scripts/analyze-migration.py

   1 #!/usr/bin/env python3
   2 #
   3 #  Migration Stream Analyzer
   4 #
   5 #  Copyright (c) 2015 Alexander Graf <agraf@suse.de>
   6 #
   7 # This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
   8 # modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
   9 # License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
  10 # version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
  11 #
  12 # This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  13 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  14 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
  15 # Lesser General Public License for more details.
  16 #
  17 # You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
  18 # License along with this library; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  19
  20 import json
  21 import os
  22 import argparse
  23 import collections
  24 import struct
  25 import sys
  26
  27
  28 def mkdir_p(path):
  29     try:
  30         os.makedirs(path)
  31     except OSError:
  32         pass
  33
  34
  35 class MigrationFile(object):
  36     def __init__(self, filename):
  37         self.filename = filename
  38         self.file = open(self.filename, "rb")
  39
  40     def read64(self):
  41         return int.from_bytes(self.file.read(8), byteorder='big', signed=False)
  42
  43     def read32(self):
  44         return int.from_bytes(self.file.read(4), byteorder='big', signed=False)
  45
  46     def read16(self):
  47         return int.from_bytes(self.file.read(2), byteorder='big', signed=False)
  48
  49     def read8(self):
  50         return int.from_bytes(self.file.read(1), byteorder='big', signed=True)
  51
  52     def readstr(self, len = None):
  53         return self.readvar(len).decode('utf-8')
  54
  55     def readvar(self, size = None):
  56         if size is None:
  57             size = self.read8()
  58         if size == 0:
  59             return ""
  60         value = self.file.read(size)
  61         if len(value) != size:
  62             raise Exception("Unexpected end of %s at 0x%x" % (self.filename, self.file.tell()))
  63         return value
  64
  65     def tell(self):
  66         return self.file.tell()
  67
  68     # The VMSD description is at the end of the file, after EOF. Look for
  69     # the last NULL byte, then for the beginning brace of JSON.
  70     def read_migration_debug_json(self):
  71         QEMU_VM_VMDESCRIPTION = 0x06
  72
  73         # Remember the offset in the file when we started
  74         entrypos = self.file.tell()
  75
  76         # Read the last 10MB
  77         self.file.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)
  78         endpos = self.file.tell()
  79         self.file.seek(max(-endpos, -10 * 1024 * 1024), os.SEEK_END)
  80         datapos = self.file.tell()
  81         data = self.file.read()
  82         # The full file read closed the file as well, reopen it
  83         self.file = open(self.filename, "rb")
  84
  85         # Find the last NULL byte, then the first brace after that. This should
  86         # be the beginning of our JSON data.
  87         nulpos = data.rfind(b'\0')
  88         jsonpos = data.find(b'{', nulpos)
  89
  90         # Check backwards from there and see whether we guessed right
  91         self.file.seek(datapos + jsonpos - 5, 0)
  92         if self.read8() != QEMU_VM_VMDESCRIPTION:
  93             raise Exception("No Debug Migration device found")
  94
  95         jsonlen = self.read32()
  96
  97         # Seek back to where we were at the beginning
  98         self.file.seek(entrypos, 0)
  99
 100         # explicit decode() needed for Python 3.5 compatibility
 101         return data[jsonpos:jsonpos + jsonlen].decode("utf-8")
 102
 103     def close(self):
 104         self.file.close()
 105
 106 class RamSection(object):
 107     RAM_SAVE_FLAG_COMPRESS = 0x02
 108     RAM_SAVE_FLAG_MEM_SIZE = 0x04
 109     RAM_SAVE_FLAG_PAGE     = 0x08
 110     RAM_SAVE_FLAG_EOS      = 0x10
 111     RAM_SAVE_FLAG_CONTINUE = 0x20
 112     RAM_SAVE_FLAG_XBZRLE   = 0x40
 113     RAM_SAVE_FLAG_HOOK     = 0x80
 114     RAM_SAVE_FLAG_COMPRESS_PAGE = 0x100
 115     RAM_SAVE_FLAG_MULTIFD_FLUSH = 0x200
 116
 117     def __init__(self, file, version_id, ramargs, section_key):
