct { char [8192]; } *\n"
10908 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:397
10910 msgid "0x00004B61\tPIO_FONT\tconst struct { char [8192]; } *\n"
10914 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:401
10916 msgid "0x00004B6B\tGIO_FONTX\tstruct console_font_desc *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10920 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:402
10922 msgid "0x00004B6C\tPIO_FONTX\tconst struct console_font_desc *\t//MORE\n"
10926 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:406
10928 msgid "0x00004B70\tGIO_CMAP\tstruct { char [48]; } *\n"
10932 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:407
10934 msgid "0x00004B71\tPIO_CMAP\tconst struct { char [48]; }\n"
10938 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:411
10940 msgid "0x00004B2F\tKIOCSOUND\tint\n"
10944 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:412
10946 msgid "0x00004B30\tKDMKTONE\tint\n"
10950 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:413
10952 msgid "0x00004B31\tKDGETLED\tchar *\n"
10956 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:414
10958 msgid "0x00004B32\tKDSETLED\tint\n"
10962 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:415
10964 msgid "0x00004B33\tKDGKBTYPE\tchar *\n"
10968 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:416
10970 msgid "0x00004B34\tKDADDIO\tint\t// MORE\n"
10974 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:417
10976 msgid "0x00004B35\tKDDELIO\tint\t// MORE\n"
10980 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:418
10982 msgid "0x00004B36\tKDENABIO\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
10986 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:419
10988 msgid "0x00004B37\tKDDISABIO\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
10992 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:420
10994 msgid "0x00004B3A\tKDSETMODE\tint\n"
10998 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:421
11000 msgid "0x00004B3B\tKDGETMODE\tint *\n"
11004 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:422
11006 msgid "0x00004B3C\tKDMAPDISP\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
11010 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:423
11012 msgid "0x00004B3D\tKDUNMAPDISP\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
11016 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:424
11018 msgid "0x00004B40\tGIO_SCRNMAP\tstruct { char [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
11022 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:428
11024 msgid "0x00004B41\tPIO_SCRNMAP\tconst struct { char [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
11028 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:429
11030 msgid "0x00004B69\tGIO_UNISCRNMAP\tstruct { short [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
11034 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:430
11036 msgid "0x00004B6A\tPIO_UNISCRNMAP\tconst struct { short [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
11040 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:434
11042 msgid "0x00004B66\tGIO_UNIMAP\tstruct unimapdesc *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
11046 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:435
11048 msgid "0x00004B67\tPIO_UNIMAP\tconst struct unimapdesc *\t// MORE\n"
11052 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:436
11054 msgid "0x00004B68\tPIO_UNIMAPCLR\tconst struct unimapinit *\n"
11058 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:437
11060 msgid "0x00004B44\tKDGKBMODE\tint *\n"
11064 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:438
11066 msgid "0x00004B45\tKDSKBMODE\tint\n"
11070 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:439
11072 msgid "0x00004B62\tKDGKBMETA\tint *\n"
11076 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:440
11078 msgid "0x00004B63\tKDSKBMETA\tint\n"
11082 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:441
11084 msgid "0x00004B64\tKDGKBLED\tint *\n"
11088 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:442
11090 msgid "0x00004B65\tKDSKBLED\tint\n"
11094 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:443
11096 msgid "0x00004B46\tKDGKBENT\tstruct kbentry *\t// I-O\n"
11100 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:444
11102 msgid "0x00004B47\tKDSKBENT\tconst struct kbentry *\n"
11106 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:445
11108 msgid "0x00004B48\tKDGKBSENT\tstruct kbsentry *\t// I-O\n"
11112 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:446
11114 msgid "0x00004B49\tKDSKBSENT\tconst struct kbsentry *\n"
11118 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:447
11120 msgid "0x00004B4A\tKDGKBDIACR\tstruct kbdiacrs *\n"
11124 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:448
11126 msgid "0x00004B4B\tKDSKBDIACR\tconst struct kbdiacrs *\n"
11130 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:449
11132 msgid "0x00004B4C\tKDGETKEYCODE\tstruct kbkeycode *\t// I-O\n"
11136 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:450
11138 msgid "0x00004B4D\tKDSETKEYCODE\tconst struct kbkeycode *\n"
11142 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:451
11144 msgid "0x00004B4E\tKDSIGACCEPT\tint\n"
11147 #. type: Plain text
11148 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:455
11149 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/lp.hE<gt>"
11153 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:457
11155 msgid "0x00000601\tLPCHAR\tint\n"
11159 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:458
11161 msgid "0x00000602\tLPTIME\tint\n"
11165 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:459
11167 msgid "0x00000604\tLPABORT\tint\n"
11171 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:460
11173 msgid "0x00000605\tLPSETIRQ\tint\n"
11177 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:461
11179 msgid "0x00000606\tLPGETIRQ\tint *\n"
11183 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:462
11185 msgid "0x00000608\tLPWAIT\tint\n"
11189 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:463
11191 msgid "0x00000609\tLPCAREFUL\tint\n"
11195 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:464
11197 msgid "0x0000060A\tLPABORTOPEN\tint\n"
11201 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:465
11203 msgid "0x0000060B\tLPGETSTATUS\tint *\n"
11207 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:466
11209 msgid "0x0000060C\tLPRESET\tvoid\n"
11213 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:467
11215 msgid "0x0000060D\tLPGETSTATS\tstruct lp_stats *\n"
11218 #. type: Plain text
11219 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:471
11220 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/mroute.hE<gt>"
11224 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:473
11226 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCGETVIFCNT\tstruct sioc_vif_req *\t// I-O\n"
11230 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:474
11232 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCGETSGCNT\tstruct sioc_sg_req *\t// I-O\n"
11235 #. type: Plain text
11236 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:478
11237 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/msdos_fs.hE<gt>"
11241 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:480
11243 msgid "0x82307201\tVFAT_IOCTL_READDIR_BOTH\tstruct dirent [2]\n"
11247 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:481
11249 msgid "0x82307202\tVFAT_IOCTL_READDIR_SHORT\tstruct dirent [2]\n"
11253 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:482
11255 msgid "0x80047210\tFAT_IOCTL_GET_ATTRIBUTES\t__u32 *\n"
11259 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:483
11261 msgid "0x40047211\tFAT_IOCTL_SET_ATTRIBUTES\tconst __u32 *\n"
11264 #. type: Plain text
11265 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:487
11266 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/mtio.hE<gt>"
11270 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:489
11272 msgid "0x40086D01\tMTIOCTOP\tconst struct mtop *\n"
11276 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:490
11278 msgid "0x801C6D02\tMTIOCGET\tstruct mtget *\n"
11282 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:491
11284 msgid "0x80046D03\tMTIOCPOS\tstruct mtpos *\n"
11288 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:492
11290 msgid "0x80206D04\tMTIOCGETCONFIG\tstruct mtconfiginfo *\n"
11294 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:493
11296 msgid "0x40206D05\tMTIOCSETCONFIG\tconst struct mtconfiginfo *\n"
11299 #. type: Plain text
11300 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:497
11301 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/netrom.hE<gt>"
11305 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:499
11307 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCNRGETPARMS\tstruct nr_parms_struct *\t// I-O\n"
11311 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:500
11313 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCNRSETPARMS\tconst struct nr_parms_struct *\n"
11317 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:501
11319 msgid "0x000089E2\tSIOCNRDECOBS\tvoid\n"
11323 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:502
11325 msgid "0x000089E3\tSIOCNRRTCTL\tconst int *\n"
11328 #. type: Plain text
11329 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:506
11330 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/sbpcd.hE<gt>"
11334 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:508
11336 msgid "0x00009000\tDDIOCSDBG\tconst int *\n"
11340 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:509
11342 msgid "0x00005382\tCDROMAUDIOBUFSIZ\tint\n"
11345 #. type: Plain text
11346 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:513
11347 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/scc.hE<gt>"
11351 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:515
11353 msgid "0x00005470\tTIOCSCCINI\tvoid\n"
11357 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:516
11359 msgid "0x00005471\tTIOCCHANINI\tconst struct scc_modem *\n"
11363 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:517
11365 msgid "0x00005472\tTIOCGKISS\tstruct ioctl_command *\t// I-O\n"
11369 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:518
11371 msgid "0x00005473\tTIOCSKISS\tconst struct ioctl_command *\n"
11375 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:519
11377 msgid "0x00005474\tTIOCSCCSTAT\tstruct scc_stat *\n"
11380 #. type: Plain text
11381 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:523
11382 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/scsi.hE<gt>"
11386 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:525
11388 msgid "0x00005382\tSCSI_IOCTL_GET_IDLUN\tstruct { int [2]; } *\n"
11392 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:526
11394 msgid "0x00005383\tSCSI_IOCTL_TAGGED_ENABLE\tvoid\n"
11398 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:527
11400 msgid "0x00005384\tSCSI_IOCTL_TAGGED_DISABLE\tvoid\n"
11404 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:531
11406 msgid "0x00005385\tSCSI_IOCTL_PROBE_HOST\tconst int *\t// MORE\n"
11409 #. type: Plain text
11410 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:535
11411 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/smb_fs.hE<gt>"
11415 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:537
11417 msgid "0x80027501\tSMB_IOC_GETMOUNTUID\tuid_t *\n"
11420 #. type: Plain text
11421 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:541
11422 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/sockios.hE<gt>"
11426 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:543
11428 msgid "0x0000890B\tSIOCADDRT\tconst struct rtentry *\t// MORE\n"
11432 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:544
11434 msgid "0x0000890C\tSIOCDELRT\tconst struct rtentry *\t// MORE\n"
11438 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:545
11440 msgid "0x00008910\tSIOCGIFNAME\tchar []\n"
11444 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:546
11446 msgid "0x00008911\tSIOCSIFLINK\tvoid\n"
11450 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:547
11452 msgid "0x00008912\tSIOCGIFCONF\tstruct ifconf *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
11456 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:548
11458 msgid "0x00008913\tSIOCGIFFLAGS\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11462 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:549
11464 msgid "0x00008914\tSIOCSIFFLAGS\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11468 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:550
11470 msgid "0x00008915\tSIOCGIFADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11474 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:551
11476 msgid "0x00008916\tSIOCSIFADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11480 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:552
11482 msgid "0x00008917\tSIOCGIFDSTADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11486 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:553
11488 msgid "0x00008918\tSIOCSIFDSTADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11492 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:554
11494 msgid "0x00008919\tSIOCGIFBRDADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11498 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:555
11500 msgid "0x0000891A\tSIOCSIFBRDADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11504 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:556
11506 msgid "0x0000891B\tSIOCGIFNETMASK\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11510 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:557
11512 msgid "0x0000891C\tSIOCSIFNETMASK\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11516 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:558
11518 msgid "0x0000891D\tSIOCGIFMETRIC\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11522 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:559
11524 msgid "0x0000891E\tSIOCSIFMETRIC\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11528 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:560
11530 msgid "0x0000891F\tSIOCGIFMEM\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11534 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:561
11536 msgid "0x00008920\tSIOCSIFMEM\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11540 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:562
11542 msgid "0x00008921\tSIOCGIFMTU\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11546 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:563
11548 msgid "0x00008922\tSIOCSIFMTU\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11552 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:567
11554 msgid "0x00008923\tOLD_SIOCGIFHWADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11558 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:568
11560 msgid "0x00008924\tSIOCSIFHWADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\t// MORE\n"
11564 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:569
11566 msgid "0x00008925\tSIOCGIFENCAP\tint *\n"
11570 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:570
11572 msgid "0x00008926\tSIOCSIFENCAP\tconst int *\n"
11576 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:571
11578 msgid "0x00008927\tSIOCGIFHWADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11582 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:572
11584 msgid "0x00008929\tSIOCGIFSLAVE\tvoid\n"
11588 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:573
11590 msgid "0x00008930\tSIOCSIFSLAVE\tvoid\n"
11594 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:574
11596 msgid "0x00008931\tSIOCADDMULTI\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11600 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:575
11602 msgid "0x00008932\tSIOCDELMULTI\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11606 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:576
11608 msgid "0x00008940\tSIOCADDRTOLD\tvoid\n"
11612 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:577
11614 msgid "0x00008941\tSIOCDELRTOLD\tvoid\n"
11618 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:578
11620 msgid "0x00008950\tSIOCDARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
11624 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:579
11626 msgid "0x00008951\tSIOCGARP\tstruct arpreq *\t// I-O\n"
11630 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:580
11632 msgid "0x00008952\tSIOCSARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
11636 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:581
11638 msgid "0x00008960\tSIOCDRARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
11642 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:582
11644 msgid "0x00008961\tSIOCGRARP\tstruct arpreq *\t// I-O\n"
11648 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:583
11650 msgid "0x00008962\tSIOCSRARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
11654 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:584
11656 msgid "0x00008970\tSIOCGIFMAP\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11660 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:585
11662 msgid "0x00008971\tSIOCSIFMAP\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11665 #. type: Plain text
11666 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:589
11667 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/soundcard.hE<gt>"
11671 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:591
11673 msgid "0x00005100\tSNDCTL_SEQ_RESET\tvoid\n"
11677 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:592
11679 msgid "0x00005101\tSNDCTL_SEQ_SYNC\tvoid\n"
11683 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:596
11685 msgid "0xC08C5102\tSNDCTL_SYNTH_INFO\tstruct synth_info *\t// I-O\n"
11689 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:597
11691 msgid "0xC0045103\tSNDCTL_SEQ_CTRLRATE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11695 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:598
11697 msgid "0x80045104\tSNDCTL_SEQ_GETOUTCOUNT\tint *\n"
11701 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:599
11703 msgid "0x80045105\tSNDCTL_SEQ_GETINCOUNT\tint *\n"
11707 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:600
11709 msgid "0x40045106\tSNDCTL_SEQ_PERCMODE\tvoid\n"
11713 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:604
11715 msgid "0x40285107\tSNDCTL_FM_LOAD_INSTR\tconst struct sbi_instrument *\n"
11719 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:608
11721 msgid "0x40045108\tSNDCTL_SEQ_TESTMIDI\tconst int *\n"
11725 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:609
11727 msgid "0x40045109\tSNDCTL_SEQ_RESETSAMPLES\tconst int *\n"
11731 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:610
11733 msgid "0x8004510A\tSNDCTL_SEQ_NRSYNTHS\tint *\n"
11737 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:611
11739 msgid "0x8004510B\tSNDCTL_SEQ_NRMIDIS\tint *\n"
11743 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:612
11745 msgid "0xC074510C\tSNDCTL_MIDI_INFO\tstruct midi_info *\t// I-O\n"
11749 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:613
11751 msgid "0x4004510D\tSNDCTL_SEQ_THRESHOLD\tconst int *\n"
11755 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:614
11757 msgid "0xC004510E\tSNDCTL_SYNTH_MEMAVL\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11761 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:615
11763 msgid "0x4004510F\tSNDCTL_FM_4OP_ENABLE\tconst int *\n"
11767 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:616
11769 msgid "0xCFB85110\tSNDCTL_PMGR_ACCESS\tstruct patmgr_info *\t// I-O\n"
11773 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:617
11775 msgid "0x00005111\tSNDCTL_SEQ_PANIC\tvoid\n"
11779 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:621
11781 msgid "0x40085112\tSNDCTL_SEQ_OUTOFBAND\tconst struct seq_event_rec *\n"
11785 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:625
11787 msgid "0xC0045401\tSNDCTL_TMR_TIMEBASE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11791 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:626
11793 msgid "0x00005402\tSNDCTL_TMR_START\tvoid\n"
11797 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:627
11799 msgid "0x00005403\tSNDCTL_TMR_STOP\tvoid\n"
11803 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:628
11805 msgid "0x00005404\tSNDCTL_TMR_CONTINUE\tvoid\n"
11809 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:629
11811 msgid "0xC0045405\tSNDCTL_TMR_TEMPO\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11815 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:630
11817 msgid "0xC0045406\tSNDCTL_TMR_SOURCE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11821 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:631
11823 msgid "0x40045407\tSNDCTL_TMR_METRONOME\tconst int *\n"
11827 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:632
11829 msgid "0x40045408\tSNDCTL_TMR_SELECT\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11833 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:633
11835 msgid "0xCFB85001\tSNDCTL_PMGR_IFACE\tstruct patmgr_info *\t// I-O\n"
11839 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:634
11841 msgid "0xC0046D00\tSNDCTL_MIDI_PRETIME\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11845 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:635
11847 msgid "0xC0046D01\tSNDCTL_MIDI_MPUMODE\tconst int *\n"
11851 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:639
11853 msgid "0xC0216D02\tSNDCTL_MIDI_MPUCMD\tstruct mpu_command_rec *\t// I-O\n"
11857 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:643
11859 msgid "0x00005000\tSNDCTL_DSP_RESET\tvoid\n"
11863 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:644
11865 msgid "0x00005001\tSNDCTL_DSP_SYNC\tvoid\n"
11869 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:645
11871 msgid "0xC0045002\tSNDCTL_DSP_SPEED\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11875 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:646
11877 msgid "0xC0045003\tSNDCTL_DSP_STEREO\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11881 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:647
11883 msgid "0xC0045004\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETBLKSIZE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11887 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:648
11889 msgid "0xC0045006\tSOUND_PCM_WRITE_CHANNELS\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11893 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:649
11895 msgid "0xC0045007\tSOUND_PCM_WRITE_FILTER\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11899 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:650
11901 msgid "0x00005008\tSNDCTL_DSP_POST\tvoid\n"
11905 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:651
11907 msgid "0xC0045009\tSNDCTL_DSP_SUBDIVIDE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11911 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:652
11913 msgid "0xC004500A\tSNDCTL_DSP_SETFRAGMENT\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11917 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:653
11919 msgid "0x8004500B\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETFMTS\tint *\n"
11923 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:654
11925 msgid "0xC0045005\tSNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11929 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:658
11931 msgid "0x800C500C\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETOSPACE\tstruct audio_buf_info *\n"
11935 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:659
11937 msgid "0x800C500D\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETISPACE\tstruct audio_buf_info *\n"
11941 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:660
11943 msgid "0x0000500E\tSNDCTL_DSP_NONBLOCK\tvoid\n"
11947 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:661
11949 msgid "0x80045002\tSOUND_PCM_READ_RATE\tint *\n"
11953 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:662
11955 msgid "0x80045006\tSOUND_PCM_READ_CHANNELS\tint *\n"
11959 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:663
11961 msgid "0x80045005\tSOUND_PCM_READ_BITS\tint *\n"
11965 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:664
11967 msgid "0x80045007\tSOUND_PCM_READ_FILTER\tint *\n"
11971 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:665
11973 msgid "0x00004300\tSNDCTL_COPR_RESET\tvoid\n"
11977 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:666
11979 msgid "0xCFB04301\tSNDCTL_COPR_LOAD\tconst struct copr_buffer *\n"
11983 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:670
11985 msgid "0xC0144302\tSNDCTL_COPR_RDATA\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
11989 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:671
11991 msgid "0xC0144303\tSNDCTL_COPR_RCODE\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
11995 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:675
11997 msgid "0x40144304\tSNDCTL_COPR_WDATA\tconst struct copr_debug_buf *\n"
12001 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:676
12003 msgid "0x40144305\tSNDCTL_COPR_WCODE\tconst struct copr_debug_buf *\n"
12007 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:680
12009 msgid "0xC0144306\tSNDCTL_COPR_RUN\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
12013 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:681
12015 msgid "0xC0144307\tSNDCTL_COPR_HALT\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
12019 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:685
12021 msgid "0x4FA44308\tSNDCTL_COPR_SENDMSG\tconst struct copr_msg *\n"
12025 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:686
12027 msgid "0x8FA44309\tSNDCTL_COPR_RCVMSG\tstruct copr_msg *\n"
12031 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:687
12033 msgid "0x80044D00\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_VOLUME\tint *\n"
12037 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:688
12039 msgid "0x80044D01\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_BASS\tint *\n"
12043 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:689
12045 msgid "0x80044D02\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_TREBLE\tint *\n"
12049 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:690
12051 msgid "0x80044D03\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_SYNTH\tint *\n"
12055 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:691
12057 msgid "0x80044D04\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_PCM\tint *\n"
12061 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:692
12063 msgid "0x80044D05\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_SPEAKER\tint *\n"
12067 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:693
12069 msgid "0x80044D06\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE\tint *\n"
12073 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:694
12075 msgid "0x80044D07\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_MIC\tint *\n"
12079 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:695
12081 msgid "0x80044D08\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_CD\tint *\n"
12085 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:696
12087 msgid "0x80044D09\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_IMIX\tint *\n"
12091 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:697
12093 msgid "0x80044D0A\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_ALTPCM\tint *\n"
12097 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:698
12099 msgid "0x80044D0B\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_RECLEV\tint *\n"
12103 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:699
12105 msgid "0x80044D0C\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_IGAIN\tint *\n"
12109 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:700
12111 msgid "0x80044D0D\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_OGAIN\tint *\n"
12115 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:701
12117 msgid "0x80044D0E\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE1\tint *\n"
12121 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:702
12123 msgid "0x80044D0F\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE2\tint *\n"
12127 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:703
12129 msgid "0x80044D10\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE3\tint *\n"
12133 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:704
12135 msgid "0x80044D1C\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_MUTE\tint *\n"
12139 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:705
12141 msgid "0x80044D1D\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_ENHANCE\tint *\n"
12145 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:706
12147 msgid "0x80044D1E\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LOUD\tint *\n"
12151 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:707
12153 msgid "0x80044DFF\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_RECSRC\tint *\n"
12157 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:708
12159 msgid "0x80044DFE\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_DEVMASK\tint *\n"
12163 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:709
12165 msgid "0x80044DFD\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_RECMASK\tint *\n"
12169 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:710
12171 msgid "0x80044DFB\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_STEREODEVS\tint *\n"
12175 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:711
12177 msgid "0x80044DFC\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_CAPS\tint *\n"
12181 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:715
12183 msgid "0xC0044D00\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_VOLUME\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12187 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:716
12189 msgid "0xC0044D01\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_BASS\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12193 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:717
12195 msgid "0xC0044D02\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_TREBLE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12199 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:718
12201 msgid "0xC0044D03\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_SYNTH\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12205 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:719
12207 msgid "0xC0044D04\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_PCM\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12211 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:720
12213 msgid "0xC0044D05\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_SPEAKER\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12217 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:721
12219 msgid "0xC0044D06\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12223 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:722
12225 msgid "0xC0044D07\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_MIC\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12229 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:723
12231 msgid "0xC0044D08\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_CD\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12235 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:724
12237 msgid "0xC0044D09\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_IMIX\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12241 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:725
12243 msgid "0xC0044D0A\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_ALTPCM\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12247 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:726
12249 msgid "0xC0044D0B\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_RECLEV\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12253 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:727
12255 msgid "0xC0044D0C\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_IGAIN\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12259 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:728
12261 msgid "0xC0044D0D\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_OGAIN\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12265 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:729
12267 msgid "0xC0044D0E\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE1\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12271 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:730
12273 msgid "0xC0044D0F\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE2\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12277 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:731
12279 msgid "0xC0044D10\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE3\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12283 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:732
12285 msgid "0xC0044D1C\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_MUTE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12289 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:733
12291 msgid "0xC0044D1D\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_ENHANCE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12295 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:734
12297 msgid "0xC0044D1E\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LOUD\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12301 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:735
12303 msgid "0xC0044DFF\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_RECSRC\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12306 #. type: Plain text
12307 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:739
12308 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/umsdos_fs.hE<gt>"
12312 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:741
12314 msgid "0x000004D2\tUMSDOS_READDIR_DOS\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\t// I-O\n"
12318 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:742
12320 msgid "0x000004D3\tUMSDOS_UNLINK_DOS\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
12324 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:743
12326 msgid "0x000004D4\tUMSDOS_RMDIR_DOS\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
12330 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:744
12332 msgid "0x000004D5\tUMSDOS_STAT_DOS\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\t// I-O\n"
12336 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:745
12338 msgid "0x000004D6\tUMSDOS_CREAT_EMD\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
12342 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:746
12344 msgid "0x000004D7\tUMSDOS_UNLINK_EMD\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
12348 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:747
12350 msgid "0x000004D8\tUMSDOS_READDIR_EMD\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\t// I-O\n"
12354 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:748
12356 msgid "0x000004D9\tUMSDOS_GETVERSION\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
12360 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:749
12362 msgid "0x000004DA\tUMSDOS_INIT_EMD\tvoid\n"
12366 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:750
12368 msgid "0x000004DB\tUMSDOS_DOS_SETUP\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
12372 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:751
12374 msgid "0x000004DC\tUMSDOS_RENAME_DOS\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
12377 #. type: Plain text
12378 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:755
12379 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/vt.hE<gt>"
12383 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:757
12385 msgid "0x00005600\tVT_OPENQRY\tint *\n"
12389 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:758
12391 msgid "0x00005601\tVT_GETMODE\tstruct vt_mode *\n"
12395 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:759
12397 msgid "0x00005602\tVT_SETMODE\tconst struct vt_mode *\n"
12401 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:760
12403 msgid "0x00005603\tVT_GETSTATE\tstruct vt_stat *\n"
12407 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:761
12409 msgid "0x00005604\tVT_SENDSIG\tvoid\n"
12413 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:762
12415 msgid "0x00005605\tVT_RELDISP\tint\n"
12419 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:763
12421 msgid "0x00005606\tVT_ACTIVATE\tint\n"
12425 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:764
12427 msgid "0x00005607\tVT_WAITACTIVE\tint\n"
12431 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:765
12433 msgid "0x00005608\tVT_DISALLOCATE\tint\n"
12437 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:766
12439 msgid "0x00005609\tVT_RESIZE\tconst struct vt_sizes *\n"
12443 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:767
12445 msgid "0x0000560A\tVT_RESIZEX\tconst struct vt_consize *\n"
12448 #. type: Plain text
12449 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:774
12451 "// More arguments. Some ioctl's take a pointer to a structure which "
12452 "contains additional pointers. These are documented here in alphabetical "
12456 #. type: Plain text
12457 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:782
12459 "B<CDROMREADAUDIO> takes an input pointer I<const struct cdrom_read_audio\\ "
12460 "*>. The I<buf> field points to an output buffer of length I<nframes\\ * "
12461 "CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW>."
