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+.\}
+.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
+.\" ========================================================================
+.\"
+.IX Title "LD 1"
+.TH LD 1 "2008-09-10" "binutils-2.18.90" "GNU Development Tools"
+.SH "NAME"
+ld \- The GNU linker
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
+ld [\fBoptions\fR] \fIobjfile\fR ...
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
+\&\fBld\fR combines a number of object and archive files, relocates
+their data and ties up symbol references. Usually the last step in
+compiling a program is to run \fBld\fR.
+.PP
+\&\fBld\fR accepts Linker Command Language files written in
+a superset of \s-1AT&T\s0's Link Editor Command Language syntax,
+to provide explicit and total control over the linking process.
+.PP
+This man page does not describe the command language; see the
+\&\fBld\fR entry in \f(CW\*(C`info\*(C'\fR for full details on the command
+language and on other aspects of the \s-1GNU\s0 linker.
+.PP
+This version of \fBld\fR uses the general purpose \s-1BFD\s0 libraries
+to operate on object files. This allows \fBld\fR to read, combine, and
+write object files in many different formats\-\-\-for example, \s-1COFF\s0 or
+\&\f(CW\*(C`a.out\*(C'\fR. Different formats may be linked together to produce any
+available kind of object file.
+.PP
+Aside from its flexibility, the \s-1GNU\s0 linker is more helpful than other
+linkers in providing diagnostic information. Many linkers abandon
+execution immediately upon encountering an error; whenever possible,
+\&\fBld\fR continues executing, allowing you to identify other errors
+(or, in some cases, to get an output file in spite of the error).
+.PP
+The \s-1GNU\s0 linker \fBld\fR is meant to cover a broad range of situations,
+and to be as compatible as possible with other linkers. As a result,
+you have many choices to control its behavior.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.IX Header "OPTIONS"
+The linker supports a plethora of command-line options, but in actual
+practice few of them are used in any particular context.
+For instance, a frequent use of \fBld\fR is to link standard Unix
+object files on a standard, supported Unix system. On such a system, to
+link a file \f(CW\*(C`hello.o\*(C'\fR:
+.PP
+.Vb 1
+\& ld -o <output> /lib/crt0.o hello.o -lc
+.Ve
+.PP
+This tells \fBld\fR to produce a file called \fIoutput\fR as the
+result of linking the file \f(CW\*(C`/lib/crt0.o\*(C'\fR with \f(CW\*(C`hello.o\*(C'\fR and
+the library \f(CW\*(C`libc.a\*(C'\fR, which will come from the standard search
+directories. (See the discussion of the \fB\-l\fR option below.)
+.PP
+Some of the command-line options to \fBld\fR may be specified at any
+point in the command line. However, options which refer to files, such
+as \fB\-l\fR or \fB\-T\fR, cause the file to be read at the point at
+which the option appears in the command line, relative to the object
+files and other file options. Repeating non-file options with a
+different argument will either have no further effect, or override prior
+occurrences (those further to the left on the command line) of that
+option. Options which may be meaningfully specified more than once are
+noted in the descriptions below.
+.PP
+Non-option arguments are object files or archives which are to be linked
+together. They may follow, precede, or be mixed in with command-line
+options, except that an object file argument may not be placed between
+an option and its argument.
+.PP
+Usually the linker is invoked with at least one object file, but you can
+specify other forms of binary input files using \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-R\fR,
+and the script command language. If \fIno\fR binary input files at all
+are specified, the linker does not produce any output, and issues the
+message \fBNo input files\fR.
+.PP
+If the linker cannot recognize the format of an object file, it will
+assume that it is a linker script. A script specified in this way
+augments the main linker script used for the link (either the default
+linker script or the one specified by using \fB\-T\fR). This feature
+permits the linker to link against a file which appears to be an object
+or an archive, but actually merely defines some symbol values, or uses
+\&\f(CW\*(C`INPUT\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`GROUP\*(C'\fR to load other objects. Specifying a
+script in this way merely augments the main linker script, with the
+extra commands placed after the main script; use the \fB\-T\fR option
+to replace the default linker script entirely, but note the effect of
+the \f(CW\*(C`INSERT\*(C'\fR command.
+.PP
+For options whose names are a single letter,
+option arguments must either follow the option letter without intervening
+whitespace, or be given as separate arguments immediately following the
+option that requires them.
+.PP
+For options whose names are multiple letters, either one dash or two can
+precede the option name; for example, \fB\-trace\-symbol\fR and
+\&\fB\-\-trace\-symbol\fR are equivalent. Note\-\-\-there is one exception to
+this rule. Multiple letter options that start with a lower case 'o' can
+only be preceded by two dashes. This is to reduce confusion with the
+\&\fB\-o\fR option. So for example \fB\-omagic\fR sets the output file
+name to \fBmagic\fR whereas \fB\-\-omagic\fR sets the \s-1NMAGIC\s0 flag on the
+output.
+.PP
+Arguments to multiple-letter options must either be separated from the
+option name by an equals sign, or be given as separate arguments
+immediately following the option that requires them. For example,
+\&\fB\-\-trace\-symbol foo\fR and \fB\-\-trace\-symbol=foo\fR are equivalent.
+Unique abbreviations of the names of multiple-letter options are
+accepted.
+.PP
+Note\-\-\-if the linker is being invoked indirectly, via a compiler driver
+(e.g. \fBgcc\fR) then all the linker command line options should be
+prefixed by \fB\-Wl,\fR (or whatever is appropriate for the particular
+compiler driver) like this:
+.PP
+.Vb 1
+\& gcc -Wl,--startgroup foo.o bar.o -Wl,--endgroup
+.Ve
+.PP
+This is important, because otherwise the compiler driver program may
+silently drop the linker options, resulting in a bad link.
+.PP
+Here is a table of the generic command line switches accepted by the \s-1GNU\s0
+linker:
+.IP "\fB@\fR\fIfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "@file"
+Read command-line options from \fIfile\fR. The options read are
+inserted in place of the original @\fIfile\fR option. If \fIfile\fR
+does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated
+literally, and not removed.
+.Sp
+Options in \fIfile\fR are separated by whitespace. A whitespace
+character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire
+option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a
+backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included
+with a backslash. The \fIfile\fR may itself contain additional
+@\fIfile\fR options; any such options will be processed recursively.
+.IP "\fB\-a\fR\fIkeyword\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-akeyword"
+This option is supported for \s-1HP/UX\s0 compatibility. The \fIkeyword\fR
+argument must be one of the strings \fBarchive\fR, \fBshared\fR, or
+\&\fBdefault\fR. \fB\-aarchive\fR is functionally equivalent to
+\&\fB\-Bstatic\fR, and the other two keywords are functionally equivalent
+to \fB\-Bdynamic\fR. This option may be used any number of times.
+.IP "\fB\-A\fR\fIarchitecture\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Aarchitecture"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-architecture=\fR\fIarchitecture\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--architecture=architecture"
+.PD
+In the current release of \fBld\fR, this option is useful only for the
+Intel 960 family of architectures. In that \fBld\fR configuration, the
+\&\fIarchitecture\fR argument identifies the particular architecture in
+the 960 family, enabling some safeguards and modifying the
+archive-library search path.
+.Sp
+Future releases of \fBld\fR may support similar functionality for
+other architecture families.
+.IP "\fB\-b\fR \fIinput-format\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-b input-format"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-format=\fR\fIinput-format\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--format=input-format"
+.PD
+\&\fBld\fR may be configured to support more than one kind of object
+file. If your \fBld\fR is configured this way, you can use the
+\&\fB\-b\fR option to specify the binary format for input object files
+that follow this option on the command line. Even when \fBld\fR is
+configured to support alternative object formats, you don't usually need
+to specify this, as \fBld\fR should be configured to expect as a
+default input format the most usual format on each machine.
+\&\fIinput-format\fR is a text string, the name of a particular format
+supported by the \s-1BFD\s0 libraries. (You can list the available binary
+formats with \fBobjdump \-i\fR.)
+.Sp
+You may want to use this option if you are linking files with an unusual
+binary format. You can also use \fB\-b\fR to switch formats explicitly (when
+linking object files of different formats), by including
+\&\fB\-b\fR \fIinput-format\fR before each group of object files in a
+particular format.
+.Sp
+The default format is taken from the environment variable
+\&\f(CW\*(C`GNUTARGET\*(C'\fR.
+.Sp
+You can also define the input format from a script, using the command
+\&\f(CW\*(C`TARGET\*(C'\fR;
+.IP "\fB\-c\fR \fIMRI-commandfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-c MRI-commandfile"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-mri\-script=\fR\fIMRI-commandfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--mri-script=MRI-commandfile"
+.PD
+For compatibility with linkers produced by \s-1MRI\s0, \fBld\fR accepts script
+files written in an alternate, restricted command language, described in
+the \s-1MRI\s0 Compatible Script Files section of \s-1GNU\s0 ld documentation.
+Introduce \s-1MRI\s0 script files with
+the option \fB\-c\fR; use the \fB\-T\fR option to run linker
+scripts written in the general-purpose \fBld\fR scripting language.
+If \fIMRI-cmdfile\fR does not exist, \fBld\fR looks for it in the directories
+specified by any \fB\-L\fR options.
+.IP "\fB\-d\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-d"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-dc\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-dc"
+.IP "\fB\-dp\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-dp"
+.PD
+These three options are equivalent; multiple forms are supported for
+compatibility with other linkers. They assign space to common symbols
+even if a relocatable output file is specified (with \fB\-r\fR). The
+script command \f(CW\*(C`FORCE_COMMON_ALLOCATION\*(C'\fR has the same effect.
+.IP "\fB\-e\fR \fIentry\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-e entry"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-entry=\fR\fIentry\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--entry=entry"
+.PD
+Use \fIentry\fR as the explicit symbol for beginning execution of your
+program, rather than the default entry point. If there is no symbol
+named \fIentry\fR, the linker will try to parse \fIentry\fR as a number,
+and use that as the entry address (the number will be interpreted in
+base 10; you may use a leading \fB0x\fR for base 16, or a leading
+\&\fB0\fR for base 8).
+.IP "\fB\-\-exclude\-libs\fR \fIlib\fR\fB,\fR\fIlib\fR\fB,...\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--exclude-libs lib,lib,..."
+Specifies a list of archive libraries from which symbols should not be automatically
+exported. The library names may be delimited by commas or colons. Specifying
+\&\f(CW\*(C`\-\-exclude\-libs ALL\*(C'\fR excludes symbols in all archive libraries from
+automatic export. This option is available only for the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted
+port of the linker and for \s-1ELF\s0 targeted ports. For i386 \s-1PE\s0, symbols
+explicitly listed in a .def file are still exported, regardless of this
+option. For \s-1ELF\s0 targeted ports, symbols affected by this option will
+be treated as hidden.
+.IP "\fB\-E\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-E"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-export\-dynamic\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--export-dynamic"
+.PD
+When creating a dynamically linked executable, add all symbols to the
+dynamic symbol table. The dynamic symbol table is the set of symbols
+which are visible from dynamic objects at run time.
+.Sp
+If you do not use this option, the dynamic symbol table will normally
+contain only those symbols which are referenced by some dynamic object
+mentioned in the link.
+.Sp
+If you use \f(CW\*(C`dlopen\*(C'\fR to load a dynamic object which needs to refer
+back to the symbols defined by the program, rather than some other
+dynamic object, then you will probably need to use this option when
+linking the program itself.
+.Sp
+You can also use the dynamic list to control what symbols should
+be added to the dynamic symbol table if the output format supports it.
+See the description of \fB\-\-dynamic\-list\fR.
+.IP "\fB\-EB\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-EB"
+Link big-endian objects. This affects the default output format.