 118         if version_id != 4:
 119             raise Exception("Unknown RAM version %d" % version_id)
 120
 121         self.file = file
 122         self.section_key = section_key
 123         self.TARGET_PAGE_SIZE = ramargs['page_size']
 124         self.dump_memory = ramargs['dump_memory']
 125         self.write_memory = ramargs['write_memory']
 126         self.ignore_shared = ramargs['ignore_shared']
 127         self.sizeinfo = collections.OrderedDict()
 128         self.data = collections.OrderedDict()
 129         self.data['section sizes'] = self.sizeinfo
 130         self.name = ''
 131         if self.write_memory:
 132             self.files = { }
 133         if self.dump_memory:
 134             self.memory = collections.OrderedDict()
 135             self.data['memory'] = self.memory
 136
 137     def __repr__(self):
 138         return self.data.__repr__()
 139
 140     def __str__(self):
 141         return self.data.__str__()
 142
 143     def getDict(self):
 144         return self.data
 145
 146     def read(self):
 147         # Read all RAM sections
 148         while True:
 149             addr = self.file.read64()
 150             flags = addr & (self.TARGET_PAGE_SIZE - 1)
 151             addr &= ~(self.TARGET_PAGE_SIZE - 1)
 152
 153             if flags & self.RAM_SAVE_FLAG_MEM_SIZE:
 154                 while True:
 155                     namelen = self.file.read8()
 156                     # We assume that no RAM chunk is big enough to ever
 157                     # hit the first byte of the address, so when we see
 158                     # a zero here we know it has to be an address, not the
 159                     # length of the next block.
 160                     if namelen == 0:
 161                         self.file.file.seek(-1, 1)
 162                         break
 163                     self.name = self.file.readstr(len = namelen)
 164                     len = self.file.read64()
 165                     self.sizeinfo[self.name] = '0x%016x' % len
 166                     if self.write_memory:
 167                         print(self.name)
 168                         mkdir_p('./' + os.path.dirname(self.name))
 169                         f = open('./' + self.name, "wb")
 170                         f.truncate(0)
 171                         f.truncate(len)
 172                         self.files[self.name] = f
 173                     if self.ignore_shared:
 174                         mr_addr = self.file.read64()
 175                 flags &= ~self.RAM_SAVE_FLAG_MEM_SIZE
 176
 177             if flags & self.RAM_SAVE_FLAG_COMPRESS:
 178                 if flags & self.RAM_SAVE_FLAG_CONTINUE:
 179                     flags &= ~self.RAM_SAVE_FLAG_CONTINUE
 180                 else:
 181                     self.name = self.file.readstr()
 182                 fill_char = self.file.read8()
 183                 # The page in question is filled with fill_char now
 184                 if self.write_memory and fill_char != 0:
 185                     self.files[self.name].seek(addr, os.SEEK_SET)
 186                     self.files[self.name].write(chr(fill_char) * self.TARGET_PAGE_SIZE)
 187                 if self.dump_memory:
 188                     self.memory['%s (0x%016x)' % (self.name, addr)] = 'Filled with 0x%02x' % fill_char
 189                 flags &= ~self.RAM_SAVE_FLAG_COMPRESS
 190             elif flags & self.RAM_SAVE_FLAG_PAGE:
 191                 if flags & self.RAM_SAVE_FLAG_CONTINUE:
 192                     flags &= ~self.RAM_SAVE_FLAG_CONTINUE
 193                 else:
 194                     self.name = self.file.readstr()
 195
 196                 if self.write_memory or self.dump_memory:
 197                     data = self.file.readvar(size = self.TARGET_PAGE_SIZE)
 198                 else: # Just skip RAM data
 199                     self.file.file.seek(self.TARGET_PAGE_SIZE, 1)
 200
 201                 if self.write_memory:
 202                     self.files[self.name].seek(addr, os.SEEK_SET)
 203                     self.files[self.name].write(data)
 204                 if self.dump_memory:
 205                     hexdata = " ".join("{0:02x}".format(ord(c)) for c in data)
 206                     self.memory['%s (0x%016x)' % (self.name, addr)] = hexdata
