--- /dev/null
+.\" Copyright (c) 1994-1996, 1998-2005, 2007-2009
+.\" Todd C. Miller <Todd.Miller@courtesan.com>
+.\"
+.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+.\"
+.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+.\" ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Sponsored in part by the Defense Advanced Research Projects
+.\" Agency (DARPA) and Air Force Research Laboratory, Air Force
+.\" Materiel Command, USAF, under agreement number F39502-99-1-0512.
+.\"
+.\" $Sudo: sudo.man.in,v 1.56 2009/06/29 13:36:42 millert Exp $
+.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.16 (Pod::Simple 3.05)
+.\"
+.\" Standard preamble:
+.\" ========================================================================
+.de Sh \" Subsection heading
+.br
+.if t .Sp
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+.PP
+\fB\\$1\fR
+.PP
+..
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+\{\
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+.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
+.\" ========================================================================
+.\"
+.IX Title "SUDO 8"
+.TH SUDO 8 "June 15, 2009" "1.7.2p1" "MAINTENANCE COMMANDS"
+.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
+.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
+.if n .ad l
+.nh
+.SH "NAME"
+sudo, sudoedit \- execute a command as another user
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
+\&\fBsudo\fR \fB\-h\fR | \fB\-K\fR | \fB\-k\fR | \fB\-L\fR | \fB\-V\fR
+.PP
+\&\fBsudo\fR \fB\-v\fR [\fB\-AknS\fR]
+.\" [\fB\-a\fR\ \fIauth_type\fR]
+[\fB\-p\fR\ \fIprompt\fR]
+.PP
+\&\fBsudo\fR \fB\-l[l]\fR [\fB\-AknS\fR]
+.\" [\fB\-a\fR\ \fIauth_type\fR]
+[\fB\-g\fR\ \fIgroupname\fR|\fI#gid\fR] [\fB\-p\fR\ \fIprompt\fR]
+[\fB\-U\fR\ \fIusername\fR] [\fB\-u\fR\ \fIusername\fR|\fI#uid\fR] [\fIcommand\fR]
+.PP
+\&\fBsudo\fR [\fB\-AbEHnPS\fR]
+.\" [\fB\-a\fR\ \fIauth_type\fR]
+[\fB\-C\fR\ \fIfd\fR]
+.\" [\fB\-c\fR\ \fIclass\fR|\fI\-\fR]
+[\fB\-g\fR\ \fIgroupname\fR|\fI#gid\fR] [\fB\-p\fR\ \fIprompt\fR]
+.\" [\fB\-r\fR\ \fIrole\fR] [\fB\-t\fR\ \fItype\fR]
+[\fB\-u\fR\ \fIusername\fR|\fI#uid\fR]
+[\fB\s-1VAR\s0\fR=\fIvalue\fR] [\fB\-i\fR\ |\ \fB\-s\fR] [\fIcommand\fR]
+.PP
+\&\fBsudoedit\fR [\fB\-AnS\fR]
+.\" [\fB\-a\fR\ \fIauth_type\fR]
+[\fB\-C\fR\ \fIfd\fR]
+.\" [\fB\-c\fR\ \fIclass\fR|\fI\-\fR]
+[\fB\-g\fR\ \fIgroupname\fR|\fI#gid\fR] [\fB\-p\fR\ \fIprompt\fR]
+[\fB\-u\fR\ \fIusername\fR|\fI#uid\fR] file ...
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
+\&\fBsudo\fR allows a permitted user to execute a \fIcommand\fR as the
+superuser or another user, as specified in the \fIsudoers\fR file.
+The real and effective uid and gid are set to match those of the
+target user as specified in the passwd file and the group vector
+is initialized based on the group file (unless the \fB\-P\fR option was
+specified). If the invoking user is root or if the target user is
+the same as the invoking user, no password is required. Otherwise,
+\&\fBsudo\fR requires that users authenticate themselves with a password
+by default (\s-1NOTE:\s0 in the default configuration this is the user's
+password, not the root password). Once a user has been authenticated,
+a timestamp is updated and the user may then use sudo without a
+password for a short period of time (\f(CW\*(C`5\*(C'\fR minutes unless
+overridden in \fIsudoers\fR).
+.PP
+When invoked as \fBsudoedit\fR, the \fB\-e\fR option (described below),
+is implied.
