+<html><head><title>toybox news</title>
<!--#include file="header.html" -->
-<h2>Currently implemented commands:</h2>
+<p>Toybox combines common Linux command line utilities together
+into a single BSD-licensed executable that's simple, small, fast,
+reasonably standards-compliant, and powerful enough to turn Android into
+a development environment. See the links on the left for details.</p>
+
+<h2>News</h2>
+
+<hr><b>April 5, 2015</b>
+<p>Since <a href=https://android.googlesource.com/platform/external/toybox/>android</a> and
+<a href=https://git.tizen.org/cgit/platform/upstream/toybox.git>tizen</a>
+and <a href=https://github.com/kraj/meta-musl/tree/master/recipes-core/toybox>openembedded</a>
+and <a href=https://packages.gentoo.org/package/sys-apps/toybox>gentoo</a>
+and so on have all been using Georgi Chorbadzhiyski's git mirror rather
+than the mercurial repository, I bit the bullet and switched the project's repo
+<a href=https://github.com/landley/toybox>to git</a>. Georgi's
+<a href=https://github.com/gfto/toybox>mirror</a> is now pulling from that.</p>
+
+<hr><b>February 25, 2015</b>
+<blockquote><p>"A common mistake that people make when trying to design
+something completely foolproof is to underestimate the ingenuity of
+complete fools."</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.5.2.tar.gz>Toybox 0.5.2</a>
+(<a href=/hg/toybox/shortlog/1702>commit 1702</a>) is out.</p>
+
+<p>New promoted commands: sed (finally fixed enough it builds Linux From
+Scratch), printf (cleaned up and promoted), shred and
+base64 (the Tizen guys wanted them), getenforce, setenforce, and chcon (android),
+mix (promoted with fixes from Isaac Dunham), nsenter (from
+Andy Lutomirski, merged into unshare).</p>
+
+<p>Elliott Hughes submited a bunch of patches to support Android (to
+both toybox and Bionic libc, which he maintains). On toybox's end this
+involved a lot of fixups to portability.[ch] and fixes to over a dozen
+commands, plus several new ones. Other portability fixes included working
+with buildroot's uclibc fork and building for nommu targets.</p>
+
+<p>The new "make change" target builds each toybox command as a standalone
+binary. Rather a lot of commands that didn't build by themselves (mv depending
+on cp and so on) were hit with a large rock until they built standalone.
+This involved rewriting bits of option parsing, more elaborate dependency
+generation, making each command have its own config
+symbol and main() function (even when it's just a wrapper calling another
+command's main()), and so on. Also, some commands can't be built standalone
+at a conceptual level: "help" describes other enabled commands and "sh"
+has a number of bulitin commands (cd, exit, set) that require the
+multiplexer infrastructure, so "make change" filters them out.</p>
+
+<p>The mailing list's web archive is still screwed up. Dreamhost has
+been trying to fix it since approximately September. There are
+<a href=http://www.mail-archive.com/toybox@lists.landley.net/>two</a>
+<a href=http://news.gmane.org/gmane.linux.toybox>other</a> less broken
+archives, but neither has quite the same UI as mailman.</p>
+
+<h3>Bugfixes and tweaks</h3>
+
+<p>Cynt Rynt sent in tests for ifconfig,
+Robert Thompson taught factor to accept whitespace separated arguments,
+Hyejin Kim pointed out that some of mktemp's longopts were attached to
+the wrong short options,
+Luis Felipe Strano Moraes fixed a wrong free() call in bootchartd in pending.
+Patches from Ashwini Sharma to make "df /dev/node" work, prevent du from
+looping endlessly following symlinks, and to make expr.c
+(in pending) understand == and regex matches. (Speaking of expr, it gets
+priority groupings wrong but the bug was actually in the posix spec's
+HTML conversion. They fixed the posix spec upstream for us. Still need
+to fix the expr code, but it's in pending for a reason...)</p>
+
+<p>Some commands grew new option flags, such as cp --remove-destination
+and touch -h.</p>
+
+<p>The parallel build has better error reporting now. When toybox needs to
+re-exec itself to regain suid root permissions and hasn't got the suid bit,
+it now gives the right error message ("not root" instead of "no such command").
+
+<p>Added a test to "mount" to not mount the same device/directory combination
+over itself (the OS catches this for block devices, but not for tmpfs).
+Make blkid distinguish ext3 from ext4. Added catv back into cat (because
+the Android guys wanted it, and they have historical usage on their side,
+so...). Handle nanoseconds in touch.</p>
+
+<p>Fixed a segfault when CP_MORE was disabled (the resulting option flag list
+no longer defined -d but still had it in option groups at the end).
+Workaround for glibc redefining dirname() and basename() to random non-posix
+semantics because gnu. (They could have created dirname_r() but didn't want
+to.)</p>
+
+<p>Fix an ifconfig test that was preventing assigning an ipv4 address to
+interface aliases. Several cleanup passes on hwclock but not quite
+promoted out of pending yet.<p>
+
+<p>Fixed a wrong error message in rm (if you had a chmod 000 directory and
+did rm -r on it without -f, after the prompt it would complain it was a
+directory, which was not the problem).</p>
+
+<p>The gzip compression code now does "store only" output to stdout, for
+what that's worth.</p>
+
+<p>Cleanup mountpoint and expand, and remove them from toys/pending/README
+(a list of commands that predate the toys/pending directory but needed
+another pass).</p>
+
+<h3>Library and infrastructure:</h3>
+
+<p>Reworked the option parsing infrastructure so more commands build
+standalone (via scripts/single.sh or "make change"). The option flag bit
+values are no longer packed, it leaves spaces where currently disabled
+flags go, and you can #define FORCE_FLAGS so disabled flags aren't zeroed.
+This allows multiple commands to more easily share infrastructure, even if
+your current flag context is for a disabled command (switched off in config),
+you can force them to stay on and as long as the flags read the same right
+to left they'll have the same values.</p>
+
+<p>We've started removing use of strncpy() because it's a hugely broken
+standard C function: the length is the maximum length to _append_, not
+the size of the destination buffer. It memsets the remaining space it didn't
+copy ala "memset(dest+strlen(dest), 0, len);" so
+if you think len is the size of dest you're guaranteed to stomp memory off the
+end). And if it runs out of space it won't null terminate because reasons.
+(Meanwhile sprintf("%*s", len, str) is counting wide characters in your current
+locale, so if you set a locale other than "C" it will also go past your
+allocated buffer size. Whoever is maintining the C library standards is really
+bad at strings.)
+Instead we have xstrncat() which will error_exit() if src+dest+1 doesn't
+fit in the buffer. (Because randomly truncating input data isn't necessarily
+an improvement.) And there's always xmprintf().</p>
+
+<p>Similarly, strtol() doesn't return an error indicator on overflow,
+you have to clear and then check errno. So new xstrtol() that cares
+about overflow.</p>
+
+<p>The bionic and musl guys agree faccessat(AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) is not
+supported, so stop using it.</p>
+
+<p>Fixed toy_exec() to detect when argc is in optargs, so we don't
+need a separate xexec_optargs().</p>
+
+<hr><b>February 18, 2015</b>
+<p>Dreamhost continues to be unable to make mailing list archives work, so
+here's <a href=http://www.mail-archive.com/toybox@lists.landley.net/>another
+list archive</a> with a less awkward interface than gmane.</p>
+
+<p>(Neither gives you the convenient historical monthly views of mailman,
+but I still have hopes dreamhost will someday figure out what they're doing
+wrong. They've only been trying since October. Last month they did a
+<a href=http://www.dreamhoststatus.com/2015/01/14/discussion-list-hardware-maintenance/>hardware upgrade to fix a software problem</a>, and the stale
+data loads much faster now, so that's something.)</p>
+
+<p>Update (Feb 19): the archive started updating again, by discarding
+all the pending data. So there are now _two_ giant holes in Dreamhost's
+web archive, from Dec 15-Jan 3, and then another hole from Jan 16-Feb 18.