+.IP "\fB\-EL\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-EL"
+Link little-endian objects. This affects the default output format.
+.IP "\fB\-f\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-f"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-auxiliary\fR \fIname\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--auxiliary name"
+.PD
+When creating an \s-1ELF\s0 shared object, set the internal \s-1DT_AUXILIARY\s0 field
+to the specified name. This tells the dynamic linker that the symbol
+table of the shared object should be used as an auxiliary filter on the
+symbol table of the shared object \fIname\fR.
+.Sp
+If you later link a program against this filter object, then, when you
+run the program, the dynamic linker will see the \s-1DT_AUXILIARY\s0 field. If
+the dynamic linker resolves any symbols from the filter object, it will
+first check whether there is a definition in the shared object
+\&\fIname\fR. If there is one, it will be used instead of the definition
+in the filter object. The shared object \fIname\fR need not exist.
+Thus the shared object \fIname\fR may be used to provide an alternative
+implementation of certain functions, perhaps for debugging or for
+machine specific performance.
+.Sp
+This option may be specified more than once. The \s-1DT_AUXILIARY\s0 entries
+will be created in the order in which they appear on the command line.
+.IP "\fB\-F\fR \fIname\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-F name"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-filter\fR \fIname\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--filter name"
+.PD
+When creating an \s-1ELF\s0 shared object, set the internal \s-1DT_FILTER\s0 field to
+the specified name. This tells the dynamic linker that the symbol table
+of the shared object which is being created should be used as a filter
+on the symbol table of the shared object \fIname\fR.
+.Sp
+If you later link a program against this filter object, then, when you
+run the program, the dynamic linker will see the \s-1DT_FILTER\s0 field. The
+dynamic linker will resolve symbols according to the symbol table of the
+filter object as usual, but it will actually link to the definitions
+found in the shared object \fIname\fR. Thus the filter object can be
+used to select a subset of the symbols provided by the object
+\&\fIname\fR.
+.Sp
+Some older linkers used the \fB\-F\fR option throughout a compilation
+toolchain for specifying object-file format for both input and output
+object files.
+The \s-1GNU\s0 linker uses other mechanisms for this purpose: the
+\&\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-format\fR, \fB\-\-oformat\fR options, the
+\&\f(CW\*(C`TARGET\*(C'\fR command in linker scripts, and the \f(CW\*(C`GNUTARGET\*(C'\fR
+environment variable.
+The \s-1GNU\s0 linker will ignore the \fB\-F\fR option when not
+creating an \s-1ELF\s0 shared object.
+.IP "\fB\-fini\fR \fIname\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-fini name"
+When creating an \s-1ELF\s0 executable or shared object, call \s-1NAME\s0 when the
+executable or shared object is unloaded, by setting \s-1DT_FINI\s0 to the
+address of the function. By default, the linker uses \f(CW\*(C`_fini\*(C'\fR as
+the function to call.
+.IP "\fB\-g\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-g"
+Ignored. Provided for compatibility with other tools.
+.IP "\fB\-G\fR\fIvalue\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Gvalue"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-gpsize=\fR\fIvalue\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--gpsize=value"
+.PD
+Set the maximum size of objects to be optimized using the \s-1GP\s0 register to
+\&\fIsize\fR. This is only meaningful for object file formats such as
+\&\s-1MIPS\s0 \s-1ECOFF\s0 which supports putting large and small objects into different
+sections. This is ignored for other object file formats.
+.IP "\fB\-h\fR\fIname\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-hname"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-soname=\fR\fIname\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-soname=name"
+.PD
+When creating an \s-1ELF\s0 shared object, set the internal \s-1DT_SONAME\s0 field to
+the specified name. When an executable is linked with a shared object
+which has a \s-1DT_SONAME\s0 field, then when the executable is run the dynamic
+linker will attempt to load the shared object specified by the \s-1DT_SONAME\s0
+field rather than the using the file name given to the linker.
+.IP "\fB\-i\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-i"
+Perform an incremental link (same as option \fB\-r\fR).
+.IP "\fB\-init\fR \fIname\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-init name"
+When creating an \s-1ELF\s0 executable or shared object, call \s-1NAME\s0 when the
+executable or shared object is loaded, by setting \s-1DT_INIT\s0 to the address
+of the function. By default, the linker uses \f(CW\*(C`_init\*(C'\fR as the
+function to call.
+.IP "\fB\-l\fR\fInamespec\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-lnamespec"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-library=\fR\fInamespec\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--library=namespec"
+.PD
+Add the archive or object file specified by \fInamespec\fR to the
+list of files to link. This option may be used any number of times.
+If \fInamespec\fR is of the form \fI:\fIfilename\fI\fR, \fBld\fR
+will search the library path for a file called \fIfilename\fR, otherise it
+will search the library path for a file called \fIlib\fInamespec\fI.a\fR.
+.Sp
+On systems which support shared libraries, \fBld\fR may also search for
+files other than \fIlib\fInamespec\fI.a\fR. Specifically, on \s-1ELF\s0
+and SunOS systems, \fBld\fR will search a directory for a library
+called \fIlib\fInamespec\fI.so\fR before searching for one called
+\&\fIlib\fInamespec\fI.a\fR. (By convention, a \f(CW\*(C`.so\*(C'\fR extension
+indicates a shared library.) Note that this behavior does not apply
+to \fI:\fIfilename\fI\fR, which always specifies a file called
+\&\fIfilename\fR.
+.Sp
+The linker will search an archive only once, at the location where it is
+specified on the command line. If the archive defines a symbol which
+was undefined in some object which appeared before the archive on the
+command line, the linker will include the appropriate file(s) from the
+archive. However, an undefined symbol in an object appearing later on
+the command line will not cause the linker to search the archive again.
+.Sp
+See the \fB\-(\fR option for a way to force the linker to search
+archives multiple times.
+.Sp
+You may list the same archive multiple times on the command line.
+.Sp
+This type of archive searching is standard for Unix linkers. However,
+if you are using \fBld\fR on \s-1AIX\s0, note that it is different from the
+behaviour of the \s-1AIX\s0 linker.
+.IP "\fB\-L\fR\fIsearchdir\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Lsearchdir"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-library\-path=\fR\fIsearchdir\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--library-path=searchdir"
+.PD
+Add path \fIsearchdir\fR to the list of paths that \fBld\fR will search
+for archive libraries and \fBld\fR control scripts. You may use this
+option any number of times. The directories are searched in the order
+in which they are specified on the command line. Directories specified
+on the command line are searched before the default directories. All
+\&\fB\-L\fR options apply to all \fB\-l\fR options, regardless of the
+order in which the options appear.
+.Sp
+If \fIsearchdir\fR begins with \f(CW\*(C`=\*(C'\fR, then the \f(CW\*(C`=\*(C'\fR will be replaced
+by the \fIsysroot prefix\fR, a path specified when the linker is configured.
+.Sp
+The default set of paths searched (without being specified with
+\&\fB\-L\fR) depends on which emulation mode \fBld\fR is using, and in
+some cases also on how it was configured.
+.Sp
+The paths can also be specified in a link script with the
+\&\f(CW\*(C`SEARCH_DIR\*(C'\fR command. Directories specified this way are searched
+at the point in which the linker script appears in the command line.
+.IP "\fB\-m\fR\fIemulation\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-memulation"
+Emulate the \fIemulation\fR linker. You can list the available
+emulations with the \fB\-\-verbose\fR or \fB\-V\fR options.
+.Sp
+If the \fB\-m\fR option is not used, the emulation is taken from the
+\&\f(CW\*(C`LDEMULATION\*(C'\fR environment variable, if that is defined.
+.Sp
+Otherwise, the default emulation depends upon how the linker was
+configured.
+.IP "\fB\-M\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-M"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-print\-map\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--print-map"
+.PD
+Print a link map to the standard output. A link map provides
+information about the link, including the following:
+.RS 4
+.IP "*" 4
+Where object files are mapped into memory.
+.IP "*" 4
+How common symbols are allocated.
+.IP "*" 4
+All archive members included in the link, with a mention of the symbol
+which caused the archive member to be brought in.
+.IP "*" 4
+The values assigned to symbols.
+.Sp
+Note \- symbols whose values are computed by an expression which
+involves a reference to a previous value of the same symbol may not
+have correct result displayed in the link map. This is because the
+linker discards intermediate results and only retains the final value
+of an expression. Under such circumstances the linker will display
+the final value enclosed by square brackets. Thus for example a
+linker script containing:
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\& foo = 1
+\& foo = foo * 4
+\& foo = foo + 8
+.Ve
+.Sp
+will produce the following output in the link map if the \fB\-M\fR
+option is used:
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\& 0x00000001 foo = 0x1
+\& [0x0000000c] foo = (foo * 0x4)
+\& [0x0000000c] foo = (foo + 0x8)
+.Ve
+.Sp
+See \fBExpressions\fR for more information about expressions in linker
+scripts.
+.RE
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.IP "\fB\-n\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-n"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-nmagic\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--nmagic"
+.PD
+Turn off page alignment of sections, and mark the output as
+\&\f(CW\*(C`NMAGIC\*(C'\fR if possible.
+.IP "\fB\-N\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-N"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-omagic\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--omagic"
+.PD
+Set the text and data sections to be readable and writable. Also, do
+not page-align the data segment, and disable linking against shared
+libraries. If the output format supports Unix style magic numbers,
+mark the output as \f(CW\*(C`OMAGIC\*(C'\fR. Note: Although a writable text section
+is allowed for PE-COFF targets, it does not conform to the format
+specification published by Microsoft.
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-omagic\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-omagic"
+This option negates most of the effects of the \fB\-N\fR option. It
+sets the text section to be read\-only, and forces the data segment to
+be page\-aligned. Note \- this option does not enable linking against
+shared libraries. Use \fB\-Bdynamic\fR for this.
+.IP "\fB\-o\fR \fIoutput\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-o output"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-output=\fR\fIoutput\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--output=output"
+.PD
+Use \fIoutput\fR as the name for the program produced by \fBld\fR; if this
+option is not specified, the name \fIa.out\fR is used by default. The
+script command \f(CW\*(C`OUTPUT\*(C'\fR can also specify the output file name.
+.IP "\fB\-O\fR \fIlevel\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-O level"
+If \fIlevel\fR is a numeric values greater than zero \fBld\fR optimizes
+the output. This might take significantly longer and therefore probably
+should only be enabled for the final binary. At the moment this
+option only affects \s-1ELF\s0 shared library generation. Future releases of
+the linker may make more use of this option. Also currently there is
+no difference in the linker's behaviour for different non-zero values
+of this option. Again this may change with future releases.
+.IP "\fB\-q\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-q"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-emit\-relocs\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--emit-relocs"
+.PD
+Leave relocation sections and contents in fully linked executables.
+Post link analysis and optimization tools may need this information in
+order to perform correct modifications of executables. This results
+in larger executables.
+.Sp
+This option is currently only supported on \s-1ELF\s0 platforms.
+.IP "\fB\-\-force\-dynamic\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--force-dynamic"
+Force the output file to have dynamic sections. This option is specific
+to VxWorks targets.
+.IP "\fB\-r\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-r"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-relocatable\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--relocatable"
+.PD
+Generate relocatable output\-\-\-i.e., generate an output file that can in
+turn serve as input to \fBld\fR. This is often called \fIpartial
+linking\fR. As a side effect, in environments that support standard Unix
+magic numbers, this option also sets the output file's magic number to
+\&\f(CW\*(C`OMAGIC\*(C'\fR.
+If this option is not specified, an absolute file is produced. When
+linking \*(C+ programs, this option \fIwill not\fR resolve references to
+constructors; to do that, use \fB\-Ur\fR.