+.PP
+\&\fBsudo\fR determines who is an authorized user by consulting the file
+\&\fI/etc/sudoers\fR. By running \fBsudo\fR with the \fB\-v\fR option,
+a user can update the time stamp without running a \fIcommand\fR. The
+password prompt itself will also time out if the user's password
+is not entered within \f(CW\*(C`5\*(C'\fR minutes (unless overridden
+via \fIsudoers\fR).
+.PP
+If a user who is not listed in the \fIsudoers\fR file tries to run a
+command via \fBsudo\fR, mail is sent to the proper authorities, as
+defined at configure time or in the \fIsudoers\fR file (defaults to
+\&\f(CW\*(C`root\*(C'\fR). Note that the mail will not be sent if an unauthorized
+user tries to run sudo with the \fB\-l\fR or \fB\-v\fR option. This allows
+users to determine for themselves whether or not they are allowed
+to use \fBsudo\fR.
+.PP
+If \fBsudo\fR is run by root and the \f(CW\*(C`SUDO_USER\*(C'\fR environment variable
+is set, \fBsudo\fR will use this value to determine who the actual
+user is. This can be used by a user to log commands through sudo
+even when a root shell has been invoked. It also allows the \fB\-e\fR
+option to remain useful even when being run via a sudo-run script or
+program. Note however, that the sudoers lookup is still done for
+root, not the user specified by \f(CW\*(C`SUDO_USER\*(C'\fR.
+.PP
+\&\fBsudo\fR can log both successful and unsuccessful attempts (as well
+as errors) to \fIsyslog\fR\|(3), a log file, or both. By default \fBsudo\fR
+will log via \fIsyslog\fR\|(3) but this is changeable at configure time
+or via the \fIsudoers\fR file.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.IX Header "OPTIONS"
+\&\fBsudo\fR accepts the following command line options:
+.IP "\-A" 12
+.IX Item "-A"
+Normally, if \fBsudo\fR requires a password, it will read it from the
+current terminal. If the \fB\-A\fR (\fIaskpass\fR) option is specified,
+a (possibly graphical) helper program is executed to read the
+user's password and output the password to the standard output. If
+the \f(CW\*(C`SUDO_ASKPASS\*(C'\fR environment variable is set, it specifies the
+path to the helper program. Otherwise, the value specified by the
+\&\fIaskpass\fR option in \fIsudoers\fR\|(5) is used.
+.\" .IP "\-a \fItype\fR" 12
+.\" .IX Item "-a type"
+.\" The \fB\-a\fR (\fIauthentication type\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to use the
+.\" specified authentication type when validating the user, as allowed
+.\" by \fI/etc/login.conf\fR. The system administrator may specify a list
+.\" of sudo-specific authentication methods by adding an \*(L"auth-sudo\*(R"
+.\" entry in \fI/etc/login.conf\fR. This option is only available on systems
+.\" that support \s-1BSD\s0 authentication.
+.IP "\-b" 12
+.IX Item "-b"
+The \fB\-b\fR (\fIbackground\fR) option tells \fBsudo\fR to run the given
+command in the background. Note that if you use the \fB\-b\fR
+option you cannot use shell job control to manipulate the process.
+.IP "\-C \fIfd\fR" 12
+.IX Item "-C fd"
+Normally, \fBsudo\fR will close all open file descriptors other than
+standard input, standard output and standard error. The \fB\-C\fR
+(\fIclose from\fR) option allows the user to specify a starting point
+above the standard error (file descriptor three). Values less than
+three are not permitted. This option is only available if the
+administrator has enabled the \fIclosefrom_override\fR option in
+\&\fIsudoers\fR\|(5).
+.\" .IP "\-c \fIclass\fR" 12
+.\" .IX Item "-c class"
+.\" The \fB\-c\fR (\fIclass\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to run the specified command
+.\" with resources limited by the specified login class. The \fIclass\fR
+.\" argument can be either a class name as defined in \fI/etc/login.conf\fR,
+.\" or a single '\-' character. Specifying a \fIclass\fR of \f(CW\*(C`\-\*(C'\fR indicates
+.\" that the command should be run restricted by the default login
+.\" capabilities for the user the command is run as. If the \fIclass\fR
+.\" argument specifies an existing user class, the command must be run
+.\" as root, or the \fBsudo\fR command must be run from a shell that is already
+.\" root. This option is only available on systems with \s-1BSD\s0 login classes.
