[TSAN] Add optional support for distinguishing volatiles

[TSAN] Add optional support for distinguishing volatiles

Add support to optionally emit different instrumentation for accesses to
volatile variables. While the default TSAN runtime likely will never
require this feature, other runtimes for different environments that
have subtly different memory models or assumptions may require
distinguishing volatiles.

One such environment are OS kernels, where volatile is still used in
various places for various reasons, and often declare volatile to be
"safe enough" even in multi-threaded contexts. One such example is the
Linux kernel, which implements various synchronization primitives using
volatile (READ_ONCE(), WRITE_ONCE()). Here the Kernel Concurrency
Sanitizer (KCSAN) [1], is a runtime that uses TSAN instrumentation but
otherwise implements a very different approach to race detection from
TSAN.

While in the Linux kernel it is generally discouraged to use volatiles
explicitly, the topic will likely come up again, and we will eventually
need to distinguish volatile accesses [2]. The other use-case is
ignoring data races on specially marked variables in the kernel, for
example bit-flags (here we may hide 'volatile' behind a different name
such as 'no_data_race').

[1] https://github.com/google/ktsan/wiki/KCSAN
[2] https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CANpmjNOfXNE-Zh3MNP=-gmnhvKbsfUfTtWkyg_=VqTxS4nnptQ@mail.gmail.com

Author: melver (Marco Elver)
Reviewed-in: https://reviews.llvm.org/D78554