+.Sp
+When an input file does not have the same format as the output file,
+partial linking is only supported if that input file does not contain any
+relocations. Different output formats can have further restrictions; for
+example some \f(CW\*(C`a.out\*(C'\fR\-based formats do not support partial linking
+with input files in other formats at all.
+.Sp
+This option does the same thing as \fB\-i\fR.
+.IP "\fB\-R\fR \fIfilename\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-R filename"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-just\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--just-symbols=filename"
+.PD
+Read symbol names and their addresses from \fIfilename\fR, but do not
+relocate it or include it in the output. This allows your output file
+to refer symbolically to absolute locations of memory defined in other
+programs. You may use this option more than once.
+.Sp
+For compatibility with other \s-1ELF\s0 linkers, if the \fB\-R\fR option is
+followed by a directory name, rather than a file name, it is treated as
+the \fB\-rpath\fR option.
+.IP "\fB\-s\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-s"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-strip\-all\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--strip-all"
+.PD
+Omit all symbol information from the output file.
+.IP "\fB\-S\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-S"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-strip\-debug\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--strip-debug"
+.PD
+Omit debugger symbol information (but not all symbols) from the output file.
+.IP "\fB\-t\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-t"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-trace\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--trace"
+.PD
+Print the names of the input files as \fBld\fR processes them.
+.IP "\fB\-T\fR \fIscriptfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-T scriptfile"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-script=\fR\fIscriptfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--script=scriptfile"
+.PD
+Use \fIscriptfile\fR as the linker script. This script replaces
+\&\fBld\fR's default linker script (rather than adding to it), so
+\&\fIcommandfile\fR must specify everything necessary to describe the
+output file. If \fIscriptfile\fR does not exist in
+the current directory, \f(CW\*(C`ld\*(C'\fR looks for it in the directories
+specified by any preceding \fB\-L\fR options. Multiple \fB\-T\fR
+options accumulate.
+.IP "\fB\-dT\fR \fIscriptfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-dT scriptfile"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-default\-script=\fR\fIscriptfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--default-script=scriptfile"
+.PD
+Use \fIscriptfile\fR as the default linker script.
+.Sp
+This option is similar to the \fB\-\-script\fR option except that
+processing of the script is delayed until after the rest of the
+command line has been processed. This allows options placed after the
+\&\fB\-\-default\-script\fR option on the command line to affect the
+behaviour of the linker script, which can be important when the linker
+command line cannot be directly controlled by the user. (eg because
+the command line is being constructed by another tool, such as
+\&\fBgcc\fR).
+.IP "\fB\-u\fR \fIsymbol\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-u symbol"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-undefined=\fR\fIsymbol\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--undefined=symbol"
+.PD
+Force \fIsymbol\fR to be entered in the output file as an undefined
+symbol. Doing this may, for example, trigger linking of additional
+modules from standard libraries. \fB\-u\fR may be repeated with
+different option arguments to enter additional undefined symbols. This
+option is equivalent to the \f(CW\*(C`EXTERN\*(C'\fR linker script command.
+.IP "\fB\-Ur\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Ur"
+For anything other than \*(C+ programs, this option is equivalent to
+\&\fB\-r\fR: it generates relocatable output\-\-\-i.e., an output file that can in
+turn serve as input to \fBld\fR. When linking \*(C+ programs, \fB\-Ur\fR
+\&\fIdoes\fR resolve references to constructors, unlike \fB\-r\fR.
+It does not work to use \fB\-Ur\fR on files that were themselves linked
+with \fB\-Ur\fR; once the constructor table has been built, it cannot
+be added to. Use \fB\-Ur\fR only for the last partial link, and
+\&\fB\-r\fR for the others.
+.IP "\fB\-\-unique[=\fR\fI\s-1SECTION\s0\fR\fB]\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--unique[=SECTION]"
+Creates a separate output section for every input section matching
+\&\fI\s-1SECTION\s0\fR, or if the optional wildcard \fI\s-1SECTION\s0\fR argument is
+missing, for every orphan input section. An orphan section is one not
+specifically mentioned in a linker script. You may use this option
+multiple times on the command line; It prevents the normal merging of
+input sections with the same name, overriding output section assignments
+in a linker script.
+.IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-v"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-version\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--version"
+.IP "\fB\-V\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-V"
+.PD
+Display the version number for \fBld\fR. The \fB\-V\fR option also
+lists the supported emulations.
+.IP "\fB\-x\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-x"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-discard\-all\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--discard-all"
+.PD
+Delete all local symbols.
+.IP "\fB\-X\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-X"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-discard\-locals\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--discard-locals"
+.PD
+Delete all temporary local symbols. (These symbols start with
+system-specific local label prefixes, typically \fB.L\fR for \s-1ELF\s0 systems
+or \fBL\fR for traditional a.out systems.)
+.IP "\fB\-y\fR \fIsymbol\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-y symbol"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-trace\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbol\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--trace-symbol=symbol"
+.PD
+Print the name of each linked file in which \fIsymbol\fR appears. This
+option may be given any number of times. On many systems it is necessary
+to prepend an underscore.
+.Sp
+This option is useful when you have an undefined symbol in your link but
+don't know where the reference is coming from.
+.IP "\fB\-Y\fR \fIpath\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Y path"
+Add \fIpath\fR to the default library search path. This option exists
+for Solaris compatibility.
+.IP "\fB\-z\fR \fIkeyword\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-z keyword"
+The recognized keywords are:
+.RS 4
+.IP "\fBcombreloc\fR" 4
+.IX Item "combreloc"
+Combines multiple reloc sections and sorts them to make dynamic symbol
+lookup caching possible.
+.IP "\fBdefs\fR" 4
+.IX Item "defs"
+Disallows undefined symbols in object files. Undefined symbols in
+shared libraries are still allowed.
+.IP "\fBexecstack\fR" 4
+.IX Item "execstack"
+Marks the object as requiring executable stack.
+.IP "\fBinitfirst\fR" 4
+.IX Item "initfirst"
+This option is only meaningful when building a shared object.
+It marks the object so that its runtime initialization will occur
+before the runtime initialization of any other objects brought into
+the process at the same time. Similarly the runtime finalization of
+the object will occur after the runtime finalization of any other
+objects.
+.IP "\fBinterpose\fR" 4
+.IX Item "interpose"
+Marks the object that its symbol table interposes before all symbols
+but the primary executable.
+.IP "\fBlazy\fR" 4
+.IX Item "lazy"
+When generating an executable or shared library, mark it to tell the
+dynamic linker to defer function call resolution to the point when
+the function is called (lazy binding), rather than at load time.
+Lazy binding is the default.
+.IP "\fBloadfltr\fR" 4
+.IX Item "loadfltr"
+Marks the object that its filters be processed immediately at
+runtime.
+.IP "\fBmuldefs\fR" 4
+.IX Item "muldefs"
+Allows multiple definitions.
+.IP "\fBnocombreloc\fR" 4
+.IX Item "nocombreloc"
+Disables multiple reloc sections combining.
+.IP "\fBnocopyreloc\fR" 4
+.IX Item "nocopyreloc"
+Disables production of copy relocs.
+.IP "\fBnodefaultlib\fR" 4
+.IX Item "nodefaultlib"
+Marks the object that the search for dependencies of this object will
+ignore any default library search paths.
+.IP "\fBnodelete\fR" 4
+.IX Item "nodelete"
+Marks the object shouldn't be unloaded at runtime.
+.IP "\fBnodlopen\fR" 4
+.IX Item "nodlopen"
+Marks the object not available to \f(CW\*(C`dlopen\*(C'\fR.
+.IP "\fBnodump\fR" 4
+.IX Item "nodump"
+Marks the object can not be dumped by \f(CW\*(C`dldump\*(C'\fR.
+.IP "\fBnoexecstack\fR" 4
+.IX Item "noexecstack"
+Marks the object as not requiring executable stack.
+.IP "\fBnorelro\fR" 4
+.IX Item "norelro"
+Don't create an \s-1ELF\s0 \f(CW\*(C`PT_GNU_RELRO\*(C'\fR segment header in the object.
+.IP "\fBnow\fR" 4
+.IX Item "now"
+When generating an executable or shared library, mark it to tell the
+dynamic linker to resolve all symbols when the program is started, or
+when the shared library is linked to using dlopen, instead of
+deferring function call resolution to the point when the function is
+first called.
+.IP "\fBorigin\fR" 4
+.IX Item "origin"
+Marks the object may contain \f(CW$ORIGIN\fR.
+.IP "\fBrelro\fR" 4
+.IX Item "relro"
+Create an \s-1ELF\s0 \f(CW\*(C`PT_GNU_RELRO\*(C'\fR segment header in the object.
+.IP "\fBmax\-page\-size=\fR\fIvalue\fR" 4
+.IX Item "max-page-size=value"
+Set the emulation maximum page size to \fIvalue\fR.
+.IP "\fBcommon\-page\-size=\fR\fIvalue\fR" 4
+.IX Item "common-page-size=value"
+Set the emulation common page size to \fIvalue\fR.
+.RE
+.RS 4
+.Sp
+Other keywords are ignored for Solaris compatibility.
+.RE
+.IP "\fB\-(\fR \fIarchives\fR \fB\-)\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-( archives -)"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-start\-group\fR \fIarchives\fR \fB\-\-end\-group\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--start-group archives --end-group"
+.PD
+The \fIarchives\fR should be a list of archive files. They may be
+either explicit file names, or \fB\-l\fR options.
+.Sp
+The specified archives are searched repeatedly until no new undefined
+references are created. Normally, an archive is searched only once in
+the order that it is specified on the command line. If a symbol in that
+archive is needed to resolve an undefined symbol referred to by an
+object in an archive that appears later on the command line, the linker
+would not be able to resolve that reference. By grouping the archives,
+they all be searched repeatedly until all possible references are
+resolved.
+.Sp
+Using this option has a significant performance cost. It is best to use
+it only when there are unavoidable circular references between two or
+more archives.
+.IP "\fB\-\-accept\-unknown\-input\-arch\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--accept-unknown-input-arch"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-accept\-unknown\-input\-arch\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-accept-unknown-input-arch"
+.PD
+Tells the linker to accept input files whose architecture cannot be
+recognised. The assumption is that the user knows what they are doing
+and deliberately wants to link in these unknown input files. This was
+the default behaviour of the linker, before release 2.14. The default
+behaviour from release 2.14 onwards is to reject such input files, and
+so the \fB\-\-accept\-unknown\-input\-arch\fR option has been added to
+restore the old behaviour.
+.IP "\fB\-\-as\-needed\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--as-needed"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-as\-needed\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-as-needed"
+.PD
+This option affects \s-1ELF\s0 \s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 tags for dynamic libraries mentioned
+on the command line after the \fB\-\-as\-needed\fR option. Normally,
+the linker will add a \s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 tag for each dynamic library mentioned
+on the command line, regardless of whether the library is actually
+needed. \fB\-\-as\-needed\fR causes \s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 tags to only be emitted
+for libraries that satisfy some symbol reference from regular objects
+which is undefined at the point that the library was linked.
+\&\fB\-\-no\-as\-needed\fR restores the default behaviour.
+.IP "\fB\-\-add\-needed\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--add-needed"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-add\-needed\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-add-needed"
+.PD
+This option affects the treatment of dynamic libraries from \s-1ELF\s0
+\&\s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 tags in dynamic libraries mentioned on the command line after
+the \fB\-\-no\-add\-needed\fR option. Normally, the linker will add
+a \s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 tag for each dynamic library from \s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 tags.