+.IP "\-E" 12
+.IX Item "-E"
+The \fB\-E\fR (\fIpreserve\fR \fIenvironment\fR) option will override the
+\&\fIenv_reset\fR option in \fIsudoers\fR\|(5)). It is only
+available when either the matching command has the \f(CW\*(C`SETENV\*(C'\fR tag
+or the \fIsetenv\fR option is set in \fIsudoers\fR\|(5).
+.IP "\-e" 12
+.IX Item "-e"
+The \fB\-e\fR (\fIedit\fR) option indicates that, instead of running
+a command, the user wishes to edit one or more files. In lieu
+of a command, the string \*(L"sudoedit\*(R" is used when consulting
+the \fIsudoers\fR file. If the user is authorized by \fIsudoers\fR
+the following steps are taken:
+.RS 12
+.IP "1." 4
+Temporary copies are made of the files to be edited with the owner
+set to the invoking user.
+.IP "2." 4
+The editor specified by the \f(CW\*(C`SUDO_EDITOR\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`VISUAL\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EDITOR\*(C'\fR
+environment variables is run to edit the temporary files. If none
+of \f(CW\*(C`SUDO_EDITOR\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`VISUAL\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`EDITOR\*(C'\fR are set, the first program
+listed in the \fIeditor\fR \fIsudoers\fR variable is used.
+.IP "3." 4
+If they have been modified, the temporary files are copied back to
+their original location and the temporary versions are removed.
+.RE
+.RS 12
+.Sp
+If the specified file does not exist, it will be created. Note
+that unlike most commands run by \fBsudo\fR, the editor is run with
+the invoking user's environment unmodified. If, for some reason,
+\&\fBsudo\fR is unable to update a file with its edited version, the
+user will receive a warning and the edited copy will remain in a
+temporary file.
+.RE
+.IP "\-g \fIgroup\fR" 12
+.IX Item "-g group"
+Normally, \fBsudo\fR sets the primary group to the one specified by
+the passwd database for the user the command is being run as (by
+default, root). The \fB\-g\fR (\fIgroup\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to run
+the specified command with the primary group set to \fIgroup\fR. To
+specify a \fIgid\fR instead of a \fIgroup name\fR, use \fI#gid\fR. When
+running commands as a \fIgid\fR, many shells require that the '#' be
+escaped with a backslash ('\e'). If no \fB\-u\fR option is specified,
+the command will be run as the invoking user (not root). In either
+case, the primary group will be set to \fIgroup\fR.
+.IP "\-H" 12
+.IX Item "-H"
+The \fB\-H\fR (\fI\s-1HOME\s0\fR) option sets the \f(CW\*(C`HOME\*(C'\fR environment variable
+to the homedir of the target user (root by default) as specified
+in \fIpasswd\fR\|(5). By default, \fBsudo\fR does not modify \f(CW\*(C`HOME\*(C'\fR
+(see \fIset_home\fR and \fIalways_set_home\fR in \fIsudoers\fR\|(5)).
+.IP "\-h" 12
+.IX Item "-h"
+The \fB\-h\fR (\fIhelp\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to print a usage message and exit.
+.IP "\-i [command]" 12
+.IX Item "-i [command]"
+The \fB\-i\fR (\fIsimulate initial login\fR) option runs the shell specified
+in the \fIpasswd\fR\|(5) entry of the target user as a login shell. This
+means that login-specific resource files such as \f(CW\*(C`.profile\*(C'\fR or
+\&\f(CW\*(C`.login\*(C'\fR will be read by the shell. If a command is specified,
+it is passed to the shell for execution. Otherwise, an interactive
+shell is executed. \fBsudo\fR attempts to change to that user's home
+directory before running the shell. It also initializes the
+environment, leaving \fI\s-1DISPLAY\s0\fR and \fI\s-1TERM\s0\fR unchanged, setting
+\&\fI\s-1HOME\s0\fR, \fI\s-1SHELL\s0\fR, \fI\s-1USER\s0\fR, \fI\s-1LOGNAME\s0\fR, and \fI\s-1PATH\s0\fR, as well as
+the contents of \fI/etc/environment\fR on Linux and \s-1AIX\s0 systems.
+All other environment variables are removed.