+The relevant messages are in both of the other archives. Here's hoping
+the chronic archive constipation problem won't happen a sixth time.</p>
+
+<hr><b>December 30, 2014</b>
+<p>Due to Dreamhost's <a href=http://landley.net/dreamhost.txt>ongoing</a>
+<a href=http://landley.net/dreamhost2.txt>inability</a> to make mailman
+work reliably, I've added a link to a backup web archive at
+<a href=http://news.gmane.org/gmane.linux.toybox>gmane</a> to the nav bar
+on the left.</p>
+
+<p>You still subscribe to the list through
+<a href=http://lists.landley.net/listinfo.cgi/toybox-landley.net>the first link</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Update (January 27, 2015): they're <a href=https://twitter.com/landley/status/558428839462703104>still working on it</a>.</p>
+
+<hr><b>November 19, 2014</b>
+
+<blockquote><p>"This time it was right, it would work, and no one would have to get nailed to anything." - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.5.1.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.5.1</a>
+(<a href=/hg/toybox/shortlog/1566>commit 1566</a>) is out.</p>
+
+<p>It's an interim release, mostly bugfixes. There are several new commands,
+but they're all in pending.</p>
+
+<h3>Development</h3>
+
+<p>Finally implemented sed, which is still in pending because although
+it's feature complete according to posix, and even passes the parts of
+Busybox's sed test suite that aren't explicitly testing for gnu bugs we
+don't want to copy, it's not yet good enough to build Linux From Scratch.
+(The ./configure stages use very long sed scripts. 20 commits worth of
+implementation and debugging, just under 1000 lines of code, and there's
+still more to do. We're definitely up to some of the "fiddly" commands now.
+Did you know "echo hello | sed p - -" segfaults gnu sed in Ubuntu 12.04?
+Yeah...)</p>
+
+<p>Talked with the Tizen developers to follow up on their desire to
+make toybox a part of the base Tizen system, and got a list of commands
+to add to the roadmap. The tizen todo list is:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+wget, sha256*, gzip, gunzip, bunzip2, rsync, zdiff*,
+less, ar, arch, base64, csplit, dir, fmt, join,
+nproc, shred, shuf, stdbuf, stty, test, tr, unexpand,
+users, vdir, diff3, sdiff, dosfsck (fsck.vfat), awk, fdisk
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>(Most of which was already on the todo list, but it helps prioritize.)</p>
+
+<p>Fixed md5sum and sha1sum on big endian systems (reported by James McMechan).
+Andy Lutomirski fixed unshare's help text and option parsing,
+and submitted nsenter (a tool to use setns(2)) to pending.
+Isaac Dunham implemented acpi -ctV options, and spotted the bug that ls -d
+was inappropraitely following command line symlinks without -H or -L (it
+should act like ls -l does), and ls -F handles symlinks wrong too.
+Lukasz Szpakowski sent in two bugfixes to tail.c. Cynt Rynt spotted an
+unnecessary assignment in lib/password.c.</p>
+
+<p>Ashwini Sharma's team was as busy as usual, submitting tr, crontab, and
+ipcrm, and hwclock to pending, more features to the pending ip.c, and a
+pile of bugfixes (to chgrp, killall, ifconfig, insmod,
+losetup, comm, cp, id, xwrap, netcat, modprobe, nohup...) mostly found by
+static analysis. (These fixes are mostly to seldom-used codepaths like the
+TOYBOX_FREE config option, but test coverage is always appreciated.) Ashwini
+also suggested upgrading ln -f to leave the original target alone if link
+creation fails, and reported that mv -f and -i weren't implemented (now fixed).</p>
+
+<p>New config option: TOYBOX_NORECURSE prevents xexec() from making internal
+function calls (for nommu systems with a finite stack).</p>
+
+<p>The "toybox" multiplexer command no longer adds a trailing space to each
+line of command names, so things like "./toybox | tr ' \n' '|'" to create
+a grep pattern snippet are easier to do. (Why you'd want to is your business,
+but the output is tidier now.)</p>
+
+<h3>Infrastructure</h3>
+
+<p>Isaac Dunham added Android support to portability.h, including compile
+probes for functions missing from bionic-libc, and annotated the commands that
+use those functions. We haven't really tested building against bionic,
+but in theory it's possible now.</p>
+
+<p>Running the test suite now color codes the PASS/SKIP/FAIL notifications
+if output is to a tty. (And in case you missed it last time, VERBOSE=fail
+to stop at the first failure is really useful.)</p>
+
+<p>In loopfiles_rw() use O_CLOEXEC instead of O_RDONLY to request the loop
+function close filehandles for us. (Otherwise the callback function must
+close each supplied filehandle itself.)</p>
+
+<p>The printf-style escape parsing ("\n" and friends) got factored out into
+a new unescape() function.</p>
+
+<hr><b>October 2, 2014</b>
+<blockquote><p>"There is an art, it says, or rather, a knack to flying.
+The knack lies in learning how to throw yourself at the ground and miss...
+Clearly, it is this second part, the missing, which presents the
+difficulties." - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.<p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.5.0.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.5.0</a>
+(<a href=/hg/toybox/shortlog/1512>commit 1512</a>) is out.</p>
+
+<h3>New commands</h3>
+
+<p>The new commands are find, install, factor, and mount. Promoted commands
+(cleaned up and moved out of "pending") are lspci, inotifyd, and blockdev.</p>
+
+<p>cp now implements -HL and -F to force delete of pending files, cpio now
+ignores -m and implements -p, ls -C now has utf8 support (using wcwidth
+instead of strlen), and umount got a number of upgrades involving
+looking things up in /proc/mounts. Other minor cleanups happend to
+cut, touch, free, and id.</p>
+
+<p>In pending: Bradley Controy submitted mix (adjusts OSS sound volume). Ashwini
+Sharma submitted diff, userdel, blockdev, ipcs, and crond, upgraded
+fdisk, fsck, and ftpget, and ran a static analyzer on a lot of other code.
+Partial cleanup was done to useradd, userdel, groupadd, and groupdel.</p>
+
+<h3>Build infrastructure</h3>
+
+<p><b>Parallel builds</b></p>
+
+<p>The build now takes advantage of SMP, autodetecting the number of
+processors. (Export the environment variable CPUS to pick a specific number.)
+Other build changes: split out $LDOPTIMIZE because old compilers complain
+about linker options passed with -c, and the entire "generated" directory now
+gets deleted by clean (the README that was in there got merged into code.html).</p>
+
+<p><b>Standalone builds</b></p>
+
+<p>The standalone build infrastructure (scripts/single.sh) got upgraded to
+build more commands as standalone executables. In make.sh the source file
+selection uses a regex to find the source files with the NEWTOY/OLDTOY macro
+for the command. It enables each command's
+sub-options (so CP has CP_MORE), enables I18N and FLOAT support to build
+full-featured commands, and includes --help text (at least when
+the command doesn't use another command's help). The OLDTOY() macro
+now produces (redundant) function prototypes so you can build an OLDTOY
+without the NEWTOY</p>
+
+<p>It doesn't quite have complete coverage yet, the defconfig entries that
+aren't building standalone yet are:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>chown, egrep, fgrep, fstype, halt, mv, nc, poweroff, unix2dos,
+whoami</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The main reason for standalone build failures is NEWTOY() or OLDTOY()
+entries that don't have their own config symbol. Another problem is entries
+that depend on another entry in kconfig, usually because common infrastructure
+is using one command's flags (which the other commands copy): if that command
+is disabled, the FLAG macros become 0 so dead code elimination can remove the
+code. It's <a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/rev/1503>possible
+to untangle</a> this, but a bit awkward. (It boils down to conflicting
+design goals in the two contexts.)</p>
+
+<p>Standalone builds are used by the test suite when testing individual
+commands.
+
+<p><b>Snapshot builds</b></p>
+
+<p>A new addition to the "generated" directory is generated/build.sh
+containing a single compiler command line to build toybox in its current
+configuration. Combined with the generated/*.{h,sh} files from an
+exisiting build, this may let you build on a new system that hasn't quite
+got enough OS bits working to run a full configureand make.</p>
+
+<h3>Internals</h3>
+
+<p>Library code: xcreate/xopen now O_CLOEXEC by default to avoid leaking
+filehandles to child processes. DIRTREE_COMEAGAIN's second callback is now
+done with the directory filehandle still open (new dir->again variable added
+to distinguish first from second callback, and requesting DIRTREE_RECURSE now
+requires passing in the specific macro value, not just a true/false).
+Use daemon() out of libc instead of hand-rolled daemonize() in various
+pending commands. string_to_mode() now passes through type bits so you can
+use it to more easily modify a file's existing mode.