12464 #. type: Plain text
12465 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:798
12467 "B<CDROMREADCOOKED>, B<CDROMREADMODE1>, B<CDROMREADMODE2>, and "
12468 "B<CDROMREADRAW> take an input pointer I<const struct cdrom_msf\\ *>. They "
12469 "use the same pointer as an output pointer to I<char []>. The length varies "
12470 "by request. For B<CDROMREADMODE1>, most drivers use CD_FRAMESIZE, but the "
12471 "Optics Storage driver uses OPT_BLOCKSIZE instead (both have the numerical "
12475 #. type: Plain text
12476 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:804
12479 " CDROMREADCOOKED char [CD_FRAMESIZE]\n"
12480 " CDROMREADMODE1 char [CD_FRAMESIZE or OPT_BLOCKSIZE]\n"
12481 " CDROMREADMODE2 char [CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW0]\n"
12482 " CDROMREADRAW char [CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW]\n"
12485 #. type: Plain text
12486 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:818
12488 "B<EQL_ENSLAVE>, B<EQL_EMANCIPATE>, B<EQL_GETSLAVECFG>, B<EQL_SETSLAVECFG>, "
12489 "B<EQL_GETMASTERCFG>, and B<EQL_SETMASTERCFG> take a I<struct ifreq\\ *>. "
12490 "The I<ifr_data> field is a pointer to another structure as follows:"
12493 #. type: Plain text
12494 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:826
12497 " EQL_ENSLAVE const struct slaving_request *\n"
12498 " EQL_EMANCIPATE const struct slaving_request *\n"
12499 " EQL_GETSLAVECFG struct slave_config * // I-O\n"
12500 " EQL_SETSLAVECFG const struct slave_config *\n"
12501 " EQL_GETMASTERCFG struct master_config *\n"
12502 " EQL_SETMASTERCFG const struct master_config *\n"
12505 #. type: Plain text
12506 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:843
12508 "B<FDRAWCMD> takes a I<struct floppy raw_cmd\\ *>. If I<flags & "
12509 "FD_RAW_WRITE> is nonzero, then I<data> points to an input buffer of length "
12510 "I<length>. If I<flags & FD_RAW_READ> is nonzero, then I<data> points to an "
12511 "output buffer of length I<length>."
12514 #. type: Plain text
12515 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:859
12517 "B<GIO_FONTX> and B<PIO_FONTX> take a I<struct console_font_desc\\ *> or a "
12518 "I<const struct console_font_desc\\ *>, respectively. I<chardata> points to "
12519 "a buffer of I<char [charcount]>. This is an output buffer for B<GIO_FONTX> "
12520 "and an input buffer for B<PIO_FONTX>."
12523 #. type: Plain text
12524 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:875
12526 "B<GIO_UNIMAP> and B<PIO_UNIMAP> take a I<struct unimapdesc\\ *> or a I<const "
12527 "struct unimapdesc\\ *>, respectively. I<entries> points to a buffer of "
12528 "I<struct unipair [entry_ct]>. This is an output buffer for B<GIO_UNIMAP> "
12529 "and an input buffer for B<PIO_UNIMAP>."
12532 #. type: Plain text
12533 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:879
12535 "KDADDIO, KDDELIO, KDDISABIO, and KDENABIO enable or disable access to I/O "
12536 "ports. They are essentially alternate interfaces to 'ioperm'."
12539 #. type: Plain text
12540 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:885
12542 "B<KDMAPDISP> and B<KDUNMAPDISP> enable or disable memory mappings or I/O "
12543 "port access. They are not implemented in the kernel."
12546 #. type: Plain text
12547 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:893
12549 "B<SCSI_IOCTL_PROBE_HOST> takes an input pointer I<const int\\ *>, which is a "
12550 "length. It uses the same pointer as an output pointer to a I<char []> "
12551 "buffer of this length."
12554 #. type: Plain text
12555 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:899
12557 "B<SIOCADDRT> and B<SIOCDELRT> take an input pointer whose type depends on "
12561 #. type: Plain text
12562 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:904
12565 " Most protocols const struct rtentry *\n"
12566 " AX.25 const struct ax25_route *\n"
12567 " NET/ROM const struct nr_route_struct *\n"
12570 #. type: Plain text
12571 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:915
12573 "B<SIOCGIFCONF> takes a I<struct ifconf\\ *>. The I<ifc_buf> field points to "
12574 "a buffer of length I<ifc_len> bytes, into which the kernel writes a list of "
12575 "type I<struct ifreq []>."
12578 #. type: Plain text
12579 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:918
12580 msgid "B<SIOCSIFHWADDR> takes an input pointer whose type depends on the protocol:"
12583 #. type: Plain text
12584 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:922
12587 " Most protocols const struct ifreq *\n"
12588 " AX.25 const char [AX25_ADDR_LEN]\n"
12591 #. type: Plain text
12592 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:937
12594 "B<TIOCLINUX> takes a I<const char\\ *>. It uses this to distinguish several "
12595 "independent subcases. In the table below, I<N + foo> means I<foo> after an "
12596 "N-byte pad. I<struct selection> is implicitly defined in "
12597 "I<drivers/char/selection.c>"
12600 #. type: Plain text
12601 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:946
12604 " TIOCLINUX-2 1 + const struct selection *\n"
12605 " TIOCLINUX-3 void\n"
12606 " TIOCLINUX-4 void\n"
12607 " TIOCLINUX-5 4 + const struct { long [8]; } *\n"
12608 " TIOCLINUX-6 char *\n"
12609 " TIOCLINUX-7 char *\n"
12610 " TIOCLINUX-10 1 + const char *\n"
12613 #. type: Plain text
12614 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:949
12615 msgid "// Duplicate ioctls"
12618 #. type: Plain text
12619 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:954
12621 "This list does not include ioctls in the range B<SIOCDEVPRIVATE> and "
12622 "B<SIOCPROTOPRIVATE>."
12626 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:956
12628 msgid "0x00000001\tFDSETPRM\tFIBMAP\n"
12632 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:957
12634 msgid "0x00000002\tFDDEFPRM\tFIGETBSZ\n"
12638 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:958
12640 msgid "0x00005382\tCDROMAUDIOBUFSIZ\tSCSI_IOCTL_GET_IDLUN\n"
12644 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:959
12646 msgid "0x00005402\tSNDCTL_TMR_START\tTCSETS\n"
12650 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:960
12652 msgid "0x00005403\tSNDCTL_TMR_STOP\tTCSETSW\n"
12656 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:961
12658 msgid "0x00005404\tSNDCTL_TMR_CONTINUE\tTCSETSF\n"
12661 #. type: Plain text
12662 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:965
12663 msgid "B<ioctl>(2)"
12667 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34
12672 #. type: Plain text
12673 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:37
12674 msgid "ioperm - set port input/output permissions"
12677 #. type: Plain text
12678 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:40
12679 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> /* for libc5 */"
12682 #. type: Plain text
12683 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:43
12684 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/io.hE<gt>> /* for glibc */"
12687 #. type: Plain text
12688 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:45
12690 "B<int ioperm(unsigned long >I<from>B<, unsigned long >I<num>B<, int "
12694 #. type: Plain text
12695 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:59
12697 "B<ioperm>() sets the port access permission bits for the calling thread for "
12698 "I<num> bits starting from port address I<from>. If I<turn_on> is nonzero, "
12699 "then permission for the specified bits is enabled; otherwise it is "
12700 "disabled. If I<turn_on> is nonzero, the calling thread must be privileged "
12701 "(B<CAP_SYS_RAWIO>)."
12704 #. type: Plain text
12705 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:68
12707 "Before Linux 2.6.8, only the first 0x3ff I/O ports could be specified in "
12708 "this manner. For more ports, the B<iopl>(2) system call had to be used "
12709 "(with a I<level> argument of 3). Since Linux 2.6.8, 65,536 I/O ports can be "
12713 #. type: Plain text
12714 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:78
12716 "Permissions are not inherited by the child created by B<fork>(2); following "
12717 "a B<fork>(2) the child must turn on those permissions that it needs. "
12718 "Permissions are preserved across B<execve>(2); this is useful for giving "
12719 "port access permissions to unprivileged programs."
12722 #. type: Plain text
12723 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:82
12725 "This call is mostly for the i386 architecture. On many other architectures "
12726 "it does not exist or will always return an error."
12729 #. type: Plain text
12730 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:94
12731 msgid "Invalid values for I<from> or I<num>."
12734 #. type: Plain text
12735 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:97
12736 msgid "(on PowerPC) This call is not supported."
12739 #. Could not allocate I/O bitmap.
12740 #. type: Plain text
12741 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:101
12742 msgid "Out of memory."
12745 #. type: Plain text
12746 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:104
12747 msgid "The calling thread has insufficient privilege."
12750 #. type: Plain text
12751 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:108
12753 "B<ioperm>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs intended "
12757 #. type: Plain text
12758 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:112
12760 "The I</proc/ioports> file shows the I/O ports that are currently allocated "
12764 #. type: Plain text
12765 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:121
12767 "Libc5 treats it as a system call and has a prototype in "
12768 "I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>. Glibc1 does not have a prototype. Glibc2 has a "
12769 "prototype both in I<E<lt>sys/io.hE<gt>> and in I<E<lt>sys/perm.hE<gt>>. "
12770 "Avoid the latter, it is available on i386 only."
12773 #. type: Plain text
12774 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:125
12775 msgid "B<iopl>(2), B<outb>(2), B<capabilities>(7)"
12779 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:28
12784 #. type: Plain text
12785 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:31
12786 msgid "lockf - apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on an open file"
12789 #. type: Plain text
12790 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:35
12791 msgid "B<int lockf(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<cmd>B<, off_t >I<len>B<);>"
12794 #. type: Plain text
12795 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:42
12796 msgid "B<lockf>():"
12799 #. type: Plain text
12800 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:46
12802 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
12803 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
12806 #. type: Plain text
12807 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:69
12809 "Apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on a section of an open file. The file "
12810 "is specified by I<fd>, a file descriptor open for writing, the action by "
12811 "I<cmd>, and the section consists of byte positions I<pos>..I<pos>+I<len>-1 "
12812 "if I<len> is positive, and I<pos>-I<len>..I<pos>-1 if I<len> is negative, "
12813 "where I<pos> is the current file position, and if I<len> is zero, the "
12814 "section extends from the current file position to infinity, encompassing the "
12815 "present and future end-of-file positions. In all cases, the section may "
12816 "extend past current end-of-file."
12819 #. type: Plain text
12820 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:84
12822 "On Linux, B<lockf>() is just an interface on top of B<fcntl>(2) locking. "
12823 "Many other systems implement B<lockf>() in this way, but note that "
12824 "POSIX.1-2001 leaves the relationship between B<lockf>() and B<fcntl>(2) "
12825 "locks unspecified. A portable application should probably avoid mixing "
12826 "calls to these interfaces."
12829 #. type: Plain text
12830 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:86
12831 msgid "Valid operations are given below:"
12835 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:86
12840 #. type: Plain text
12841 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:96
12843 "Set an exclusive lock on the specified section of the file. If (part of) "
12844 "this section is already locked, the call blocks until the previous lock is "
12845 "released. If this section overlaps an earlier locked section, both are "
12846 "merged. File locks are released as soon as the process holding the locks "
12847 "closes some file descriptor for the file. A child process does not inherit "
12852 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:96
12857 #. type: Plain text
12858 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:102
12860 "Same as B<F_LOCK> but the call never blocks and returns an error instead if "
12861 "the file is already locked."
12865 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:102
12870 #. type: Plain text
12871 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:106
12873 "Unlock the indicated section of the file. This may cause a locked section "
12874 "to be split into two locked sections."
12878 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:106
12883 #. type: Plain text
12884 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:116
12886 "Test the lock: return 0 if the specified section is unlocked or locked by "
12887 "this process; return -1, set I<errno> to B<EAGAIN> (B<EACCES> on some other "
12888 "systems), if another process holds a lock."
12891 #. type: Plain text
12892 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:130
12894 "The file is locked and B<F_TLOCK> or B<F_TEST> was specified, or the "
12895 "operation is prohibited because the file has been memory-mapped by another "
12899 #. type: Plain text
12900 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:142
12902 "I<fd> is not an open file descriptor; or I<cmd> is B<F_LOCK> or B<F_TLOCK> "
12903 "and I<fd> is not a writable file descriptor."
12906 #. type: Plain text
12907 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:147
12908 msgid "The command was B<F_LOCK> and this lock operation would cause a deadlock."
12911 #. type: Plain text
12912 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:151
12913 msgid "An invalid operation was specified in I<cmd>."
12916 #. type: Plain text
12917 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:154
12918 msgid "Too many segment locks open, lock table is full."
12921 #. type: Plain text
12922 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:156
12923 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001."
12926 #. type: Plain text
12927 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:159
12928 msgid "B<fcntl>(2), B<flock>(2)"
12931 #. type: Plain text
12932 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:171
12934 "I<locks.txt> and I<mandatory-locking.txt> in the Linux kernel source "
12935 "directory I<Documentation/filesystems> (on older kernels, these files are "
12936 "directly under the I<Documentation> directory, and I<mandatory-locking.txt> "
12937 "is called I<mandatory.txt>)"
12941 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:34
12947 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:34
12952 #. type: Plain text
12953 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:37
12954 msgid "mincore - determine whether pages are resident in memory"
12957 #. type: Plain text
12958 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:41
12959 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/mman.hE<gt>>"
12962 #. type: Plain text
12963 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:43
12965 "B<int mincore(void *>I<addr>B<, size_t >I<length>B<, unsigned char "
12969 #. type: Plain text
12970 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:51
12971 msgid "B<mincore>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
12974 #. type: Plain text
12975 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:62
12977 "B<mincore>() returns a vector that indicates whether pages of the calling "
12978 "process's virtual memory are resident in core (RAM), and so will not cause a "
12979 "disk access (page fault) if referenced. The kernel returns residency "
12980 "information about the pages starting at the address I<addr>, and continuing "
12981 "for I<length> bytes."
12984 #. type: Plain text
12985 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:76
12987 "The I<addr> argument must be a multiple of the system page size. The "
12988 "I<length> argument need not be a multiple of the page size, but since "
12989 "residency information is returned for whole pages, I<length> is effectively "
12990 "rounded up to the next multiple of the page size. One may obtain the page "
12991 "size (B<PAGE_SIZE>) using I<sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)>."
12994 #. type: Plain text
12995 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:94
12997 "The I<vec> argument must point to an array containing at least "
12998 "I<(length+PAGE_SIZE-1) / PAGE_SIZE> bytes. On return, the least significant "
12999 "bit of each byte will be set if the corresponding page is currently resident "
13000 "in memory, and be clear otherwise. (The settings of the other bits in each "
13001 "byte are undefined; these bits are reserved for possible later use.) Of "
13002 "course the information returned in I<vec> is only a snapshot: pages that are "
13003 "not locked in memory can come and go at any moment, and the contents of "
13004 "I<vec> may already be stale by the time this call returns."
13007 #. type: Plain text
13008 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:101
13010 "On success, B<mincore>() returns zero. On error, -1 is returned, and "
13011 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
13014 #. type: Plain text
13015 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:104
13016 msgid "B<EAGAIN> kernel is temporarily out of resources."
13019 #. type: Plain text
13020 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:108
13021 msgid "I<vec> points to an invalid address."
13024 #. type: Plain text
13025 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:112
13026 msgid "I<addr> is not a multiple of the page size."
13029 #. type: Plain text
13030 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:124
13032 "I<length> is greater than (I<TASK_SIZE> - I<addr>). (This could occur if a "
13033 "negative value is specified for I<length>, since that value will be "
13034 "interpreted as a large unsigned integer.) In Linux 2.6.11 and earlier, the "
13035 "error B<EINVAL> was returned for this condition."
13038 #. type: Plain text
13039 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:132
13040 msgid "I<addr> to I<addr> + I<length> contained unmapped memory."
13043 #. type: Plain text
13044 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:134
13045 msgid "Available since Linux 2.3.99pre1 and glibc 2.2."
13048 #. It is on at least NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris 8,
13049 #. AIX 5.1, SunOS 4.1
13053 #. function first appeared in 4.4BSD.
13054 #. type: Plain text
13055 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:144
13057 "B<mincore>() is not specified in POSIX.1-2001, and it is not available on "
13058 "all UNIX implementations."
13061 #. Linux (up to now, 2.6.5),
13063 #. does not return correct information for MAP_PRIVATE mappings:
13064 #. for a MAP_PRIVATE file mapping,
13066 #. returns the residency of the file pages, rather than any
13067 #. modified process-private pages that have been copied on write;
13068 #. for a MAP_PRIVATE mapping of
13071 #. always reports pages as nonresident;
13072 #. and for a MAP_PRIVATE, MAP_ANONYMOUS mapping,
13074 #. always fails with the error
13076 #. type: Plain text
13077 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:166
13079 "Before kernel 2.6.21, B<mincore>() did not return correct information for "
13080 "B<MAP_PRIVATE> mappings, or for nonlinear mappings (established using "
13081 "B<remap_file_pages>(2))."