+.IP "\-K" 12
+.IX Item "-K"
+The \fB\-K\fR (sure \fIkill\fR) option is like \fB\-k\fR except that it removes
+the user's timestamp entirely and may not be used in conjunction
+with a command or other option. This option does not require a
+password.
+.IP "\-k" 12
+.IX Item "-k"
+When used by itself, the \fB\-k\fR (\fIkill\fR) option to \fBsudo\fR invalidates
+the user's timestamp by setting the time on it to the Epoch. The
+next time \fBsudo\fR is run a password will be required. This option
+does not require a password and was added to allow a user to revoke
+\&\fBsudo\fR permissions from a .logout file.
+.Sp
+When used in conjunction with a command or an option that may require
+a password, the \fB\-k\fR option will cause \fBsudo\fR to ignore the user's
+timestamp file. As a result, \fBsudo\fR will prompt for a password
+(if one is required by \fIsudoers\fR) and will not update the user's
+timestamp file.
+.IP "\-L" 12
+.IX Item "-L"
+The \fB\-L\fR (\fIlist\fR defaults) option will list out the parameters
+that may be set in a \fIDefaults\fR line along with a short description
+for each. This option is useful in conjunction with \fIgrep\fR\|(1).
+.IP "\-l[l] [\fIcommand\fR]" 12
+.IX Item "-l[l] [command]"
+If no \fIcommand\fR is specified, the \fB\-l\fR (\fIlist\fR) option will list
+the allowed (and forbidden) commands for the invoking user (or the
+user specified by the \fB\-U\fR option) on the current host. If a
+\&\fIcommand\fR is specified and is permitted by \fIsudoers\fR, the
+fully-qualified path to the command is displayed along with any
+command line arguments. If \fIcommand\fR is specified but not allowed,
+\&\fBsudo\fR will exit with a status value of 1. If the \fB\-l\fR option is
+specified with an \fBl\fR argument (i.e. \fB\-ll\fR), or if \fB\-l\fR
+is specified multiple times, a longer list format is used.
+.IP "\-n" 12
+.IX Item "-n"
+The \fB\-n\fR (\fInon-interactive\fR) option prevents \fBsudo\fR from prompting
+the user for a password. If a password is required for the command
+to run, \fBsudo\fR will display an error messages and exit.
+.IP "\-P" 12
+.IX Item "-P"
+The \fB\-P\fR (\fIpreserve\fR \fIgroup vector\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to
+preserve the invoking user's group vector unaltered. By default,
+\&\fBsudo\fR will initialize the group vector to the list of groups the
+target user is in. The real and effective group IDs, however, are
+still set to match the target user.
+.IP "\-p \fIprompt\fR" 12
+.IX Item "-p prompt"
+The \fB\-p\fR (\fIprompt\fR) option allows you to override the default
+password prompt and use a custom one. The following percent (`\f(CW\*(C`%\*(C'\fR')
+escapes are supported:
+.RS 12
+.ie n .IP "%H" 4
+.el .IP "\f(CW%H\fR" 4
+.IX Item "%H"
+expanded to the local hostname including the domain name
+(on if the machine's hostname is fully qualified or the \fIfqdn\fR
+\&\fIsudoers\fR option is set)
+.ie n .IP "%h" 4
+.el .IP "\f(CW%h\fR" 4
+.IX Item "%h"
+expanded to the local hostname without the domain name
+.ie n .IP "%p" 4
+.el .IP "\f(CW%p\fR" 4
+.IX Item "%p"
+expanded to the user whose password is being asked for (respects the
+\&\fIrootpw\fR, \fItargetpw\fR and \fIrunaspw\fR flags in \fIsudoers\fR)
+.ie n .IP "%U" 4
+.el .IP "\f(CW%U\fR" 4
+.IX Item "%U"
+expanded to the login name of the user the command will
+be run as (defaults to root)
+.ie n .IP "%u" 4
+.el .IP "\f(CW%u\fR" 4
+.IX Item "%u"
+expanded to the invoking user's login name
+.ie n .IP "\*(C`%%\*(C'" 4
+.el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`%%\*(C'\fR" 4
+.IX Item "%%"
+two consecutive \f(CW\*(C`%\*(C'\fR characters are collapsed into a single \f(CW\*(C`%\*(C'\fR character
+.RE
+.RS 12
+.Sp
+The prompt specified by the \fB\-p\fR option will override the system
+password prompt on systems that support \s-1PAM\s0 unless the
+\&\fIpassprompt_override\fR flag is disabled in \fIsudoers\fR.