+Split xpopen() into xpopen_both(), xopen(), and xrun() depending on whether
+we want to redirect both, one, or neither of stdin/stdout.</p>
+
+<p>Bugfixes: Better error message when TOYBOX_SUID option can't drop priviliges
+(which happens when you suid something _other_ than root).
+The old pending version of nbd_client.c wasn't deleted when the
+command was promoted (and the build would break if both were enabled),
+toy_exec() sometimes needs to re-exec from $PATH rather than recurse
+internally (to gain dropped root permissions or limit stack depth),
+always call setlocale() when I18N is enabled to switch it back _off_ when
+we run commands that expect sscanf("%n") to return bytes,
+dirtree() had a memory leak in an error path, patch.c had some bugs in
+error paths (didn't report problem clearly). Ashwini Sharma spotted an
+option parsing bug where [-abc] would forget _all_ command line arguments
+saved in the GLOBALS() block (not just the ones for options being switched
+off), plus various minor fixes to nbd_client and cpio.
+Lukasz Szpakowski fixed rm -f on a broken symlink (failed), and killall
+with no arguments (segfaulted).</p>
+
+<p><b>Portability</b></p>
+
+<p>A somewhat fiddly fix to rm -rf (which needs to chmod directories to u+rwx
+to descend into them) which hit a musl bug in faccessat() which the musl
+maintainer refuses to fix. (He literally wants the man page changed
+instead, despite other libcs working.) Added an #ifdef __MUSL__ section
+to portability.h with a workaround, you may need CFLAGS=-D__MUSL__ in your
+build if your musl build's features.h doesn't #define that. (I may do
+a different workaround in future, but sometimes you've just got to make
+it work so you can ship. Also, toybox grep with multiple patterns
+requires <a href=http://landley.net/hg/aboriginal/rev/1692>a patch
+to musl's regex engine</a>, which applies to 1.1.4 but not to the current
+musl source control.)</p>
+
+<p>More portability.h fixes for uClibc too. (I don't expect that to ever have
+another release, so locally patching around posix-2008 violations is silly).</p>
+
+<p><b>Change to username filtering</b></p>
+
+<p>Posix recommends the username creation logic filter usernames to a small
+allowed set of characters (which even Red Hat breaks by explicitly allowing
+"$" at the end), but this prevents UTF-8 usernames. Posix' stated logic
+is to allow filesystems to create the user's home directory, but Linux
+filesystems can accept any character but NUL and "/". The only characters
+we actually _need_ to filter out are ":" (field separator in passwd),
+newline (line separator in passwd), and "/" (directory separator in
+filesystem).</p>
+
+<h3>Documentation</h3>
+
+<p>Web pages updated: cleanup.html documents more cleanup, code.html
+documents more code, and about.html now capitalizes "toybox" consistently
+(it's just a word, capitalize at start of sentence).</p>
+
+<p>The pending/README file now lists commands that needed review/cleanup
+before the pending directory was added.</p>
+
+<h3>Test Suite</h3>
+
+<p>Moved out of scripts/test into top level "tests" directory, and the
+testing.sh script is now in scripts rather than mixed into the *.test files.</p>
+
+<p>Johan Bergström requested VERBOSE=fail to make tests (telling it to
+stop at the first failure), and spotted a build bug where using gnu
+sort on the host broke in non-C locales.</p>
+
+<p>Divya Kothari submitted tests for chmod, link, tar, bzcat, xzcat, zcat,
+and hostname. (And more, but that's all that's merged so far.)</p>
+
+<hr><b>July 7, 2014</b>
+<blockquote><p>"This planet has - or rather had - a problem, which was this:
+most of the people living on it were unhappy for pretty much of the time. Many
+solutions were suggested for this problem, but most of these were largely
+concerned with the movement of small green pieces of paper, which was odd
+because on the whole it wasn't the small green pieces of paper that were
+unhappy." - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.9.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.9</a> (<a href=/hg/toybox/shortlog/1385>commit 1385</a>) is out.</p>
+
+<p><b>New commands</b> added to pending include:
+lsattr, chattr, inotifyd, rfkill, sulogin, strings, makedevs,
+killall5, and tar from Ashwini Sharma, arp from Kyungwan Han,
+sysctl by Bilal Qureshi, partprobe from Bertold Van den Bergh,
+host from Rich felker, and I did nbd-client and the first 2/3 of mount.</p>
+
+<p>Finished cleanups (commands promoted out of pending):
+sysctl, rfkill, strings, mkpasswd, makedevs, partprobe, killall5,
+fallocate, and nbd-client.</p>
+
+<p>(Along the way partial cleanups got made to: last, fold, lspci, ps,
+bootchartd, init, fsck, telnetd, telnet, vconfig, toysh, iconv, useradd,
+login, host, openvt, deallocvt, getty, tftpd, and modprobe. But there's
+still more to do on all of those.)</p>
+
+<p>This time around the <a href=bin>static binaries</a> are linked against
+musl instead of uClibc. (That's why there's no sparc version, musl doesn't
+support that target yet.)</p>
+
+<p><b>Documentation:</b></p>
+
+<p>The help text parser expects lower case "usage:" lines with
+a blank line after them, so go through and regularize those. Expand the
+"coding style" section in the docs and move it to design.html. (Not a show
+stopper for incoming
+contributions, just an explanation of some of the things I'll do to them
+during cleanup.) The help text for the "toybox" command now includes
+the shell script snippet to install symlinks to the toybox binary.</p>
+
+<p>The <a href=cleanup.html>cleanup page</a> now has descriptions for the
+full ifconfig cleanup series, among others.</p>
+
+<p>The new toys/examples directory contains hello.c and skeleton.c. The first is
+a simple hello world program in toybox style, the second is a much more
+elaborate example program using showing how to use the command line option
+parsing and how to provide multiple commands in the same C file.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fixes</b>:</p>
+
+<p>Fix od bug reported by Samuel Holland ("od -v -b" was appending the default
+output type even though an output type was specified). Ashwini Sharma reported
+bugs where readfile() was incorrectly freeing its buffer, and where toy_init()
+was zeroing the wrong data because the field it was using to measure (rebound)
+had moved (when I moved it back I added a comment why the field needs to be
+there), fixed a segfault in the dhcp client, and made a 0 length read at
+the start of password entry count as EOF. Make the "we are not root" test
+in the init code show the help text. Posix implies that fflush() can return
+success even when the stream's error bit is set, so call both fflush() and
+ferror() from xprintf().</p>
+
+<p>Isaac Dunham pointed out that bloatcheck couldn't deal with diff
+implementations that only implement "unified diff" format, and that some
+diff implementations can't handle nonseekable input (I.E. reading from
+a pipe). Bugfix so "help -a" works again. Option parsing on nohup now stops
+at first nonoption argument. Fix segfault in "which" if PATH wasn't set,
+which was actually a bug in lib function find_in_path(). Made rm -rf of
+chmod 000 directories actually remove them.</p>
+
+<p>The build now passes the same $CFLAGS to the library probe as the final
+build, because arch linux is so broken it provides different sets of
+libraries for static and dynamic linking.</p>
+
+<p>It turns out sprintf("%.123s", str) is counting characters, not bytes,
+so globally enabling locale support opens stack smashing vulnerabilities.