+\&\fB\-\-no\-add\-needed\fR causes \s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 tags will never be emitted
+for those libraries from \s-1DT_NEEDED\s0 tags. \fB\-\-add\-needed\fR restores
+the default behaviour.
+.IP "\fB\-assert\fR \fIkeyword\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-assert keyword"
+This option is ignored for SunOS compatibility.
+.IP "\fB\-Bdynamic\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Bdynamic"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-dy\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-dy"
+.IP "\fB\-call_shared\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-call_shared"
+.PD
+Link against dynamic libraries. This is only meaningful on platforms
+for which shared libraries are supported. This option is normally the
+default on such platforms. The different variants of this option are
+for compatibility with various systems. You may use this option
+multiple times on the command line: it affects library searching for
+\&\fB\-l\fR options which follow it.
+.IP "\fB\-Bgroup\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Bgroup"
+Set the \f(CW\*(C`DF_1_GROUP\*(C'\fR flag in the \f(CW\*(C`DT_FLAGS_1\*(C'\fR entry in the dynamic
+section. This causes the runtime linker to handle lookups in this
+object and its dependencies to be performed only inside the group.
+\&\fB\-\-unresolved\-symbols=report\-all\fR is implied. This option is
+only meaningful on \s-1ELF\s0 platforms which support shared libraries.
+.IP "\fB\-Bstatic\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Bstatic"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-dn\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-dn"
+.IP "\fB\-non_shared\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-non_shared"
+.IP "\fB\-static\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-static"
+.PD
+Do not link against shared libraries. This is only meaningful on
+platforms for which shared libraries are supported. The different
+variants of this option are for compatibility with various systems. You
+may use this option multiple times on the command line: it affects
+library searching for \fB\-l\fR options which follow it. This
+option also implies \fB\-\-unresolved\-symbols=report\-all\fR. This
+option can be used with \fB\-shared\fR. Doing so means that a
+shared library is being created but that all of the library's external
+references must be resolved by pulling in entries from static
+libraries.
+.IP "\fB\-Bsymbolic\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Bsymbolic"
+When creating a shared library, bind references to global symbols to the
+definition within the shared library, if any. Normally, it is possible
+for a program linked against a shared library to override the definition
+within the shared library. This option is only meaningful on \s-1ELF\s0
+platforms which support shared libraries.
+.IP "\fB\-Bsymbolic\-functions\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Bsymbolic-functions"
+When creating a shared library, bind references to global function
+symbols to the definition within the shared library, if any.
+This option is only meaningful on \s-1ELF\s0 platforms which support shared
+libraries.
+.IP "\fB\-\-dynamic\-list=\fR\fIdynamic-list-file\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--dynamic-list=dynamic-list-file"
+Specify the name of a dynamic list file to the linker. This is
+typically used when creating shared libraries to specify a list of
+global symbols whose references shouldn't be bound to the definition
+within the shared library, or creating dynamically linked executables
+to specify a list of symbols which should be added to the symbol table
+in the executable. This option is only meaningful on \s-1ELF\s0 platforms
+which support shared libraries.
+.Sp
+The format of the dynamic list is the same as the version node without
+scope and node name. See \fB\s-1VERSION\s0\fR for more information.
+.IP "\fB\-\-dynamic\-list\-data\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--dynamic-list-data"
+Include all global data symbols to the dynamic list.
+.IP "\fB\-\-dynamic\-list\-cpp\-new\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--dynamic-list-cpp-new"
+Provide the builtin dynamic list for \*(C+ operator new and delete. It
+is mainly useful for building shared libstdc++.
+.IP "\fB\-\-dynamic\-list\-cpp\-typeinfo\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--dynamic-list-cpp-typeinfo"
+Provide the builtin dynamic list for \*(C+ runtime type identification.
+.IP "\fB\-\-check\-sections\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--check-sections"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-check\-sections\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-check-sections"
+.PD
+Asks the linker \fInot\fR to check section addresses after they have
+been assigned to see if there are any overlaps. Normally the linker will
+perform this check, and if it finds any overlaps it will produce
+suitable error messages. The linker does know about, and does make
+allowances for sections in overlays. The default behaviour can be
+restored by using the command line switch \fB\-\-check\-sections\fR.
+.IP "\fB\-\-cref\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--cref"
+Output a cross reference table. If a linker map file is being
+generated, the cross reference table is printed to the map file.
+Otherwise, it is printed on the standard output.
+.Sp
+The format of the table is intentionally simple, so that it may be
+easily processed by a script if necessary. The symbols are printed out,
+sorted by name. For each symbol, a list of file names is given. If the
+symbol is defined, the first file listed is the location of the
+definition. The remaining files contain references to the symbol.
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-define\-common\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-define-common"
+This option inhibits the assignment of addresses to common symbols.
+The script command \f(CW\*(C`INHIBIT_COMMON_ALLOCATION\*(C'\fR has the same effect.
+.Sp
+The \fB\-\-no\-define\-common\fR option allows decoupling
+the decision to assign addresses to Common symbols from the choice
+of the output file type; otherwise a non-Relocatable output type
+forces assigning addresses to Common symbols.
+Using \fB\-\-no\-define\-common\fR allows Common symbols that are referenced
+from a shared library to be assigned addresses only in the main program.
+This eliminates the unused duplicate space in the shared library,
+and also prevents any possible confusion over resolving to the wrong
+duplicate when there are many dynamic modules with specialized search
+paths for runtime symbol resolution.
+.IP "\fB\-\-defsym\fR \fIsymbol\fR\fB=\fR\fIexpression\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--defsym symbol=expression"
+Create a global symbol in the output file, containing the absolute
+address given by \fIexpression\fR. You may use this option as many
+times as necessary to define multiple symbols in the command line. A
+limited form of arithmetic is supported for the \fIexpression\fR in this
+context: you may give a hexadecimal constant or the name of an existing
+symbol, or use \f(CW\*(C`+\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`\-\*(C'\fR to add or subtract hexadecimal
+constants or symbols. If you need more elaborate expressions, consider
+using the linker command language from a script. \fINote:\fR there should be no white
+space between \fIsymbol\fR, the equals sign ("\fB=\fR"), and
+\&\fIexpression\fR.
+.IP "\fB\-\-demangle[=\fR\fIstyle\fR\fB]\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--demangle[=style]"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-demangle\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-demangle"
+.PD
+These options control whether to demangle symbol names in error messages
+and other output. When the linker is told to demangle, it tries to
+present symbol names in a readable fashion: it strips leading
+underscores if they are used by the object file format, and converts \*(C+
+mangled symbol names into user readable names. Different compilers have
+different mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used
+to choose an appropriate demangling style for your compiler. The linker will
+demangle by default unless the environment variable \fB\s-1COLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE\s0\fR
+is set. These options may be used to override the default.
+.IP "\fB\-\-dynamic\-linker\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--dynamic-linker file"
+Set the name of the dynamic linker. This is only meaningful when
+generating dynamically linked \s-1ELF\s0 executables. The default dynamic
+linker is normally correct; don't use this unless you know what you are
+doing.
+.IP "\fB\-\-fatal\-warnings\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--fatal-warnings"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-fatal\-warnings\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-fatal-warnings"
+.PD
+Treat all warnings as errors. The default behaviour can be restored
+with the option \fB\-\-no\-fatal\-warnings\fR.
+.IP "\fB\-\-force\-exe\-suffix\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--force-exe-suffix"
+Make sure that an output file has a .exe suffix.
+.Sp
+If a successfully built fully linked output file does not have a
+\&\f(CW\*(C`.exe\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`.dll\*(C'\fR suffix, this option forces the linker to copy
+the output file to one of the same name with a \f(CW\*(C`.exe\*(C'\fR suffix. This
+option is useful when using unmodified Unix makefiles on a Microsoft
+Windows host, since some versions of Windows won't run an image unless
+it ends in a \f(CW\*(C`.exe\*(C'\fR suffix.
+.IP "\fB\-\-gc\-sections\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--gc-sections"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-gc\-sections\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-gc-sections"
+.PD
+Enable garbage collection of unused input sections. It is ignored on
+targets that do not support this option. The default behaviour (of not
+performing this garbage collection) can be restored by specifying
+\&\fB\-\-no\-gc\-sections\fR on the command line.
+.Sp
+\&\fB\-\-gc\-sections\fR decides which input sections are used by
+examining symbols and relocations. The section containing the entry
+symbol and all sections containing symbols undefined on the
+command-line will be kept, as will sections containing symbols
+referenced by dynamic objects. Note that when building shared
+libraries, the linker must assume that any visible symbol is
+referenced. Once this initial set of sections has been determined,
+the linker recursively marks as used any section referenced by their
+relocations. See \fB\-\-entry\fR and \fB\-\-undefined\fR.
+.Sp
+This option can be set when doing a partial link (enabled with option
+\&\fB\-r\fR). In this case the root of symbols kept must be explicitely
+specified either by an \fB\-\-entry\fR or \fB\-\-undefined\fR option or by
+a \f(CW\*(C`ENTRY\*(C'\fR command in the linker script.
+.IP "\fB\-\-print\-gc\-sections\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--print-gc-sections"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-print\-gc\-sections\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-print-gc-sections"
+.PD
+List all sections removed by garbage collection. The listing is
+printed on stderr. This option is only effective if garbage
+collection has been enabled via the \fB\-\-gc\-sections\fR) option. The
+default behaviour (of not listing the sections that are removed) can
+be restored by specifying \fB\-\-no\-print\-gc\-sections\fR on the command
+line.
+.IP "\fB\-\-help\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--help"
+Print a summary of the command-line options on the standard output and exit.
+.IP "\fB\-\-target\-help\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--target-help"
+Print a summary of all target specific options on the standard output and exit.
+.IP "\fB\-Map\fR \fImapfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Map mapfile"
+Print a link map to the file \fImapfile\fR. See the description of the
+\&\fB\-M\fR option, above.
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-keep\-memory\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-keep-memory"
+\&\fBld\fR normally optimizes for speed over memory usage by caching the
+symbol tables of input files in memory. This option tells \fBld\fR to
+instead optimize for memory usage, by rereading the symbol tables as
+necessary. This may be required if \fBld\fR runs out of memory space
+while linking a large executable.
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-undefined\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-undefined"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-z defs\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-z defs"
+.PD
+Report unresolved symbol references from regular object files. This
+is done even if the linker is creating a non-symbolic shared library.
+The switch \fB\-\-[no\-]allow\-shlib\-undefined\fR controls the
+behaviour for reporting unresolved references found in shared
+libraries being linked in.
+.IP "\fB\-\-allow\-multiple\-definition\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--allow-multiple-definition"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-z muldefs\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-z muldefs"
+.PD
+Normally when a symbol is defined multiple times, the linker will
+report a fatal error. These options allow multiple definitions and the
+first definition will be used.
+.IP "\fB\-\-allow\-shlib\-undefined\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--allow-shlib-undefined"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-allow\-shlib\-undefined\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-allow-shlib-undefined"
+.PD
+Allows (the default) or disallows undefined symbols in shared libraries.
+This switch is similar to \fB\-\-no\-undefined\fR except that it
+determines the behaviour when the undefined symbols are in a
+shared library rather than a regular object file. It does not affect
+how undefined symbols in regular object files are handled.
+.Sp
+The reason that \fB\-\-allow\-shlib\-undefined\fR is the default is that
+the shared library being specified at link time may not be the same as
+the one that is available at load time, so the symbols might actually be
+resolvable at load time. Plus there are some systems, (eg BeOS) where
+undefined symbols in shared libraries is normal. (The kernel patches
+them at load time to select which function is most appropriate
+for the current architecture. This is used for example to dynamically
+select an appropriate memset function). Apparently it is also normal
+for \s-1HPPA\s0 shared libraries to have undefined symbols.