+.RE
+.\" .IP "\-r \fIrole\fR" 12
+.\" .IX Item "-r role"
+.\" The \fB\-r\fR (\fIrole\fR) option causes the new (SELinux) security context to
+.\" have the role specified by \fIrole\fR.
+.IP "\-S" 12
+.IX Item "-S"
+The \fB\-S\fR (\fIstdin\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to read the password from
+the standard input instead of the terminal device.
+.IP "\-s [command]" 12
+.IX Item "-s [command]"
+The \fB\-s\fR (\fIshell\fR) option runs the shell specified by the \fI\s-1SHELL\s0\fR
+environment variable if it is set or the shell as specified in
+\&\fIpasswd\fR\|(5). If a command is specified, it is passed to the shell
+for execution. Otherwise, an interactive shell is executed.
+.\" .IP "\-t \fItype\fR" 12
+.\" .IX Item "-t type"
+.\" The \fB\-t\fR (\fItype\fR) option causes the new (SELinux) security context to
+.\" have the type specified by \fItype\fR. If no type is specified, the default
+.\" type is derived from the specified role.
+.IP "\-U \fIuser\fR" 12
+.IX Item "-U user"
+The \fB\-U\fR (\fIother user\fR) option is used in conjunction with the \fB\-l\fR
+option to specify the user whose privileges should be listed. Only
+root or a user with \fBsudo\fR \f(CW\*(C`ALL\*(C'\fR on the current host may use this
+option.
+.IP "\-u \fIuser\fR" 12
+.IX Item "-u user"
+The \fB\-u\fR (\fIuser\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to run the specified
+command as a user other than \fIroot\fR. To specify a \fIuid\fR instead
+of a \fIuser name\fR, use \fI#uid\fR. When running commands as a \fIuid\fR,
+many shells require that the '#' be escaped with a backslash ('\e').
+Note that if the \fItargetpw\fR Defaults option is set (see \fIsudoers\fR\|(5))
+it is not possible to run commands with a uid not listed in the
+password database.
+.IP "\-V" 12
+.IX Item "-V"
+The \fB\-V\fR (\fIversion\fR) option causes \fBsudo\fR to print the version
+number and exit. If the invoking user is already root the \fB\-V\fR
+option will print out a list of the defaults \fBsudo\fR was compiled
+with as well as the machine's local network addresses.
+.IP "\-v" 12
+.IX Item "-v"
+If given the \fB\-v\fR (\fIvalidate\fR) option, \fBsudo\fR will update the
+user's timestamp, prompting for the user's password if necessary.
+This extends the \fBsudo\fR timeout for another \f(CW\*(C`5\*(C'\fR minutes
+(or whatever the timeout is set to in \fIsudoers\fR) but does not run
+a command.
+.IP "\-\-" 12
+The \fB\-\-\fR option indicates that \fBsudo\fR should stop processing command
+line arguments. It is most useful in conjunction with the \fB\-s\fR option.
+.PP
+Environment variables to be set for the command may also be passed
+on the command line in the form of \fB\s-1VAR\s0\fR=\fIvalue\fR, e.g.
+\&\fB\s-1LD_LIBRARY_PATH\s0\fR=\fI/usr/local/pkg/lib\fR. Variables passed on the
+command line are subject to the same restrictions as normal environment
+variables with one important exception. If the \fIsetenv\fR option
+is set in \fIsudoers\fR, the command to be run has the \f(CW\*(C`SETENV\*(C'\fR tag
+set or the command matched is \f(CW\*(C`ALL\*(C'\fR, the user may set variables
+that would overwise be forbidden. See \fIsudoers\fR\|(5) for more information.
+.SH "RETURN VALUES"
+.IX Header "RETURN VALUES"
+Upon successful execution of a program, the exit status from \fBsudo\fR
+will simply be the exit status of the program that was executed.