+So there's a new TOYFLAGS_LOCALE you set in toyflags when you want the
+setup code to setlocale().</p>
+
+<p><b>Upgrades:</b></p>
+
+<p>Isaac Dunham extended cpio to archive unreadable empty files, and I taught it
+to set uid/gid and timestamp when extracting archives. Isaac also
+added tests for cpio, link, and du, added lspci -i, made the pci database
+parsing skip # comment lines, merged logname and whoami into id.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel Verkamp sped up md5sum about 30% with some loop unrolling, making
+it actually smaller in the process. I added -b flags to md5sum and sha1sum
+for "brief" output that's just the hash with no filename. (I'm aware other
+implementations use that for MSDOS "binary" mode, and don't care.)</p>
+
+<p>When building standalone commands (scripts/singleconfig.sh commandname),
+the build now switches on all the sub-options of the command so we get
+a standalone version with all the bells and whistles enabled.</p>
+
+<p>Add -ds flags to date and document +FORMAT escapes. Add the shell NOP
+command ":" as an alias for true (for toysh).</p>
+
+<p>Add uClibc probe for iconv() and fallocate. (The fact it didn't always
+build against uClibc is why fallocate wasn't enabled in defconfig before.)</p>
+
+<p>The umount command now does an losetup -d on the device by default, so
+we don't leak loopback devices. Bugfix to losetup so "losetup /dev/loop0
+filename" actually works again.</p>
+
+<p>Divya Kothari sent in test suite entries for ls, ln, rm, mv, printf, dd,
+and renice. Then a second round for lsattr/chattr, mount, chmod, pgrep/pkill,
+groupadd, groupdel, and useradd. Several of these uncovered bugs, still
+working to fix them.</p>
+
+<p>There are now free() functions for the predefined llist types and a
+dlist_terminate() function to break doubly linked lists. The new
+generic_signal() handler either sets "toys.signal" or writes a byte
+to toys.signalfd with the signal number if signalfd isn't -1 (which it's
+initialized to in toy_init).</p>
+
+<p>The option parsing logic can now detect when a double fits in a long and
+use the more precise type for floating point arguments (the FLOAT macro
+contains the type used). The human_readable() function now just outputs
+decimal kilo/mega/gigabytes (so when du -u says 5.0G it means 5.0 billion
+bytes). The build infrastructure now notices duplicate commands (so if you
+cp toys/pending/command.c toys/other/command.c and forget to delete the
+first one, the build break is now more informative).</p>
+
+<hr><b>April 20, 2014</b>
+<blockquote><p>And to this end they built themselves a stupendous supercomputer
+which was so amazingly intelligent that even before the data banks
+had been connected up it had started from "I think therefore I am" and got as
+far as the existence of rice pudding and income tax before anyone managed to
+turn it off. - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.8.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.8</a> is based on
+<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/1262>commit 1262</a>. And
+about time too.</p>
+
+<p>The big news is that the build no longer needs python to generate help.h,
+that's now done in C. The help text generation is also collating help text
+from multiple options, merging command line option blocks and usage: lines.
+There's even a new <a href=help.html>help web page</a>.</p>
+
+<p><b>New commands:</b> Ifconfig, cpio, and su were cleaned up the rest of the
+way and promoted out of pending. That saga is mostly explained on the
+<a href=cleanup.html>cleanup page</a>. Vivek Bhagat's freeramdisk,
+Isaac Dunham's fsfreeze, and Felix Janda's iconv are also new.</p>
+
+<p><b>In pending:</b>
+Ashwini Sharma's team submitted tcpsvd, udpsvd, telnet, telnetd, last, more,
+groupdel/delgroup, arping, brctl, ftpget, ftpput, printf, reset, and added
+ipv6 support to traceroute. Kyungwan Han's team submitted modprobe and getty.
+Vivek Bhagat submitted openvt and deacllocvt. Samuel Holland submitted fold.
+I wrote a new inflate (zip/zlib/gzip decompression) implementation in
+compress.c, and still need to do a corresponding deflate (compression-side)
+and plug them into gzip and zip and so on. (Right now it does zcat.)</p>
+
+<p>Several commands (vmstat, login, du, vconfig, mountpoint, free, chroot,
+cut, touch, modinfo, expand) predate the "pending" directory, and are thus
+in other directories but still need cleanup. Of these, vmstat got some
+work this time (which would be much easier other vmstat implementations
+documented what their output actually meant).</p>
+
+<p><b>Upgrades:</b> Ifconfig grew /prefix netmask support (ala 1.2.3.4/24). Grep now has -zZ to
+handle null terminated data, cksum grew -H for hex output. Upgraded od so the
+fields align better when producing multiple output types. Help has -a and -h
+options (all commands, html output).
+Bugfix to blkid building for a 32 bit target. The date command can actually
+set dates now. The O_NOFOLLOW compile time probe didn't work with cross
+compiling, so it's back to an #ifdef test in portability.h. Nathan McSween
+sent in a bugfix to od and a portability fix in the common library code.
+Ashwini Sharma spotted a bug in pidof -o, and added verbose (-v) options
+to mkdir and ln, and suggested killall should have an -s option and
+allow -l to take zero arguments. Ashwini Sharma and Felix Janda upgraded
+tftpd. Fixed dumpleases still using toynet.h after
+that was removed. Corrected killall return code and error reporting.
+Isacc Dunham fixed bugs all over the tree, did cleanup on a bunch of
+pending commands (getty, ftpget, init, openvt, modprobe...), and clarified
+find's help text. Tom Sparrow ran three different static analyzers on
+the code, which resulted in a few cleanups. The peek()/poke() functions
+now use "volatile" to prevent broken compiler "optimizations" to do with
+aliasing.</p>
+
+<p><b>Build stuff:</b> Each FOR_xxxx macro now has a complementary CLEANUP_xxxx macro, so you
+can put multiple commands with different command line options in the same
+.c file, so they can share infrastructure outside of lib. (This let the
+bunzip logic move out of lib into bzcat.c.) See XXX for example.
+i
+<p>The headers #included in toys.h are now grouped by standard, and headers
+not listed in Posix or LSB were moved to portability.h. The old xregcomp.h
+was folded into lib.h because it's posix (and supporting oddball uClibc
+configurations isn't as important as it once was).</p>
+
+<p>Regression tested against Ubuntu 8.04 to fix up bit-rot in defconfig
+build on older systems. (We depend on Posix-2008, but not necessarily
+the absolute latest build environment.)</p>
+
+<p><b>In lib</b>: lib/xwrap.c added xgetpwnam(), xchroot(), and lib/lib.c now has names_to_pid().
+xsetuid() was replaced with xsetuser() which takes a struct passwd
+and sets both gid and uid, mkpathat() got factored out into a library command,
+get_int_value() became atolx_range(), and
+xmsprintf() is now just xmprintf(). The bunzip2 logic moved from lib into
+bzcat.c.</p>
+
+<p><b>Documentation</b>: new <a href=help.html>help page</a> with the
+help text for all the defconfig commands, using the new help -ah output.
+The <a href=code.html>source code walkthrough</a> now says more about
+#including header files, and how the generated/* directory works. The
+<a href=design.html>design page</a> has some new paragraphs about trading
+of different kinds of simplicity, and why comments aren't a substitute for
+good code. The README no longer trails off into obvious unfinished confusion
+at the end. Each page on the website should now have its own title.</p>
+
+<hr><b>November 18, 2013</b>
+<blockquote><p>"Space," it says, "is big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mindbogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it's a long way down the street to the chemist's, but that's just peanuts to space." -
+The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.7.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.7</a> is based on
+<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/1122>commit 1122</a>.</p>
+
+<p>New commands: Brad Conroy submitted blkid. Elie De Brauwer submitted
+reboot, halt, and poweroff. Strake's nl got cleaned up and promoted from
+pending to posix. In addition, the existing chvt and vconfig got some
+cleanup.</p>
+
+<p>That said, I haven't nearly kept up with the flood of new commands going
+into pending: Ashwini Sharma's team submitted
+dd, dumpleases, traceroute, top, useradd, groupadd, mkpasswd, tftpd, and
+an fsck wrapper (with no filesystem drivers yet). Isaac Dunham sent in cpio.</p>
+
+<p>Bugfixes: Jeroen van Rijn added a user count to uptime. Elie De Brauwer
+added -e to watch, removed a memory leak, and fixed a terminal size problem.
+William Haddon made xargs call its command line once even with blank input
+(the standard is vague, but builds expect it), and fixed an off by one bug
+where grep didn't malloc enough space with -E (leading to a segfault).
+I fixed a glitch in bunzip2 (same one as went into busybox since they're using
+the code I wrote), in od to fix -t co, -J, and -c options. Add uname -o as a
+synonym for -s. Build fix to never use $CC without prefixing it with
+$CROSS_COMPILE (since $HOSTCC could be different). Anca Emanuel spotted
+a typo in the web page.</p>
+
+<p>The compile-time command line option parsing got rewritten (ported from
+bash to C), which should speed up builds a bit and allow code controlled by
+--longopts to drop out properly when disabled in the configuration. Terminal
+querying got refactored. Patch's -x option is now more informative (a
+debug thing if you're trying to figure out why a patch didn't apply).
+The "toynet.h" file got folded into toys.h since musl supports it and
+micromanging uClibc options isn't very interesting anymore. The test suite
+now uses scripts/single.sh when testing a single command.</p>
+
+<hr><b>September 17, 2013</b>
+<blockquote><p>"Think of a number," said the computer, "any number."