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-undefined\-version\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-undefined-version"
+Normally when a symbol has an undefined version, the linker will ignore
+it. This option disallows symbols with undefined version and a fatal error
+will be issued instead.
+.IP "\fB\-\-default\-symver\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--default-symver"
+Create and use a default symbol version (the soname) for unversioned
+exported symbols.
+.IP "\fB\-\-default\-imported\-symver\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--default-imported-symver"
+Create and use a default symbol version (the soname) for unversioned
+imported symbols.
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-warn\-mismatch\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-warn-mismatch"
+Normally \fBld\fR will give an error if you try to link together input
+files that are mismatched for some reason, perhaps because they have
+been compiled for different processors or for different endiannesses.
+This option tells \fBld\fR that it should silently permit such possible
+errors. This option should only be used with care, in cases when you
+have taken some special action that ensures that the linker errors are
+inappropriate.
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-warn\-search\-mismatch\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-warn-search-mismatch"
+Normally \fBld\fR will give a warning if it finds an incompatible
+library during a library search. This option silences the warning.
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-whole\-archive\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-whole-archive"
+Turn off the effect of the \fB\-\-whole\-archive\fR option for subsequent
+archive files.
+.IP "\fB\-\-noinhibit\-exec\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--noinhibit-exec"
+Retain the executable output file whenever it is still usable.
+Normally, the linker will not produce an output file if it encounters
+errors during the link process; it exits without writing an output file
+when it issues any error whatsoever.
+.IP "\fB\-nostdlib\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-nostdlib"
+Only search library directories explicitly specified on the
+command line. Library directories specified in linker scripts
+(including linker scripts specified on the command line) are ignored.
+.IP "\fB\-\-oformat\fR \fIoutput-format\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--oformat output-format"
+\&\fBld\fR may be configured to support more than one kind of object
+file. If your \fBld\fR is configured this way, you can use the
+\&\fB\-\-oformat\fR option to specify the binary format for the output
+object file. Even when \fBld\fR is configured to support alternative
+object formats, you don't usually need to specify this, as \fBld\fR
+should be configured to produce as a default output format the most
+usual format on each machine. \fIoutput-format\fR is a text string, the
+name of a particular format supported by the \s-1BFD\s0 libraries. (You can
+list the available binary formats with \fBobjdump \-i\fR.) The script
+command \f(CW\*(C`OUTPUT_FORMAT\*(C'\fR can also specify the output format, but
+this option overrides it.
+.IP "\fB\-pie\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-pie"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-pic\-executable\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--pic-executable"
+.PD
+Create a position independent executable. This is currently only supported on
+\&\s-1ELF\s0 platforms. Position independent executables are similar to shared
+libraries in that they are relocated by the dynamic linker to the virtual
+address the \s-1OS\s0 chooses for them (which can vary between invocations). Like
+normal dynamically linked executables they can be executed and symbols
+defined in the executable cannot be overridden by shared libraries.
+.IP "\fB\-qmagic\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-qmagic"
+This option is ignored for Linux compatibility.
+.IP "\fB\-Qy\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Qy"
+This option is ignored for \s-1SVR4\s0 compatibility.
+.IP "\fB\-\-relax\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--relax"
+An option with machine dependent effects.
+This option is only supported on a few targets.
+.Sp
+On some platforms, the \fB\-\-relax\fR option performs global
+optimizations that become possible when the linker resolves addressing
+in the program, such as relaxing address modes and synthesizing new
+instructions in the output object file.
+.Sp
+On some platforms these link time global optimizations may make symbolic
+debugging of the resulting executable impossible.
+This is known to be
+the case for the Matsushita \s-1MN10200\s0 and \s-1MN10300\s0 family of processors.
+.Sp
+On platforms where this is not supported, \fB\-\-relax\fR is accepted,
+but ignored.
+.IP "\fB\-\-retain\-symbols\-file\fR \fIfilename\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--retain-symbols-file filename"
+Retain \fIonly\fR the symbols listed in the file \fIfilename\fR,
+discarding all others. \fIfilename\fR is simply a flat file, with one
+symbol name per line. This option is especially useful in environments
+(such as VxWorks)
+where a large global symbol table is accumulated gradually, to conserve
+run-time memory.
+.Sp
+\&\fB\-\-retain\-symbols\-file\fR does \fInot\fR discard undefined symbols,
+or symbols needed for relocations.
+.Sp
+You may only specify \fB\-\-retain\-symbols\-file\fR once in the command
+line. It overrides \fB\-s\fR and \fB\-S\fR.
+.IP "\fB\-rpath\fR \fIdir\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-rpath dir"
+Add a directory to the runtime library search path. This is used when
+linking an \s-1ELF\s0 executable with shared objects. All \fB\-rpath\fR
+arguments are concatenated and passed to the runtime linker, which uses
+them to locate shared objects at runtime. The \fB\-rpath\fR option is
+also used when locating shared objects which are needed by shared
+objects explicitly included in the link; see the description of the
+\&\fB\-rpath\-link\fR option. If \fB\-rpath\fR is not used when linking an
+\&\s-1ELF\s0 executable, the contents of the environment variable
+\&\f(CW\*(C`LD_RUN_PATH\*(C'\fR will be used if it is defined.
+.Sp
+The \fB\-rpath\fR option may also be used on SunOS. By default, on
+SunOS, the linker will form a runtime search patch out of all the
+\&\fB\-L\fR options it is given. If a \fB\-rpath\fR option is used, the
+runtime search path will be formed exclusively using the \fB\-rpath\fR
+options, ignoring the \fB\-L\fR options. This can be useful when using
+gcc, which adds many \fB\-L\fR options which may be on \s-1NFS\s0 mounted
+file systems.
+.Sp
+For compatibility with other \s-1ELF\s0 linkers, if the \fB\-R\fR option is
+followed by a directory name, rather than a file name, it is treated as
+the \fB\-rpath\fR option.
+.IP "\fB\-rpath\-link\fR \fI\s-1DIR\s0\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-rpath-link DIR"
+When using \s-1ELF\s0 or SunOS, one shared library may require another. This
+happens when an \f(CW\*(C`ld \-shared\*(C'\fR link includes a shared library as one
+of the input files.
+.Sp
+When the linker encounters such a dependency when doing a non\-shared,
+non-relocatable link, it will automatically try to locate the required
+shared library and include it in the link, if it is not included
+explicitly. In such a case, the \fB\-rpath\-link\fR option
+specifies the first set of directories to search. The
+\&\fB\-rpath\-link\fR option may specify a sequence of directory names
+either by specifying a list of names separated by colons, or by
+appearing multiple times.
+.Sp
+This option should be used with caution as it overrides the search path
+that may have been hard compiled into a shared library. In such a case it
+is possible to use unintentionally a different search path than the
+runtime linker would do.
+.Sp
+The linker uses the following search paths to locate required shared
+libraries:
+.RS 4
+.IP "1." 4
+Any directories specified by \fB\-rpath\-link\fR options.
+.IP "2." 4
+Any directories specified by \fB\-rpath\fR options. The difference
+between \fB\-rpath\fR and \fB\-rpath\-link\fR is that directories
+specified by \fB\-rpath\fR options are included in the executable and
+used at runtime, whereas the \fB\-rpath\-link\fR option is only effective
+at link time. Searching \fB\-rpath\fR in this way is only supported
+by native linkers and cross linkers which have been configured with
+the \fB\-\-with\-sysroot\fR option.
+.IP "3." 4
+On an \s-1ELF\s0 system, for native linkers, if the \fB\-rpath\fR and
+\&\fB\-rpath\-link\fR options were not used, search the contents of the
+environment variable \f(CW\*(C`LD_RUN_PATH\*(C'\fR.
+.IP "4." 4
+On SunOS, if the \fB\-rpath\fR option was not used, search any
+directories specified using \fB\-L\fR options.
+.IP "5." 4
+For a native linker, the search the contents of the environment
+variable \f(CW\*(C`LD_LIBRARY_PATH\*(C'\fR.
+.IP "6." 4
+For a native \s-1ELF\s0 linker, the directories in \f(CW\*(C`DT_RUNPATH\*(C'\fR or
+\&\f(CW\*(C`DT_RPATH\*(C'\fR of a shared library are searched for shared
+libraries needed by it. The \f(CW\*(C`DT_RPATH\*(C'\fR entries are ignored if
+\&\f(CW\*(C`DT_RUNPATH\*(C'\fR entries exist.
+.IP "7." 4
+The default directories, normally \fI/lib\fR and \fI/usr/lib\fR.
+.IP "8." 4
+For a native linker on an \s-1ELF\s0 system, if the file \fI/etc/ld.so.conf\fR
+exists, the list of directories found in that file.
+.RE
+.RS 4
+.Sp
+If the required shared library is not found, the linker will issue a
+warning and continue with the link.
+.RE
+.IP "\fB\-shared\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-shared"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-Bshareable\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Bshareable"
+.PD
+Create a shared library. This is currently only supported on \s-1ELF\s0, \s-1XCOFF\s0
+and SunOS platforms. On SunOS, the linker will automatically create a
+shared library if the \fB\-e\fR option is not used and there are
+undefined symbols in the link.
+.IP "\fB\-\-sort\-common [= ascending | descending]\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--sort-common [= ascending | descending]"
+This option tells \fBld\fR to sort the common symbols by alignment in
+ascending or descending order when it places them in the appropriate output
+sections. The symbol alignments considered are sixteen-byte or larger,
+eight\-byte, four\-byte, two\-byte, and one\-byte. This is to prevent gaps
+between symbols due to alignment constraints. If no sorting order is
+specified, then descending order is assumed.
+.IP "\fB\-\-sort\-section name\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--sort-section name"
+This option will apply \f(CW\*(C`SORT_BY_NAME\*(C'\fR to all wildcard section
+patterns in the linker script.
+.IP "\fB\-\-sort\-section alignment\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--sort-section alignment"
+This option will apply \f(CW\*(C`SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT\*(C'\fR to all wildcard section
+patterns in the linker script.
+.IP "\fB\-\-split\-by\-file [\fR\fIsize\fR\fB]\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--split-by-file [size]"
+Similar to \fB\-\-split\-by\-reloc\fR but creates a new output section for
+each input file when \fIsize\fR is reached. \fIsize\fR defaults to a
+size of 1 if not given.
+.IP "\fB\-\-split\-by\-reloc [\fR\fIcount\fR\fB]\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--split-by-reloc [count]"
+Tries to creates extra sections in the output file so that no single
+output section in the file contains more than \fIcount\fR relocations.
+This is useful when generating huge relocatable files for downloading into
+certain real time kernels with the \s-1COFF\s0 object file format; since \s-1COFF\s0
+cannot represent more than 65535 relocations in a single section. Note
+that this will fail to work with object file formats which do not
+support arbitrary sections. The linker will not split up individual
+input sections for redistribution, so if a single input section contains
+more than \fIcount\fR relocations one output section will contain that
+many relocations. \fIcount\fR defaults to a value of 32768.
+.IP "\fB\-\-stats\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--stats"
+Compute and display statistics about the operation of the linker, such
+as execution time and memory usage.
+.IP "\fB\-\-sysroot=\fR\fIdirectory\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--sysroot=directory"
+Use \fIdirectory\fR as the location of the sysroot, overriding the
+configure-time default. This option is only supported by linkers
+that were configured using \fB\-\-with\-sysroot\fR.
+.IP "\fB\-\-traditional\-format\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--traditional-format"
+For some targets, the output of \fBld\fR is different in some ways from
+the output of some existing linker. This switch requests \fBld\fR to
+use the traditional format instead.