+.PP
+Otherwise, \fBsudo\fR quits with an exit value of 1 if there is a
+configuration/permission problem or if \fBsudo\fR cannot execute the
+given command. In the latter case the error string is printed to
+stderr. If \fBsudo\fR cannot \fIstat\fR\|(2) one or more entries in the user's
+\&\f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR an error is printed on stderr. (If the directory does not
+exist or if it is not really a directory, the entry is ignored and
+no error is printed.) This should not happen under normal
+circumstances. The most common reason for \fIstat\fR\|(2) to return
+\&\*(L"permission denied\*(R" is if you are running an automounter and one
+of the directories in your \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR is on a machine that is currently
+unreachable.
+.SH "SECURITY NOTES"
+.IX Header "SECURITY NOTES"
+\&\fBsudo\fR tries to be safe when executing external commands.
+.PP
+There are two distinct ways to deal with environment variables.
+By default, the \fIenv_reset\fR \fIsudoers\fR option is enabled.
+This causes commands to be executed with a minimal environment
+containing \f(CW\*(C`TERM\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`HOME\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`SHELL\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`LOGNAME\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`USER\*(C'\fR
+and \f(CW\*(C`USERNAME\*(C'\fR in addition to variables from the invoking process
+permitted by the \fIenv_check\fR and \fIenv_keep\fR \fIsudoers\fR options.
+There is effectively a whitelist for environment variables.
+.PP
+If, however, the \fIenv_reset\fR option is disabled in \fIsudoers\fR, any
+variables not explicitly denied by the \fIenv_check\fR and \fIenv_delete\fR
+options are inherited from the invoking process. In this case,
+\&\fIenv_check\fR and \fIenv_delete\fR behave like a blacklist. Since it
+is not possible to blacklist all potentially dangerous environment
+variables, use of the default \fIenv_reset\fR behavior is encouraged.
+.PP
+In all cases, environment variables with a value beginning with
+\&\f(CW\*(C`()\*(C'\fR are removed as they could be interpreted as \fBbash\fR functions.
+The list of environment variables that \fBsudo\fR allows or denies is
+contained in the output of \f(CW\*(C`sudo \-V\*(C'\fR when run as root.
+.PP
+Note that the dynamic linker on most operating systems will remove
+variables that can control dynamic linking from the environment of
+setuid executables, including \fBsudo\fR. Depending on the operating
+system this may include \f(CW\*(C`_RLD*\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`DYLD_*\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`LD_*\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`LDR_*\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`LIBPATH\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`SHLIB_PATH\*(C'\fR, and others. These type of variables are
+removed from the environment before \fBsudo\fR even begins execution
+and, as such, it is not possible for \fBsudo\fR to preserve them.
+.PP
+To prevent command spoofing, \fBsudo\fR checks \*(L".\*(R" and "" (both denoting
+current directory) last when searching for a command in the user's
+\&\s-1PATH\s0 (if one or both are in the \s-1PATH\s0). Note, however, that the
+actual \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR environment variable is \fInot\fR modified and is passed
+unchanged to the program that \fBsudo\fR executes.
+.PP
+\&\fBsudo\fR will check the ownership of its timestamp directory
+(\fI/var/run/sudo\fR by default) and ignore the directory's contents if
+it is not owned by root or if it is writable by a user other than
+root. On systems that allow non-root users to give away files via
+\&\fIchown\fR\|(2), if the timestamp directory is located in a directory
+writable by anyone (e.g., \fI/tmp\fR), it is possible for a user to
+create the timestamp directory before \fBsudo\fR is run. However,
+because \fBsudo\fR checks the ownership and mode of the directory and
+its contents, the only damage that can be done is to \*(L"hide\*(R" files
+by putting them in the timestamp dir. This is unlikely to happen
+since once the timestamp dir is owned by root and inaccessible by
+any other user, the user placing files there would be unable to get
+them back out. To get around this issue you can use a directory
+that is not world-writable for the timestamps (\fI/var/adm/sudo\fR for
+instance) or create \fI/var/run/sudo\fR with the appropriate owner (root)
+and permissions (0700) in the system startup files.
+.PP
+\&\fBsudo\fR will not honor timestamps set far in the future.
+Timestamps with a date greater than current_time + 2 * \f(CW\*(C`TIMEOUT\*(C'\fR
+will be ignored and sudo will log and complain. This is done to
+keep a user from creating his/her own timestamp with a bogus
+date on systems that allow users to give away files.