+Arthur told the computer the telephone number of King's Cross railway
+station passenger inquiries, on the grounds that it must have some function,
+and this might turn out to be it. - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.6.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.6</a> is based on
+<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/1068>commit 1068</a>.</p>
+
+<p>This release adds
+several new commands: Felix Janda wrote paste and fallocate, Kyungwan Han
+submitted eject, Strake contributed grep, Ashwini Sharma added pmap (and
+a testsuite entry for grep), Lukasz Skalski sent pwdx, Isaac Dunham posted
+acpi, and I did timeout and umount.</p>
+
+<p>The ls command now has a --color=auto option (suggested by Rich Felker).
+The multiplexer now has a --help option so you can say "./toybox --help blah"
+instead of using the built-in "help" command. (Which is a shell built-in.
+Try it on your command line, it's like man for shell builtins. But a certain
+other project has conditioned people to expect --help, so...) I forget who
+heehooman at gmail is but they pointed out unshare needed PID and UID
+namespace support.</p>
+
+<h3>Pending</h3>
+
+<p>A lot of new commands in toys/pending, to the point the next release should
+probably just focus on cleanup and review of this backlog. We've got klogd,
+dhcp, dhcpd, watch, route, and ps from
+Ashwini Sharma (and an fsck wrapper but no fsck.fstype engines yet),
+syslogd, pgrep, and pkill from Madhur Verma, netstat by Ranjan Kumar,
+test by Felix Janda, lspci by Isaac Dunham, nl, su, and renice by strake (I.E.
+M. Farkas-Dyck), and sysvinit by Kyungwan Han.</p>
+
+<p>Some cleanup work on existing pending commands that aren't
+ready to promote yet: I did a few more rounds on ifconfig
+and Isaac Dunham's did several cleanups to xzcat, Felix Janda cleaned up
+logger and syslogd...</p>
+
+<p>Also some cleanup work on commands that predate the pending directory,
+but weren't quite polished when they went in, most prominently du,
+expand, and touch.</p>
+
+<h3>Infrastructure</h3>
+
+<p>The new scripts/single.sh builds a standalone command without the
+multiplexer, although not all commands can be built that way yet (NEWTOY yes,
+OLDTOY no) and the space savings aren't anything to write home about. (If a
+command needs the option parsing logic at all, it needs all of it.) If
+you're curious, you can do:</p>
+
+<blockquote><pre>
+make defconfig
+make
+mkdir singles
+for i in $(./toybox)
+do
+ echo $i
+ PREFIX=singles/ scripts/single.sh $i || break
+done
+</pre>
+<p>(And then wait a long time and watch almost half the builds fail.)</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>There is now libbuf analogous to toybuf, another global 4k buffer this
+time for use by lib/ code instead of command code.</p>
+
+<p>The lib directory got split up a bit, lib/pending.c contains functions
+not yet used by anything outside of toys/pending/*, and lib/xwrap.c contains
+functions that wrap other functions and handle failures (via error_exit).
+This leaves lib/lib.c containing actual new functions.</p>
+
+<p>General improvements and bug fixes to argument parsing. The [-abc] exclude
+logic should now clear arguments slots when disabling options. Bare --longopts
+should work now and be able to report errors using their name, the new ;
+option allows optional arguments to longopts only suppliable with = (I.E.
+--color and --color=auto but not --color auto).</p>
+
+<p>I'm gradually weaning the code off of itoa()/utoa() because sprintf
+does this already. In this case "simple" probably means "let libc do it
+for us".</p>
+
+<p>Rewrote for_each_pid_with_name_in() and renamed it to just names_to_pid().
+It shouldn't get confused trying to compare absolute and relative paths quite
+so much anymore.</p>
+
+<p>lib/llist.c grew a new dlist_pop() function for removing a doubly
+linked list entry while maintaining a circular list; tail and patch are
+using it now.</p>
+
+<p>The musl guys suggested a new optimization flag
+(-fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables)
+that shaves about 10% off the binary size by removing a C++ism that crept
+into gcc's idea of C. While I don't normally try to micromanage the compiler,
+"-fstop-being-stupid" is a thing you have to hit gcc with from time to time.</p>
+
+<h3>Bugfixes</h3>
+
+<p>Felix Janda and I did a largeish rewrite of tail to
+finally make it work right (we think). Still need to implement tail -f
+someday (the tricky bit is making -f follow multiple files at once).
+Felix also reported a bug in xpidfile.</p>
+
+<p>Juhani Haverinen pointed out that
+python 3 doesn't work with config2help.py, so the detection logic looks
+for python2 (until I get around to rewriting that in C). Elie De Brauwer
+then fixed our first attempt at this, and also fixed uname's help string.</p>
+
+<p>Ashwini Sharma
+pointed out the build was making a FLAG_ macro for " " which broke some
+configurations. (That's a control character, not a command line option.)</p>
+
+<p>Jacek Bukarewicz pointed out a bug in chdir permission handling, and
+a way to make env segfault. Both should be fixed now.</p>
+
+<p>The new function xexec_optargs()
+replaces calls to xexec(toys.optargs) to avoid freeing and reusing optargs
+during option parsing screwing stuff up (such as netcat's exec mode).</p>
+
+<p>The stat command's %a output was padded with leading zeroes, which
+didn't match anybody else's behavior and thus made the test suite hiccup
+between TEST_HOST and testing toybox. (If you go "TEST_HOST=1 scripts/test.sh
+command" it sanity checks the tests against the host implementation.)</p>
+
+<p>Last release, "mkdir sub/sub && chmod 007 sub/sub && rm -rf sub" didn't
+delete sub and didn't exit with an error either. Neither was correct, rm
+should now be fixed.</p>
+
<p>
-basename, cat, catv, chroot, chvt, count, cp, df, dirname, dmesg, echo, false,
-hello, help, mkfifo, nc, netcat, oneit, patch, pwd, rmdir, sh, sha1sum, sleep,
-sync, touch, toysh, true, tty, which, yes
+<hr><b>July 26, 2013</b>
+<p>Georgi Chorbadzhiyski maintains a <a href=https://github.com/gfto/toybox>git
+mirror</a> of the repository on github, automatically updated from the
+mercurial every 6 hours. The mirror is read only, but you can generate patches
+against it and post them to the list.</p>
+
+<hr><b>July 2, 2013</b>
+<blockquote><p>"Time is an illusion. Lunchtime doubly so." "Very deep. You
+should send that in to the Reader's Digest. They've got a page for people
+like you." -
+The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.5.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.5</a> is based on
+<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/941>commit 941</a>. It adds
+uuencode and uudecode from Erich Plondke, and enables Luis Morales' "who" by
+default. Felix Janda and I cleaned up last year's "stat" submission and
+enabled it. Ivo van Poorten added "groups".
+Andre Renaud added "lsusb". I implemented "split", "pivot_root", and "mv".
</p>
-<p>[Commands in square brackets are in source control, but not in the most recent
-release tarball.]</p>
+<p>The "help" command is implemented differently now (lib/help.c) and
+each command can now understand --help (including both "toybox --help"
+and "toybox --help command" in the multiplexer).</p>
-<h2>News</h2>
+<p>The "pending" directory has several commands (find, xzcat, nbd-client,
+logger, expr) which work but are not enabled by default pending further cleanup.
+Ifconfig is enabled, but still in pending because it's only 2/3 cleaned up.
+(It's an awkward halfway state but I'm not holding up the release for it.)</p>
-<p><b>November 12, 2008</b> -
-<a href=downloads/toybox-0.0.7.tar.bz2>toybox 0.0.7</a>
-adds sort and tee commands, upgrades the internal option parsing logic and the
-test suite, and numerous bugfixes (bunzip, chroot, cat, patch).</p>
+<p>I'm <a href=cleanup.html>documenting the cleanups</a> to teach
+more people to do it, but the writeups aren't caught up yet. The
+<a href=roadmap.html>roadmap</a> also got updated a bit with further analysis
+of other projects, and the README and about pages got updated.</p>
-<p><b>May 26, 2008</b> - <a href=downloads/toybox-0.0.6.tar.bz2>toybox 0.0.6</a>
-adds cat, rmdir, and seq. Bugfixes to cp and a new -v option. Updates mdev to
-work with the 2.6.25 kernel. Updates patch to knows that a file dated
-1969-12-31 means it doesn't exist, and to fail if a file it needs to create
-already exists. Command line option parsing can now handle things like "echo
--nex" vs "echo -ne". Several updates to the test suite (run scripts/test.sh),
-and some build fixes.</p>
+<p>Fixed _another_ "ls -C" segfault when terminal size can't be detected,
+condensed the ls help text to fit on one page, implented --color, and taught
+-l to print the major, minor numbers when showing block/char devices.
