category: CLI
layout: 2017/sheet
tags: [Featured]
-updated: 2019-10-02
+updated: 2020-07-05
keywords:
- Variables
- Functions
---------------
{: .-three-column}
+### Introduction
+{: .-intro}
+
+This is a quick reference to getting started with Bash scripting.
+
+- [Learn bash in y minutes](https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/bash/) _(learnxinyminutes.com)_
+- [Bash Guide](http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashGuide) _(mywiki.wooledge.org)_
+
### Example
```bash
echo {A,B}.js
```
-| `{A,B}` | Same as `A B` |
+| Expression | Description |
+| ---------- | ------------------- |
+| `{A,B}` | Same as `A B` |
| `{A,B}.js` | Same as `A.js B.js` |
-| `{1..5}` | Same as `1 2 3 4 5` |
+| `{1..5}` | Same as `1 2 3 4 5` |
See: [Brace expansion](http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/expansion/brace)
```bash
STR="Hello world"
echo ${STR:6:5} # "world"
-echo ${STR:-5:5} # "world"
+echo ${STR: -5:5} # "world"
```
```bash
### Substitution
-| Code | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| `${FOO%suffix}` | Remove suffix |
-| `${FOO#prefix}` | Remove prefix |
-| --- | --- |
-| `${FOO%%suffix}` | Remove long suffix |
-| `${FOO##prefix}` | Remove long prefix |
-| --- | --- |
-| `${FOO/from/to}` | Replace first match |
-| `${FOO//from/to}` | Replace all |
-| --- | --- |
-| `${FOO/%from/to}` | Replace suffix |
-| `${FOO/#from/to}` | Replace prefix |
+| Code | Description |
+| ----------------- | ------------------- |
+| `${FOO%suffix}` | Remove suffix |
+| `${FOO#prefix}` | Remove prefix |
+| --- | --- |
+| `${FOO%%suffix}` | Remove long suffix |
+| `${FOO##prefix}` | Remove long prefix |
+| --- | --- |
+| `${FOO/from/to}` | Replace first match |
+| `${FOO//from/to}` | Replace all |
+| --- | --- |
+| `${FOO/%from/to}` | Replace suffix |
+| `${FOO/#from/to}` | Replace prefix |
### Comments
### Arguments
-| Expression | Description |
-| --- | --- |
-| `$#` | Number of arguments |
-| `$*` | All arguments |
-| `$@` | All arguments, starting from first |
-| `$1` | First argument |
-| `$_` | Last argument of the previous command |
+| Expression | Description |
+| --- | --- |
+| `$#` | Number of arguments |
+| `$*` | All postional arguments (as a single word) |
+| `$@` | All postitional arguments (as separate strings) |
+| `$1` | First argument |
+| `$_` | Last argument of the previous command |
+
+**Note**: `$@` and `$*` must be quoted in order to perform as described.
+Otherwise, they do exactly the same thing (arguments as separate strings).
See [Special parameters](http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/shellvars#special_parameters_and_shell_variables).
echo "String is empty"
elif [[ -n "$string" ]]; then
echo "String is not empty"
+else
+ echo "This never happens"
fi
```
echo ${#Fruits} # String length of the 1st element
echo ${#Fruits[3]} # String length of the Nth element
echo ${Fruits[@]:3:2} # Range (from position 3, length 2)
+echo ${!Fruits[@]} # Keys of all elements, space-separated
```
### Operations
### Commands
-| `history` | Show history |
+| Command | Description |
+| --------------------- | ----------------------------------------- |
+| `history` | Show history |
| `shopt -s histverify` | Don't execute expanded result immediately |
### Expansions
-| `!$` | Expand last parameter of most recent command |
-| `!*` | Expand all parameters of most recent command |
-| `!-n` | Expand `n`th most recent command |
-| `!n` | Expand `n`th command in history |
+| Expression | Description |
+| ------------ | ---------------------------------------------------- |
+| `!$` | Expand last parameter of most recent command |
+| `!*` | Expand all parameters of most recent command |
+| `!-n` | Expand `n`th most recent command |
+| `!n` | Expand `n`th command in history |
| `!<command>` | Expand most recent invocation of command `<command>` |
### Operations
```
```bash
-$((RANDOM%=200)) # Random number 0..200
+$(($RANDOM%200)) # Random number 0..199
```
### Subshells
### Special variables
-| `$?` | Exit status of last task |
-| `$!` | PID of last background task |
-| `$$` | PID of shell |
-| `$0` | Filename of the shell script |
+| Expression | Description |
+| ---------- | ---------------------------- |
+| `$?` | Exit status of last task |
+| `$!` | PID of last background task |
+| `$$` | PID of shell |
+| `$0` | Filename of the shell script |
See [Special parameters](http://wiki.bash-hackers.org/syntax/shellvars#special_parameters_and_shell_variables).