+.PP
+Please note that \fBsudo\fR will normally only log the command it
+explicitly runs. If a user runs a command such as \f(CW\*(C`sudo su\*(C'\fR or
+\&\f(CW\*(C`sudo sh\*(C'\fR, subsequent commands run from that shell will \fInot\fR be
+logged, nor will \fBsudo\fR's access control affect them. The same
+is true for commands that offer shell escapes (including most
+editors). Because of this, care must be taken when giving users
+access to commands via \fBsudo\fR to verify that the command does not
+inadvertently give the user an effective root shell. For more
+information, please see the \f(CW\*(C`PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES\*(C'\fR section in
+\&\fIsudoers\fR\|(5).
+.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
+.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT"
+\&\fBsudo\fR utilizes the following environment variables:
+.ie n .IP "\*(C`EDITOR\*(C'" 16
+.el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`EDITOR\*(C'\fR" 16
+.IX Item "EDITOR"
+Default editor to use in \fB\-e\fR (sudoedit) mode if neither \f(CW\*(C`SUDO_EDITOR\*(C'\fR
+nor \f(CW\*(C`VISUAL\*(C'\fR is set
+.ie n .IP "\*(C`HOME\*(C'" 16
+.el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`HOME\*(C'\fR" 16
+.IX Item "HOME"
+In \fB\-s\fR or \fB\-H\fR mode (or if sudo was configured with the
+\&\-\-enable\-shell\-sets\-home option), set to homedir of the target user
+.ie n .IP "\*(C`PATH\*(C'" 16
+.el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR" 16
+.IX Item "PATH"
+Set to a sane value if the \fIsecure_path\fR sudoers option is set.
+.ie n .IP "\*(C`SHELL\*(C'" 16
+.el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SHELL\*(C'\fR" 16
+.IX Item "SHELL"
+Used to determine shell to run with \f(CW\*(C`\-s\*(C'\fR option
+.ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_ASKPASS\*(C'" 16
+.el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_ASKPASS\*(C'\fR" 16
+.IX Item "SUDO_ASKPASS"
+Specifies the path to a helper program used to read the password
+if no terminal is available or if the \f(CW\*(C`\-A\*(C'\fR option is specified.
+.ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_COMMAND\*(C'" 16
+.el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_COMMAND\*(C'\fR" 16
+.IX Item "SUDO_COMMAND"
+Set to the command run by sudo
+.ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_EDITOR\*(C'" 16
+.el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_EDITOR\*(C'\fR" 16
+.IX Item "SUDO_EDITOR"
+Default editor to use in \fB\-e\fR (sudoedit) mode
+.ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_GID\*(C'" 16
+.el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_GID\*(C'\fR" 16
+.IX Item "SUDO_GID"
+Set to the group \s-1ID\s0 of the user who invoked sudo
+.ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_PROMPT\*(C'" 16
+.el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_PROMPT\*(C'\fR" 16
+.IX Item "SUDO_PROMPT"
+Used as the default password prompt
+.ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_PS1\*(C'" 16
+.el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_PS1\*(C'\fR" 16
+.IX Item "SUDO_PS1"
+If set, \f(CW\*(C`PS1\*(C'\fR will be set to its value for the program being run
+.ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_UID\*(C'" 16
+.el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_UID\*(C'\fR" 16
+.IX Item "SUDO_UID"
+Set to the user \s-1ID\s0 of the user who invoked sudo
+.ie n .IP "\*(C`SUDO_USER\*(C'" 16
+.el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`SUDO_USER\*(C'\fR" 16
+.IX Item "SUDO_USER"
+Set to the login of the user who invoked sudo
+.ie n .IP "\*(C`USER\*(C'" 16
+.el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`USER\*(C'\fR" 16
+.IX Item "USER"
+Set to the target user (root unless the \fB\-u\fR option is specified)
+.ie n .IP "\*(C`VISUAL\*(C'" 16
+.el .IP "\f(CW\*(C`VISUAL\*(C'\fR" 16
+.IX Item "VISUAL"
+Default editor to use in \fB\-e\fR (sudoedit) mode if \f(CW\*(C`SUDO_EDITOR\*(C'\fR
+is not set
+.SH "FILES"
+.IX Header "FILES"
+.ie n .IP "\fI/etc/sudoers\fR" 24
+.el .IP "\fI/etc/sudoers\fR" 24
+.IX Item "/etc/sudoers"
+List of who can run what
+.ie n .IP "\fI/var/run/sudo\fR" 24
+.el .IP "\fI/var/run/sudo\fR" 24
+.IX Item "/var/run/sudo"
+Directory containing timestamps
+.IP "\fI/etc/environment\fR" 24
+.IX Item "/etc/environment"
+Initial environment for \fB\-i\fR mode on Linux and \s-1AIX\s0
+.SH "EXAMPLES"
+.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
+Note: the following examples assume suitable \fIsudoers\fR\|(5) entries.