13084 #. type: Plain text
13085 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:169
13086 msgid "B<mlock>(2), B<mmap>(2)"
13090 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:11
13095 #. type: Plain text
13096 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:14
13097 msgid "mkdir, mkdirat - create a directory"
13100 #. .B #include <unistd.h>
13101 #. type: Plain text
13102 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:19
13105 "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
13106 "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
13109 #. type: Plain text
13110 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:21
13112 msgid "B<int mkdir(const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<);>\n"
13115 #. type: Plain text
13116 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:24
13119 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt> >/* Definition of AT_* constants */\n"
13120 "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
13123 #. type: Plain text
13124 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:26
13127 "B<int mkdirat(int >I<dirfd>B<, const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t "
13131 #. type: Plain text
13132 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:34
13133 msgid "B<mkdirat>():"
13136 #. type: Plain text
13137 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:51
13138 msgid "B<mkdir>() attempts to create a directory named I<pathname>."
13141 #. type: Plain text
13142 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:61
13144 "The argument I<mode> specifies the permissions to use. It is modified by "
13145 "the process's I<umask> in the usual way: the permissions of the created "
13146 "directory are (I<mode> & ~I<umask> & 0777). Other mode bits of the created "
13147 "directory depend on the operating system. For Linux, see below."
13150 #. type: Plain text
13151 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:71
13153 "The newly created directory will be owned by the effective user ID of the "
13154 "process. If the directory containing the file has the set-group-ID bit set, "
13155 "or if the filesystem is mounted with BSD group semantics (I<mount -o "
13156 "bsdgroups> or, synonymously I<mount -o grpid>), the new directory will "
13157 "inherit the group ownership from its parent; otherwise it will be owned by "
13158 "the effective group ID of the process."
13161 #. type: Plain text
13162 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:76
13164 "If the parent directory has the set-group-ID bit set, then so will the newly "
13165 "created directory."
13169 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:76
13174 #. type: Plain text
13175 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:82
13177 "The B<mkdirat>() system call operates in exactly the same way as "
13178 "B<mkdir>(), except for the differences described here."
13181 #. type: Plain text
13182 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:92
13184 "If the pathname given in I<pathname> is relative, then it is interpreted "
13185 "relative to the directory referred to by the file descriptor I<dirfd> "
13186 "(rather than relative to the current working directory of the calling "
13187 "process, as is done by B<mkdir>() for a relative pathname)."
13190 #. type: Plain text
13191 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:104
13193 "If I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is the special value B<AT_FDCWD>, "
13194 "then I<pathname> is interpreted relative to the current working directory of "
13195 "the calling process (like B<mkdir>())."
13198 #. type: Plain text
13199 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:115
13200 msgid "See B<openat>(2) for an explanation of the need for B<mkdirat>()."
13203 #. type: Plain text
13204 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:122
13206 "B<mkdir>() and B<mkdirat>() return zero on success, or -1 if an error "
13207 "occurred (in which case, I<errno> is set appropriately)."
13210 #. type: Plain text
13211 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:131
13213 "The parent directory does not allow write permission to the process, or one "
13214 "of the directories in I<pathname> did not allow search permission. (See "
13215 "also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
13219 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:131
13224 #. type: Plain text
13225 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:135
13227 "The user's quota of disk blocks or inodes on the filesystem has been "
13232 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:135
13237 #. type: Plain text
13238 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:142
13240 "I<pathname> already exists (not necessarily as a directory). This includes "
13241 "the case where I<pathname> is a symbolic link, dangling or not."
13245 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:149
13250 #. type: Plain text
13251 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:153
13252 msgid "The number of links to the parent directory would exceed B<LINK_MAX>."
13255 #. type: Plain text
13256 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:156
13257 msgid "I<pathname> was too long."
13260 #. type: Plain text
13261 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:161
13263 "A directory component in I<pathname> does not exist or is a dangling "
13268 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:164 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:169
13273 #. type: Plain text
13274 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:169
13275 msgid "The device containing I<pathname> has no room for the new directory."
13278 #. type: Plain text
13279 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:173
13281 "The new directory cannot be created because the user's disk quota is "
13285 #. type: Plain text
13286 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:183
13288 "The filesystem containing I<pathname> does not support the creation of "
13292 #. type: Plain text
13293 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:187
13294 msgid "I<pathname> refers to a file on a read-only filesystem."
13297 #. type: Plain text
13298 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:190
13299 msgid "The following additional errors can occur for B<mkdirat>():"
13302 #. type: Plain text
13303 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:204
13305 "B<mkdirat>() was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16; library support was added "
13306 "to glibc in version 2.4."
13309 #. SVr4 documents additional EIO, EMULTIHOP
13310 #. type: Plain text
13311 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:208
13312 msgid "B<mkdir>(): SVr4, BSD, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008."
13315 #. type: Plain text
13316 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:211
13317 msgid "B<mkdirat>(): POSIX.1-2008."
13320 #. type: Plain text
13321 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:219
13323 "Under Linux apart from the permission bits, only the B<S_ISVTX> mode bit is "
13324 "honored. That is, under Linux the created directory actually gets mode "
13325 "(I<mode> & ~I<umask> & 01777). See also B<stat>(2)."
13328 #. type: Plain text
13329 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:223
13331 "There are many infelicities in the protocol underlying NFS. Some of these "
13332 "affect B<mkdir>()."
13335 #. type: Plain text
13336 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:234
13338 "B<mkdir>(1), B<chmod>(2), B<chown>(2), B<mknod>(2), B<mount>(2), "
13339 "B<rmdir>(2), B<stat>(2), B<umask>(2), B<unlink>(2), B<path_resolution>(7)"
13343 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:31
13349 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:31 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28
13354 #. type: Plain text
13355 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:34
13356 msgid "nice - change process priority"
13359 #. type: Plain text
13360 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:38
13361 msgid "B<int nice(int >I<inc>B<);>"
13364 #. type: Plain text
13365 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:46
13366 msgid "B<nice>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
13369 #. type: Plain text
13370 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:56
13372 "B<nice>() adds I<inc> to the nice value for the calling process. (A higher "
13373 "nice value means a low priority.) Only the super\\%user may specify a "
13374 "negative increment, or priority increase. The range for nice values is "
13375 "described in B<getpriority>(2)."
13378 #. type: Plain text
13379 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:61
13381 "On success, the new nice value is returned (but see NOTES below). On error, "
13382 "-1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
13385 #. type: Plain text
13386 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:75
13388 "The calling process attempted to increase its priority by supplying a "
13389 "negative I<inc> but has insufficient privileges. Under Linux the "
13390 "B<CAP_SYS_NICE> capability is required. (But see the discussion of the "
13391 "B<RLIMIT_NICE> resource limit in B<setrlimit>(2).)"
13394 #. type: Plain text
13395 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:82
13397 "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. However, the Linux and (g)libc (earlier than "
13398 "glibc 2.2.4) return value is nonstandard, see below. SVr4 documents an "
13399 "additional B<EINVAL> error code."
13402 #. type: Plain text
13403 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:92
13405 "SUSv2 and POSIX.1-2001 specify that B<nice>() should return the new nice "
13406 "value. However, the Linux syscall and the B<nice>() library function "
13407 "provided in older versions of (g)libc (earlier than glibc 2.2.4) return 0 on "
13408 "success. The new nice value can be found using B<getpriority>(2)."
13411 #. type: Plain text
13412 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:105
13414 "Since glibc 2.2.4, B<nice>() is implemented as a library function that "
13415 "calls B<getpriority>(2) to obtain the new nice value to be returned to the "
13416 "caller. With this implementation, a successful call can legitimately return "
13417 "-1. To reliably detect an error, set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and "
13418 "check its value when B<nice>() returns -1."
13421 #. type: Plain text
13422 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:112
13424 "B<nice>(1), B<renice>(1), B<fork>(2), B<getpriority>(2), B<setpriority>(2), "
13425 "B<capabilities>(7)"
13429 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:25
13434 #. type: Plain text
13435 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:28
13436 msgid "pread, pwrite - read from or write to a file descriptor at a given offset"
13439 #. type: Plain text
13440 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:33
13442 "B<ssize_t pread(int >I<fd>B<, void *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<count>B<, off_t "
13446 #. type: Plain text
13447 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:36
13449 "B<ssize_t pwrite(int >I<fd>B<, const void *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<count>B<, "
13450 "off_t >I<offset>B<);>"
13453 #. type: Plain text
13454 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:46
13455 msgid "B<pread>(), B<pwrite>():"
13458 #. type: Plain text
13459 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:48
13460 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500"
13463 #. type: Plain text
13464 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:64
13466 "B<pread>() reads up to I<count> bytes from file descriptor I<fd> at offset "
13467 "I<offset> (from the start of the file) into the buffer starting at I<buf>. "
13468 "The file offset is not changed."
13471 #. type: Plain text
13472 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:75
13474 "B<pwrite>() writes up to I<count> bytes from the buffer starting at I<buf> "
13475 "to the file descriptor I<fd> at offset I<offset>. The file offset is not "
13479 #. type: Plain text
13480 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:79
13481 msgid "The file referenced by I<fd> must be capable of seeking."
13484 #. type: Plain text
13485 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:89
13487 "On success, the number of bytes read or written is returned (zero indicates "
13488 "that nothing was written, in the case of B<pwrite>(), or end of file, in the "
13489 "case of B<pread>()), or -1 on error, in which case I<errno> is set to "
13490 "indicate the error."
13493 #. type: Plain text
13494 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:104
13496 "B<pread>() can fail and set I<errno> to any error specified for B<read>(2) "
13497 "or B<lseek>(2). B<pwrite>() can fail and set I<errno> to any error "
13498 "specified for B<write>(2) or B<lseek>(2)."
13501 #. type: Plain text
13502 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:115
13504 "The B<pread>() and B<pwrite>() system calls were added to Linux in version "
13505 "2.1.60; the entries in the i386 system call table were added in 2.1.69. C "
13506 "library support (including emulation using B<lseek>(2) on older kernels "
13507 "without the system calls) was added in glibc 2.1."
13510 #. type: Plain text
13511 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:125
13513 "The B<pread>() and B<pwrite>() system calls are especially useful in "
13514 "multithreaded applications. They allow multiple threads to perform I/O on "
13515 "the same file descriptor without being affected by changes to the file "
13516 "offset by other threads."
13519 #. type: Plain text
13520 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:141
13522 "On Linux, the underlying system calls were renamed in kernel 2.6: B<pread>() "
13523 "became B<pread64>(), and B<pwrite>() became B<pwrite64>(). The system call "
13524 "numbers remained the same. The glibc B<pread>() and B<pwrite>() wrapper "
13525 "functions transparently deal with the change."
13528 #. type: Plain text
13529 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:146 build/C/man2/truncate.2:248
13531 "On some 32-bit architectures, the calling signature for these system calls "
13532 "differ, for the reasons described in B<syscall>(2)."
13535 #. FIXME https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=43178
13536 #. type: Plain text
13537 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:158
13539 "POSIX requires that opening a file with the B<O_APPEND> flag should have no "
13540 "affect on the location at which B<pwrite>() writes data. However, on "
13541 "Linux, if a file is opened with B<O_APPEND>, B<pwrite>() appends data to "
13542 "the end of the file, regardless of the value of I<offset>."
13545 #. type: Plain text
13546 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:163
13547 msgid "B<lseek>(2), B<read>(2), B<readv>(2), B<write>(2)"
13551 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8
13553 msgid "SET_THREAD_AREA"
13556 #. type: Plain text
13557 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:11
13558 msgid "set_thread_area - set a thread local storage (TLS) area"
13561 #. type: Plain text
13562 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:17
13563 msgid "B<int set_thread_area(struct user_desc *>I<u_info>B<);>"
13566 #. type: Plain text
13567 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:33
13569 "B<set_thread_area>() sets an entry in the current thread's thread-local "
13570 "storage (TLS) array. The TLS array entry set by B<set_thread_area>() "
13571 "corresponds to the value of I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number> passed in by the "
13572 "user. If this value is in bounds, B<set_thread_area>() copies the TLS "
13573 "descriptor pointed to by I<u_info> into the thread's TLS array."
13576 #. type: Plain text
13577 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:44
13579 "When B<set_thread_area>() is passed an I<entry_number> of -1, it uses a "
13580 "free TLS entry. If B<set_thread_area>() finds a free TLS entry, the value "
13581 "of I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number> is set upon return to show which entry was "
13585 #. type: Plain text
13586 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:49
13588 "B<set_thread_area>() returns 0 on success, and -1 on failure, with I<errno> "
13589 "set appropriately."
13593 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:56
13598 #. type: Plain text
13599 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:59
13600 msgid "A free TLS entry could not be located."
13603 #. type: Plain text
13604 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:63
13605 msgid "A version of B<set_thread_area>() first appeared in Linux 2.5.29."
13608 #. type: Plain text
13609 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:67
13611 "B<set_thread_area>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs "
13612 "that are intended to be portable."
13615 #. type: Plain text
13616 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:72
13618 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call, since it is generally "
13619 "intended only for use by threading libraries. In the unlikely event that "
13620 "you want to call it directly, use B<syscall>(2)."
13623 #. type: Plain text
13624 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:74
13625 msgid "B<get_thread_area>(2)"
13629 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:34
13635 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:34 build/C/man2/uname.2:27
13640 #. type: Plain text
13641 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:37
13642 msgid "setup - setup devices and filesystems, mount root filesystem"
13645 #. type: Plain text
13646 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:41
13647 msgid "B<int setup(void);>"
13650 #. type: Plain text
13651 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:47
13653 "B<setup>() is called once from within I<linux/init/main.c>. It calls "
13654 "initialization functions for devices and filesystems configured into the "
13655 "kernel and then mounts the root filesystem."
13658 #. type: Plain text
13659 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:53
13661 "No user process may call B<setup>(). Any user process, even a process with "
13662 "superuser permission, will receive B<EPERM>."
13665 #. type: Plain text
13666 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:56
13667 msgid "B<setup>() always returns -1 for a user process."
13670 #. type: Plain text
13671 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:62
13672 msgid "Since Linux 2.1.121, no such function exists anymore."
13675 #. type: Plain text
13676 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:65
13678 "This function is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended "
13679 "to be portable, or indeed in any programs at all."
13682 #. type: Plain text
13683 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:72
13685 "The calling sequence varied: at some times I<setup ()> has had a single "
13686 "argument I<void\\ *BIOS> and at other times a single argument I<int magic>."
13690 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:28
13695 #. type: Plain text
13696 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:31
13697 msgid "shells - pathnames of valid login shells"
13700 #. type: Plain text
13701 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:37
13703 "I</etc/shells> is a text file which contains the full pathnames of valid "
13704 "login shells. This file is consulted by B<chsh>(1) and available to be "
13705 "queried by other programs."
13708 #. type: Plain text
13709 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:43
13711 "Be aware that there are programs which consult this file to find out if a "
13712 "user is a normal user; for example, FTP daemons traditionally disallow "
13713 "access to users with shells not included in this file."
13716 #. type: Plain text
13717 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:45
13718 msgid "I</etc/shells>"
13721 #. type: Plain text
13722 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:48
13723 msgid "I</etc/shells> may contain the following paths:"
13726 #. type: Plain text
13727 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:51
13731 #. type: Plain text
13732 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:53
13733 msgid "I</bin/bash>"
13736 #. type: Plain text
13737 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:55
13738 msgid "I</bin/csh>"
13741 #. type: Plain text
13742 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:59
13743 msgid "B<chsh>(1), B<getusershell>(3)"
13747 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:26
13753 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:26
13758 #. type: Plain text
13759 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:29
13760 msgid "sleep - sleep for the specified number of seconds"
13763 #. type: Plain text
13764 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:34
13766 msgid "B<unsigned int sleep(unsigned int >I<seconds>B<);>\n"
13769 #. type: Plain text
13770 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:40
13772 "B<sleep>() makes the calling thread sleep until I<seconds> seconds have "
13773 "elapsed or a signal arrives which is not ignored."
13776 #. type: Plain text
13777 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:44
13779 "Zero if the requested time has elapsed, or the number of seconds left to "
13780 "sleep, if the call was interrupted by a signal handler."
13783 #. type: Plain text
13784 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:55
13786 "B<sleep>() may be implemented using B<SIGALRM>; mixing calls to B<alarm>(2) "
13787 "and B<sleep>() is a bad idea."
13790 #. type: Plain text
13791 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:61
13793 "Using B<longjmp>(3) from a signal handler or modifying the handling of "
13794 "B<SIGALRM> while sleeping will cause undefined results."
13797 #. type: Plain text
13798 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:66
13799 msgid "B<alarm>(2), B<nanosleep>(2), B<signal>(2), B<signal>(7)"
13803 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:31
13809 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:31
13814 #. type: Plain text
13815 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:34
13816 msgid "swab - swap adjacent bytes"
13819 #. type: Plain text
13820 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:38
13823 "B<#define _XOPEN_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
13824 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
13827 #. type: Plain text
13828 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:40
13830 msgid "B<void swab(const void *>I<from>B<, void *>I<to>B<, ssize_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
13833 #. type: Plain text
13834 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:55
13836 "The B<swab>() function copies I<n> bytes from the array pointed to by "
13837 "I<from> to the array pointed to by I<to>, exchanging adjacent even and odd "
13838 "bytes. This function is used to exchange data between machines that have "
13839 "different low/high byte ordering."
13842 #. type: Plain text
13843 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:68
13845 "This function does nothing when I<n> is negative. When I<n> is positive and "
13846 "odd, it handles I<n-1> bytes as above, and does something unspecified with "
13847 "the last byte. (In other words, I<n> should be even.)"
13850 #. type: Plain text
13851 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:72
13852 msgid "The B<swab>() function returns no value."
13855 #. type: Plain text
13856 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:77
13857 msgid "The B<swab>() function is thread-safe."
13860 #. type: Plain text
13861 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:81
13862 msgid "B<bstring>(3)"
13866 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:37
13871 #. type: Plain text
13872 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:40
13873 msgid "swapon, swapoff - start/stop swapping to file/device"
13876 #. type: Plain text
13877 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:44
13878 msgid "B<#include E<lt>asm/page.hE<gt> /* to find PAGE_SIZE */>"
13881 #. type: Plain text
13882 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:46
13883 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/swap.hE<gt>>"
13886 #. type: Plain text
13887 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:48
13888 msgid "B<int swapon(const char *>I<path>B<, int >I<swapflags>B<);>"
13891 #. type: Plain text
13892 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:50
13893 msgid "B<int swapoff(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
13896 #. type: Plain text
13897 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:57
13899 "B<swapon>() sets the swap area to the file or block device specified by "
13900 "I<path>. B<swapoff>() stops swapping to the file or block device specified "
13904 #. type: Plain text
13905 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:67
13907 "If the B<SWAP_FLAG_PREFER> flag is specified in the B<swapon>() "
13908 "I<swapflags> argument, the new swap area will have a higher priority than "
13909 "default. The priority is encoded within I<swapflags> as:"
13912 #. type: Plain text
13913 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:70
13914 msgid "I<(prio E<lt>E<lt> SWAP_FLAG_PRIO_SHIFT) & SWAP_FLAG_PRIO_MASK>"
13917 #. type: Plain text
13918 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:82
13920 "If the B<SWAP_FLAG_DISCARD> flag is specified in the B<swapon>() "
13921 "I<swapflags> argument, freed swap pages will be discarded before they are "
13922 "reused, if the swap device supports the discard or trim operation. (This "
13923 "may improve performance on some Solid State Devices, but often it does not.) "
13927 #. type: Plain text
13928 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:86
13930 "These functions may be used only by a privileged process (one having the "
13931 "B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability)."
13935 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:86
13940 #. type: Plain text
13941 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:91
13943 "Each swap area has a priority, either high or low. The default priority is "
13944 "low. Within the low-priority areas, newer areas are even lower priority "
13945 "than older areas."
13948 #. type: Plain text
13949 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:97
13951 "All priorities set with I<swapflags> are high-priority, higher than "
13952 "default. They may have any nonnegative value chosen by the caller. Higher "
13953 "numbers mean higher priority."
13956 #. type: Plain text
13957 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:105
13959 "Swap pages are allocated from areas in priority order, highest priority "
13960 "first. For areas with different priorities, a higher-priority area is "
13961 "exhausted before using a lower-priority area. If two or more areas have the "
13962 "same priority, and it is the highest priority available, pages are allocated "
13963 "on a round-robin basis between them."
13966 #. type: Plain text
13967 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:108
13969 "As of Linux 1.3.6, the kernel usually follows these rules, but there are "
13973 #. type: Plain text
13974 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:121
13976 "(for B<swapon>()) The specified I<path> is already being used as a swap "
13980 #. type: Plain text
13981 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:126
13983 "The file I<path> exists, but refers neither to a regular file nor to a block "
13987 #. type: Plain text
13988 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:131
13990 "(B<swapon>()) The indicated path does not contain a valid swap signature or "
13991 "resides on an in-memory filesystem such as tmpfs."
13995 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:131
13997 msgid "B<EINVAL> (since Linux 3.4)"
14000 #. type: Plain text
14001 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:136
14002 msgid "(B<swapon>()) An invalid flag value was specified in I<flags>."
14005 #. type: Plain text
14006 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:141
14007 msgid "(B<swapoff>()) I<path> is not currently a swap area."
14010 #. type: Plain text
14011 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:149
14012 msgid "The file I<path> does not exist."
14015 #. type: Plain text
14016 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:152
14017 msgid "The system has insufficient memory to start swapping."