+.Sp
+For example, on SunOS, \fBld\fR combines duplicate entries in the
+symbol string table. This can reduce the size of an output file with
+full debugging information by over 30 percent. Unfortunately, the SunOS
+\&\f(CW\*(C`dbx\*(C'\fR program can not read the resulting program (\f(CW\*(C`gdb\*(C'\fR has no
+trouble). The \fB\-\-traditional\-format\fR switch tells \fBld\fR to not
+combine duplicate entries.
+.IP "\fB\-\-section\-start\fR \fIsectionname\fR\fB=\fR\fIorg\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--section-start sectionname=org"
+Locate a section in the output file at the absolute
+address given by \fIorg\fR. You may use this option as many
+times as necessary to locate multiple sections in the command
+line.
+\&\fIorg\fR must be a single hexadecimal integer;
+for compatibility with other linkers, you may omit the leading
+\&\fB0x\fR usually associated with hexadecimal values. \fINote:\fR there
+should be no white space between \fIsectionname\fR, the equals
+sign ("\fB=\fR"), and \fIorg\fR.
+.IP "\fB\-Tbss\fR \fIorg\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Tbss org"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-Tdata\fR \fIorg\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Tdata org"
+.IP "\fB\-Ttext\fR \fIorg\fR" 4
+.IX Item "-Ttext org"
+.PD
+Same as \-\-section\-start, with \f(CW\*(C`.bss\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`.data\*(C'\fR or
+\&\f(CW\*(C`.text\*(C'\fR as the \fIsectionname\fR.
+.IP "\fB\-\-unresolved\-symbols=\fR\fImethod\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--unresolved-symbols=method"
+Determine how to handle unresolved symbols. There are four possible
+values for \fBmethod\fR:
+.RS 4
+.IP "\fBignore-all\fR" 4
+.IX Item "ignore-all"
+Do not report any unresolved symbols.
+.IP "\fBreport-all\fR" 4
+.IX Item "report-all"
+Report all unresolved symbols. This is the default.
+.IP "\fBignore-in-object-files\fR" 4
+.IX Item "ignore-in-object-files"
+Report unresolved symbols that are contained in shared libraries, but
+ignore them if they come from regular object files.
+.IP "\fBignore-in-shared-libs\fR" 4
+.IX Item "ignore-in-shared-libs"
+Report unresolved symbols that come from regular object files, but
+ignore them if they come from shared libraries. This can be useful
+when creating a dynamic binary and it is known that all the shared
+libraries that it should be referencing are included on the linker's
+command line.
+.RE
+.RS 4
+.Sp
+The behaviour for shared libraries on their own can also be controlled
+by the \fB\-\-[no\-]allow\-shlib\-undefined\fR option.
+.Sp
+Normally the linker will generate an error message for each reported
+unresolved symbol but the option \fB\-\-warn\-unresolved\-symbols\fR
+can change this to a warning.
+.RE
+.IP "\fB\-\-dll\-verbose\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--dll-verbose"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-verbose\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--verbose"
+.PD
+Display the version number for \fBld\fR and list the linker emulations
+supported. Display which input files can and cannot be opened. Display
+the linker script being used by the linker.
+.IP "\fB\-\-version\-script=\fR\fIversion-scriptfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--version-script=version-scriptfile"
+Specify the name of a version script to the linker. This is typically
+used when creating shared libraries to specify additional information
+about the version hierarchy for the library being created. This option
+is only meaningful on \s-1ELF\s0 platforms which support shared libraries.
+.IP "\fB\-\-warn\-common\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--warn-common"
+Warn when a common symbol is combined with another common symbol or with
+a symbol definition. Unix linkers allow this somewhat sloppy practise,
+but linkers on some other operating systems do not. This option allows
+you to find potential problems from combining global symbols.
+Unfortunately, some C libraries use this practise, so you may get some
+warnings about symbols in the libraries as well as in your programs.
+.Sp
+There are three kinds of global symbols, illustrated here by C examples:
+.RS 4
+.IP "\fBint i = 1;\fR" 4
+.IX Item "int i = 1;"
+A definition, which goes in the initialized data section of the output
+file.
+.IP "\fBextern int i;\fR" 4
+.IX Item "extern int i;"
+An undefined reference, which does not allocate space.
+There must be either a definition or a common symbol for the
+variable somewhere.
+.IP "\fBint i;\fR" 4
+.IX Item "int i;"
+A common symbol. If there are only (one or more) common symbols for a
+variable, it goes in the uninitialized data area of the output file.
+The linker merges multiple common symbols for the same variable into a
+single symbol. If they are of different sizes, it picks the largest
+size. The linker turns a common symbol into a declaration, if there is
+a definition of the same variable.
+.RE
+.RS 4
+.Sp
+The \fB\-\-warn\-common\fR option can produce five kinds of warnings.
+Each warning consists of a pair of lines: the first describes the symbol
+just encountered, and the second describes the previous symbol
+encountered with the same name. One or both of the two symbols will be
+a common symbol.
+.IP "1." 4
+Turning a common symbol into a reference, because there is already a
+definition for the symbol.
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\& <file>(<section>): warning: common of `<symbol>'
+\& overridden by definition
+\& <file>(<section>): warning: defined here
+.Ve
+.IP "2." 4
+Turning a common symbol into a reference, because a later definition for
+the symbol is encountered. This is the same as the previous case,
+except that the symbols are encountered in a different order.
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\& <file>(<section>): warning: definition of `<symbol>'
+\& overriding common
+\& <file>(<section>): warning: common is here
+.Ve
+.IP "3." 4
+Merging a common symbol with a previous same-sized common symbol.
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\& <file>(<section>): warning: multiple common
+\& of `<symbol>'
+\& <file>(<section>): warning: previous common is here
+.Ve
+.IP "4." 4
+Merging a common symbol with a previous larger common symbol.
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\& <file>(<section>): warning: common of `<symbol>'
+\& overridden by larger common
+\& <file>(<section>): warning: larger common is here
+.Ve
+.IP "5." 4
+Merging a common symbol with a previous smaller common symbol. This is
+the same as the previous case, except that the symbols are
+encountered in a different order.
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\& <file>(<section>): warning: common of `<symbol>'
+\& overriding smaller common
+\& <file>(<section>): warning: smaller common is here
+.Ve
+.RE
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.IP "\fB\-\-warn\-constructors\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--warn-constructors"
+Warn if any global constructors are used. This is only useful for a few
+object file formats. For formats like \s-1COFF\s0 or \s-1ELF\s0, the linker can not
+detect the use of global constructors.
+.IP "\fB\-\-warn\-multiple\-gp\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--warn-multiple-gp"
+Warn if multiple global pointer values are required in the output file.
+This is only meaningful for certain processors, such as the Alpha.
+Specifically, some processors put large-valued constants in a special
+section. A special register (the global pointer) points into the middle
+of this section, so that constants can be loaded efficiently via a
+base-register relative addressing mode. Since the offset in
+base-register relative mode is fixed and relatively small (e.g., 16
+bits), this limits the maximum size of the constant pool. Thus, in
+large programs, it is often necessary to use multiple global pointer
+values in order to be able to address all possible constants. This
+option causes a warning to be issued whenever this case occurs.
+.IP "\fB\-\-warn\-once\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--warn-once"
+Only warn once for each undefined symbol, rather than once per module
+which refers to it.
+.IP "\fB\-\-warn\-section\-align\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--warn-section-align"
+Warn if the address of an output section is changed because of
+alignment. Typically, the alignment will be set by an input section.
+The address will only be changed if it not explicitly specified; that
+is, if the \f(CW\*(C`SECTIONS\*(C'\fR command does not specify a start address for
+the section.
+.IP "\fB\-\-warn\-shared\-textrel\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--warn-shared-textrel"
+Warn if the linker adds a \s-1DT_TEXTREL\s0 to a shared object.
+.IP "\fB\-\-warn\-unresolved\-symbols\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--warn-unresolved-symbols"
+If the linker is going to report an unresolved symbol (see the option
+\&\fB\-\-unresolved\-symbols\fR) it will normally generate an error.
+This option makes it generate a warning instead.
+.IP "\fB\-\-error\-unresolved\-symbols\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--error-unresolved-symbols"
+This restores the linker's default behaviour of generating errors when
+it is reporting unresolved symbols.
+.IP "\fB\-\-whole\-archive\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--whole-archive"
+For each archive mentioned on the command line after the
+\&\fB\-\-whole\-archive\fR option, include every object file in the archive
+in the link, rather than searching the archive for the required object
+files. This is normally used to turn an archive file into a shared
+library, forcing every object to be included in the resulting shared
+library. This option may be used more than once.
+.Sp
+Two notes when using this option from gcc: First, gcc doesn't know
+about this option, so you have to use \fB\-Wl,\-whole\-archive\fR.
+Second, don't forget to use \fB\-Wl,\-no\-whole\-archive\fR after your
+list of archives, because gcc will add its own list of archives to
+your link and you may not want this flag to affect those as well.
+.IP "\fB\-\-wrap\fR \fIsymbol\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--wrap symbol"
+Use a wrapper function for \fIsymbol\fR. Any undefined reference to
+\&\fIsymbol\fR will be resolved to \f(CW\*(C`_\|_wrap_\f(CIsymbol\f(CW\*(C'\fR. Any
+undefined reference to \f(CW\*(C`_\|_real_\f(CIsymbol\f(CW\*(C'\fR will be resolved to
+\&\fIsymbol\fR.
+.Sp
+This can be used to provide a wrapper for a system function. The
+wrapper function should be called \f(CW\*(C`_\|_wrap_\f(CIsymbol\f(CW\*(C'\fR. If it
+wishes to call the system function, it should call
+\&\f(CW\*(C`_\|_real_\f(CIsymbol\f(CW\*(C'\fR.
+.Sp
+Here is a trivial example:
+.Sp
+.Vb 6
+\& void *
+\& __wrap_malloc (size_t c)
+\& {
+\& printf ("malloc called with %zu\en", c);
+\& return __real_malloc (c);
+\& }
+.Ve
+.Sp
+If you link other code with this file using \fB\-\-wrap malloc\fR, then
+all calls to \f(CW\*(C`malloc\*(C'\fR will call the function \f(CW\*(C`_\|_wrap_malloc\*(C'\fR
+instead. The call to \f(CW\*(C`_\|_real_malloc\*(C'\fR in \f(CW\*(C`_\|_wrap_malloc\*(C'\fR will
+call the real \f(CW\*(C`malloc\*(C'\fR function.
+.Sp
+You may wish to provide a \f(CW\*(C`_\|_real_malloc\*(C'\fR function as well, so that
+links without the \fB\-\-wrap\fR option will succeed. If you do this,
+you should not put the definition of \f(CW\*(C`_\|_real_malloc\*(C'\fR in the same
+file as \f(CW\*(C`_\|_wrap_malloc\*(C'\fR; if you do, the assembler may resolve the
+call before the linker has a chance to wrap it to \f(CW\*(C`malloc\*(C'\fR.
+.IP "\fB\-\-eh\-frame\-hdr\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--eh-frame-hdr"
+Request creation of \f(CW\*(C`.eh_frame_hdr\*(C'\fR section and \s-1ELF\s0
+\&\f(CW\*(C`PT_GNU_EH_FRAME\*(C'\fR segment header.
+.IP "\fB\-\-enable\-new\-dtags\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--enable-new-dtags"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-disable\-new\-dtags\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--disable-new-dtags"
+.PD
+This linker can create the new dynamic tags in \s-1ELF\s0. But the older \s-1ELF\s0
+systems may not understand them. If you specify
+\&\fB\-\-enable\-new\-dtags\fR, the dynamic tags will be created as needed.