+.PP
+To get a file listing of an unreadable directory:
+.PP
+.Vb 1
+\& $ sudo ls /usr/local/protected
+.Ve
+.PP
+To list the home directory of user yaz on a machine where the
+file system holding ~yaz is not exported as root:
+.PP
+.Vb 1
+\& $ sudo \-u yaz ls ~yaz
+.Ve
+.PP
+To edit the \fIindex.html\fR file as user www:
+.PP
+.Vb 1
+\& $ sudo \-u www vi ~www/htdocs/index.html
+.Ve
+.PP
+To view system logs only accessible to root and users in the adm group:
+.PP
+.Vb 1
+\& $ sudo \-g adm view /var/log/syslog
+.Ve
+.PP
+To run an editor as jim with a different primary group:
+.PP
+.Vb 1
+\& $ sudo \-u jim \-g audio vi ~jim/sound.txt
+.Ve
+.PP
+To shutdown a machine:
+.PP
+.Vb 1
+\& $ sudo shutdown \-r +15 "quick reboot"
+.Ve
+.PP
+To make a usage listing of the directories in the /home
+partition. Note that this runs the commands in a sub-shell
+to make the \f(CW\*(C`cd\*(C'\fR and file redirection work.
+.PP
+.Vb 1
+\& $ sudo sh \-c "cd /home ; du \-s * | sort \-rn > USAGE"
+.Ve
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
+\&\fIgrep\fR\|(1), \fIsu\fR\|(1), \fIstat\fR\|(2),
+.\" \&\fIlogin_cap\fR\|(3),
+\&\fIpasswd\fR\|(5), \fIsudoers\fR\|(5), \fIvisudo\fR\|(8)
+.SH "AUTHORS"
+.IX Header "AUTHORS"
+Many people have worked on \fBsudo\fR over the years; this
+version consists of code written primarily by:
+.PP
+.Vb 1
+\& Todd C. Miller
+.Ve
+.PP
+See the \s-1HISTORY\s0 file in the \fBsudo\fR distribution or visit
+http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/history.html for a short history
+of \fBsudo\fR.
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.IX Header "CAVEATS"
+There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root shell
+if that user is allowed to run arbitrary commands via \fBsudo\fR.
+Also, many programs (such as editors) allow the user to run commands
+via shell escapes, thus avoiding \fBsudo\fR's checks. However, on
+most systems it is possible to prevent shell escapes with \fBsudo\fR's
+\&\fInoexec\fR functionality. See the \fIsudoers\fR\|(5) manual
+for details.
+.PP
+It is not meaningful to run the \f(CW\*(C`cd\*(C'\fR command directly via sudo, e.g.,
+.PP
+.Vb 1
+\& $ sudo cd /usr/local/protected
+.Ve
+.PP
+since when the command exits the parent process (your shell) will
+still be the same. Please see the \s-1EXAMPLES\s0 section for more information.
+.PP
+If users have sudo \f(CW\*(C`ALL\*(C'\fR there is nothing to prevent them from
+creating their own program that gives them a root shell regardless
+of any '!' elements in the user specification.
+.PP
+Running shell scripts via \fBsudo\fR can expose the same kernel bugs that
+make setuid shell scripts unsafe on some operating systems (if your \s-1OS\s0
+has a /dev/fd/ directory, setuid shell scripts are generally safe).
+.SH "BUGS"
+.IX Header "BUGS"
+If you feel you have found a bug in \fBsudo\fR, please submit a bug report
+at http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/
+.SH "SUPPORT"
+.IX Header "SUPPORT"
+Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list,
+see http://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo\-users to subscribe or
+search the archives.
+.SH "DISCLAIMER"
+.IX Header "DISCLAIMER"
+\&\fBsudo\fR is provided ``\s-1AS\s0 \s-1IS\s0'' and any express or implied warranties,
+including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability
+and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. See the \s-1LICENSE\s0
+file distributed with \fBsudo\fR or http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html
+for complete details.
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