14020 #. type: Plain text
14021 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:159
14023 "The caller does not have the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability. Alternatively, "
14024 "the maximum number of swap files are already in use; see NOTES below."
14027 #. type: Plain text
14028 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:165
14030 "These functions are Linux-specific and should not be used in programs "
14031 "intended to be portable. The second I<swapflags> argument was introduced in "
14035 #. type: Plain text
14036 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:168
14037 msgid "The partition or path must be prepared with B<mkswap>(8)."
14040 #. type: Plain text
14041 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:188
14043 "There is an upper limit on the number of swap files that may be used, "
14044 "defined by the kernel constant B<MAX_SWAPFILES>. Before kernel 2.4.10, "
14045 "B<MAX_SWAPFILES> has the value 8; since kernel 2.4.10, it has the value 32. "
14046 "Since kernel 2.6.18, the limit is decreased by 2 (thus: 30) if the kernel "
14047 "is built with the B<CONFIG_MIGRATION> option (which reserves two swap table "
14048 "entries for the page migration features of B<mbind>(2) and "
14049 "B<migrate_pages>(2)). Since kernel 2.6.32, the limit is further decreased "
14050 "by 1 if the kernel is built with the B<CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE> option."
14053 #. To be precise: 2.6.35.5
14054 #. type: Plain text
14055 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:199
14057 "Discard of swap pages was introduced in kernel 2.6.29, then made conditional "
14058 "on the B<SWAP_FLAG_DISCARD> flag in kernel 2.6.36, which still discards the "
14059 "entire swap area when B<swapon>() is called, even if that flag bit is not "
14063 #. type: Plain text
14064 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:203
14065 msgid "B<mkswap>(8), B<swapoff>(8), B<swapon>(8)"
14069 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:40
14075 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:40
14080 #. type: Plain text
14081 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:43
14082 msgid "syscall - indirect system call"
14085 #. type: Plain text
14086 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:48
14089 "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
14090 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
14091 "B<#include E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt> >/* For SYS_xxx definitions */\n"
14094 #. type: Plain text
14095 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:50
14097 msgid "B<int syscall(int >I<number>B<, ...);>\n"
14100 #. type: Plain text
14101 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:62
14103 "B<syscall>() is a small library function that invokes the system call whose "
14104 "assembly language interface has the specified I<number> with the specified "
14105 "arguments. Employing B<syscall>() is useful, for example, when invoking a "
14106 "system call that has no wrapper function in the C library."
14109 #. type: Plain text
14110 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:69
14112 "B<syscall>() saves CPU registers before making the system call, restores "
14113 "the registers upon return from the system call, and stores any error code "
14114 "returned by the system call in B<errno>(3) if an error occurs."
14117 #. type: Plain text
14118 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:72
14120 "Symbolic constants for system call numbers can be found in the header file "
14121 "I<E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt>>."
14124 #. type: Plain text
14125 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:78
14127 "The return value is defined by the system call being invoked. In general, a "
14128 "0 return value indicates success. A -1 return value indicates an error, and "
14129 "an error code is stored in I<errno>."
14132 #. type: Plain text
14133 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:82
14134 msgid "B<syscall>() first appeared in 4BSD."
14138 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:82
14140 msgid "Architecture-specific requirements"
14143 #. type: Plain text
14144 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:93
14146 "Each architecture ABI has its own requirements on how system call arguments "
14147 "are passed to the kernel. For system calls that have a glibc wrapper (e.g., "
14148 "most system calls), glibc handles the details of copying arguments to the "
14149 "right registers in a manner suitable for the architecture. However, when "
14150 "using B<syscall>() to make a system call, the caller might need to handle "
14151 "architecture-dependent details; this requirement is most commonly "
14152 "encountered on certain 32-bit architectures."
14155 #. type: Plain text
14156 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:104
14158 "For example, on the ARM architecture Embedded ABI (EABI), a 64-bit value "
14159 "(e.g., I<long long>) must be aligned to an even register pair. Thus, using "
14160 "B<syscall>() instead of the wrapper provided by glibc, the B<readahead>() "
14161 "system call would be invoked as follows on the ARM architecture with the "
14165 #. type: Plain text
14166 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:111
14169 "syscall(SYS_readahead, fd, 0,\n"
14170 " (unsigned int) (offset E<gt>E<gt> 32),\n"
14171 " (unsigned int) (offset & 0xFFFFFFFF),\n"
14175 #. type: Plain text
14176 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:125
14178 "Since the offset argument is 64 bits, and the first argument (I<fd>) is "
14179 "passed in I<r0>, the caller must manually split and align the 64-bit value "
14180 "so that it is passed in the I<r2>/I<r3> register pair. That means inserting "
14181 "a dummy value into I<r1> (the second argument of 0)."
14184 #. Mike Frysinger: this issue ends up forcing MIPS
14185 #. O32 to take 7 arguments to syscall()
14186 #. type: Plain text
14187 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:130
14189 "Similar issues can occur on MIPS with the O32 ABI, on PowerPC with the "
14190 "32-bit ABI, and on Xtensa."
14193 #. type: Plain text
14194 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:141
14196 "The affected system calls are B<fadvise64_64>(2), B<ftruncate64>(2), "
14197 "B<posix_fadvise>(2), B<pread64>(2), B<pwrite64>(2), B<readahead>(2), "
14198 "B<sync_file_range>(2), and B<truncate64>(2)."
14202 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:141
14204 msgid "Architecture calling conventions"
14207 #. type: Plain text
14208 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:145
14210 "Every architecture has its own way of invoking and passing arguments to the "
14211 "kernel. The details for various architectures are listed in the two tables "
14215 #. type: Plain text
14216 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:152
14218 "The first table lists the instruction used to transition to kernel mode, "
14219 "(which might not be the fastest or best way to transition to the kernel, so "
14220 "you might have to refer to B<vdso>(7)), the register used to indicate the "
14221 "system call number, and the register used to return the system call result."
14225 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:157
14227 msgid "arch/ABI\tinstruction\tsyscall #\tretval\tNotes\n"
14231 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:159
14233 msgid "arm/OABI\tswi NR\t-\ta1\tNR is syscall #\n"
14237 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:160
14239 msgid "arm/EABI\tswi 0x0\tr7\tr0\n"
14243 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:161
14245 msgid "blackfin\texcpt 0x0\tP0\tR0\n"
14249 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:162
14251 msgid "i386\tint $0x80\teax\teax\n"
14255 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:163
14257 msgid "ia64\tbreak 0x100000\tr15\tr10/r8\tbool error/errno value\n"
14261 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:164
14263 msgid "parisc\tble 0x100(%sr2, %r0)\tr20\tr28\n"
14267 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:165
14269 msgid "s390\tsvc 0\tr1\tr2\tNR may be passed directly with\n"
14273 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:166
14275 msgid "s390x\tsvc 0\tr1\tr2\t\"svc NR\" if NR is less than 256\n"
14279 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:167
14281 msgid "sparc/32\tt 0x10\tg1\to0\n"
14285 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:168
14287 msgid "sparc/64\tt 0x6d\tg1\to0\n"
14291 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:169
14293 msgid "x86_64\tsyscall\trax\trax\n"
14296 #. type: Plain text
14297 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:177
14298 msgid "The second table shows the registers used to pass the system call arguments."
14302 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:182
14304 msgid "arch/ABI\targ1\targ2\targ3\targ4\targ5\targ6\targ7\n"
14308 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:184
14310 msgid "arm/OABI\ta1\ta2\ta3\ta4\tv1\tv2\tv3\n"
14314 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:185
14316 msgid "arm/EABI\tr0\tr1\tr2\tr3\tr4\tr5\tr6\n"
14320 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:186
14322 msgid "blackfin\tR0\tR1\tR2\tR3\tR4\tR5\t-\n"
14326 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:187
14328 msgid "i386\tebx\tecx\tedx\tesi\tedi\tebp\t-\n"
14332 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:188
14334 msgid "ia64\tout0\tout1\tout2\tout3\tout4\tout5\t-\n"
14338 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:189
14340 msgid "parisc\tr26\tr25\tr24\tr23\tr22\tr21\t-\n"
14344 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:190
14346 msgid "s390\tr2\tr3\tr4\tr5\tr6\tr7\t-\n"
14350 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:191
14352 msgid "s390x\tr2\tr3\tr4\tr5\tr6\tr7\t-\n"
14356 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:192
14358 msgid "sparc/32\to0\to1\to2\to3\to4\to5\t-\n"
14362 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:193
14364 msgid "sparc/64\to0\to1\to2\to3\to4\to5\t-\n"
14368 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:194
14370 msgid "x86_64\trdi\trsi\trdx\tr10\tr8\tr9\t-\n"
14373 #. type: Plain text
14374 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:203
14376 "Note that these tables don't cover the entire calling convention\\(emsome "
14377 "architectures may indiscriminately clobber other registers not listed here."
14380 #. type: Plain text
14381 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:210
14384 "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n"
14385 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
14386 "#include E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt>\n"
14387 "#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>\n"
14388 "#include E<lt>signal.hE<gt>\n"
14391 #. type: Plain text
14392 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:215
14396 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
14401 #. type: Plain text
14402 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:219
14405 " tid = syscall(SYS_gettid);\n"
14406 " tid = syscall(SYS_tgkill, getpid(), tid, SIGHUP);\n"
14410 #. type: Plain text
14411 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:225
14412 msgid "B<_syscall>(2), B<intro>(2), B<syscalls>(2), B<vdso>(7)"
14416 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31
14421 #. type: Plain text
14422 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:34
14423 msgid "syscalls - Linux system calls"
14426 #. type: Plain text
14427 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:36
14428 msgid "Linux system calls."
14431 #. type: Plain text
14432 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:39
14434 "The system call is the fundamental interface between an application and the "
14439 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:39
14441 msgid "System calls and library wrapper functions"
14444 #. type: Plain text
14445 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:49
14447 "System calls are generally not invoked directly, but rather via wrapper "
14448 "functions in glibc (or perhaps some other library). For details of direct "
14449 "invocation of a system call, see B<intro>(2). Often, but not always, the "
14450 "name of the wrapper function is the same as the name of the system call that "
14451 "it invokes. For example, glibc contains a function B<truncate>() which "
14452 "invokes the underlying \"truncate\" system call."
14455 #. type: Plain text
14456 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:67
14458 "Often the glibc wrapper function is quite thin, doing little work other than "
14459 "copying arguments to the right registers before invoking the system call, "
14460 "and then setting I<errno> appropriately after the system call has returned. "
14461 "(These are the same steps that are performed by B<syscall>(2), which can be "
14462 "used to invoke system calls for which no wrapper function is provided.) "
14463 "Note: system calls indicate a failure by returning a negative error number "
14464 "to the caller; when this happens, the wrapper function negates the returned "
14465 "error number (to make it positive), copies it to I<errno>, and returns -1 to "
14466 "the caller of the wrapper."
14469 #. type: Plain text
14470 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:79
14472 "Sometimes, however, the wrapper function does some extra work before "
14473 "invoking the system call. For example, nowadays there are (for reasons "
14474 "described below) two related system calls, B<truncate>(2) and "
14475 "B<truncate64>(2), and the glibc B<truncate>() wrapper function checks which "
14476 "of those system calls are provided by the kernel and determines which should "
14481 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:79
14483 msgid "System call list"
14486 #. type: Plain text
14487 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:87
14489 "Below is a list of the Linux system calls. In the list, the I<Kernel> "
14490 "column indicates the kernel version for those system calls that were new in "
14491 "Linux 2.2, or have appeared since that kernel version. Note the following "
14495 #. type: Plain text
14496 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:90
14498 "Where no kernel version is indicated, the system call appeared in kernel 1.0 "
14502 #. type: Plain text
14503 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:96
14505 "Where a system call is marked \"1.2\" this means the system call probably "
14506 "appeared in a 1.1.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
14507 "with 1.2. (Development of the 1.2 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
14508 "kernel 1.0.6 via the 1.1.x unstable kernel series.)"
14511 #. Was kernel 2.0 started from a branch of 1.2.10?
14512 #. At least from the timestamps of the tarballs of
14513 #. of 1.2.10 and 1.3.0, that's how it looks, but in
14514 #. fact the diff doesn't seem very clear, the
14515 #. 1.3.0 .tar.bz is much bigger (2.0 MB) than the
14516 #. 1.2.10 .tar.bz2 (1.8 MB), and AEB points out the
14517 #. timestamps of some files in 1.3.0 seem to be older
14518 #. than those in 1.2.10. All of this suggests
14519 #. that there might not have been a clean branch point.
14520 #. type: Plain text
14521 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:112
14523 "Where a system call is marked \"2.0\" this means the system call probably "
14524 "appeared in a 1.3.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
14525 "with 2.0. (Development of the 2.0 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
14526 "kernel 1.2.x, somewhere around 1.2.10, via the 1.3.x unstable kernel "
14530 #. type: Plain text
14531 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:118
14533 "Where a system call is marked \"2.2\" this means the system call probably "
14534 "appeared in a 2.1.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
14535 "with 2.2.0. (Development of the 2.2 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
14536 "kernel 2.0.21 via the 2.1.x unstable kernel series.)"
14539 #. type: Plain text
14540 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:124
14542 "Where a system call is marked \"2.4\" this means the system call probably "
14543 "appeared in a 2.3.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
14544 "with 2.4.0. (Development of the 2.4 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
14545 "kernel 2.2.8 via the 2.3.x unstable kernel series.)"
14548 #. type: Plain text
14549 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:130
14551 "Where a system call is marked \"2.6\" this means the system call probably "
14552 "appeared in a 2.5.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
14553 "with 2.6.0. (Development of kernel 2.6 was initiated from a branch of "
14554 "kernel 2.4.15 via the 2.5.x unstable kernel series.)"
14557 #. type: Plain text
14558 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:137
14560 "Starting with kernel 2.6.0, the development model changed, and new system "
14561 "calls may appear in each 2.6.x release. In this case, the exact version "
14562 "number where the system call appeared is shown. This convention continues "
14563 "with the 3.x kernel series, which followed on from kernel 2.6.39."
14566 #. type: Plain text
14567 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:145
14569 "In some cases, a system call was added to a stable kernel series after it "
14570 "branched from the previous stable kernel series, and then backported into "
14571 "the earlier stable kernel series. For example some system calls that "
14572 "appeared in 2.6.x were also backported into a 2.4.x release after 2.4.15. "
14573 "When this is so, the version where the system call appeared in both of the "
14574 "major kernel series is listed."
14578 #. Looking at scripts/checksyscalls.sh in the kernel source is
14579 #. instructive about x86 specifics.
14580 #. type: Plain text
14581 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:152
14583 "The list of system calls that are available as at kernel 3.9 (or in a few "
14584 "cases only on older kernels) is as follows:"
14588 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:157
14590 msgid "B<System call>\tB<Kernel>\tB<Notes>\n"
14594 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:159
14596 msgid "B<_llseek>(2)\t1.2\n"
14600 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:160
14602 msgid "B<_newselect>(2)\t2.0\n"
14606 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:161
14608 msgid "B<_sysctl>(2)\t2.0\n"
14612 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:162
14614 msgid "B<accept>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
14618 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:163
14620 msgid "B<accept4>(2)\t2.6.28\n"
14624 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:164
14626 msgid "B<access>(2)\t1.0\n"
14630 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:165
14632 msgid "B<acct>(2)\t1.0\n"
14636 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:166
14638 msgid "B<add_key>(2)\t2.6.11\n"
14642 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:167
14644 msgid "B<adjtimex>(2)\t1.0\n"
14648 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:168
14650 msgid "B<alarm>(2)\t1.0\n"
14654 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:169
14656 msgid "B<alloc_hugepages>(2)\t2.5.36\tRemoved in 2.5.44\n"
14660 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:170
14662 msgid "B<bdflush>(2)\t1.2\tT{\n"
14666 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:171
14668 msgid "Deprecated (does nothing)\n"
14672 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:172 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:184 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:314 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:386 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:402 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:414
14678 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:173
14680 msgid "since 2.6\n"
14684 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:174 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:186 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:316 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:388 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:404 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:416 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:544 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:589
14690 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:175
14692 msgid "B<bind>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
14696 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:176
14698 msgid "B<brk>(2)\t1.0\n"
14702 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:177
14704 msgid "B<cacheflush>(2)\t1.2\tNot on x86\n"
14708 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:178
14710 msgid "B<capget>(2)\t2.2\n"
14714 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:179
14716 msgid "B<capset>(2)\t2.2\n"
14720 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:180
14722 msgid "B<chdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
14726 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:181
14728 msgid "B<chmod>(2)\t1.0\n"
14732 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:182
14734 msgid "B<chown>(2)\t2.2\tT{\n"
14738 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:183 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:313
14740 msgid "See B<chown>(2) for\n"
14744 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:185 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:315
14746 msgid "version details\n"
14750 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:187
14752 msgid "B<chown32>(2)\t2.4\n"
14756 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:188
14758 msgid "B<chroot>(2)\t1.0\n"
14762 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:189
14764 msgid "B<clock_adjtime>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
14768 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:190
14770 msgid "B<clock_getres>(2)\t2.6\n"
14774 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:191
14776 msgid "B<clock_gettime>(2)\t2.6\n"
14780 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:192
14782 msgid "B<clock_nanosleep>(2)\t2.6\n"
14786 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:193
14788 msgid "B<clock_settime>(2)\t2.6\n"
14792 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:194
14794 msgid "B<clone>(2)\t1.0\n"
14798 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:195
14800 msgid "B<close>(2)\t1.0\n"
14804 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:196
14806 msgid "B<connect>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
14810 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:197
14812 msgid "B<creat>(2)\t1.0\n"
14816 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:198
14818 msgid "B<create_module>(2)\t\tRemoved in 2.6\n"
14822 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:199
14824 msgid "B<delete_module>(2)\t1.0\n"
14828 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:200
14830 msgid "B<dup>(2)\t1.0\n"
14834 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:201
14836 msgid "B<dup2>(2)\t1.0\n"
14840 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:202
14842 msgid "B<dup3>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
14846 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:203
14848 msgid "B<epoll_create>(2)\t2.6\n"
14852 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:204
14854 msgid "B<epoll_create1>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
14858 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:205
14860 msgid "B<epoll_ctl>(2)\t2.6\n"
14864 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:206
14866 msgid "B<epoll_pwait>(2)\t2.6.19\n"
14870 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:207
14872 msgid "B<epoll_wait>(2)\t2.6\n"
14876 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:208
14878 msgid "B<eventfd>(2)\t2.6.22\n"
14882 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:209
14884 msgid "B<eventfd2>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
14888 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:210
14890 msgid "B<execve>(2)\t1.0\n"
14894 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:211
14896 msgid "B<exit>(2)\t1.0\n"
14900 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:212
14902 msgid "B<exit_group>(2)\t2.6\n"
14906 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:213
14908 msgid "B<faccessat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
14912 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:214
14914 msgid "B<fadvise64>(2)\t2.6\n"
14917 #. Implements \fBposix_fadvise\fP(2)
14919 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:216
14921 msgid "B<fadvise64_64>(2)\t2.6\n"
14925 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:217
14927 msgid "B<fallocate>(2)\t2.6.23\n"
14931 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:218
14933 msgid "B<fanotify_init>(2)\t2.6.37\n"
14937 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:219
14939 msgid "B<fanotify_mark>(2)\t2.6.37\n"
14942 #. The fanotify calls were added in Linux 2.6.36,
14943 #. but disabled while the API was finalized.