+Argument parsing now handles "--" properly (to end option checking),
+and the infrastructure can now handle bare --longopts that have no
+corresponding short option (both were implemented before but didn't work).
+Fixed an old bug in "patch", chmod grew -f, who grew -a. Isaac Dunham
+fixed "-" vs "_" handling in modinfo, added a "firmware" output
+field, added -b and -k support, and taught it that the ".ko" extension means
+to look for the file at the specified path instead of under /lib. Felix Janda
+moved file permission display code to lib so ls and
+stat could share it. Ashwini Sharma spotted a bug in xabspath when the
+last path component exists but we haven't got permissions to open it
+(ala readlink -f /dev/sda as a normal user).
+</p>
+
+<p>In the build infrastructure, scripts/findglobals.sh finds leaked global
+variables. (Leaked means they aren't part of the global union: Other than glibc
+debris, toybox should define "this", "toy_list", "toybuf", and "toys", and
+that's it; the rest add memory footprint to every command for the benefit of
+just one command; use GLOBALS() to stick 'em in the union.) Static linking
+against libraries other than the host's libc now applies to feature probes
+for unshare and such. Neuter stupid internationalization support that makes
+various host "sort" commands put things in an order other than alphabetical
+(breaking the multiplexer's binary search on command names).
+
+<p>You should now be able to build from a source control snapshot on a build
+system that hasn't got python: if you disable CONFIG_TOYBOX_HELP. (The
+release tarballs ship generated/help.h, but it's not in source control.
+Eventually I should rewrite that python script in C.)</p>
+</p>
+
+<p><b>LICENSE TWEAK</b>: After <a href=http://lists.landley.net/pipermail/toybox-landley.net/2013-March/000794.html>discussion</a> on the mailing list the "2 clause
+BSD" <a href=license.html>license</a> got slightly simplified so the first
+paragraph now says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this
+software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It used to continue "provided that the above copyright notice and this
+permission notice appear in all copies", but A) what's the point? B) does "all
+copies" mean binaries, or just source code, or what? C) lots of projects
+that consider BSD and GPL compatible have <a href=https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/crypto/aes_generic.c>files with
+both license notices</a> on them (sometimes at <a href=http://git.busybox.net/busybox/tree/shell/ash.c>opposite ends of the file</a> to make the conflict
+less obvious) because "all copies must include this function" would violate
+the GPL but "all copies must include this magic text blob" somehow don't?</p>
+
+<p>I don't want to have to care about this anymore. The tweaked version is more
+or less public domain with a liability disclaimer, but we're still calling it
+BSD (sometimes "0 clause BSD") to avoid explaining.</p>
+
+<hr><b>March 21, 2013</b>
+<p>Video of my ELC talk
+"<a href=http://youtu.be/SGmtP5Lg_t0>Why is Toybox?</a>"
+is up on youtube. Related materials include the
+<a href=http://landley.net/talks/celf-2013.txt>talk outline</a> and an
+<a href=/aboriginal/about.html#selfhost>android self-hosting writeup</a>.</p>
+
+<p>[Updated June 4] The following links jump to specific topics in the video. (Sorry about
+the ads, it's The Linux Foundation.)</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>0m29s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=0m29s>The smartphone is replacing the PC</a></li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>4m22s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=4m22s>Software needed to become self-hosting</a></li>
+ <li>6m20s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=6m20s>Do we care if android or iphone wins?</a></li>
+ </ul>
+<li>9m45s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=9m45s>Android not vanilla: oppose or accept?</a></li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>11m30s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=11m30s>Open source can't do User Interfaces</a></li>
+ </ul>
+<li>15m09s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=15m09s>Android is not copyleft: oppose or accept?</a></li>
+<li>18m23s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=18m23s>Security issues</a></li>
+<li>21m15s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=21m15s>Solutions to the software problems</a></li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>22m55s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=22m55s>What toybox needs to be/do</a></li>
+ <li>28m17s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=28m17s>What is toybox?</a></li>
+ <ul>
+ <li>28m58s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=28m58s>Why toybox started...</a></li>
+ <li>37m50s <a href=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGmtP5Lg_t0#t=37m50s>What does toybox actually implement?</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </ul>
+</ul>
+</span>
+
+
+<hr><b>March 14, 2013</b>
+<blockquote><p>"Ford, you're turning into a penguin. Stop it." -
+The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.4.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.4</a> is based on
+<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/813>commit 813</a>, adding
+the "time" and "readahead" commands, plus some bugfixes.</p>
+
+<p>The "cp" command now implements the -s symlink option, plus bugfixes
+getting various corner cases right as used in actual package builds.
+"id -Gn root" should now print root's groups
+instead of the current user's. Several build fixes so toybox builds under
+Ubuntu 8.04 again (which is about as old a build environment as you
+can expect to find posix-2008 features in).</p>
+
+<p>Unfinished commands have generally been moved to "toys/pending".
+Everything else should "default y" to participate in make defconfig.
+Several of those pending commands got some basic cleanup so allyesconfig
+should at least compile (although defconfig is still what's useful).</p>
+
+<p>Significant roadmap updates, checking several other multicall binaries
+(klibc, sash, sbase, s6...) to see what commands they include.</p>
+
+<hr><b>January 18, 2013</b>
+<blockquote><p>This must be Thursday. I never could get the hang of Thursdays. - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.3.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.3</a> is based on
+<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/793>commit 793</a>. There
+are now exactly 100 commands in defconfig (of a little over 220 on the
+<a href=roadmap.html>todo list</a>).</p>
+
+<p>Elie De Brauwer added the rev command, cleaned up tac, implemented the -s
+and -f flags for seq, added -v and -i to killall (and fixed killall not to
+kill itself before finishing its pid list), and added to the test suite.
+Felix Janda added -m to mkdir, pwd -L and -P, and more test suite entries.</p>
+
+<p>Rob Landley added the losetup command, and fixed the existing ls, cp, and
+readlink commands. The segfault in ls
+happened when it couldn't determine the screen size (last release changed the
+default to -C and a screen size of 0 made column view unhappy), and cp got an
+extensive rewrite bringing it up to date with the dirtree changes and fixing
+a number of things it never did right in the first place. The xabspath()
+code in the library now handles a symlink after ".." properly (and the test
+suite checks for it).</p>
+
+<p>Infrastructure-wise the code is better about automatically setting the
+error return code properly. Now error_msg() sets the exit code to 1 if it's
+still defaulting to 0, and the global exit path does a fflush(NULL) with error
+bit check rather than trying to be quite so granular about flushing. (That
+means if we use printf() instead of xprintf() it still exits with the right
+error code, it just doesn't end the program early on an output error.)
+Minor bugfix so TOYBOX_DEBUG
+doesn't always warn about the lack of suid bit when toybox is built with
+at least one STAYROOT command. Bugfix for the option [grouping] logic
+(and then further fixes to the error reporting pointed out by Ashwini Sharma).
+dirtree_handle_callback() now has a prefix like the rest of the dirtree
+functions. A lot of stuff doing manual path handling was switched to using
+libc basename() (including, embarassingly, the basename command), which means
+it now correctly detects "/trailing/slash/" which the previous code didn't.</p>
+
+<p>Also, last release included some accidentally checked in debug code that
+disabled compiler optimization, so the binary size bloated a bit. It's back
+to -Os by default now.</p>
+
+<hr><b>December 15, 2012</b>
+<blockquote><p>"The major difference between a thing that might go wrong and a
+thing that cannot possibly go wrong is that when a thing that cannot possibly
+go wrong goes wrong it usually turns out to be impossible to get at or repair."
+</p><p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.2.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.2</a> is based on
+<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/749>commit 749</a> and is
+just a resync. Linux 3.7 came out, meaning it's time to do an Aboriginal
+Linux release, and that should use a stable version of toybox. So here's
+a new stable version.</p>
+
+<p>The new commands are cut (from Jason Kyungwan Han), touch
+(from Choubey Ji), expand (from Jonathan Clairembault, and he fixed a
+bug in login), and rm (from Rob Landley). Felix Janda added UTF-8
+support infrastructure (for non-ascii character sets) with a config option.