 207
 208                 flags &= ~self.RAM_SAVE_FLAG_PAGE
 209             elif flags & self.RAM_SAVE_FLAG_XBZRLE:
 210                 raise Exception("XBZRLE RAM compression is not supported yet")
 211             elif flags & self.RAM_SAVE_FLAG_HOOK:
 212                 raise Exception("RAM hooks don't make sense with files")
 213             if flags & self.RAM_SAVE_FLAG_MULTIFD_FLUSH:
 214                 continue
 215
 216             # End of RAM section
 217             if flags & self.RAM_SAVE_FLAG_EOS:
 218                 break
 219
 220             if flags != 0:
 221                 raise Exception("Unknown RAM flags: %x" % flags)
 222
 223     def __del__(self):
 224         if self.write_memory:
 225             for key in self.files:
 226                 self.files[key].close()
 227
 228
 229 class HTABSection(object):
 230     HASH_PTE_SIZE_64       = 16
 231
 232     def __init__(self, file, version_id, device, section_key):
 233         if version_id != 1:
 234             raise Exception("Unknown HTAB version %d" % version_id)
 235
 236         self.file = file
 237         self.section_key = section_key
 238
 239     def read(self):
 240
 241         header = self.file.read32()
 242
 243         if (header == -1):
 244             # "no HPT" encoding
 245             return
 246
 247         if (header > 0):
 248             # First section, just the hash shift
 249             return
 250
 251         # Read until end marker
 252         while True:
 253             index = self.file.read32()
 254             n_valid = self.file.read16()
 255             n_invalid = self.file.read16()
 256
 257             if index == 0 and n_valid == 0 and n_invalid == 0:
 258                 break
 259
 260             self.file.readvar(n_valid * self.HASH_PTE_SIZE_64)
 261
 262     def getDict(self):
 263         return ""
 264
 265
 266 class ConfigurationSection(object):
 267     def __init__(self, file, desc):
 268         self.file = file
 269         self.desc = desc
 270         self.caps = []
 271
 272     def parse_capabilities(self, vmsd_caps):
 273         if not vmsd_caps:
 274             return
 275
 276         ncaps = vmsd_caps.data['caps_count'].data
 277         self.caps = vmsd_caps.data['capabilities']
 278
 279         if type(self.caps) != list:
 280             self.caps = [self.caps]
 281
 282         if len(self.caps) != ncaps:
 283             raise Exception("Number of capabilities doesn't match "
 284                             "caps_count field")
 285
 286     def has_capability(self, cap):
 287         return any([str(c) == cap for c in self.caps])
 288
 289     def read(self):
 290         if self.desc:
 291             version_id = self.desc['version']
 292             section = VMSDSection(self.file, version_id, self.desc,
 293                                   'configuration')
 294             section.read()
 295             self.parse_capabilities(
 296                 section.data.get("configuration/capabilities"))
 297         else:
 298             # backward compatibility for older streams that don't have
 299             # the configuration section in the json
 300             name_len = self.file.read32()
 301             name = self.file.readstr(len = name_len)
 302
 303 class VMSDFieldGeneric(object):
 304     def __init__(self, desc, file):
 305         self.file = file
 306         self.desc = desc
 307         self.data = ""
 308
 309     def __repr__(self):
 310         return str(self.__str__())
 311
 312     def __str__(self):
 313         return " ".join("{0:02x}".format(c) for c in self.data)
 314
 315     def getDict(self):
 316         return self.__str__()
 317
 318     def read(self):
 319         size = int(self.desc['size'])
 320         self.data = self.file.readvar(size)
 321         return self.data
 322
 323 class VMSDFieldCap(object):
 324     def __init__(self, desc, file):
 325         self.file = file
 326         self.desc = desc
 327         self.data = ""
 328
 329     def __repr__(self):
 330         return self.data
 331
 332     def __str__(self):
 333         return self.data
 334
 335     def read(self):
 336         len = self.file.read8()
 337         self.data = self.file.readstr(len)
 338
 339
 340 class VMSDFieldInt(VMSDFieldGeneric):
 341     def __init__(self, desc, file):