14945 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:222
14947 msgid "B<fchdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
14951 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:223
14953 msgid "B<fchmod>(2)\t1.0\n"
14957 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:224
14959 msgid "B<fchmodat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
14963 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:225
14965 msgid "B<fchown>(2)\t1.0\n"
14969 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:226
14971 msgid "B<fchown32>(2)\t2.4\n"
14975 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:227
14977 msgid "B<fchownat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
14981 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:228
14983 msgid "B<fcntl>(2)\t1.0\n"
14987 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:229
14989 msgid "B<fcntl64>(2)\t2.4\n"
14993 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:230
14995 msgid "B<fdatasync>(2)\t2.0\n"
14999 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:231
15001 msgid "B<fgetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15005 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:232
15007 msgid "B<finit_module>(2)\t3.8\n"
15011 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:233
15013 msgid "B<flistxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15017 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:234
15019 msgid "B<flock>(2)\t2.0\n"
15023 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:235
15025 msgid "B<fork>(2)\t1.0\n"
15029 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:236
15031 msgid "B<free_hugepages>(2)\t2.5.36\tRemoved in 2.5.44\n"
15035 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:237
15037 msgid "B<fremovexattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15041 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:238
15043 msgid "B<fsetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15047 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:239
15049 msgid "B<fstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
15053 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:240
15055 msgid "B<fstat64>(2)\t2.4\n"
15059 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:241
15061 msgid "B<fstatat64>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15065 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:242
15067 msgid "B<fstatfs>(2)\t1.0\n"
15071 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:243
15073 msgid "B<fstatfs64>(2)\t2.6\n"
15077 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:244
15079 msgid "B<fsync>(2)\t1.0\t1.0\n"
15083 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:245
15085 msgid "B<ftruncate>(2)\t1.0\n"
15089 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:246
15091 msgid "B<ftruncate64>(2)\t2.4\n"
15095 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:247
15097 msgid "B<futex>(2)\t2.6\n"
15101 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:248
15103 msgid "B<futimesat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15107 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:249
15109 msgid "B<get_kernel_syms>(2)\t\tRemoved in 2.6\n"
15113 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:250
15115 msgid "B<get_mempolicy>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15119 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:251
15121 msgid "B<get_robust_list>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
15125 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:252
15127 msgid "B<get_thread_area>(2)\t2.6\n"
15131 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:253
15133 msgid "B<getcpu>(2)\t2.6.19\n"
15137 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:254
15139 msgid "B<getcwd>(2)\t2.2\n"
15143 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:255
15145 msgid "B<getdents>(2)\t2.0\n"
15149 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:256
15151 msgid "B<getdents64>(2)\t2.4\n"
15155 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:257
15157 msgid "B<getegid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15161 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:258
15163 msgid "B<getegid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15167 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:259
15169 msgid "B<geteuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15173 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:260
15175 msgid "B<geteuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15179 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:261
15181 msgid "B<getgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15185 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:262
15187 msgid "B<getgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15191 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:263
15193 msgid "B<getgroups>(2)\t1.0\n"
15197 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:264
15199 msgid "B<getgroups32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15203 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:265
15205 msgid "B<getitimer>(2)\t1.0\n"
15209 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:266
15211 msgid "B<getpeername>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15215 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:267
15217 msgid "B<getpagesize>(2)\t2.0\tNot on x86\n"
15221 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:268
15223 msgid "B<getpgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15227 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:269
15229 msgid "B<getpgrp>(2)\t1.0\n"
15233 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:270
15235 msgid "B<getpid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15239 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:271
15241 msgid "B<getppid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15245 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:272
15247 msgid "B<getpriority>(2)\t1.0\n"
15251 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:273
15253 msgid "B<getresgid>(2)\t2.2\n"
15257 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:274
15259 msgid "B<getresgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15263 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:275
15265 msgid "B<getresuid>(2)\t2.2\n"
15269 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:276
15271 msgid "B<getresuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15275 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:277
15277 msgid "B<getrlimit>(2)\t1.0\n"
15281 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:278
15283 msgid "B<getrusage>(2)\t1.0\n"
15287 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:279
15289 msgid "B<getsid>(2)\t2.0\n"
15293 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:280
15295 msgid "B<getsockname>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15299 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:281
15301 msgid "B<getsockopt>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15305 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:282
15307 msgid "B<gettid>(2)\t2.4.11\n"
15311 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:283
15313 msgid "B<gettimeofday>(2)\t1.0\n"
15317 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:284
15319 msgid "B<getuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15323 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:285
15325 msgid "B<getuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15328 #. \fBgetunwind\fP(2) 2.4.8 ia64; DEPRECATED
15330 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:287
15332 msgid "B<getxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15336 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:288
15338 msgid "B<init_module>(2)\t1.0\n"
15342 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:289
15344 msgid "B<inotify_add_watch>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
15348 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:290
15350 msgid "B<inotify_init>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
15354 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:291
15356 msgid "B<inotify_init1>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
15360 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:292
15362 msgid "B<inotify_rm_watch>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
15366 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:293
15368 msgid "B<io_cancel>(2)\t2.6\n"
15372 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:294
15374 msgid "B<io_destroy>(2)\t2.6\n"
15378 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:295
15380 msgid "B<io_getevents>(2)\t2.6\n"
15384 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:296
15386 msgid "B<io_setup>(2)\t2.6\n"
15390 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:297
15392 msgid "B<io_submit>(2)\t2.6\n"
15396 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:298
15398 msgid "B<ioctl>(2)\t1.0\n"
15402 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:299
15404 msgid "B<ioperm>(2)\t1.0\n"
15408 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:300
15410 msgid "B<iopl>(2)\t1.0\n"
15414 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:301
15416 msgid "B<ioprio_get>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
15420 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:302
15422 msgid "B<ioprio_set>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
15426 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:303
15428 msgid "B<ipc>(2)\t1.0\n"
15431 #. Implements System V IPC calls
15433 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:305
15435 msgid "B<kcmp>(2)\t3.5\n"
15439 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:306
15441 msgid "B<kern_features>(2)\t3.7\tSparc64\n"
15445 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:307
15447 msgid "B<kexec_load>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
15450 #. The entry in the syscall table was reserved starting in 2.6.7
15451 #. Was named sys_kexec_load() from 2.6.7 to 2.6.16
15453 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:310
15455 msgid "B<keyctl>(2)\t2.6.11\n"
15459 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:311
15461 msgid "B<kill>(2)\t1.0\n"
15465 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:312
15467 msgid "B<lchown>(2)\t1.0\tT{\n"
15471 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:317
15473 msgid "B<lchown32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15477 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:318
15479 msgid "B<lgetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15483 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:319
15485 msgid "B<link>(2)\t1.0\n"
15489 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:320
15491 msgid "B<linkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15495 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:321
15497 msgid "B<listen>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15501 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:322
15503 msgid "B<listxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15507 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:323
15509 msgid "B<llistxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15513 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:324
15515 msgid "B<lookup_dcookie>(2)\t2.6\n"
15519 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:325
15521 msgid "B<lremovexattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15525 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:326
15527 msgid "B<lseek>(2)\t1.0\n"
15531 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:327
15533 msgid "B<lsetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15537 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:328
15539 msgid "B<lstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
15543 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:329
15545 msgid "B<lstat64>(2)\t2.4\n"
15549 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:330
15551 msgid "B<madvise>(2)\t2.4\n"
15555 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:331
15557 msgid "B<mbind>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15560 #. \fBmemory_ordering\fP(2) ??? Sparc64
15562 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:333
15564 msgid "B<migrate_pages>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15568 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:334
15570 msgid "B<mincore>(2)\t2.4\n"
15574 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:335
15576 msgid "B<mkdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
15580 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:336
15582 msgid "B<mkdirat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15586 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:337
15588 msgid "B<mknod>(2)\t1.0\n"
15592 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:338
15594 msgid "B<mknodat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15598 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:339
15600 msgid "B<mlock>(2)\t2.0\n"
15604 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:340
15606 msgid "B<mlockall>(2)\t2.0\n"
15610 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:341
15612 msgid "B<mmap>(2)\t1.0\n"
15616 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:342
15618 msgid "B<mmap2>(2)\t2.4\n"
15622 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:343
15624 msgid "B<modify_ldt>(2)\t1.0\n"
15628 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:344
15630 msgid "B<mount>(2)\t1.0\n"
15634 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:345
15636 msgid "B<move_pages>(2)\t2.6.18\n"
15640 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:346
15642 msgid "B<mprotect>(2)\t1.0\n"
15646 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:347
15648 msgid "B<mq_getsetattr>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15651 #. Implements \fBmq_getattr\fP(3) and \fBmq_setattr\fP(3)
15653 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:349
15655 msgid "B<mq_notify>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15659 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:350
15661 msgid "B<mq_open>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15665 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:351
15667 msgid "B<mq_timedreceive>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15671 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:352
15673 msgid "B<mq_timedsend>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15677 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:353
15679 msgid "B<mq_unlink>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15683 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:354
15685 msgid "B<mremap>(2)\t2.0\n"
15689 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:355
15691 msgid "B<msgctl>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
15695 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:356
15697 msgid "B<msgget>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
15701 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:357
15703 msgid "B<msgrcv>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
15707 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:358
15709 msgid "B<msgsnd>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
15713 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:359
15715 msgid "B<msync>(2)\t2.0\n"
15718 #. \fBmultiplexer\fP(2) ?? __NR_multiplexer reserved on
15719 #. PowerPC, but unimplemented?
15721 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:362
15723 msgid "B<munlock>(2)\t2.0\n"
15727 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:363
15729 msgid "B<munlockall>(2)\t2.0\n"
15733 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:364
15735 msgid "B<munmap>(2)\t1.0\n"
15739 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:365
15741 msgid "B<name_to_handle_at>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
15745 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:366
15747 msgid "B<nanosleep>(2)\t2.0\n"
15751 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:367
15753 msgid "B<nfsservctl>(2)\t2.2\tRemoved in 3.1\n"
15757 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:368
15759 msgid "B<nice>(2)\t1.0\n"
15763 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:369
15765 msgid "B<oldfstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
15769 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:370
15771 msgid "B<oldlstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
15775 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:371
15777 msgid "B<oldolduname>(2)\t1.0\n"
15781 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:372
15783 msgid "B<oldstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
15787 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:373
15789 msgid "B<olduname>(2)\t1.0\n"
15793 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:374
15795 msgid "B<open>(2)\t1.0\n"
15799 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:375
15801 msgid "B<open_by_handle_at>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
15805 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:376
15807 msgid "B<openat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15811 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:377
15813 msgid "B<pause>(2)\t1.0\n"
15817 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:378
15819 msgid "B<pciconfig_iobase>(2)\t2.2.15; 2.4\tNot on x86\n"
15822 #. Alpha, PowerPC, ARM; not x86
15824 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:380
15826 msgid "B<pciconfig_read>(2)\t2.0.26; 2.2\tNot on x86\n"
15829 #. , PowerPC, ARM; not x86
15831 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:382
15833 msgid "B<pciconfig_write>(2)\t2.0.26; 2.2\tNot on x86\n"
15836 #. , PowerPC, ARM; not x86
15838 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:384
15840 msgid "B<perf_event_open>(2)\t2.6.31\tT{\n"
15844 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:385
15846 msgid "Was called perf_counter_open()\n"
15850 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:387
15852 msgid "in 2.6.31; renamed in 2.6.32\n"
15856 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:389
15858 msgid "B<personality>(2)\t1.2\n"
15862 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:390
15864 msgid "B<perfctr>(2)\t2.2\tSparc; removed in 2.6.34\n"
15867 #. commit c7d5a0050773e98d1094eaa9f2a1a793fafac300 removed perfctr()
15869 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:392
15871 msgid "B<perfmonctl>(2)\t2.4\tia64\n"
15875 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:393
15877 msgid "B<pipe>(2)\t1.0\n"
15881 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:394
15883 msgid "B<pipe2>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
15887 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:395
15889 msgid "B<pivot_root>(2)\t2.4\n"
15893 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:396
15895 msgid "B<poll>(2)\t2.0.36; 2.2\n"
15899 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:397
15901 msgid "B<ppc_rtas>(2)\t\tPowerPC only\n"
15905 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:398
15907 msgid "B<ppoll>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15911 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:399
15913 msgid "B<prctl>(2)\t2.2\n"
15917 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:400
15919 msgid "B<pread64>(2)\t\tT{\n"
15923 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:401
15925 msgid "Added as \"pread\" in 2.2;\n"
15929 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:403
15931 msgid "renamed \"pread64\" in 2.6\n"
15935 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:405
15937 msgid "B<preadv>(2)\t2.6.30\n"
15941 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:406
15943 msgid "B<prlimit>(2)\t2.6.36\n"
15947 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:407
15949 msgid "B<process_vm_readv>(2)\t3.2\n"
15953 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:408
15955 msgid "B<process_vm_writev>(2)\t3.2\n"
15959 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:409
15961 msgid "B<pselect6>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15964 #. Implements \fBpselect\fP(2)
15966 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:411
15968 msgid "B<ptrace>(2)\t1.0\n"
15972 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:412
15974 msgid "B<pwrite64>(2)\t\tT{\n"
15978 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:413
15980 msgid "Added as \"pwrite\" in 2.2;\n"
15984 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:415
15986 msgid "renamed \"pwrite64\" in 2.6\n"
15990 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:417
15992 msgid "B<pwritev>(2)\t2.6.30\n"
15996 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:418
15998 msgid "B<query_module>(2)\t2.2\tRemoved in 2.6\n"
16002 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:419
16004 msgid "B<quotactl>(2)\t1.0\n"
16008 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:420
16010 msgid "B<read>(2)\t1.0\n"
16014 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:421
16016 msgid "B<readahead>(2)\t2.4.13\n"
16020 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:422
16022 msgid "B<readdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
16025 #. Supersedes \fBgetdents\fP(2)
16027 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:424
16029 msgid "B<readlink>(2)\t1.0\n"
16033 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:425
16035 msgid "B<readlinkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16039 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:426
16041 msgid "B<readv>(2)\t2.0\n"
16045 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:427
16047 msgid "B<reboot>(2)\t1.0\n"
16051 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:428
16053 msgid "B<recv>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16057 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:429
16059 msgid "B<recvfrom>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16063 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:430
16065 msgid "B<recvmsg>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16069 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:431
16071 msgid "B<recvmmsg>(2)\t2.6.33\n"
16075 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:432
16077 msgid "B<remap_file_pages>(2)\t2.6\n"
16081 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:433
16083 msgid "B<removexattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
16087 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:434
16089 msgid "B<rename>(2)\t1.0\n"
16093 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:435
16095 msgid "B<renameat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16099 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:436
16101 msgid "B<request_key>(2)\t2.6.11\n"
16105 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:437
16107 msgid "B<restart_syscall>(2)\t2.6\n"
16111 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:438
16113 msgid "B<rmdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
16117 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:439
16119 msgid "B<rt_sigaction>(2)\t2.2\n"
16123 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:440
16125 msgid "B<rt_sigpending>(2)\t2.2\n"
16129 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:441
16131 msgid "B<rt_sigprocmask>(2)\t2.2\n"
16135 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:442
16137 msgid "B<rt_sigqueueinfo>(2)\t2.2\n"
16141 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:443
16143 msgid "B<rt_sigreturn>(2)\t2.2\n"
16147 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:444
16149 msgid "B<rt_sigsuspend>(2)\t2.2\n"
16153 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:445
16155 msgid "B<rt_sigtimedwait>(2)\t2.2\n"
16159 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:446
16161 msgid "B<rt_tgsigqueueinfo>(2)\t2.6.31\n"
16165 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:447
16167 msgid "B<s390_runtime_instr>(2)\t3.7\ts390 only\n"
16171 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:448
16173 msgid "B<sched_get_priority_max>(2)\t2.0\n"
16177 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:449
16179 msgid "B<sched_get_priority_min>(2)\t2.0\n"
16183 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:450
16185 msgid "B<sched_getaffinity>(2)\t2.6\n"
16189 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:451
16191 msgid "B<sched_getparam>(2)\t2.0\n"
16195 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:452
16197 msgid "B<sched_getscheduler>(2)\t2.0\n"
16201 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:453
16203 msgid "B<sched_rr_get_interval>(2)\t2.0\n"
16207 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:454
16209 msgid "B<sched_setaffinity>(2)\t2.6\n"
16213 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:455
16215 msgid "B<sched_setparam>(2)\t2.0\n"
16219 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:456
16221 msgid "B<sched_setscheduler>(2)\t2.0\n"
16225 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:457
16227 msgid "B<sched_yield>(2)\t2.0\n"
16231 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:458
16233 msgid "B<select>(2)\t1.0\n"
16237 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:459
16239 msgid "B<semctl>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16243 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:460
16245 msgid "B<semget>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16249 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:461
16251 msgid "B<semop>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16255 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:462
16257 msgid "B<semtimedop>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.22\n"
16261 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:463
16263 msgid "B<send>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16267 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:464
16269 msgid "B<sendfile>(2)\t2.2\n"
16273 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:465
16275 msgid "B<sendfile64>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.19\n"
16279 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:466
16281 msgid "B<sendmmsg>(2)\t3.0\n"
16285 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:467
16287 msgid "B<sendmsg>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16291 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:468
16293 msgid "B<sendto>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16297 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:469
16299 msgid "B<set_mempolicy>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
16303 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:470
16305 msgid "B<set_robust_list>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
16309 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:471
16311 msgid "B<set_thread_area>(2)\t2.6\n"
16315 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:472
16317 msgid "B<set_tid_address>(2)\t2.6\n"
16320 #. See http://lkml.org/lkml/2005/8/1/83
16321 #. "[PATCH] remove sys_set_zone_reclaim()"
16323 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:475
16325 msgid "B<setdomainname>(2)\t1.0\n"
16329 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:476
16331 msgid "B<setfsgid>(2)\t1.2\n"
16335 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:477
16337 msgid "B<setfsgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16341 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:478
16343 msgid "B<setfsuid>(2)\t1.2\n"
16347 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:479
16349 msgid "B<setfsuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16353 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:480
16355 msgid "B<setgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16359 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:481
16361 msgid "B<setgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16365 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:482
16367 msgid "B<setgroups>(2)\t1.0\n"
16371 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:483
16373 msgid "B<setgroups32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16377 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:484
16379 msgid "B<sethostname>(2)\t1.0\n"
16383 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:485
16385 msgid "B<setitimer>(2)\t1.0\n"
16389 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:486
16391 msgid "B<setns>(2)\t3.0\n"
16395 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:487
16397 msgid "B<setpgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16401 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:488
16403 msgid "B<setpriority>(2)\t1.0\n"
16407 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:489
16409 msgid "B<setregid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16413 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:490
16415 msgid "B<setregid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16419 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:491
16421 msgid "B<setresgid>(2)\t2.2\n"
16425 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:492
16427 msgid "B<setresgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16431 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:493
16433 msgid "B<setresuid>(2)\t2.2\n"
16437 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:494
16439 msgid "B<setresuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16443 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:495
16445 msgid "B<setreuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16449 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:496
16451 msgid "B<setreuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16455 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:497
16457 msgid "B<setrlimit>(2)\t1.0\n"
16461 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:498
16463 msgid "B<setsid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16467 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:499
16469 msgid "B<setsockopt>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16473 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:500
16475 msgid "B<settimeofday>(2)\t1.0\n"
16479 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:501
16481 msgid "B<setuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16485 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:502
16487 msgid "B<setuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16491 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:503
16493 msgid "B<setup>(2)\t\tRemoved in 2.2\n"
16497 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:504
16499 msgid "B<setxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
16503 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:505
16505 msgid "B<sgetmask>(2)\t1.0\n"
16509 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:506
16511 msgid "B<shmat>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16515 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:507
16517 msgid "B<shmctl>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16521 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:508
16523 msgid "B<shmdt>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16527 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:509
16529 msgid "B<shmget>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16533 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:510
16535 msgid "B<shutdown>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16539 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:511
16541 msgid "B<sigaction>(2)\t1.0\n"
16545 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:512
16547 msgid "B<sigaltstack>(2)\t2.2\n"
16551 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:513
16553 msgid "B<signal>(2)\t1.0\n"
16557 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:514
16559 msgid "B<signalfd>(2)\t2.6.22\n"
16563 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:515
16565 msgid "B<signalfd4>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
16569 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:516
16571 msgid "B<sigpending>(2)\t1.0\n"
16575 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:517
16577 msgid "B<sigprocmask>(2)\t1.0\n"
16581 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:518
16583 msgid "B<sigreturn>(2)\t1.0\n"
16587 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:519
16589 msgid "B<sigsuspend>(2)\t1.0\n"
16593 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:520
16595 msgid "B<socket>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16599 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:521
16601 msgid "B<socketcall>(2)\t1.0\n"
16604 #. Implements BSD socket calls
16606 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:523
16608 msgid "B<socketpair>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16612 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:524
16614 msgid "B<splice>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
16618 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:525
16620 msgid "B<spu_create>(2)\t2.6.16\tPowerPC only\n"
16624 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:526
16626 msgid "B<spu_run>(2)\t2.6.16\tPowerPC only\n"
16630 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:527
16632 msgid "B<ssetmask>(2)\t1.0\n"
16636 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:528
16638 msgid "B<stat>(2)\t1.0\n"
16642 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:529
16644 msgid "B<stat64>(2)\t2.4\n"
16648 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:530
16650 msgid "B<statfs>(2)\t1.0\n"
16654 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:531
16656 msgid "B<statfs64>(2)\t2.6\n"
16660 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:532
16662 msgid "B<stime>(2)\t1.0\n"
16666 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:533
16668 msgid "B<subpage_prot>(2)\t2.6.25\tPowerPC if\n"
16672 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:534
16674 msgid "\t\tCONFIG_PPC_64K_PAGES\n"
16678 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:535
16680 msgid "B<swapoff>(2)\t1.0\n"
16684 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:536
16686 msgid "B<swapon>(2)\t1.0\n"
16690 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:537
16692 msgid "B<symlink>(2)\t1.0\n"
16696 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:538
16698 msgid "B<symlinkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16702 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:539
16704 msgid "B<sync>(2)\t1.0\n"
16708 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:540
16710 msgid "B<sync_file_range>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
16714 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:541
16716 msgid "B<sync_file_range2>(2)\t2.6.22\tT{\n"
16720 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:542
16722 msgid "Architecture-specific\n"
16726 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:543
16728 msgid "variant of B<sync_file_range>(2)\n"
16731 #. PowerPC, ARM, tile
16732 #. First appeared on ARM, as arm_sync_file_range(), but later renamed
16733 #. \fBsys_debug_setcontext\fP(2) ??? PowerPC if CONFIG_PPC32
16735 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:548
16737 msgid "B<syncfs>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
16741 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:549
16743 msgid "B<sysfs>(2)\t1.2\n"
16747 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:550
16749 msgid "B<sysinfo>(2)\t1.0\n"
16753 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:551
16755 msgid "B<syslog>(2)\t1.0\n"
16758 #. glibc interface is \fBklogctl\fP(3)
16760 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:553
16762 msgid "B<tee>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
16766 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:554
16768 msgid "B<tgkill>(2)\t2.6\n"
16772 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:555
16774 msgid "B<time>(2)\t1.0\n"
16778 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:556
16780 msgid "B<timer_create>(2)\t2.6\n"
16784 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:557
16786 msgid "B<timer_delete>(2)\t2.6\n"
16790 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:558
16792 msgid "B<timer_getoverrun>(2)\t2.6\n"
16796 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:559
16798 msgid "B<timer_gettime>(2)\t2.6\n"
16802 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:560
16804 msgid "B<timer_settime>(2)\t2.6\n"
16808 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:561
16810 msgid "B<timerfd_create>(2)\t2.6.25\n"
16814 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:562
16816 msgid "B<timerfd_gettime>(2)\t2.6.25\n"
16820 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:563
16822 msgid "B<timerfd_settime>(2)\t2.6.25\n"
16826 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:564
16828 msgid "B<times>(2)\t1.0\n"
16832 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:565
16834 msgid "B<tkill>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.22\n"
16838 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:566
16840 msgid "B<truncate>(2)\t1.0\n"
16844 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:567
16846 msgid "B<truncate64>(2)\t2.4\n"
16850 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:568
16852 msgid "B<ugetrlimit>(2)\t2.4\n"
16856 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:569
16858 msgid "B<umask>(2)\t1.0\n"
16862 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:570
16864 msgid "B<umount>(2)\t1.0\n"
16867 #. sys_oldumount() -- __NR_umount
16869 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:572
16871 msgid "B<umount2>(2)\t2.2\n"
16874 #. sys_umount() -- __NR_umount2
16876 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:574
16878 msgid "B<uname>(2)\t1.0\n"
16882 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:575
16884 msgid "B<unlink>(2)\t1.0\n"
16888 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:576
16890 msgid "B<unlinkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16894 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:577
16896 msgid "B<unshare>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16900 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:578
16902 msgid "B<uselib>(2)\t1.0\n"
16906 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:579
16908 msgid "B<ustat>(2)\t1.0\n"
16912 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:580
16914 msgid "B<utime>(2)\t1.0\n"
16918 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:581
16920 msgid "B<utimensat>(2)\t2.6.22\n"
16924 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:582
16926 msgid "B<utimes>(2)\t2.2\n"
16930 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:583
16932 msgid "B<utrap_install>(2)\t2.2\tSparc\n"
16936 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:584
16938 msgid "B<vfork>(2)\t2.2\n"
16942 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:585
16944 msgid "B<vhangup>(2)\t1.0\n"
16948 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:586
16950 msgid "B<vm86old>(2)\t1.0\tT{\n"
16954 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:587
16956 msgid "Was \"vm86\"; renamed in\n"
16960 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:588
16962 msgid "2.0.28/2.2\n"
16966 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:590
16968 msgid "B<vm86>(2)\t2.0.28; 2.2\n"
16972 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:591
16974 msgid "B<vmsplice>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
16978 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:592
16980 msgid "B<wait4>(2)\t1.0\n"
16984 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:593
16986 msgid "B<waitid>(2)\t2.6.10\n"
16990 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:594
16992 msgid "B<waitpid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16996 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:595
16998 msgid "B<write>(2)\t1.0\n"
17002 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:596
17004 msgid "B<writev>(2)\t2.0\n"
17007 #. type: Plain text
17008 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:605
17010 "On many platforms, including x86-32, socket calls are all multiplexed (via "
17011 "glibc wrapper functions) through B<socketcall>(2) and similarly System V "
17012 "IPC calls are multiplexed through B<ipc>(2)."