+Elie De Brauwer added tests for cat and sha1sum, and -so options to pidof.
+The "ls" command defaults to -C (column view) now, and "readlink" now supports
+-fenq.</p>
+
+<p>Portability work: toybox should now build against the musl C library,
+and against older glibc versions (circa 2008, much before that and kernel
+features we depend on start to drop out).</p>
+
+<p>The whole codebase got reindented from "one tab" to "two spaces" per
+level. The option parsing logic now understands [groups] of commands (when more
+than one in a group is selected it can switch the others off, or error out,
+or other things). The error_exit() infrastructure can now longjmp back to an
+earlier point instead of exiting. Each toys/* directory now has a README,
+the first line of which is the fancy name menuconfig uses for the directory
+(so no more hardwired directory list in scripts/genconfig.sh).</p>
+
+<p>Fixed a filehandle leak in getmountlist().
+Pass parent pointer to dirtree_add_node() so it can give error messages with
+full path. The yesno() function now always reads from stdin and writes to
+stderr (we can retry tty checking complexity once we've got commands needing
+it).</p>
+
+<p>The open group broke their website so the
+<a href=http://opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799>old links</a> to POSIX 2008
+now <a href=http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799>need to start with
+pubs</a>. Some of the links in the tree have been updated, others haven't while
+I wait to see if their webmaster notices and fixes it.</p>
+
+<p>(I note that the current rm implementation is not technically posix compliant
+because the standard requires infinite recursion depth and the current
+implementation uses one filehandle per level. I can add a config option
+to do it Posix's way, which is more brittle and needs extra security checks,
+but am waiting for somebody to complain first. The default "ulimit -n" is 1024
+filehandles, so drilling down over 1000 nested subdirectories).</p>
+
+<hr><b>November 13, 2012</b>
+<blockquote><p>"Rule Six: The winning team shall be the first team that wins."
+- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.1.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.1</a> is based on
+<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/691>commit 691</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Elie De Brauwer contributed usleep, Ashwini Kumar contributed du, and
+Kyungwan Han contributed vconfig. Other new commands include switch_root and
+md5sum, and the remaining shell wrappers are now proper commands (dos2unix,
+unix2dos).</p>
+
+<p>The patch command now supports -l, and gethostname is now enabled by
+default. The df command follows symlinks to get the actual device name.
+Felix Janda added -m support to wc (for utf8).</p>
+
+<p>On the infrastructure side, the commands have now been grouped into
+"posix", "lsb", and "other" subdirectories (for things required by Posix-2008,
+the Linux Standard Base 4.1, and commands in neither). This affects menuconfig
+and the actual source layout (toys/cp.c is now toys/posix/cp.c, and so on).
+An android directory is planned (see the updated
+<a href=roadmap.html#android>android roadmap analysis</a>).</p>
+
+<p>The FLAG_ macros for command option parsing and TT alias for the command's
+global block are now automatically generated, commands should
+#define FOR_commandname before #including <toys.h> to get the macros for that
+command.</p>
+
+<p>An upgrade to the build infrastructure now allows commands with _ and -
+in them, such as switch_root.</p>
+
+<p>Bugfixes: Avery Pennarun spotted a case where ls showed uid twice instead of
+uid and gid, and that nice was using the wrong range of numbers.
+The ls command also recursed inappropriately last time (not quite
+properly converted for the dirtree changes last release), and now it's
+fixed. Roy Tam pointed out a glitch in sh, and fixed df's percentage
+calculation to match the POSIX spec. The kernel build didn't like our mktemp
+and it does now. The wc command wasn't quite posix compliant (trailing spaces
+break stuff). The ls command recursed inappropriately last time (not quite
+properly converted for the dirtree changes last release), and now it's
+fixed. The catv command wasn't displaying byte 255 correctly. Some lib
+fixes (thinko in xpidfile). Fixed uname -m when running a 32 bit x86 binary
+on an x86-64 host (it lies and says the system is i686, i586, or i486 depending
+on what the toolchain that built the binary supported. This makes builds in
+a 32 bit chroot on a 64 bit kernel break less.) The df command was checking
+partitions in the wrong order (displaying undermounts instead of overmounts:
+this used to work but some library code changed out from under it and it
+wasn't updated to match until now). Felix Janda filled out the test suite
+some more. The patch file creation logic got tweaked several times to
+successfully apply more patches. Support for older (pre 2.10) glibc
+versions was added to portability.h.</p>
+
+<p>Miscelaneous cleanups all around (mknod, sha1sum, logname), including a
+rewrite of taskset to be less dependent on libc getting the headers right. All
+the command headers should now point to the current relevant standards
+document, where applicable.</p>
+
+<p>This news page had old news entries from before the relaunch moved into
+a separate <a href=oldnews.html>oldnews</a> page.</p>
+
+<p>I forgot to create <a href=bin>static binaries</a> last time, but they're
+back now.</p>
+</span>
+
+<hr><b>July 23, 2012</b>
+<blockquote><p>"Ford", Arthur said. "There's an infinite number of monkeys
+out here who want to talk to us about this script for Hamlet they've worked
+out." - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.4.0.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.4.0</a> is based on
+<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/640>commit 640</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The new <a href=status.html>status page</a> is calculated from
+the roadmap info, and should be easier to keep up to date in future.</p>
+
+<p>Andre Renaud contributed od and modinfo. Elie De Brauwer contributed
+taskset, bugfixes to cmp and tail, and tests for sort and tail. Kyungwan Han
+contributed passwd. Gaurang Shastri contributed w. Ashwini Sharma spotted a
+case where dirtree was adding extra slashes to a path.</p>
+
+<p>I rewrote od, cleaned up comm, documented the
+<a href=code.html#lib_llist>llist</a> and
+<a href=code.html#lib_dirtree>dirtree</a> infrastructure, added an -r option
+to date (and fixed a bug where -u wouldn't override /etc/localtime),
+fixed bugs in chmod +stw, fixed ls to show suid bits properly when the
+corresponding executable bit wasn't set, and worked around a longstanding
+glibc bug where static linking prevents stdout from automatically flushing
+pending output on exit.</p>
+
+<hr><b>June 25, 2012</b>
+<blockquote><p>"For a moment, nothing happened. Then, after a second or so, nothing continued to happen." - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><a href=downloads/toybox-0.3.1.tar.bz2>Toybox 0.3.1</a> is based on commit
+<a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/607>commit 607</a>. It's
+mostly a bugfix release for ls -l (which was unhappy on targets other than
+x86-64), plus a new "date" from Andre Renaud and rewritten chgrp/chown which
+now support the full set of posix flags, plus a little work on the test
+suite and some more header tweaks towards eventual compatability with the
+musl libc.</p>
+
+<p>The todo list runneth over, but "release early, release often", so here
+it is. The roadmap and documentation are a bit behind, and I've got ~40
+pending submissions to review. I need to catch up...</p>
+</span>
+
+<hr><b>June 12, 2012</b>
+<blockquote><p>"For instance, on the planet Earth, man had always assumed that
+he was more intelligent than dolphins because he had achieved so much - the
+wheel, New York, wars and so on - whilst all the dolphins had ever done was
+muck about in the water having a good time. But conversely, the dolphins had
+always believed that they were far more intelligent than man - for precisely
+the same reasons." - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It's well past time for <a href=downloads/toybox-0.3.0.tar.bz2>toybox 0.3.0</a>,
+so here it is, based
+on <a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/595>commit 595</a>, and the
+statically linked <a href=downloads/binaries>prebuilt binaries</a> should
+actually be statically linked this time (thanks Ashwini Sharma for spotting
+that).</p>
+
+<p>It's hard to figure out where to cut a release, because development
+doesn't stop. "Long before now" is the obviuos answer, of course.