 342         super(VMSDFieldInt, self).__init__(desc, file)
 343         self.size = int(desc['size'])
 344         self.format = '0x%%0%dx' % (self.size * 2)
 345         self.sdtype = '>i%d' % self.size
 346         self.udtype = '>u%d' % self.size
 347
 348     def __repr__(self):
 349         if self.data < 0:
 350             return ('%s (%d)' % ((self.format % self.udata), self.data))
 351         else:
 352             return self.format % self.data
 353
 354     def __str__(self):
 355         return self.__repr__()
 356
 357     def getDict(self):
 358         return self.__str__()
 359
 360     def read(self):
 361         super(VMSDFieldInt, self).read()
 362         self.sdata = int.from_bytes(self.data, byteorder='big', signed=True)
 363         self.udata = int.from_bytes(self.data, byteorder='big', signed=False)
 364         self.data = self.sdata
 365         return self.data
 366
 367 class VMSDFieldUInt(VMSDFieldInt):
 368     def __init__(self, desc, file):
 369         super(VMSDFieldUInt, self).__init__(desc, file)
 370
 371     def read(self):
 372         super(VMSDFieldUInt, self).read()
 373         self.data = self.udata
 374         return self.data
 375
 376 class VMSDFieldIntLE(VMSDFieldInt):
 377     def __init__(self, desc, file):
 378         super(VMSDFieldIntLE, self).__init__(desc, file)
 379         self.dtype = '<i%d' % self.size
 380
 381 class VMSDFieldBool(VMSDFieldGeneric):
 382     def __init__(self, desc, file):
 383         super(VMSDFieldBool, self).__init__(desc, file)
 384
 385     def __repr__(self):
 386         return self.data.__repr__()
 387
 388     def __str__(self):
 389         return self.data.__str__()
 390
 391     def getDict(self):
 392         return self.data
 393
 394     def read(self):
 395         super(VMSDFieldBool, self).read()
 396         if self.data[0] == 0:
 397             self.data = False
 398         else:
 399             self.data = True
 400         return self.data
 401
 402 class VMSDFieldStruct(VMSDFieldGeneric):
 403     QEMU_VM_SUBSECTION    = 0x05
 404
 405     def __init__(self, desc, file):
 406         super(VMSDFieldStruct, self).__init__(desc, file)
 407         self.data = collections.OrderedDict()
 408
 409         # When we see compressed array elements, unfold them here
 410         new_fields = []
 411         for field in self.desc['struct']['fields']:
 412             if not 'array_len' in field:
 413                 new_fields.append(field)
 414                 continue
 415             array_len = field.pop('array_len')
 416             field['index'] = 0
 417             new_fields.append(field)
 418             for i in range(1, array_len):
 419                 c = field.copy()
 420                 c['index'] = i
 421                 new_fields.append(c)
 422
 423         self.desc['struct']['fields'] = new_fields
 424
 425     def __repr__(self):
 426         return self.data.__repr__()
 427
 428     def __str__(self):
 429         return self.data.__str__()
 430
 431     def read(self):
 432         for field in self.desc['struct']['fields']:
 433             try:
 434                 reader = vmsd_field_readers[field['type']]
 435             except:
 436                 reader = VMSDFieldGeneric
 437
 438             field['data'] = reader(field, self.file)
 439             field['data'].read()
 440
 441             if 'index' in field:
 442                 if field['name'] not in self.data:
 443                     self.data[field['name']] = []
 444                 a = self.data[field['name']]
 445                 if len(a) != int(field['index']):
 446                     raise Exception("internal index of data field unmatched (%d/%d)" % (len(a), int(field['index'])))
 447                 a.append(field['data'])
 448             else:
 449                 self.data[field['name']] = field['data']
 450
 451         if 'subsections' in self.desc['struct']:
 452             for subsection in self.desc['struct']['subsections']:
 453                 if self.file.read8() != self.QEMU_VM_SUBSECTION:
 454                     raise Exception("Subsection %s not found at offset %x" % ( subsection['vmsd_name'], self.file.tell()))
 455                 name = self.file.readstr()
 456                 version_id = self.file.read32()