17015 #. __NR_afs_syscall is 53 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17016 #. __NR_break is 17 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17017 #. __NR_ftime is 35 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17018 #. __NR_getpmsg is 188 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17019 #. __NR_gtty is 32 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17020 #. __NR_idle is 112 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17021 #. __NR_lock is 53 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17022 #. __NR_madvise1 is 219 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17023 #. __NR_mpx is 66 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17024 #. Slot has been reused
17025 #. __NR_prof is 44 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17026 #. __NR_profil is 98 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17027 #. __NR_putpmsg is 189 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17028 #. __NR_security is 223 on Linux 2.4/i386
17029 #. __NR_security is 223 on Linux 2.4/i386; absent on 2.6/i386, present
17030 #. on a couple of 2.6 architectures
17031 #. __NR_stty is 31 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17032 #. The security call is for future use.
17033 #. __NR_tuxcall is 184 on x86_64, also on PPC and alpha
17034 #. __NR_ulimit is 58 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17035 #. __NR_vserver is 273 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17036 #. type: Plain text
17037 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:650
17039 "Although slots are reserved for them in the system call table, the following "
17040 "system calls are not implemented in the standard kernel: B<afs_syscall>(2), "
17041 "B<break>(2), B<ftime>(2), B<getpmsg>(2), B<gtty>(2), B<idle>(2), B<lock>(2), "
17042 "B<madvise1>(2), B<mpx>(2), B<phys>(2), B<prof>(2), B<profil>(2), "
17043 "B<putpmsg>(2), B<security>(2), B<stty>(2), B<tuxcall>(2), B<ulimit>(2), and "
17044 "B<vserver>(2) (see also B<unimplemented>(2)). However, B<ftime>(3), "
17045 "B<profil>(3) and B<ulimit>(3) exist as library routines. The slot for "
17046 "B<phys>(2) is in use since kernel 2.1.116 for B<umount>(2); B<phys>(2) "
17047 "will never be implemented. The B<getpmsg>(2) and B<putpmsg>(2) calls are "
17048 "for kernels patched to support STREAMS, and may never be in the standard "
17052 #. type: Plain text
17053 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:655
17055 "There was briefly B<set_zone_reclaim>(2), added in Linux 2.6.13, and removed "
17056 "in 2.6.16; this system call was never available to user space."
17059 #. type: Plain text
17060 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:672
17062 "Roughly speaking, the code belonging to the system call with number __NR_xxx "
17063 "defined in I</usr/include/asm/unistd.h> can be found in the Linux kernel "
17064 "source in the routine I<sys_xxx>(). (The dispatch table for i386 can be "
17065 "found in I</usr/src/linux/arch/i386/kernel/entry.S>.) There are many "
17066 "exceptions, however, mostly because older system calls were superseded by "
17067 "newer ones, and this has been treated somewhat unsystematically. On "
17068 "platforms with proprietary operating-system emulation, such as parisc, "
17069 "sparc, sparc64, and alpha, there are many additional system calls; mips64 "
17070 "also contains a full set of 32-bit system calls."
17073 #. type: Plain text
17074 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:691
17076 "Over time, changes to the interfaces of some system calls have been "
17077 "necessary. One reason for such changes was the need to increase the size of "
17078 "structures or scalar values passed to the system call. Because of these "
17079 "changes, there are now various groups of related system calls (e.g., "
17080 "B<truncate>(2) and B<truncate64>(2)) which perform similar tasks, but "
17081 "which vary in details such as the size of their arguments. (As noted "
17082 "earlier, applications are generally unaware of this: the glibc wrapper "
17083 "functions do some work to ensure that the right system call is invoked, and "
17084 "that ABI compatibility is preserved for old binaries.) Examples of systems "
17085 "calls that exist in multiple versions are the following:"
17088 #. e.g., on 2.6.22/i386: __NR_oldstat 18, __NR_stat 106, __NR_stat64 195
17089 #. The stat system calls deal with three different data structures,
17090 #. defined in include/asm-i386/stat.h: __old_kernel_stat, stat, stat64
17091 #. type: Plain text
17092 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:712
17094 "By now there are three different versions of B<stat>(2): I<sys_stat>() "
17095 "(slot I<__NR_oldstat>), I<sys_newstat>() (slot I<__NR_stat>), and "
17096 "I<sys_stat64>() (slot I<__NR_stat64>), with the last being the most "
17097 "current. A similar story applies for B<lstat>(2) and B<fstat>(2)."
17100 #. type: Plain text
17101 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:723
17103 "Similarly, the defines I<__NR_oldolduname>, I<__NR_olduname>, and "
17104 "I<__NR_uname> refer to the routines I<sys_olduname>(), I<sys_uname>() and "
17105 "I<sys_newuname>()."
17108 #. type: Plain text
17109 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:730
17111 "In Linux 2.0, a new version of B<vm86>(2) appeared, with the old and the "
17112 "new kernel routines being named I<sys_vm86old>() and I<sys_vm86>()."
17115 #. type: Plain text
17116 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:741
17118 "In Linux 2.4, a new version of B<getrlimit>(2) appeared, with the old and "
17119 "the new kernel routines being named I<sys_old_getrlimit>() (slot "
17120 "I<__NR_getrlimit>) and I<sys_getrlimit>() (slot I<__NR_ugetrlimit>)."
17123 #. 64-bit off_t changes: ftruncate64, *stat64,
17124 #. fcntl64 (because of the flock structure), getdents64, *statfs64
17125 #. type: Plain text
17126 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:753
17128 "Linux 2.4 increased the size of user and group IDs from 16 to 32 bits. To "
17129 "support this change, a range of system calls were added (e.g., "
17130 "B<chown32>(2), B<getuid32>(2), B<getgroups32>(2), B<setresuid32>(2)), "
17131 "superseding earlier calls of the same name without the \"32\" suffix."
17134 #. type: Plain text
17135 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:770
17137 "Linux 2.4 added support for applications on 32-bit architectures to access "
17138 "large files (i.e., files for which the sizes and file offsets can't be "
17139 "represented in 32 bits.) To support this change, replacements were required "
17140 "for system calls that deal with file offsets and sizes. Thus the following "
17141 "system calls were added: B<fcntl64>(2), B<ftruncate64>(2), B<getdents64>(2), "
17142 "B<stat64>(2), B<statfs64>(2), and their analogs that work with file "
17143 "descriptors or symbolic links. These system calls supersede the older "
17144 "system calls which, except in the case of the \"stat\" calls, have the same "
17145 "name without the \"64\" suffix."
17148 #. type: Plain text
17149 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:774
17151 "On newer platforms that only have 64-bit file access and 32-bit uids (e.g., "
17152 "alpha, ia64, s390x) there are no *64 or *32 calls. Where the *64 and *32 "
17153 "calls exist, the other versions are obsolete."
17156 #. type: Plain text
17157 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:782
17159 "The I<rt_sig*> calls were added in kernel 2.2 to support the addition of "
17160 "real-time signals (see B<signal>(7)). These system calls supersede the "
17161 "older system calls of the same name without the \"rt_\" prefix."
17164 #. (used by libc 6)
17166 #. Two system call numbers,
17167 #. .IR __NR__llseek
17169 #. .IR __NR__sysctl
17170 #. have an additional underscore absent in
17171 #. .IR sys_llseek ()
17173 #. .IR sys_sysctl ().
17175 #. In kernel 2.1.81,
17179 #. were swapped; that is,
17181 #. was added with the semantics that were then current for
17183 #. and the semantics of the latter call were changed to what
17185 #. type: Plain text
17186 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:832
17188 "The B<select>(2) and B<mmap>(2) system calls use five or more arguments, "
17189 "which caused problems in the way argument passing on the i386 used to be set "
17190 "up. Thus, while other architectures have I<sys_select>() and I<sys_mmap>() "
17191 "corresponding to I<__NR_select> and I<__NR_mmap>, on i386 one finds "
17192 "I<old_select>() and I<old_mmap>() (routines that use a pointer to a "
17193 "argument block) instead. These days passing five arguments is not a problem "
17194 "any more, and there is a I<__NR__newselect> that corresponds directly to "
17195 "I<sys_select>() and similarly I<__NR_mmap2>."
17198 #. type: Plain text
17199 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:838
17200 msgid "B<intro>(2), B<syscall>(2), B<unimplemented>(2), B<libc>(7), B<vdso>(7)"
17204 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27
17210 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27
17215 #. type: Plain text
17216 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:30
17217 msgid "sysconf - get configuration information at run time"
17220 #. type: Plain text
17221 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:35
17223 msgid "B<long sysconf(int >I<name>B<);>\n"
17226 #. type: Plain text
17227 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:40
17229 "POSIX allows an application to test at compile or run time whether certain "
17230 "options are supported, or what the value is of certain configurable "
17231 "constants or limits."
17234 #. type: Plain text
17235 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:46
17237 "At compile time this is done by including I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> and/or "
17238 "I<E<lt>limits.hE<gt>> and testing the value of certain macros."
17241 #. type: Plain text
17242 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:56
17244 "At run time, one can ask for numerical values using the present function "
17245 "B<sysconf>(). One can ask for numerical values that may depend on the "
17246 "filesystem a file is in using the calls B<fpathconf>(3) and "
17247 "B<pathconf>(3). One can ask for string values using B<confstr>(3)."
17250 #. except that sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX) may change answer after a call
17251 #. to setrlimit( ) which changes the RLIMIT_NOFILE soft limit
17252 #. type: Plain text
17253 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:61
17255 "The values obtained from these functions are system configuration "
17256 "constants. They do not change during the lifetime of a process."
17259 #. and 999 to indicate support for options no longer present in the latest
17261 #. type: Plain text
17262 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:84
17264 "For options, typically, there is a constant B<_POSIX_FOO> that may be "
17265 "defined in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>. If it is undefined, one should ask at run "
17266 "time. If it is defined to -1, then the option is not supported. If it is "
17267 "defined to 0, then relevant functions and headers exist, but one has to ask "
17268 "at run time what degree of support is available. If it is defined to a "
17269 "value other than -1 or 0, then the option is supported. Usually the value "
17270 "(such as 200112L) indicates the year and month of the POSIX revision "
17271 "describing the option. Glibc uses the value 1 to indicate support as long "
17272 "as the POSIX revision has not been published yet. The B<sysconf>() "
17273 "argument will be B<_SC_FOO>. For a list of options, see B<posixoptions>(7)."
17276 #. type: Plain text
17277 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:104
17279 "For variables or limits, typically, there is a constant B<_FOO>, maybe "
17280 "defined in I<E<lt>limits.hE<gt>>, or B<_POSIX_FOO>, maybe defined in "
17281 "I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>. The constant will not be defined if the limit is "
17282 "unspecified. If the constant is defined, it gives a guaranteed value, and a "
17283 "greater value might actually be supported. If an application wants to take "
17284 "advantage of values which may change between systems, a call to B<sysconf>() "
17285 "can be made. The B<sysconf>() argument will be B<_SC_FOO>."
17289 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:104
17291 msgid "POSIX.1 variables"
17294 #. type: Plain text
17295 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:109
17297 "We give the name of the variable, the name of the B<sysconf>() argument "
17298 "used to inquire about its value, and a short description."
17301 #. [for the moment: only the things that are unconditionally present]
17303 #. .BR AIO_LISTIO_MAX " - " _SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX
17304 #. (if _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO)
17305 #. Maximum number of I/O operations in a single list I/O call.
17306 #. Must not be less than _POSIX_AIO_LISTIO_MAX.
17308 #. .BR AIO_MAX " - " _SC_AIO_MAX
17309 #. (if _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO)
17310 #. Maximum number of outstanding asynchronous I/O operations.
17311 #. Must not be less than _POSIX_AIO_MAX.
17313 #. .BR AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX " - " _SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX
17314 #. (if _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO)
17315 #. The maximum amount by which a process can decrease its
17316 #. asynchronous I/O priority level from its own scheduling priority.
17317 #. Must be nonnegative.
17318 #. type: Plain text
17319 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:128
17320 msgid "First, the POSIX.1 compatible values."
17324 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:128
17326 msgid "B<ARG_MAX> - B<_SC_ARG_MAX>"
17329 #. type: Plain text
17330 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:136
17332 "The maximum length of the arguments to the B<exec>(3) family of functions. "
17333 "Must not be less than B<_POSIX_ARG_MAX> (4096)."
17337 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:136
17339 msgid "B<CHILD_MAX> - B<_SC_CHILD_MAX>"
17342 #. type: Plain text
17343 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:142
17345 "The maximum number of simultaneous processes per user ID. Must not be less "
17346 "than B<_POSIX_CHILD_MAX> (25)."
17350 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:142
17352 msgid "B<HOST_NAME_MAX> - B<_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX>"
17355 #. type: Plain text
17356 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:150
17358 "Maximum length of a hostname, not including the terminating null byte, as "
17359 "returned by B<gethostname>(2). Must not be less than "
17360 "B<_POSIX_HOST_NAME_MAX> (255)."
17364 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:150
17366 msgid "B<LOGIN_NAME_MAX> - B<_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX>"
17369 #. type: Plain text
17370 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:156
17372 "Maximum length of a login name, including the terminating null byte. Must "
17373 "not be less than B<_POSIX_LOGIN_NAME_MAX> (9)."
17377 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:156
17379 msgid "clock ticks - B<_SC_CLK_TCK>"
17382 #. type: Plain text
17383 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:165
17385 "The number of clock ticks per second. The corresponding variable is "
17386 "obsolete. It was of course called B<CLK_TCK>. (Note: the macro "
17387 "B<CLOCKS_PER_SEC> does not give information: it must equal 1000000.)"
17391 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:165
17393 msgid "B<OPEN_MAX> - B<_SC_OPEN_MAX>"
17396 #. type: Plain text
17397 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:171
17399 "The maximum number of files that a process can have open at any time. Must "
17400 "not be less than B<_POSIX_OPEN_MAX> (20)."
17404 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:171
17406 msgid "B<PAGESIZE> - B<_SC_PAGESIZE>"
17409 #. type: Plain text
17410 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:176
17412 "Size of a page in bytes. Must not be less than 1. (Some systems use "
17413 "PAGE_SIZE instead.)"
17417 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:176 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:263
17419 msgid "B<RE_DUP_MAX> - B<_SC_RE_DUP_MAX>"
17422 #. type: Plain text
17423 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:185
17425 "The number of repeated occurrences of a BRE permitted by B<regexec>(3) and "
17426 "B<regcomp>(3). Must not be less than B<_POSIX2_RE_DUP_MAX> (255)."
17430 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:185
17432 msgid "B<STREAM_MAX> - B<_SC_STREAM_MAX>"
17435 #. type: Plain text
17436 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:194
17438 "The maximum number of streams that a process can have open at any time. If "
17439 "defined, it has the same value as the standard C macro B<FOPEN_MAX>. Must "
17440 "not be less than B<_POSIX_STREAM_MAX> (8)."
17444 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:194
17446 msgid "B<SYMLOOP_MAX> - B<_SC_SYMLOOP_MAX>"
17449 #. type: Plain text
17450 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:202
17452 "The maximum number of symbolic links seen in a pathname before resolution "
17453 "returns B<ELOOP>. Must not be less than B<_POSIX_SYMLOOP_MAX> (8)."
17457 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:202
17459 msgid "B<TTY_NAME_MAX> - B<_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX>"
17462 #. type: Plain text
17463 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:209
17465 "The maximum length of terminal device name, including the terminating null "
17466 "byte. Must not be less than B<_POSIX_TTY_NAME_MAX> (9)."
17470 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:209
17472 msgid "B<TZNAME_MAX> - B<_SC_TZNAME_MAX>"
17475 #. type: Plain text
17476 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:215
17478 "The maximum number of bytes in a timezone name. Must not be less than "
17479 "B<_POSIX_TZNAME_MAX> (6)."
17483 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:215
17485 msgid "B<_POSIX_VERSION> - B<_SC_VERSION>"
17488 #. type: Plain text
17489 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:223
17491 "indicates the year and month the POSIX.1 standard was approved in the format "
17492 "B<YYYYMML>; the value B<199009L> indicates the Sept. 1990 revision."
17496 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:223
17498 msgid "POSIX.2 variables"
17501 #. type: Plain text
17502 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:225
17503 msgid "Next, the POSIX.2 values, giving limits for utilities."
17507 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:225
17509 msgid "B<BC_BASE_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_BASE_MAX>"
17512 #. type: Plain text
17513 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:232
17514 msgid "indicates the maximum I<obase> value accepted by the B<bc>(1) utility."
17518 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:232
17520 msgid "B<BC_DIM_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_DIM_MAX>"
17523 #. type: Plain text
17524 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:236
17525 msgid "indicates the maximum value of elements permitted in an array by B<bc>(1)."
17529 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:236
17531 msgid "B<BC_SCALE_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_SCALE_MAX>"
17534 #. type: Plain text
17535 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:242
17536 msgid "indicates the maximum I<scale> value allowed by B<bc>(1)."
17540 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:242
17542 msgid "B<BC_STRING_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_STRING_MAX>"
17545 #. type: Plain text
17546 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:246
17547 msgid "indicates the maximum length of a string accepted by B<bc>(1)."
17551 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:246
17553 msgid "B<COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX> - B<_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX>"
17556 #. type: Plain text
17557 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:252
17559 "indicates the maximum numbers of weights that can be assigned to an entry of "
17560 "the B<LC_COLLATE order> keyword in the locale definition file,"
17564 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:252
17566 msgid "B<EXPR_NEST_MAX> - B<_SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX>"
17569 #. type: Plain text
17570 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:257
17572 "is the maximum number of expressions which can be nested within parentheses "
17577 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:257
17579 msgid "B<LINE_MAX> - B<_SC_LINE_MAX>"
17582 #. type: Plain text
17583 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:263
17585 "The maximum length of a utility's input line, either from standard input or "
17586 "from a file. This includes space for a trailing newline."
17589 #. type: Plain text
17590 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:269
17592 "The maximum number of repeated occurrences of a regular expression when the "
17593 "interval notation B<\\e{m,n\\e}> is used."
17597 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:269
17599 msgid "B<POSIX2_VERSION> - B<_SC_2_VERSION>"
17602 #. type: Plain text
17603 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:273
17604 msgid "indicates the version of the POSIX.2 standard in the format of YYYYMML."
17608 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:273
17610 msgid "B<POSIX2_C_DEV> - B<_SC_2_C_DEV>"
17613 #. type: Plain text
17614 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:277
17616 "indicates whether the POSIX.2 C language development facilities are "
17621 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:277
17623 msgid "B<POSIX2_FORT_DEV> - B<_SC_2_FORT_DEV>"
17626 #. type: Plain text
17627 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:281
17628 msgid "indicates whether the POSIX.2 FORTRAN development utilities are supported."
17632 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:281
17634 msgid "B<POSIX2_FORT_RUN> - B<_SC_2_FORT_RUN>"
17637 #. type: Plain text
17638 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:284
17639 msgid "indicates whether the POSIX.2 FORTRAN run-time utilities are supported."
