list[:-1] # returns all but the last element
list[i] = val
- list[i:j] = otherlist # replace ith to jth element with otherlist
+ list[i:j] = otherlist # replace ith to jth-1 elements with otherlist
del list[i:j]
list.append(item)
string.replace("-", " ")
",".join(list)
"hi {0}".format('j')
+ f"hi {name}" # same as "hi {}".format('name')
str.find(",")
str.index(",") # same, but raises IndexError
str.count(",")
str.strip()
str.islower()
+
+ /* escape characters */
+ >>> 'doesn\'t' # use \' to escape the single quote...
+ "doesn't"
+ >>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead
+ "doesn't"
+ >>> '"Yes," they said.'
+ '"Yes," they said.'
+ >>> "\"Yes,\" they said."
+ '"Yes," they said.'
+ >>> '"Isn\'t," they said.'
+ '"Isn\'t," they said.'
### Casting
expr.match(...)
expr.sub(...)
+## File manipulation
+
+### Reading
+
+```py
+file = open("hello.txt", "r") # open in read mode 'r'
+file.close()
+```
+
+```py
+print(file.read()) # read the entire file and set the cursor at the end of file
+print file.readline() # Reading one line
+file.seek(0, 0) # place the cursor at the beggining of the file
+```
+
+### Writing (overwrite)
+
+```py
+file = open("hello.txt", "w") # open in write mode 'w'
+file.write("Hello World")
+
+text_lines = ["First line", "Second line", "Last line"]
+file.writelines(text_lines)
+
+file.close()
+```
+
+### Writing (append)
+
+```py
+file = open("Hello.txt", "a") # open in append mode
+file.write("Hello World again")
+file.close()
+```
+
+### Context manager
+
+```py
+with open("welcome.txt", "r") as file:
+ # 'file' refers directly to "welcome.txt"
+ data = file.read()
+
+# It closes the file automatically at the end of scope, no need for `file.close()`.
+```
+