+The project's maintainer also moved house during this development cycle, which
+threw things off for a bit (so many boxes). Releases should hopefully be a bit
+more frequent from here on.</p>
+
+<p>The big things Rob worked on this time were the new dirtree (directory
+tree traversal) infrastructure, and a complete rewrite of ls using that
+which should now implement all 26 posix options.</p>
+
+<p>Georgi Chorbadzhiyski added printenv, whoami, mkdir, mkfifo, chmod, chown,
+chgrp, and uniq. He also added fraction and extension support to sleep (so if
+you need a quarter-second sleep, it can do that now), and fixed a build bug
+on slackware.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel Walter contributed a string to mode_t parser (in use by chmod and
+mkdir -m). Ilya Kuzmich contributed comm. Elie De Brauwer added mountpoint,
+vmstat, logname, login, and mktemp. Kevin Chase did some portability cleanups.
+Pere Orga fixed some documentation.</p>
+
+<p>The "tac" and "clear" commands are now normal commands instead of shell
+wrappers, and the header #includes have been cleaned up a bit to remove
+deprecated functions and attempt to increase compatability with the bionic and
+musl C libraries, "tail" should now use lseek() for large files, and "id" got
+some cleanups and bugfixes.</p>
+
+<p>The new TOYBOX_FLOAT configuration option selects whether or not
+to include floating point support (for embedded targets where that's
+problematic).</p>
+
+<p>Several random bugfixes: unshare() might actually build portably now,
+yes 'n' | cp -i should no longer bypass stdin and prompt via the tty, the
+SUID support no longer drops permissions going through the toybox
+multiplexer command, and a bugfix to xargs -0 means it should no longer
+segfault. (I have a pending bug report about xargs not doing the full
+posix whitespace handling that -0 obsoleted, but I'll deal with that next
+release.)</p>
+
+<p>The build infrastructure is now automatically generating FLAG_ macros
+for the options, but currently with the wrong names. Some more macro glue
+is necessary, which I haven't quite figured out how to do yet.</p>
+
+<p>A defconfig toybox at the start of the $PATH has successfully built
+Linux From Scratch (in my Aboriginal Linux project). The commands that
+'default n' in the config are often still broken, cleanup is ongoing.
+(The new dirtree stuff broke several of them that haven't been converted
+yet, but if I wait until everything works we won't have a release before
+1.0, so here's a checkpoint.)</p>
+
+
+<hr><b>March 3, 2012</b>
+
+<blockquote><p>"They went unnoticed at Goonhilly, passed over Cape Canaveral
+without a blip, and Woomera and Jodrell Bank looked straight through them.
+Which was a pity, because it was exactly the sort of thing they'd been looking
+for all these years."</p></p>- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.</p>
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Here's <a href=downloads/toybox-0.2.1.tar.bz2>toybox 0.2.1</a> based
+on <a href=http://landley.net/hg/toybox/shortlog/512>commit 512</a>. This
+time around, there are statically linked <a href=downloads/binaries>prebuilt
+binaries</a> for various embedded targets.</p>
+
+<p>It's been a busy few weeks, almost entirely due to new contributors. (I
+have not quite been keeping up.)</p>
+
+<p>Elie De Brauwer contributed free, uptime, swapon, swapoff, lsmod, mknod,
+insmod, rmmod, and fixed a bug in basename. Andre Renaud contributed ls, ln,
+realpath, and hostname. Andres Heck contributed pidof and killall. Daniel
+Walter wrote kill and extended id. Timothy Elliott contributed tail and tests
+for cmp. Frank Bergmann sent a warning fix. Bryce Fricke added -i to cp.
+Nathan McSween pointed out an optimization. Georgi Chorbadzhiyski fixed
+cross compiling to work more reliably.</p>
+
+<p>(My own contribution this time around was just tightening up other people's
+code, a build fix to unshare, some random bugfixes, and so on. My only new
+code this time around was writing a bash replacement for the existing python
+bloat-o-meter.)</p>
+
+<p>Last time (the 0.2.0 release) included the first pass at an id command from
+Tim Bird, env and basename from Tryn Mirell, cmp and head from Timothy Elliott,
+more bugfixes from Nathan McSween and Elie De Brauwer, and Luis Felipe Strano
+Moraes did a first pass at the who command plus other bugfixes and
+optimizations.</p>
+
+<p>(For that release I did xargs, cal, truncate, unlink, nohup, tty, wc, link,
+dirname, unshare, and various infrastructure tweaks, but it took me 3 months
+and those guys did their stuff in a week or so.)</p>
+
+
+<hr><b>February 12, 2012</b>
+<blockquote><p>
+"for though it has many omissions and contains much that is apocryphal, or at
+least wildly inaccurate, it scores over the older, more pedestrian work in two
+important respects..."</p>
+<p> - The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Here's the first BSD licensed release,
+<a href=downloads/toybox-0.2.0.tar.bz2>toybox-0.2.0</a>, more a synchronization
+point than anything particularly useful. 47 commands in a reasonably
+ready-to-use state (what "make defconfig" builds), another ten or so partially
+finished stubs ("make allyesconfig"), and several
+patches pending on the mailing list I need to review and merge.</p>
+
+<p>More to come...</p>
+
+<hr>
+<p><b>November 15, 2011</b> - Back from the dead, Toybox is now under a 2
+clause BSD license, and aiming to become the default command line
+implementation of Android systems everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>More to come...</p>
+
+<hr>
+
+<p><a href=oldnews.html>Old news</a> from before the relaunch.</p>
-<p>
-<p><b>March 29, 2008</b> -
-Time to release <a href=downloads/toybox-0.0.5.tar.bz2>toybox 0.0.5</a>, with
-new commands cp and chvt and several bugfixes.</p>
-
-<p>More makefile targets: "make test" runs the test suite (which needs more test
-scripts), and make install/install_flat/uninstall/uninstall_flat calls
-make/install.sh (with options --long --symlink --force --uninstall depending
-on the context).</p>
-
-<p>Most of the work has been behind the scenes, namely a significant rewrite of
-the build logic so adding each new command consists of adding a single C file to
-the "toys" directory, eliminating the need to touch any other files.
-There are specially formatted comments at the top of the C file to generate
-the other files, see toys/hello.c for an example. (See generated/README.txt
-and <a href=code.html>code.html</a> for details.)</p>
-
-<p><b>January 2, 2008</b> - And <a href=downloads/toybox-0.0.4.tar.bz2>toybox-0.0.4.tar.bz2</a> is out.
-The new applets this time around include basename, chroot, dirname, dmesg,
-help, mkfifo, netcat, patch, sha1sum, touch, and tty.</p>
-
-<p>Note that this "touch" includes -l to set the length, which can truncate
-a file or create a commpletely sparse file, good for filesystem images.</p>
-
-<p>Expect the next release in about 6 months.</p>
-
-<p><b>December 12, 2007</b> - Updated the list of implemented applications,
-put up a <a href=todo.txt>todo list</a> and <a href=code.html>infrastructure
-documentation</a>. Expect another release towards the end of the month.</p>
-
-<p><b>June 18, 2007</b> - Put out
-<a href=downloads/toybox-0.0.3.tar.bz2>toybox-0.0.3.tar.bz2</a> since it's
-been too long since I did something like that. This one implements
-catv, count, df, echo, false, oneit, pwd, sleep, sync, toysh, true, which,
-and yes (which is what "make defconfig" enables). There are several other
-commands not enabled by defconfig, because they don't really work yet.</p>
-
-<p>Most of the general infrastructure's there now, although lots of tweaking
-and optimizing is still needed. The test suite is skeletal and not entirely
-checked in yet, but I'm working on that.</p>
-
-<p>I don't have nearly as much time to work on this as I'd like, but I'm making
-a little progress.</p>
-
-<p><b>January 31, 2007</b> -
-Toybox <a href=downloads/toybox-0.0.2.tar.bz2>0.0.2 release</a>.
-Implements count, yes, pwd, echo, bzcat, catv, oneit, and an unfinished
-skeleton of mke2fs. Adds argument parsing logic and bunzip code to library.
-Now configured with menuconfig. Adds "make baseline" and "make bloatcheck"
-using Matt Mackall's bloat-o-meter, and scripts/showasm.</p>
-
-<p>Screwing up the web page a bit, adding an index bar along the side
-which doesn't properly connect up to anything yet. (Busy implementing
-mke2fs and gene2fs.)</p>
-
-<p><b>October 30, 2006</b> -
-Toybox <a href=downloads/toybox-0.0.1.tar.bz2>0.0.1 release</a>. Implements
-df, a skeletal toysh, and some library functions. Proof of concept, really.</p>
-
-<p><b>September 7, 2006</b> -
-Project launched, first commit to mercurial archive.</p>
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