17643 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:284
17645 msgid "B<_POSIX2_LOCALEDEF> - B<_SC_2_LOCALEDEF>"
17648 #. type: Plain text
17649 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:289
17651 "indicates whether the POSIX.2 creation of locates via B<localedef>(1) is "
17656 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:289
17658 msgid "B<POSIX2_SW_DEV> - B<_SC_2_SW_DEV>"
17661 #. type: Plain text
17662 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:293
17664 "indicates whether the POSIX.2 software development utilities option is "
17668 #. type: Plain text
17669 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:295
17670 msgid "These values also exist, but may not be standard."
17674 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:295
17676 msgid " - B<_SC_PHYS_PAGES>"
17679 #. type: Plain text
17680 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:302
17682 "The number of pages of physical memory. Note that it is possible for the "
17683 "product of this value and the value of B<_SC_PAGESIZE> to overflow."
17687 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:302
17689 msgid " - B<_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES>"
17692 #. type: Plain text
17693 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:305
17694 msgid "The number of currently available pages of physical memory."
17698 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:305
17700 msgid " - B<_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF>"
17703 #. type: Plain text
17704 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:308
17705 msgid "The number of processors configured."
17709 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:308
17711 msgid " - B<_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN>"
17714 #. type: Plain text
17715 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:311
17716 msgid "The number of processors currently online (available)."
17719 #. type: Plain text
17720 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:324
17722 "If I<name> is invalid, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set to B<EINVAL>. "
17723 "Otherwise, the value returned is the value of the system resource and "
17724 "I<errno> is not changed. In the case of options, a positive value is "
17725 "returned if a queried option is available, and -1 if it is not. In the case "
17726 "of limits, -1 means that there is no definite limit."
17729 #. type: Plain text
17730 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:332
17732 "It is difficult to use B<ARG_MAX> because it is not specified how much of "
17733 "the argument space for B<exec>(3) is consumed by the user's environment "
17737 #. type: Plain text
17738 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:343
17740 "B<bc>(1), B<expr>(1), B<getconf>(1), B<locale>(1), B<fpathconf>(3), "
17741 "B<pathconf>(3), B<posixoptions>(7)"
17745 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30
17751 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30
17756 #. type: Plain text
17757 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:33
17758 msgid "sysctl - read/write system parameters"
17761 #. type: Plain text
17762 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:38
17764 msgid "B<#include E<lt>linux/sysctl.hE<gt>>\n"
17767 #. type: Plain text
17768 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:40
17770 msgid "B<int _sysctl(struct __sysctl_args *>I<args>B<);>\n"
17773 #. type: Plain text
17774 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:47
17775 msgid "B<Do not use this system call!> See NOTES."
17778 #. type: Plain text
17779 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:54
17781 "The B<_sysctl>() call reads and/or writes kernel parameters. For example, "
17782 "the hostname, or the maximum number of open files. The argument has the "
17786 #. type: Plain text
17787 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:66
17790 "struct __sysctl_args {\n"
17791 " int *name; /* integer vector describing variable */\n"
17792 " int nlen; /* length of this vector */\n"
17793 " void *oldval; /* 0 or address where to store old value */\n"
17794 " size_t *oldlenp; /* available room for old value,\n"
17795 " overwritten by actual size of old value */\n"
17796 " void *newval; /* 0 or address of new value */\n"
17797 " size_t newlen; /* size of new value */\n"
17801 #. type: Plain text
17802 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:74
17804 "This call does a search in a tree structure, possibly resembling a directory "
17805 "tree under I</proc/sys>, and if the requested item is found calls some "
17806 "appropriate routine to read or modify the value."
17809 #. type: Plain text
17810 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:81
17812 "Upon successful completion, B<_sysctl>() returns 0. Otherwise, a value of "
17813 "-1 is returned and I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
17816 #. type: Plain text
17817 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:88
17819 "The invocation asked for the previous value by setting I<oldval> non-NULL, "
17820 "but allowed zero room in I<oldlenp>."
17823 #. type: Plain text
17824 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:92
17825 msgid "I<name> was not found."
17829 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:92
17831 msgid "B<EACCES>, B<EPERM>"
17834 #. type: Plain text
17835 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:100
17837 "No search permission for one of the encountered \"directories\", or no read "
17838 "permission where I<oldval> was nonzero, or no write permission where "
17839 "I<newval> was nonzero."
17842 #. type: Plain text
17843 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:114
17845 "This call is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended to "
17846 "be portable. A B<sysctl>() call has been present in Linux since version "
17847 "1.3.57. It originated in 4.4BSD. Only Linux has the I</proc/sys> mirror, "
17848 "and the object naming schemes differ between Linux and 4.4BSD, but the "
17849 "declaration of the B<sysctl>() function is the same in both."
17852 #. See http://lwn.net/Articles/247243/
17853 #. Though comments in suggest that it is needed by old glibc binaries,
17854 #. so maybe it's not going away.
17855 #. type: Plain text
17856 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:131
17858 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using "
17859 "B<syscall>(2). Or rather... I<don't> call it: use of this system call has "
17860 "long been discouraged, and it is so unloved that B<it is likely to disappear "
17861 "in a future kernel version>. Since Linux 2.6.24, uses of this system call "
17862 "result in warnings in the kernel log. Remove it from your programs now; use "
17863 "the I</proc/sys> interface instead."
17866 #. type: Plain text
17867 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:135
17869 "This system call is available only if the kernel was configured with the "
17870 "B<CONFIG_SYSCTL_SYSCALL> option."
17873 #. type: Plain text
17874 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:138
17876 "The object names vary between kernel versions, making this system call "
17877 "worthless for applications."
17880 #. type: Plain text
17881 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:140
17882 msgid "Not all available objects are properly documented."
17885 #. type: Plain text
17886 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:143
17888 "It is not yet possible to change operating system by writing to "
17889 "I</proc/sys/kernel/ostype>."
17892 #. type: Plain text
17893 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:152
17896 "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n"
17897 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
17898 "#include E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt>\n"
17899 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
17900 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
17901 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
17902 "#include E<lt>linux/sysctl.hE<gt>\n"
17905 #. type: Plain text
17906 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:154
17908 msgid "int _sysctl(struct __sysctl_args *args );\n"
17911 #. type: Plain text
17912 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:156
17914 msgid "#define OSNAMESZ 100\n"
17917 #. type: Plain text
17918 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:164
17924 " struct __sysctl_args args;\n"
17925 " char osname[OSNAMESZ];\n"
17926 " size_t osnamelth;\n"
17927 " int name[] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_OSTYPE };\n"
17930 #. type: Plain text
17931 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:170
17934 " memset(&args, 0, sizeof(struct __sysctl_args));\n"
17935 " args.name = name;\n"
17936 " args.nlen = sizeof(name)/sizeof(name[0]);\n"
17937 " args.oldval = osname;\n"
17938 " args.oldlenp = &osnamelth;\n"
17941 #. type: Plain text
17942 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:172
17944 msgid " osnamelth = sizeof(osname);\n"
17947 #. type: Plain text
17948 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:180
17951 " if (syscall(SYS__sysctl, &args) == -1) {\n"
17952 " perror(\"_sysctl\");\n"
17953 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
17955 " printf(\"This machine is running %*s\\en\", osnamelth, osname);\n"
17956 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
17960 #. type: Plain text
17961 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:183 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:96
17966 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14
17972 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14
17977 #. type: Plain text
17978 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:17
17979 msgid "sysinfo - returns information on overall system statistics"
17982 #. type: Plain text
17983 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:21
17984 msgid "B<int sysinfo(struct sysinfo *>I<info>B<);>"
17987 #. type: Plain text
17988 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:25
17990 "Until Linux 2.3.16, B<sysinfo>() used to return information in the "
17991 "following structure:"
17994 #. type: Plain text
17995 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:40
17998 "struct sysinfo {\n"
17999 " long uptime; /* Seconds since boot */\n"
18000 " unsigned long loads[3]; /* 1, 5, and 15 minute load averages */\n"
18001 " unsigned long totalram; /* Total usable main memory size */\n"
18002 " unsigned long freeram; /* Available memory size */\n"
18003 " unsigned long sharedram; /* Amount of shared memory */\n"
18004 " unsigned long bufferram; /* Memory used by buffers */\n"
18005 " unsigned long totalswap; /* Total swap space size */\n"
18006 " unsigned long freeswap; /* swap space still available */\n"
18007 " unsigned short procs; /* Number of current processes */\n"
18008 " char _f[22]; /* Pads structure to 64 bytes */\n"
18012 #. type: Plain text
18013 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:44
18014 msgid "and the sizes were given in bytes."
18017 #. type: Plain text
18018 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:47
18019 msgid "Since Linux 2.3.23 (i386), 2.3.48 (all architectures) the structure is:"
18022 #. type: Plain text
18023 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:65
18026 "struct sysinfo {\n"
18027 " long uptime; /* Seconds since boot */\n"
18028 " unsigned long loads[3]; /* 1, 5, and 15 minute load averages */\n"
18029 " unsigned long totalram; /* Total usable main memory size */\n"
18030 " unsigned long freeram; /* Available memory size */\n"
18031 " unsigned long sharedram; /* Amount of shared memory */\n"
18032 " unsigned long bufferram; /* Memory used by buffers */\n"
18033 " unsigned long totalswap; /* Total swap space size */\n"
18034 " unsigned long freeswap; /* swap space still available */\n"
18035 " unsigned short procs; /* Number of current processes */\n"
18036 " unsigned long totalhigh; /* Total high memory size */\n"
18037 " unsigned long freehigh; /* Available high memory size */\n"
18038 " unsigned int mem_unit; /* Memory unit size in bytes */\n"
18039 " char _f[20-2*sizeof(long)-sizeof(int)]; /* Padding to 64 bytes */\n"
18043 #. type: Plain text
18044 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:69
18045 msgid "and the sizes are given as multiples of I<mem_unit> bytes."
18048 #. type: Plain text
18049 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:74
18051 "B<sysinfo>() provides a simple way of getting overall system statistics. "
18052 "This is more portable than reading I</dev/kmem>."
18055 #. type: Plain text
18056 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:83
18057 msgid "pointer to I<struct\\ sysinfo> is invalid"
18060 #. type: Plain text
18061 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:94
18063 "The Linux kernel has a B<sysinfo>() system call since 0.98.pl6. Linux libc "
18064 "contains a B<sysinfo>() routine since 5.3.5, and glibc has one since 1.90."
18068 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25
18074 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25
18079 #. type: Plain text
18080 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:28
18081 msgid "tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp - get and set terminal foreground process group"
18084 #. type: Plain text
18085 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:32
18086 msgid "B<pid_t tcgetpgrp(int >I<fd>B<);>"
18089 #. type: Plain text
18090 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:34
18091 msgid "B<int tcsetpgrp(int >I<fd>B<, pid_t >I<pgrp>B<);>"
18094 #. The process itself may be a background process.
18095 #. type: Plain text
18096 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:42
18098 "The function B<tcgetpgrp>() returns the process group ID of the foreground "
18099 "process group on the terminal associated to I<fd>, which must be the "
18100 "controlling terminal of the calling process."
18103 #. type: Plain text
18104 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:55
18106 "The function B<tcsetpgrp>() makes the process group with process group ID "
18107 "I<pgrp> the foreground process group on the terminal associated to I<fd>, "
18108 "which must be the controlling terminal of the calling process, and still be "
18109 "associated with its session. Moreover, I<pgrp> must be a (nonempty) process "
18110 "group belonging to the same session as the calling process."
18113 #. type: Plain text
18114 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:64
18116 "If B<tcsetpgrp>() is called by a member of a background process group in "
18117 "its session, and the calling process is not blocking or ignoring B<SIGTTOU>, "
18118 "a B<SIGTTOU> signal is sent to all members of this background process group."
18121 #. type: Plain text
18122 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:79
18124 "When I<fd> refers to the controlling terminal of the calling process, the "
18125 "function B<tcgetpgrp>() will return the foreground process group ID of that "
18126 "terminal if there is one, and some value larger than 1 that is not presently "
18127 "a process group ID otherwise. When I<fd> does not refer to the controlling "
18128 "terminal of the calling process, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set "
18132 #. type: Plain text
18133 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:86
18135 "When successful, B<tcsetpgrp>() returns 0. Otherwise, it returns -1, and "
18136 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
18139 #. type: Plain text
18140 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:95
18141 msgid "I<pgrp> has an unsupported value."
18144 #. type: Plain text
18145 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:104
18147 "The calling process does not have a controlling terminal, or it has one but "
18148 "it is not described by I<fd>, or, for B<tcsetpgrp>(), this controlling "
18149 "terminal is no longer associated with the session of the calling process."
18152 #. type: Plain text
18153 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:109
18155 "I<pgrp> has a supported value, but is not the process group ID of a process "
18156 "in the same session as the calling process."
18159 #. type: Plain text
18160 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:116
18161 msgid "The B<tcgetpgrp>() and B<tcsetpgrp>() functions are thread-safe."
18164 #. type: Plain text
18165 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:124
18167 "These functions are implemented via the B<TIOCGPGRP> and B<TIOCSPGRP> "
18172 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:124 build/C/man2/vfork.2:234
18177 #. type: Plain text
18178 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:127
18179 msgid "The ioctls appeared in 4.2BSD. The functions are POSIX inventions."
18182 #. type: Plain text
18183 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:131
18184 msgid "B<setpgid>(2), B<setsid>(2), B<credentials>(7)"
18188 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:43
18194 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:43
18199 #. type: Plain text
18200 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:46
18201 msgid "truncate, ftruncate - truncate a file to a specified length"
18204 #. type: Plain text
18205 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:52
18206 msgid "B<int truncate(const char *>I<path>B<, off_t >I<length>B<);>"
18209 #. type: Plain text
18210 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:54
18211 msgid "B<int ftruncate(int >I<fd>B<, off_t >I<length>B<);>"
18214 #. type: Plain text
18215 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:63
18216 msgid "B<truncate>():"
18219 #. type: Plain text
18220 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:71
18221 msgid "B<ftruncate>():"
18224 #. type: Plain text
18225 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:76
18226 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.3.5: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L"
18229 #. type: Plain text
18230 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:91
18232 "The B<truncate>() and B<ftruncate>() functions cause the regular file "
18233 "named by I<path> or referenced by I<fd> to be truncated to a size of "
18234 "precisely I<length> bytes."
18237 #. type: Plain text
18238 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:95
18240 "If the file previously was larger than this size, the extra data is lost. "
18241 "If the file previously was shorter, it is extended, and the extended part "
18242 "reads as null bytes (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq)."
18245 #. type: Plain text
18246 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:97
18247 msgid "The file offset is not changed."
18250 #. type: Plain text
18251 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:104
18253 "If the size changed, then the st_ctime and st_mtime fields (respectively, "
18254 "time of last status change and time of last modification; see B<stat>(2)) "
18255 "for the file are updated, and the set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission "
18256 "bits may be cleared."
18259 #. type: Plain text
18260 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:110
18262 "With B<ftruncate>(), the file must be open for writing; with B<truncate>(), "
18263 "the file must be writable."
18266 #. type: Plain text
18267 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:118
18268 msgid "For B<truncate>():"
18271 #. type: Plain text
18272 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:124
18274 "Search permission is denied for a component of the path prefix, or the named "
18275 "file is not writable by the user. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
18278 #. type: Plain text
18279 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:128
18280 msgid "I<Path> points outside the process's allocated address space."
18284 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:128
18289 #. type: Plain text
18290 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:133
18291 msgid "The argument I<length> is larger than the maximum file size. (XSI)"
18294 #. type: Plain text
18295 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:140
18297 "While blocked waiting to complete, the call was interrupted by a signal "
18298 "handler; see B<fcntl>(2) and B<signal>(7)."
18301 #. type: Plain text
18302 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:145
18303 msgid "The argument I<length> is negative or larger than the maximum file size."
18306 #. type: Plain text
18307 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:148
18308 msgid "An I/O error occurred updating the inode."
18311 #. type: Plain text
18312 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:151
18313 msgid "The named file is a directory."
18316 #. type: Plain text
18317 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:154
18318 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in translating the pathname."
18321 #. type: Plain text
18322 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:158
18324 "A component of a pathname exceeded 255 characters, or an entire pathname "
18325 "exceeded 1023 characters."
18328 #. type: Plain text
18329 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:161
18330 msgid "The named file does not exist."
18333 #. This happens for at least MSDOS and VFAT filesystems
18334 #. on kernel 2.6.13
18335 #. type: Plain text
18336 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:170
18338 "The underlying filesystem does not support extending a file beyond its "
18342 #. type: Plain text
18343 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:176
18344 msgid "The file is a pure procedure (shared text) file that is being executed."
18347 #. type: Plain text
18348 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:183
18350 "For B<ftruncate>() the same errors apply, but instead of things that can be "
18351 "wrong with I<path>, we now have things that can be wrong with the file "
18352 "descriptor, I<fd>:"
18355 #. type: Plain text
18356 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:187
18357 msgid "I<fd> is not a valid descriptor."
18361 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:187
18363 msgid "B<EBADF> or B<EINVAL>"
18366 #. type: Plain text
18367 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:191
18368 msgid "I<fd> is not open for writing."
18371 #. type: Plain text
18372 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:195
18373 msgid "I<fd> does not reference a regular file."
18376 #. POSIX.1-1996 has
18377 #. .BR ftruncate ().
18378 #. POSIX.1-2001 also has
18379 #. .BR truncate (),
18380 #. as an XSI extension.
18382 #. SVr4 documents additional
18384 #. error conditions EMFILE, EMULTIHP, ENFILE, ENOLINK. SVr4 documents for
18385 #. .BR ftruncate ()
18386 #. an additional EAGAIN error condition.
18387 #. type: Plain text
18388 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:208
18389 msgid "4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001 (these calls first appeared in 4.2BSD)."
18392 #. At the very least: OSF/1, Solaris 7, and FreeBSD conform, mtk, Jan 2002
18393 #. type: Plain text
18394 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:229
18396 "The details in DESCRIPTION are for XSI-compliant systems. For "
18397 "non-XSI-compliant systems, the POSIX standard allows two behaviors for "
18398 "B<ftruncate>() when I<length> exceeds the file length (note that "
18399 "B<truncate>() is not specified at all in such an environment): either "
18400 "returning an error, or extending the file. Like most UNIX implementations, "
18401 "Linux follows the XSI requirement when dealing with native filesystems. "
18402 "However, some nonnative filesystems do not permit B<truncate>() and "
18403 "B<ftruncate>() to be used to extend a file beyond its current length: a "
18404 "notable example on Linux is VFAT."
18407 #. type: Plain text
18408 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:243
18410 "The original Linux B<truncate>() and B<ftruncate>() system calls were not "
18411 "designed to handle large file offsets. Consequently, Linux 2.4 added "
18412 "B<truncate64>() and B<ftruncate64>() system calls that handle large "
18413 "files. However, these details can be ignored by applications using glibc, "
18414 "whose wrapper functions transparently employ the more recent system calls "
18415 "where they are available."
18418 #. http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12037
18419 #. type: Plain text
18420 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:256
18422 "A header file bug in glibc 2.12 meant that the minimum value of "
18423 "B<_POSIX_C_SOURCE> required to expose the declaration of B<ftruncate>() was "
18424 "200809L instead of 200112L. This has been fixed in later glibc versions."
18427 #. type: Plain text
18428 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:260
18429 msgid "B<open>(2), B<stat>(2), B<path_resolution>(7)"
18433 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:24
18439 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:24
18444 #. type: Plain text
18445 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:27
18446 msgid "ualarm - schedule signal after given number of microseconds"
18449 #. type: Plain text
18450 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:32
18452 msgid "B<useconds_t ualarm(useconds_t >I<usecs>B<, useconds_t >I<interval>B<);>\n"
18455 #. type: Plain text
18456 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:40
18457 msgid "B<ualarm>():"
18460 #. type: Plain text
18461 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:69
18463 "The B<ualarm>() function causes the signal B<SIGALRM> to be sent to the "
18464 "invoking process after (not less than) I<usecs> microseconds. The delay "
18465 "may be lengthened slightly by any system activity or by the time spent "
18466 "processing the call or by the granularity of system timers."
18469 #. type: Plain text
18470 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:73
18471 msgid "Unless caught or ignored, the B<SIGALRM> signal will terminate the process."
18474 #. type: Plain text
18475 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:81
18477 "If the I<interval> argument is nonzero, further B<SIGALRM> signals will be "
18478 "sent every I<interval> microseconds after the first."
18481 #. type: Plain text
18482 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:84
18484 "This function returns the number of microseconds remaining for any alarm "
18485 "that was previously set, or 0 if no alarm was pending."
18488 #. type: Plain text
18489 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:88
18490 msgid "Interrupted by a signal."
18493 #. type: Plain text
18494 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:92
18496 "I<usecs> or I<interval> is not smaller than 1000000. (On systems where that "
18497 "is considered an error.)"
18500 #. type: Plain text
18501 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:97
18502 msgid "The B<ualarm>() function is thread-safe."
18505 #. type: Plain text
18506 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:105
18508 "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2001 marks B<ualarm>() as obsolete. "
18509 "POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of B<ualarm>(). 4.3BSD, SUSv2, and "
18510 "POSIX do not define any errors."
18513 #. This case is not documented in HP-US, Solar, FreeBSD, NetBSD, or OpenBSD!