+If you specify \fB\-\-disable\-new\-dtags\fR, no new dynamic tags will be
+created. By default, the new dynamic tags are not created. Note that
+those options are only available for \s-1ELF\s0 systems.
+.IP "\fB\-\-hash\-size=\fR\fInumber\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--hash-size=number"
+Set the default size of the linker's hash tables to a prime number
+close to \fInumber\fR. Increasing this value can reduce the length of
+time it takes the linker to perform its tasks, at the expense of
+increasing the linker's memory requirements. Similarly reducing this
+value can reduce the memory requirements at the expense of speed.
+.IP "\fB\-\-hash\-style=\fR\fIstyle\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--hash-style=style"
+Set the type of linker's hash table(s). \fIstyle\fR can be either
+\&\f(CW\*(C`sysv\*(C'\fR for classic \s-1ELF\s0 \f(CW\*(C`.hash\*(C'\fR section, \f(CW\*(C`gnu\*(C'\fR for
+new style \s-1GNU\s0 \f(CW\*(C`.gnu.hash\*(C'\fR section or \f(CW\*(C`both\*(C'\fR for both
+the classic \s-1ELF\s0 \f(CW\*(C`.hash\*(C'\fR and new style \s-1GNU\s0 \f(CW\*(C`.gnu.hash\*(C'\fR
+hash tables. The default is \f(CW\*(C`sysv\*(C'\fR.
+.IP "\fB\-\-reduce\-memory\-overheads\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--reduce-memory-overheads"
+This option reduces memory requirements at ld runtime, at the expense of
+linking speed. This was introduced to select the old O(n^2) algorithm
+for link map file generation, rather than the new O(n) algorithm which uses
+about 40% more memory for symbol storage.
+.Sp
+Another effect of the switch is to set the default hash table size to
+1021, which again saves memory at the cost of lengthening the linker's
+run time. This is not done however if the \fB\-\-hash\-size\fR switch
+has been used.
+.Sp
+The \fB\-\-reduce\-memory\-overheads\fR switch may be also be used to
+enable other tradeoffs in future versions of the linker.
+.IP "\fB\-\-build\-id\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--build-id"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-build\-id=\fR\fIstyle\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--build-id=style"
+.PD
+Request creation of \f(CW\*(C`.note.gnu.build\-id\*(C'\fR \s-1ELF\s0 note section.
+The contents of the note are unique bits identifying this linked
+file. \fIstyle\fR can be \f(CW\*(C`uuid\*(C'\fR to use 128 random bits,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`sha1\*(C'\fR to use a 160\-bit \s-1SHA1\s0 hash on the normative
+parts of the output contents, \f(CW\*(C`md5\*(C'\fR to use a 128\-bit
+\&\s-1MD5\s0 hash on the normative parts of the output contents, or
+\&\f(CW\*(C`0x\f(CIhexstring\f(CW\*(C'\fR to use a chosen bit string specified as
+an even number of hexadecimal digits (\f(CW\*(C`\-\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`:\*(C'\fR
+characters between digit pairs are ignored). If \fIstyle\fR is
+omitted, \f(CW\*(C`sha1\*(C'\fR is used.
+.Sp
+The \f(CW\*(C`md5\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`sha1\*(C'\fR styles produces an identifier
+that is always the same in an identical output file, but will be
+unique among all nonidentical output files. It is not intended
+to be compared as a checksum for the file's contents. A linked
+file may be changed later by other tools, but the build \s-1ID\s0 bit
+string identifying the original linked file does not change.
+.Sp
+Passing \f(CW\*(C`none\*(C'\fR for \fIstyle\fR disables the setting from any
+\&\f(CW\*(C`\-\-build\-id\*(C'\fR options earlier on the command line.
+.PP
+The i386 \s-1PE\s0 linker supports the \fB\-shared\fR option, which causes
+the output to be a dynamically linked library (\s-1DLL\s0) instead of a
+normal executable. You should name the output \f(CW\*(C`*.dll\*(C'\fR when you
+use this option. In addition, the linker fully supports the standard
+\&\f(CW\*(C`*.def\*(C'\fR files, which may be specified on the linker command line
+like an object file (in fact, it should precede archives it exports
+symbols from, to ensure that they get linked in, just like a normal
+object file).
+.PP
+In addition to the options common to all targets, the i386 \s-1PE\s0 linker
+support additional command line options that are specific to the i386
+\&\s-1PE\s0 target. Options that take values may be separated from their
+values by either a space or an equals sign.
+.IP "\fB\-\-add\-stdcall\-alias\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--add-stdcall-alias"
+If given, symbols with a stdcall suffix (@\fInn\fR) will be exported
+as-is and also with the suffix stripped.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-base\-file\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--base-file file"
+Use \fIfile\fR as the name of a file in which to save the base
+addresses of all the relocations needed for generating DLLs with
+\&\fIdlltool\fR.
+[This is an i386 \s-1PE\s0 specific option]
+.IP "\fB\-\-dll\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--dll"
+Create a \s-1DLL\s0 instead of a regular executable. You may also use
+\&\fB\-shared\fR or specify a \f(CW\*(C`LIBRARY\*(C'\fR in a given \f(CW\*(C`.def\*(C'\fR
+file.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-enable\-stdcall\-fixup\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--enable-stdcall-fixup"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-disable\-stdcall\-fixup\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--disable-stdcall-fixup"
+.PD
+If the link finds a symbol that it cannot resolve, it will attempt to
+do \*(L"fuzzy linking\*(R" by looking for another defined symbol that differs
+only in the format of the symbol name (cdecl vs stdcall) and will
+resolve that symbol by linking to the match. For example, the
+undefined symbol \f(CW\*(C`_foo\*(C'\fR might be linked to the function
+\&\f(CW\*(C`_foo@12\*(C'\fR, or the undefined symbol \f(CW\*(C`_bar@16\*(C'\fR might be linked
+to the function \f(CW\*(C`_bar\*(C'\fR. When the linker does this, it prints a
+warning, since it normally should have failed to link, but sometimes
+import libraries generated from third-party dlls may need this feature
+to be usable. If you specify \fB\-\-enable\-stdcall\-fixup\fR, this
+feature is fully enabled and warnings are not printed. If you specify
+\&\fB\-\-disable\-stdcall\-fixup\fR, this feature is disabled and such
+mismatches are considered to be errors.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-export\-all\-symbols\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--export-all-symbols"
+If given, all global symbols in the objects used to build a \s-1DLL\s0 will
+be exported by the \s-1DLL\s0. Note that this is the default if there
+otherwise wouldn't be any exported symbols. When symbols are
+explicitly exported via \s-1DEF\s0 files or implicitly exported via function
+attributes, the default is to not export anything else unless this
+option is given. Note that the symbols \f(CW\*(C`DllMain@12\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`DllEntryPoint@0\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`DllMainCRTStartup@12\*(C'\fR, and
+\&\f(CW\*(C`impure_ptr\*(C'\fR will not be automatically
+exported. Also, symbols imported from other DLLs will not be
+re\-exported, nor will symbols specifying the \s-1DLL\s0's internal layout
+such as those beginning with \f(CW\*(C`_head_\*(C'\fR or ending with
+\&\f(CW\*(C`_iname\*(C'\fR. In addition, no symbols from \f(CW\*(C`libgcc\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`libstd++\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`libmingw32\*(C'\fR, or \f(CW\*(C`crtX.o\*(C'\fR will be exported.
+Symbols whose names begin with \f(CW\*(C`_\|_rtti_\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`_\|_builtin_\*(C'\fR will
+not be exported, to help with \*(C+ DLLs. Finally, there is an
+extensive list of cygwin-private symbols that are not exported
+(obviously, this applies on when building DLLs for cygwin targets).
+These cygwin-excludes are: \f(CW\*(C`_cygwin_dll_entry@12\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`_cygwin_crt0_common@8\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`_cygwin_noncygwin_dll_entry@12\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`_fmode\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`_impure_ptr\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`cygwin_attach_dll\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`cygwin_premain0\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`cygwin_premain1\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`cygwin_premain2\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`cygwin_premain3\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`environ\*(C'\fR.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-exclude\-symbols\fR \fIsymbol\fR\fB,\fR\fIsymbol\fR\fB,...\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--exclude-symbols symbol,symbol,..."
+Specifies a list of symbols which should not be automatically
+exported. The symbol names may be delimited by commas or colons.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-file\-alignment\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--file-alignment"
+Specify the file alignment. Sections in the file will always begin at
+file offsets which are multiples of this number. This defaults to
+512.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-heap\fR \fIreserve\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--heap reserve"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-heap\fR \fIreserve\fR\fB,\fR\fIcommit\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--heap reserve,commit"
+.PD
+Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally commit)
+to be used as heap for this program. The default is 1Mb reserved, 4K
+committed.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-image\-base\fR \fIvalue\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--image-base value"
+Use \fIvalue\fR as the base address of your program or dll. This is
+the lowest memory location that will be used when your program or dll
+is loaded. To reduce the need to relocate and improve performance of
+your dlls, each should have a unique base address and not overlap any
+other dlls. The default is 0x400000 for executables, and 0x10000000
+for dlls.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-kill\-at\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--kill-at"
+If given, the stdcall suffixes (@\fInn\fR) will be stripped from
+symbols before they are exported.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-large\-address\-aware\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--large-address-aware"
+If given, the appropriate bit in the \*(L"Characteristics\*(R" field of the \s-1COFF\s0
+header is set to indicate that this executable supports virtual addresses
+greater than 2 gigabytes. This should be used in conjunction with the /3GB
+or /USERVA=\fIvalue\fR megabytes switch in the \*(L"[operating systems]\*(R"
+section of the \s-1BOOT\s0.INI. Otherwise, this bit has no effect.
+[This option is specific to \s-1PE\s0 targeted ports of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-major\-image\-version\fR \fIvalue\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--major-image-version value"
+Sets the major number of the \*(L"image version\*(R". Defaults to 1.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-major\-os\-version\fR \fIvalue\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--major-os-version value"
+Sets the major number of the \*(L"os version\*(R". Defaults to 4.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-major\-subsystem\-version\fR \fIvalue\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--major-subsystem-version value"
+Sets the major number of the \*(L"subsystem version\*(R". Defaults to 4.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-minor\-image\-version\fR \fIvalue\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--minor-image-version value"
+Sets the minor number of the \*(L"image version\*(R". Defaults to 0.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-minor\-os\-version\fR \fIvalue\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--minor-os-version value"
+Sets the minor number of the \*(L"os version\*(R". Defaults to 0.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-minor\-subsystem\-version\fR \fIvalue\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--minor-subsystem-version value"
+Sets the minor number of the \*(L"subsystem version\*(R". Defaults to 0.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-output\-def\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--output-def file"
+The linker will create the file \fIfile\fR which will contain a \s-1DEF\s0
+file corresponding to the \s-1DLL\s0 the linker is generating. This \s-1DEF\s0 file
+(which should be called \f(CW\*(C`*.def\*(C'\fR) may be used to create an import
+library with \f(CW\*(C`dlltool\*(C'\fR or may be used as a reference to
+automatically or implicitly exported symbols.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-out\-implib\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--out-implib file"
+The linker will create the file \fIfile\fR which will contain an
+import lib corresponding to the \s-1DLL\s0 the linker is generating. This
+import lib (which should be called \f(CW\*(C`*.dll.a\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`*.a\*(C'\fR
+may be used to link clients against the generated \s-1DLL\s0; this behaviour
+makes it possible to skip a separate \f(CW\*(C`dlltool\*(C'\fR import library
+creation step.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-enable\-auto\-image\-base\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--enable-auto-image-base"
+Automatically choose the image base for DLLs, unless one is specified
+using the \f(CW\*(C`\-\-image\-base\*(C'\fR argument. By using a hash generated
+from the dllname to create unique image bases for each \s-1DLL\s0, in-memory
+collisions and relocations which can delay program execution are
+avoided.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-disable\-auto\-image\-base\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--disable-auto-image-base"
+Do not automatically generate a unique image base. If there is no
+user-specified image base (\f(CW\*(C`\-\-image\-base\*(C'\fR) then use the platform
+default.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-dll\-search\-prefix\fR \fIstring\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--dll-search-prefix string"
+When linking dynamically to a dll without an import library,
+search for \f(CW\*(C`<string><basename>.dll\*(C'\fR in preference to
+\&\f(CW\*(C`lib<basename>.dll\*(C'\fR. This behaviour allows easy distinction
+between DLLs built for the various \*(L"subplatforms\*(R": native, cygwin,
+uwin, pw, etc. For instance, cygwin DLLs typically use
+\&\f(CW\*(C`\-\-dll\-search\-prefix=cyg\*(C'\fR.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-enable\-auto\-import\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--enable-auto-import"
+Do sophisticated linking of \f(CW\*(C`_symbol\*(C'\fR to \f(CW\*(C`_\|_imp_\|_symbol\*(C'\fR for
+\&\s-1DATA\s0 imports from DLLs, and create the necessary thunking symbols when
+building the import libraries with those \s-1DATA\s0 exports. Note: Use of the
+\&'auto\-import' extension will cause the text section of the image file
+to be made writable. This does not conform to the PE-COFF format
+specification published by Microsoft.