 457                 self.data[name] = VMSDSection(self.file, version_id, subsection, (name, 0))
 458                 self.data[name].read()
 459
 460     def getDictItem(self, value):
 461        # Strings would fall into the array category, treat
 462        # them specially
 463        if value.__class__ is ''.__class__:
 464            return value
 465
 466        try:
 467            return self.getDictOrderedDict(value)
 468        except:
 469            try:
 470                return self.getDictArray(value)
 471            except:
 472                try:
 473                    return value.getDict()
 474                except:
 475                    return value
 476
 477     def getDictArray(self, array):
 478         r = []
 479         for value in array:
 480            r.append(self.getDictItem(value))
 481         return r
 482
 483     def getDictOrderedDict(self, dict):
 484         r = collections.OrderedDict()
 485         for (key, value) in dict.items():
 486             r[key] = self.getDictItem(value)
 487         return r
 488
 489     def getDict(self):
 490         return self.getDictOrderedDict(self.data)
 491
 492 vmsd_field_readers = {
 493     "bool" : VMSDFieldBool,
 494     "int8" : VMSDFieldInt,
 495     "int16" : VMSDFieldInt,
 496     "int32" : VMSDFieldInt,
 497     "int32 equal" : VMSDFieldInt,
 498     "int32 le" : VMSDFieldIntLE,
 499     "int64" : VMSDFieldInt,
 500     "uint8" : VMSDFieldUInt,
 501     "uint16" : VMSDFieldUInt,
 502     "uint32" : VMSDFieldUInt,
 503     "uint32 equal" : VMSDFieldUInt,
 504     "uint64" : VMSDFieldUInt,
 505     "int64 equal" : VMSDFieldInt,
 506     "uint8 equal" : VMSDFieldInt,
 507     "uint16 equal" : VMSDFieldInt,
 508     "float64" : VMSDFieldGeneric,
 509     "timer" : VMSDFieldGeneric,
 510     "buffer" : VMSDFieldGeneric,
 511     "unused_buffer" : VMSDFieldGeneric,
 512     "bitmap" : VMSDFieldGeneric,
 513     "struct" : VMSDFieldStruct,
 514     "capability": VMSDFieldCap,
 515     "unknown" : VMSDFieldGeneric,
 516 }
 517
 518 class VMSDSection(VMSDFieldStruct):
 519     def __init__(self, file, version_id, device, section_key):
 520         self.file = file
 521         self.data = ""
 522         self.vmsd_name = ""
 523         self.section_key = section_key
 524         desc = device
 525         if 'vmsd_name' in device:
 526             self.vmsd_name = device['vmsd_name']
 527
 528         # A section really is nothing but a FieldStruct :)
 529         super(VMSDSection, self).__init__({ 'struct' : desc }, file)
 530
 531 ###############################################################################
 532
 533 class MigrationDump(object):
 534     QEMU_VM_FILE_MAGIC    = 0x5145564d
 535     QEMU_VM_FILE_VERSION  = 0x00000003
 536     QEMU_VM_EOF           = 0x00
 537     QEMU_VM_SECTION_START = 0x01
 538     QEMU_VM_SECTION_PART  = 0x02
 539     QEMU_VM_SECTION_END   = 0x03
 540     QEMU_VM_SECTION_FULL  = 0x04
 541     QEMU_VM_SUBSECTION    = 0x05
 542     QEMU_VM_VMDESCRIPTION = 0x06
 543     QEMU_VM_CONFIGURATION = 0x07
 544     QEMU_VM_SECTION_FOOTER= 0x7e
 545
 546     def __init__(self, filename):
 547         self.section_classes = { ( 'ram', 0 ) : [ RamSection, None ],
 548                                  ( 'spapr/htab', 0) : ( HTABSection, None ) }
 549         self.filename = filename
 550         self.vmsd_desc = None
 551
 552     def read(self, desc_only = False, dump_memory = False, write_memory = False):
 553         # Read in the whole file
 554         file = MigrationFile(self.filename)
 555
 556         # File magic
 557         data = file.read32()
 558         if data != self.QEMU_VM_FILE_MAGIC:
 559             raise Exception("Invalid file magic %x" % data)
 560
 561         # Version (has to be v3)
 562         data = file.read32()
 563         if data != self.QEMU_VM_FILE_VERSION:
 564             raise Exception("Invalid version number %d" % data)
 565
 566         self.load_vmsd_json(file)
 567
 568         # Read sections
 569         self.sections = collections.OrderedDict()
 570
 571         if desc_only:
 572             return
 573
 574         ramargs = {}
 575         ramargs['page_size'] = self.vmsd_desc['page_size']
 576         ramargs['dump_memory'] = dump_memory
 577         ramargs['write_memory'] = write_memory