18514 #. type: Plain text
18515 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:112
18517 "POSIX.1-2001 does not specify what happens if the I<usecs> argument is 0. "
18518 "On Linux (and probably most other systems), the effect is to cancel any "
18522 #. type: Plain text
18523 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:125
18525 "The type I<useconds_t> is an unsigned integer type capable of holding "
18526 "integers in the range [0,1000000]. On the original BSD implementation, and "
18527 "in glibc before version 2.1, the arguments to B<ualarm>() were instead "
18528 "typed as I<unsigned int>. Programs will be more portable if they never "
18529 "mention I<useconds_t> explicitly."
18532 #. type: Plain text
18533 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:139
18535 "The interaction of this function with other timer functions such as "
18536 "B<alarm>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<nanosleep>(2), B<setitimer>(2), "
18537 "B<timer_create>(2), B<timer_delete>(2), B<timer_getoverrun>(2), "
18538 "B<timer_gettime>(2), B<timer_settime>(2), B<usleep>(3) is unspecified."
18541 #. type: Plain text
18542 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:147
18544 "This function is obsolete. Use B<setitimer>(2) or POSIX interval timers "
18545 "(B<timer_create>(2), etc.) instead."
18548 #. type: Plain text
18549 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:155
18551 "B<alarm>(2), B<getitimer>(2), B<nanosleep>(2), B<select>(2), "
18552 "B<setitimer>(2), B<usleep>(3), B<time>(7)"
18556 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:34
18562 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:34
18567 #. type: Plain text
18568 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:37
18569 msgid "umask - set file mode creation mask"
18572 #. type: Plain text
18573 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:43
18574 msgid "B<mode_t umask(mode_t >I<mask>B<);>"
18577 #. type: Plain text
18578 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:50
18580 "B<umask>() sets the calling process's file mode creation mask (umask) to "
18581 "I<mask> & 0777 (i.e., only the file permission bits of I<mask> are used), "
18582 "and returns the previous value of the mask."
18585 #. e.g., mkfifo(), creat(), mknod(), sem_open(), mq_open(), shm_open()
18586 #. but NOT the System V IPC *get() calls
18587 #. type: Plain text
18588 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:65
18590 "The umask is used by B<open>(2), B<mkdir>(2), and other system calls that "
18591 "create files to modify the permissions placed on newly created files or "
18592 "directories. Specifically, permissions in the umask are turned off from the "
18593 "I<mode> argument to B<open>(2) and B<mkdir>(2)."
18596 #. type: Plain text
18597 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:70
18599 "The constants that should be used to specify I<mask> are described under "
18603 #. type: Plain text
18604 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:79
18606 "The typical default value for the process umask is I<S_IWGRP\\ |\\ S_IWOTH> "
18607 "(octal 022). In the usual case where the I<mode> argument to B<open>(2) is "
18611 #. type: Plain text
18612 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:82
18614 msgid " S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH\n"
18617 #. type: Plain text
18618 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:86
18620 "(octal 0666) when creating a new file, the permissions on the resulting file "
18624 #. type: Plain text
18625 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:89
18627 msgid " S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH\n"
18630 #. type: Plain text
18631 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:92
18632 msgid "(because 0666 & ~022 = 0644; i.e., rw-r--r--)."
18635 #. type: Plain text
18636 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:95
18638 "This system call always succeeds and the previous value of the mask is "
18642 #. type: Plain text
18643 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:103
18645 "A child process created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's umask. The "
18646 "umask is left unchanged by B<execve>(2)."
18649 #. type: Plain text
18650 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:118
18652 "The umask setting also affects the permissions assigned to POSIX IPC objects "
18653 "(B<mq_open>(3), B<sem_open>(3), B<shm_open>(3)), FIFOs (B<mkfifo>(3)), and "
18654 "UNIX domain sockets (B<unix>(7)) created by the process. The umask does "
18655 "not affect the permissions assigned to System V IPC objects created by the "
18656 "process (using B<msgget>(2), B<semget>(2), B<shmget>(2))."
18659 #. type: Plain text
18660 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:124
18661 msgid "B<chmod>(2), B<mkdir>(2), B<open>(2), B<stat>(2), B<acl>(5)"
18665 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:27
18670 #. type: Plain text
18671 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:30
18672 msgid "uname - get name and information about current kernel"
18675 #. type: Plain text
18676 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:32
18677 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/utsname.hE<gt>>"
18680 #. type: Plain text
18681 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:34
18682 msgid "B<int uname(struct utsname *>I<buf>B<);>"
18685 #. type: Plain text
18686 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:42
18688 "B<uname>() returns system information in the structure pointed to by "
18689 "I<buf>. The I<utsname> struct is defined in I<E<lt>sys/utsname.hE<gt>>:"
18692 #. type: Plain text
18693 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:56
18696 "struct utsname {\n"
18697 " char sysname[]; /* Operating system name (e.g., \"Linux\") */\n"
18698 " char nodename[]; /* Name within \"some implementation-defined\n"
18700 " char release[]; /* Operating system release (e.g., \"2.6.28\") */\n"
18701 " char version[]; /* Operating system version */\n"
18702 " char machine[]; /* Hardware identifier */\n"
18703 "#ifdef _GNU_SOURCE\n"
18704 " char domainname[]; /* NIS or YP domain name */\n"
18709 #. type: Plain text
18710 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:63
18712 "The length of the arrays in a I<struct utsname> is unspecified (see NOTES); "
18713 "the fields are terminated by a null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq)."
18716 #. type: Plain text
18717 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:73
18718 msgid "I<buf> is not valid."
18721 #. type: Plain text
18722 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:78
18723 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001. There is no B<uname>() call in 4.3BSD."
18726 #. type: Plain text
18727 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:82
18728 msgid "The I<domainname> member (the NIS or YP domain name) is a GNU extension."
18731 #. type: Plain text
18732 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:98
18734 "This is a system call, and the operating system presumably knows its name, "
18735 "release and version. It also knows what hardware it runs on. So, four of "
18736 "the fields of the struct are meaningful. On the other hand, the field "
18737 "I<nodename> is meaningless: it gives the name of the present machine in some "
18738 "undefined network, but typically machines are in more than one network and "
18739 "have several names. Moreover, the kernel has no way of knowing about such "
18740 "things, so it has to be told what to answer here. The same holds for the "
18741 "additional I<domainname> field."
18744 #. type: Plain text
18745 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:116
18747 "To this end Linux uses the system calls B<sethostname>(2) and "
18748 "B<setdomainname>(2). Note that there is no standard that says that the "
18749 "hostname set by B<sethostname>(2) is the same string as the I<nodename> "
18750 "field of the struct returned by B<uname>() (indeed, some systems allow a "
18751 "256-byte hostname and an 8-byte nodename), but this is true on Linux. The "
18752 "same holds for B<setdomainname>(2) and the I<domainname> field."
18755 #. type: Plain text
18756 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:131
18758 "The length of the fields in the struct varies. Some operating systems or "
18759 "libraries use a hardcoded 9 or 33 or 65 or 257. Other systems use "
18760 "B<SYS_NMLN> or B<_SYS_NMLN> or B<UTSLEN> or B<_UTSNAME_LENGTH>. Clearly, it "
18761 "is a bad idea to use any of these constants; just use sizeof(...). Often "
18762 "257 is chosen in order to have room for an internet hostname."
18765 #. type: Plain text
18766 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:138
18768 "Part of the utsname information is also accessible via "
18769 "I</proc/sys/kernel/>{I<ostype>, I<hostname>, I<osrelease>, I<version>, "
18774 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:138
18776 msgid "Underlying kernel interface"
18779 #. That was back before Linux 1.0
18780 #. That was also back before Linux 1.0
18781 #. type: Plain text
18782 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:167
18784 "Over time, increases in the size of the I<utsname> structure have led to "
18785 "three successive versions of B<uname>(): I<sys_olduname>() (slot "
18786 "I<__NR_oldolduname>), I<sys_uname>() (slot I<__NR_olduname>), and "
18787 "I<sys_newuname>() (slot I<__NR_uname)>. The first one used length 9 for "
18788 "all fields; the second used 65; the third also uses 65 but adds the "
18789 "I<domainname> field. The glibc B<uname>() wrapper function hides these "
18790 "details from applications, invoking the most recent version of the system "
18791 "call provided by the kernel."
18794 #. type: Plain text
18795 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:171
18796 msgid "B<uname>(1), B<getdomainname>(2), B<gethostname>(2)"
18800 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:31
18806 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:31
18811 #. type: Plain text
18812 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:34
18813 msgid "uselib - load shared library"
18816 #. type: Plain text
18817 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:38
18818 msgid "B<int uselib(const char *>I<library>B<);>"
18821 #. type: Plain text
18822 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:48
18824 "The system call B<uselib>() serves to load a shared library to be used by "
18825 "the calling process. It is given a pathname. The address where to load is "
18826 "found in the library itself. The library can have any recognized binary "
18830 #. type: Plain text
18831 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:59
18833 "In addition to all of the error codes returned by B<open>(2) and "
18834 "B<mmap>(2), the following may also be returned:"
18837 #. type: Plain text
18838 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:67
18840 "The library specified by I<library> does not have read or execute "
18841 "permission, or the caller does not have search permission for one of the "
18842 "directories in the path prefix. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
18845 #. type: Plain text
18846 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:76
18848 "The file specified by I<library> is not an executable of a known type; for "
18849 "example, it does not have the correct magic numbers."
18852 #. type: Plain text
18853 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:80
18855 "B<uselib>() is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended "
18859 #. type: Plain text
18860 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:85
18862 "B<uselib>() was used by early libc startup code to load the shared "
18863 "libraries with names found in an array of names in the binary."
18866 #. libc 4.3.1f - changelog 1993-03-02
18867 #. libc 4.3.4 - changelog 1993-04-21
18868 #. type: Plain text
18869 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:95
18871 "Since libc 4.3.2, startup code tries to prefix these names with "
18872 "\"/usr/lib\", \"/lib\" and \"\" before giving up. In libc 4.3.4 and later "
18873 "these names are looked for in the directories found in B<LD_LIBRARY_PATH>, "
18874 "and if not found there, prefixes \"/usr/lib\", \"/lib\" and \"/\" are tried."
18877 #. type: Plain text
18878 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:100
18880 "From libc 4.4.4 on only the library \"/lib/ld.so\" is loaded, so that this "
18881 "dynamic library can load the remaining libraries needed (again using this "
18882 "call). This is also the state of affairs in libc5."
18885 #. type: Plain text
18886 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:102
18887 msgid "glibc2 does not use this call."
18890 #. type: Plain text
18891 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:112
18893 "B<ar>(1), B<gcc>(1), B<ld>(1), B<ldd>(1), B<mmap>(2), B<open>(2), "
18894 "B<dlopen>(3), B<capabilities>(7), B<ld.so>(8)"
18898 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:33
18904 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:33
18909 #. type: Plain text
18910 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:36
18911 msgid "usleep - suspend execution for microsecond intervals"
18914 #. type: Plain text
18915 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:41
18917 msgid "B<int usleep(useconds_t >I<usec>B<);>\n"
18920 #. type: Plain text
18921 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:49
18922 msgid "B<usleep>():"
18925 #. type: Plain text
18926 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:75
18928 "The B<usleep>() function suspends execution of the calling thread for (at "
18929 "least) I<usec> microseconds. The sleep may be lengthened slightly by any "
18930 "system activity or by the time spent processing the call or by the "
18931 "granularity of system timers."
18934 #. type: Plain text
18935 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:82
18937 "The B<usleep>() function returns 0 on success. On error, -1 is returned, "
18938 "with I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
18941 #. type: Plain text
18942 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:87
18943 msgid "Interrupted by a signal; see B<signal>(7)."
18946 #. type: Plain text
18947 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:91
18949 "I<usec> is not smaller than 1000000. (On systems where that is considered "
18953 #. type: Plain text
18954 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:96
18955 msgid "The B<usleep>() function is thread-safe."
18958 #. type: Plain text
18959 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:103
18961 "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2001 declares this function obsolete; use "
18962 "B<nanosleep>(2) instead. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
18966 #. type: Plain text
18967 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:110
18969 "On the original BSD implementation, and in glibc before version 2.2.2, the "
18970 "return type of this function is I<void>. The POSIX version returns I<int>, "
18971 "and this is also the prototype used since glibc 2.2.2."
18974 #. type: Plain text
18975 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:114
18976 msgid "Only the B<EINVAL> error return is documented by SUSv2 and POSIX.1-2001."
18979 #. type: Plain text
18980 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:122
18982 "The type I<useconds_t> is an unsigned integer type capable of holding "
18983 "integers in the range [0,1000000]. Programs will be more portable if they "
18984 "never mention this type explicitly. Use"
18987 #. type: Plain text
18988 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:130
18991 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
18993 " unsigned int usecs;\n"
18995 " usleep(usecs);\n"
18998 #. type: Plain text
18999 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:147
19001 "The interaction of this function with the B<SIGALRM> signal, and with other "
19002 "timer functions such as B<alarm>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<nanosleep>(2), "
19003 "B<setitimer>(2), B<timer_create>(2), B<timer_delete>(2), "
19004 "B<timer_getoverrun>(2), B<timer_gettime>(2), B<timer_settime>(2), "
19005 "B<ualarm>(3) is unspecified."
19008 #. type: Plain text
19009 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:156
19011 "B<alarm>(2), B<getitimer>(2), B<nanosleep>(2), B<select>(2), "
19012 "B<setitimer>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<ualarm>(3), B<time>(7)"
19016 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:28
19022 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:28
19027 #. type: Plain text
19028 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:31
19029 msgid "vfork - create a child process and block parent"
19032 #. type: Plain text
19033 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:37
19034 msgid "B<pid_t vfork(void);>"
19037 #. type: Plain text
19038 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:44
19039 msgid "B<vfork>():"
19043 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:63
19045 msgid "Standard description"
19048 #. type: Plain text
19049 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:82
19051 "(From POSIX.1) The B<vfork>() function has the same effect as B<fork>(2), "
19052 "except that the behavior is undefined if the process created by B<vfork>() "
19053 "either modifies any data other than a variable of type I<pid_t> used to "
19054 "store the return value from B<vfork>(), or returns from the function in "
19055 "which B<vfork>() was called, or calls any other function before "
19056 "successfully calling B<_exit>(2) or one of the B<exec>(3) family of "
19061 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:82
19063 msgid "Linux description"
19066 #. type: Plain text
19067 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:89
19069 "B<vfork>(), just like B<fork>(2), creates a child process of the calling "
19070 "process. For details and return value and errors, see B<fork>(2)."
19073 #. type: Plain text
19074 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:98
19076 "B<vfork>() is a special case of B<clone>(2). It is used to create new "
19077 "processes without copying the page tables of the parent process. It may be "
19078 "useful in performance-sensitive applications where a child is created which "
19079 "then immediately issues an B<execve>(2)."
19082 #. type: Plain text
19083 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:115
19085 "B<vfork>() differs from B<fork>(2) in that the calling thread is suspended "
19086 "until the child terminates (either normally, by calling B<_exit>(2), or "
19087 "abnormally, after delivery of a fatal signal), or it makes a call to "
19088 "B<execve>(2). Until that point, the child shares all memory with its "
19089 "parent, including the stack. The child must not return from the current "
19090 "function or call B<exit>(3), but may call B<_exit>(2)."
19093 #. type: Plain text
19094 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:126
19096 "As with B<fork>(2), the child process created by B<vfork>() inherits copies "
19097 "of various of the caller's process attributes (e.g., file descriptors, "
19098 "signal dispositions, and current working directory); the B<vfork>() call "
19099 "differs only in the treatment of the virtual address space, as described "
19103 #. type: Plain text
19104 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:132
19106 "Signals sent to the parent arrive after the child releases the parent's "
19107 "memory (i.e., after the child terminates or calls B<execve>(2))."
19111 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:132
19113 msgid "Historic description"
19116 #. type: Plain text
19117 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:159
19119 "Under Linux, B<fork>(2) is implemented using copy-on-write pages, so the "
19120 "only penalty incurred by B<fork>(2) is the time and memory required to "
19121 "duplicate the parent's page tables, and to create a unique task structure "
19122 "for the child. However, in the bad old days a B<fork>(2) would require "
19123 "making a complete copy of the caller's data space, often needlessly, since "
19124 "usually immediately afterward an B<exec>(3) is done. Thus, for greater "
19125 "efficiency, BSD introduced the B<vfork>() system call, which did not fully "
19126 "copy the address space of the parent process, but borrowed the parent's "
19127 "memory and thread of control until a call to B<execve>(2) or an exit "
19128 "occurred. The parent process was suspended while the child was using its "
19129 "resources. The use of B<vfork>() was tricky: for example, not modifying "
19130 "data in the parent process depended on knowing which variables were held in "
19134 #. type: Plain text
19135 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:163
19137 "4.3BSD; POSIX.1-2001 (but marked OBSOLETE). POSIX.1-2008 removes the "
19138 "specification of B<vfork>()."
19141 #. In AIXv3.1 vfork is equivalent to fork.
19142 #. type: Plain text
19143 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:174
19145 "The requirements put on B<vfork>() by the standards are weaker than those "
19146 "put on B<fork>(2), so an implementation where the two are synonymous is "
19147 "compliant. In particular, the programmer cannot rely on the parent "
19148 "remaining blocked until the child either terminates or calls B<execve>(2), "
19149 "and cannot rely on any specific behavior with respect to shared memory."
19152 #. type: Plain text
19153 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:193
19155 "Some consider the semantics of B<vfork>() to be an architectural blemish, "
19156 "and the 4.2BSD man page stated: \"This system call will be eliminated when "
19157 "proper system sharing mechanisms are implemented. Users should not depend "
19158 "on the memory sharing semantics of B<vfork>() as it will, in that case, be "
19159 "made synonymous to B<fork>(2).\" However, even though modern memory "
19160 "management hardware has decreased the performance difference between "
19161 "B<fork>(2) and B<vfork>(), there are various reasons why Linux and other "
19162 "systems have retained B<vfork>():"
19165 #. type: Plain text
19166 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:197
19168 "Some performance-critical applications require the small performance "
19169 "advantage conferred by B<vfork>()."
19172 #. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4259629/what-is-the-difference-between-fork-and-vfork
19173 #. http://developers.sun.com/solaris/articles/subprocess/subprocess.html
19174 #. http://mailman.uclinux.org/pipermail/uclinux-dev/2009-April/000684.html
19175 #. type: Plain text
19176 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:213
19178 "B<vfork>() can be implemented on systems that lack a memory-management unit "
19179 "(MMU), but B<fork>(2) can't be implemented on such systems. (POSIX.1-2008 "
19180 "removed B<vfork>() from the standard; the POSIX rationale for the "
19181 "B<posix_spawn>(3) function notes that that function, which provides "
19182 "functionality equivalent to B<fork>(2)+B<exec>(3), is designed to be "
19183 "implementable on systems that lack an MMU.)"
19186 #. type: Plain text
19187 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:224
19189 "Fork handlers established using B<pthread_atfork>(3) are not called when a "
19190 "multithreaded program employing the NPTL threading library calls "
19191 "B<vfork>(). Fork handlers are called in this case in a program using the "
19192 "LinuxThreads threading library. (See B<pthreads>(7) for a description of "
19193 "Linux threading libraries.)"
19196 #. type: Plain text
19197 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:232
19199 "A call to B<vfork>() is equivalent to calling B<clone>(2) with I<flags> "
19203 #. type: Plain text
19204 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:234
19206 msgid " CLONE_VM | CLONE_VFORK | SIGCHLD\n"
19209 #. In the release notes for 4.2BSD Sam Leffler wrote: `vfork: Is still
19210 #. present, but definitely on its way out'.
19211 #. type: Plain text
19212 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:252
19214 "The B<vfork>() system call appeared in 3.0BSD. In 4.4BSD it was made "
19215 "synonymous to B<fork>(2) but NetBSD introduced it again, cf. E<.UR "
19216 "http://www.netbsd.org\\:/Documentation\\:/kernel\\:/vfork.html> E<.UE .> In "
19217 "Linux, it has been equivalent to B<fork>(2) until 2.2.0-pre6 or so. Since "
19218 "2.2.0-pre9 (on i386, somewhat later on other architectures) it is an "
19219 "independent system call. Support was added in glibc 2.0.112."
19223 #. As far as I can tell, the following is not true in 2.6.19:
19224 #. Currently (Linux 2.3.25),
19228 #. and requires a kernel patch.
19229 #. type: Plain text
19230 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:273
19232 "Details of the signal handling are obscure and differ between systems. The "
19233 "BSD man page states: \"To avoid a possible deadlock situation, processes "
19234 "that are children in the middle of a B<vfork>() are never sent B<SIGTTOU> "
19235 "or B<SIGTTIN> signals; rather, output or I<ioctl>s are allowed and input "
19236 "attempts result in an end-of-file indication.\""
19239 #. type: Plain text
19240 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:279
19241 msgid "B<clone>(2), B<execve>(2), B<fork>(2), B<unshare>(2), B<wait>(2)"
19245 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28
19250 #. type: Plain text
19251 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:31
19252 msgid "vhangup - virtually hangup the current terminal"
19255 #. type: Plain text
19256 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:35
19257 msgid "B<int vhangup(void);>"
19260 #. type: Plain text
19261 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:44
19262 msgid "B<vhangup>(): _BSD_SOURCE || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<lt>\\ 500)"
19265 #. type: Plain text
19266 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:50
19268 "B<vhangup>() simulates a hangup on the current terminal. This call "
19269 "arranges for other users to have a ``clean'' terminal at login time."
19272 #. type: Plain text
19273 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:63
19275 "The calling process has insufficient privilege to call B<vhangup>(); the "
19276 "B<CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG> capability is required."
19279 #. type: Plain text
19280 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:66
19282 "This call is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended to "
19286 #. type: Plain text
19287 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:69
19288 msgid "B<capabilities>(7), B<init>(8)"