+.Sp
+Note \- use of the 'auto\-import' extension will also cause read only
+data which would normally be placed into the .rdata section to be
+placed into the .data section instead. This is in order to work
+around a problem with consts that is described here:
+http://www.cygwin.com/ml/cygwin/2004\-09/msg01101.html
+.Sp
+Using 'auto\-import' generally will 'just work' \*(-- but sometimes you may
+see this message:
+.Sp
+"variable '<var>' can't be auto\-imported. Please read the
+documentation for ld's \f(CW\*(C`\-\-enable\-auto\-import\*(C'\fR for details."
+.Sp
+This message occurs when some (sub)expression accesses an address
+ultimately given by the sum of two constants (Win32 import tables only
+allow one). Instances where this may occur include accesses to member
+fields of struct variables imported from a \s-1DLL\s0, as well as using a
+constant index into an array variable imported from a \s-1DLL\s0. Any
+multiword variable (arrays, structs, long long, etc) may trigger
+this error condition. However, regardless of the exact data type
+of the offending exported variable, ld will always detect it, issue
+the warning, and exit.
+.Sp
+There are several ways to address this difficulty, regardless of the
+data type of the exported variable:
+.Sp
+One way is to use \-\-enable\-runtime\-pseudo\-reloc switch. This leaves the task
+of adjusting references in your client code for runtime environment, so
+this method works only when runtime environment supports this feature.
+.Sp
+A second solution is to force one of the 'constants' to be a variable \*(--
+that is, unknown and un-optimizable at compile time. For arrays,
+there are two possibilities: a) make the indexee (the array's address)
+a variable, or b) make the 'constant' index a variable. Thus:
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\& extern type extern_array[];
+\& extern_array[1] -->
+\& { volatile type *t=extern_array; t[1] }
+.Ve
+.Sp
+or
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\& extern type extern_array[];
+\& extern_array[1] -->
+\& { volatile int t=1; extern_array[t] }
+.Ve
+.Sp
+For structs (and most other multiword data types) the only option
+is to make the struct itself (or the long long, or the ...) variable:
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\& extern struct s extern_struct;
+\& extern_struct.field -->
+\& { volatile struct s *t=&extern_struct; t->field }
+.Ve
+.Sp
+or
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\& extern long long extern_ll;
+\& extern_ll -->
+\& { volatile long long * local_ll=&extern_ll; *local_ll }
+.Ve
+.Sp
+A third method of dealing with this difficulty is to abandon
+\&'auto\-import' for the offending symbol and mark it with
+\&\f(CW\*(C`_\|_declspec(dllimport)\*(C'\fR. However, in practise that
+requires using compile-time #defines to indicate whether you are
+building a \s-1DLL\s0, building client code that will link to the \s-1DLL\s0, or
+merely building/linking to a static library. In making the choice
+between the various methods of resolving the 'direct address with
+constant offset' problem, you should consider typical real-world usage:
+.Sp
+Original:
+.Sp
+.Vb 7
+\& --foo.h
+\& extern int arr[];
+\& --foo.c
+\& #include "foo.h"
+\& void main(int argc, char **argv){
+\& printf("%d\en",arr[1]);
+\& }
+.Ve
+.Sp
+Solution 1:
+.Sp
+.Vb 9
+\& --foo.h
+\& extern int arr[];
+\& --foo.c
+\& #include "foo.h"
+\& void main(int argc, char **argv){
+\& /* This workaround is for win32 and cygwin; do not "optimize" */
+\& volatile int *parr = arr;
+\& printf("%d\en",parr[1]);
+\& }
+.Ve
+.Sp
+Solution 2:
+.Sp
+.Vb 14
+\& --foo.h
+\& /* Note: auto-export is assumed (no __declspec(dllexport)) */
+\& #if (defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)) && \e
+\& !(defined(FOO_BUILD_DLL) || defined(FOO_STATIC))
+\& #define FOO_IMPORT __declspec(dllimport)
+\& #else
+\& #define FOO_IMPORT
+\& #endif
+\& extern FOO_IMPORT int arr[];
+\& --foo.c
+\& #include "foo.h"
+\& void main(int argc, char **argv){
+\& printf("%d\en",arr[1]);
+\& }
+.Ve
+.Sp
+A fourth way to avoid this problem is to re-code your
+library to use a functional interface rather than a data interface
+for the offending variables (e.g. \fIset_foo()\fR and \fIget_foo()\fR accessor
+functions).
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-disable\-auto\-import\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--disable-auto-import"
+Do not attempt to do sophisticated linking of \f(CW\*(C`_symbol\*(C'\fR to
+\&\f(CW\*(C`_\|_imp_\|_symbol\*(C'\fR for \s-1DATA\s0 imports from DLLs.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-enable\-runtime\-pseudo\-reloc\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--enable-runtime-pseudo-reloc"
+If your code contains expressions described in \-\-enable\-auto\-import section,
+that is, \s-1DATA\s0 imports from \s-1DLL\s0 with non-zero offset, this switch will create
+a vector of 'runtime pseudo relocations' which can be used by runtime
+environment to adjust references to such data in your client code.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-disable\-runtime\-pseudo\-reloc\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--disable-runtime-pseudo-reloc"
+Do not create pseudo relocations for non-zero offset \s-1DATA\s0 imports from
+DLLs. This is the default.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-enable\-extra\-pe\-debug\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--enable-extra-pe-debug"
+Show additional debug info related to auto-import symbol thunking.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-section\-alignment\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--section-alignment"
+Sets the section alignment. Sections in memory will always begin at
+addresses which are a multiple of this number. Defaults to 0x1000.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-stack\fR \fIreserve\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--stack reserve"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-stack\fR \fIreserve\fR\fB,\fR\fIcommit\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--stack reserve,commit"
+.PD
+Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally commit)
+to be used as stack for this program. The default is 2Mb reserved, 4K
+committed.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.IP "\fB\-\-subsystem\fR \fIwhich\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--subsystem which"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\fB\-\-subsystem\fR \fIwhich\fR\fB:\fR\fImajor\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--subsystem which:major"
+.IP "\fB\-\-subsystem\fR \fIwhich\fR\fB:\fR\fImajor\fR\fB.\fR\fIminor\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--subsystem which:major.minor"
+.PD
+Specifies the subsystem under which your program will execute. The
+legal values for \fIwhich\fR are \f(CW\*(C`native\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`windows\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`console\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`posix\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`xbox\*(C'\fR. You may optionally set
+the subsystem version also. Numeric values are also accepted for
+\&\fIwhich\fR.
+[This option is specific to the i386 \s-1PE\s0 targeted port of the linker]
+.PP
+The 68HC11 and 68HC12 linkers support specific options to control the
+memory bank switching mapping and trampoline code generation.
+.IP "\fB\-\-no\-trampoline\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--no-trampoline"
+This option disables the generation of trampoline. By default a trampoline
+is generated for each far function which is called using a \f(CW\*(C`jsr\*(C'\fR
+instruction (this happens when a pointer to a far function is taken).
+.IP "\fB\-\-bank\-window\fR \fIname\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--bank-window name"
+This option indicates to the linker the name of the memory region in
+the \fB\s-1MEMORY\s0\fR specification that describes the memory bank window.
+The definition of such region is then used by the linker to compute
+paging and addresses within the memory window.
+.PP
+The following options are supported to control handling of \s-1GOT\s0 generation
+when linking for 68K targets.
+.IP "\fB\-\-got=\fR\fItype\fR" 4
+.IX Item "--got=type"
+This option tells the linker which \s-1GOT\s0 generation scheme to use.
+\&\fItype\fR should be one of \fBsingle\fR, \fBnegative\fR,
+\&\fBmultigot\fR or \fBtarget\fR. For more information refer to the
+Info entry for \fIld\fR.
+.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
+.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT"
+You can change the behaviour of \fBld\fR with the environment variables
+\&\f(CW\*(C`GNUTARGET\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`LDEMULATION\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`COLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE\*(C'\fR.
+.PP
+\&\f(CW\*(C`GNUTARGET\*(C'\fR determines the input-file object format if you don't
+use \fB\-b\fR (or its synonym \fB\-\-format\fR). Its value should be one
+of the \s-1BFD\s0 names for an input format. If there is no
+\&\f(CW\*(C`GNUTARGET\*(C'\fR in the environment, \fBld\fR uses the natural format
+of the target. If \f(CW\*(C`GNUTARGET\*(C'\fR is set to \f(CW\*(C`default\*(C'\fR then \s-1BFD\s0
+attempts to discover the input format by examining binary input files;
+this method often succeeds, but there are potential ambiguities, since
+there is no method of ensuring that the magic number used to specify
+object-file formats is unique. However, the configuration procedure for
+\&\s-1BFD\s0 on each system places the conventional format for that system first
+in the search\-list, so ambiguities are resolved in favor of convention.
+.PP
+\&\f(CW\*(C`LDEMULATION\*(C'\fR determines the default emulation if you don't use the
+\&\fB\-m\fR option. The emulation can affect various aspects of linker
+behaviour, particularly the default linker script. You can list the
+available emulations with the \fB\-\-verbose\fR or \fB\-V\fR options. If
+the \fB\-m\fR option is not used, and the \f(CW\*(C`LDEMULATION\*(C'\fR environment
+variable is not defined, the default emulation depends upon how the
+linker was configured.
+.PP
+Normally, the linker will default to demangling symbols. However, if
+\&\f(CW\*(C`COLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE\*(C'\fR is set in the environment, then it will
+default to not demangling symbols. This environment variable is used in
+a similar fashion by the \f(CW\*(C`gcc\*(C'\fR linker wrapper program. The default
+may be overridden by the \fB\-\-demangle\fR and \fB\-\-no\-demangle\fR
+options.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
+\&\fIar\fR\|(1), \fInm\fR\|(1), \fIobjcopy\fR\|(1), \fIobjdump\fR\|(1), \fIreadelf\fR\|(1) and
+the Info entries for \fIbinutils\fR and
+\&\fIld\fR.
+.SH "COPYRIGHT"
+.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
+Copyright (c) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001,
+2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.PP
+Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
+with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
+Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
+section entitled \*(L"\s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License\*(R".
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