 578         ramargs['ignore_shared'] = False
 579         self.section_classes[('ram',0)][1] = ramargs
 580
 581         while True:
 582             section_type = file.read8()
 583             if section_type == self.QEMU_VM_EOF:
 584                 break
 585             elif section_type == self.QEMU_VM_CONFIGURATION:
 586                 config_desc = self.vmsd_desc.get('configuration')
 587                 section = ConfigurationSection(file, config_desc)
 588                 section.read()
 589                 ramargs['ignore_shared'] = section.has_capability('x-ignore-shared')
 590             elif section_type == self.QEMU_VM_SECTION_START or section_type == self.QEMU_VM_SECTION_FULL:
 591                 section_id = file.read32()
 592                 name = file.readstr()
 593                 instance_id = file.read32()
 594                 version_id = file.read32()
 595                 section_key = (name, instance_id)
 596                 classdesc = self.section_classes[section_key]
 597                 section = classdesc[0](file, version_id, classdesc[1], section_key)
 598                 self.sections[section_id] = section
 599                 section.read()
 600             elif section_type == self.QEMU_VM_SECTION_PART or section_type == self.QEMU_VM_SECTION_END:
 601                 section_id = file.read32()
 602                 self.sections[section_id].read()
 603             elif section_type == self.QEMU_VM_SECTION_FOOTER:
 604                 read_section_id = file.read32()
 605                 if read_section_id != section_id:
 606                     raise Exception("Mismatched section footer: %x vs %x" % (read_section_id, section_id))
 607             else:
 608                 raise Exception("Unknown section type: %d" % section_type)
 609         file.close()
 610
 611     def load_vmsd_json(self, file):
 612         vmsd_json = file.read_migration_debug_json()
 613         self.vmsd_desc = json.loads(vmsd_json, object_pairs_hook=collections.OrderedDict)
 614         for device in self.vmsd_desc['devices']:
 615             key = (device['name'], device['instance_id'])
 616             value = ( VMSDSection, device )
 617             self.section_classes[key] = value
 618
 619     def getDict(self):
 620         r = collections.OrderedDict()
 621         for (key, value) in self.sections.items():
 622            key = "%s (%d)" % ( value.section_key[0], key )
 623            r[key] = value.getDict()
 624         return r
 625
 626 ###############################################################################
 627
 628 class JSONEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
 629     def default(self, o):
 630         if isinstance(o, VMSDFieldGeneric):
 631             return str(o)
 632         return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, o)
 633
 634 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
 635 parser.add_argument("-f", "--file", help='migration dump to read from', required=True)
 636 parser.add_argument("-m", "--memory", help='dump RAM contents as well', action='store_true')
 637 parser.add_argument("-d", "--dump", help='what to dump ("state" or "desc")', default='state')
 638 parser.add_argument("-x", "--extract", help='extract contents into individual files', action='store_true')
 639 args = parser.parse_args()
 640
 641 jsonenc = JSONEncoder(indent=4, separators=(',', ': '))
 642
 643 if args.extract:
 644     dump = MigrationDump(args.file)
 645
 646     dump.read(desc_only = True)
 647     print("desc.json")
 648     f = open("desc.json", "w")
 649     f.truncate()
 650     f.write(jsonenc.encode(dump.vmsd_desc))
 651     f.close()
 652
 653     dump.read(write_memory = True)
 654     dict = dump.getDict()
 655     print("state.json")
 656     f = open("state.json", "w")
 657     f.truncate()
 658     f.write(jsonenc.encode(dict))
 659     f.close()
 660 elif args.dump == "state":
 661     dump = MigrationDump(args.file)
 662     dump.read(dump_memory = args.memory)
 663     dict = dump.getDict()
 664     print(jsonenc.encode(dict))
 665 elif args.dump == "desc":
 666     dump = MigrationDump(args.file)
 667     dump.read(desc_only = True)
 668     print(jsonenc.encode(dump.vmsd_desc))
 669 else:
 670     raise Exception("Please specify either -x, -d state or -d desc")