#
#
# IDENTIFICATION
-# $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Makefile,v 1.5 1998/09/25 13:41:25 thomas Exp $
+# $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Makefile,v 1.6 1998/09/30 05:41:39 thomas Exp $
#
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
all::
clean::
- (rm -rf *.html *.htm)
+ (rm -rf HTML.manifest *.html *.htm)
distclean::
$(MAKE) clean
--- /dev/null
+<Sect1>
+<Title>About This Release</Title>
+
+<Para>
+ <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> is available without cost. This manual
+ describes version 6.4 of <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName>.
+
+<Para>
+ We will use <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
+to mean the version distributed as <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName>.
+
+<Para>
+Check the Administrator's Guide for a list of currently supported machines.
+In general,
+<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> is portable to any Unix/Posix-compatible system
+with full libc library support.
+
+</Sect1>
-<!-- admin.sgml
--
-- Postgres administrator's guide.
-- Derived from postgres.sgml.
-- thomas 1998-02-27
--
-- -->
+<!--
+$header$
+
+Postgres Administrator's Guide.
+Derived from postgres.sgml.
+thomas 1998-02-27
+
+$log$
+
+-->
+
<!doctype book PUBLIC "-//Davenport//DTD DocBook V3.0//EN" [
-<!entity intro SYSTEM "intro.sgml">
+<!entity about SYSTEM "about.sgml">
+<!entity history SYSTEM "history.sgml">
+<!entity info SYSTEM "info.sgml">
+<!entity legal SYSTEM "legal.sgml">
+<!entity notation SYSTEM "notation.sgml">
+
+<!entity intro-ag SYSTEM "intro-ag.sgml">
<!entity install SYSTEM "install.sgml">
<!entity ports SYSTEM "ports.sgml">
<!entity recovery SYSTEM "recovery.sgml">
<!entity regress SYSTEM "regress.sgml">
<!entity release SYSTEM "release.sgml">
+<!entity runtime SYSTEM "runtime.sgml">
<!entity start-ag SYSTEM "start-ag.sgml">
<!entity biblio SYSTEM "biblio.sgml">
]>
-<!-- entity manpages SYSTEM "man/manpages.sgml" subdoc -->
+
<Book Id="admin">
<!-- Title information -->
</Para>
</Preface>
-&intro;
+&intro-ag;
&ports;
&install;
+&runtime;
&start-ag;
&recovery;
®ress;
<TITLE><Acronym>SQL</Acronym> Reference Books</TITLE>
<PARA>Reference texts for <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> features.</PARA>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="BOWMAN93">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="BOWMAN93">
-->
-<TITLE>The Practical <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> Handbook</TITLE>
-<SUBTITLE>Using Structured Query Language</SUBTITLE>
+<TITLE ID="BOWMAN93-full">
+The Practical <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> Handbook
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="BOWMAN93">
+Bowman et al, 1993
+</TITLEABBREV>
+<SUBTITLE>
+Using Structured Query Language
+</SUBTITLE>
<EDITION>3</EDITION>
<AUTHORGROUP>
<AUTHOR>
-->
</BIBLIOENTRY>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="DATE97">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="DATE97">
-->
-<TITLE>A Guide to The <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> Standard</TITLE>
-<TITLEABBREV>The <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> Standard</TITLEABBREV>
-<SUBTITLE>A user's guide to the standard database language <Acronym>SQL</Acronym></SUBTITLE>
+<TITLE id="DATE97-full">
+A Guide to the <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> Standard
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV id="DATE97">
+Date and Darwen, 1997
+</TITLEABBREV>
+<SUBTITLE>
+A user's guide to the standard database language <Acronym>SQL</Acronym>
+</SUBTITLE>
<EDITION>4</EDITION>
<AUTHORGROUP>
<AUTHOR>
-->
</BIBLIOENTRY>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="MELT93">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="MELT93">
-->
-<TITLE>Understanding the New <Acronym>SQL</Acronym></TITLE>
+<TITLE ID="MELT93-full">
+Understanding the New <Acronym>SQL</Acronym>
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="MELT93">
+Melton and Simon, 1993
+</TITLEABBREV>
<SUBTITLE>A complete guide</SUBTITLE>
<AUTHORGROUP>
<AUTHOR>
<TITLE>PostgreSQL-Specific Documentation</TITLE>
<PARA>This section is for related documentation.</PARA>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="ADMIN-GUIDE">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="ADMINISTRATORS-GUIDE">
-->
-<TITLE>The <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> Administrator's Guide</TITLE>
+<TITLE ID="admin-guide-full">
+The <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> Administrator's Guide
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="admin-guide">
+The Administrator's Guide
+</TITLEABBREV>
<Editor>
<FIRSTNAME>Thomas</FIRSTNAME>
<SURNAME>Lockhart</SURNAME>
</Editor>
-<PUBDATE>1998-03-01</PUBDATE>
+<PUBDATE>1998-10-01</PUBDATE>
<PUBLISHER>
<PUBLISHERNAME>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</PUBLISHERNAME>
</PUBLISHER>
-->
</BIBLIOENTRY>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="DEVELOPERS-GUIDE">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="POSTGRES-REFERENCE">
-->
-<TITLE>The <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> Developer's Guide</TITLE>
+<TITLE ID="dev-guide-full">
+The <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> Developer's Guide
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="dev-guide">
+The Developer's Guide
+</TITLEABBREV>
<Editor>
<FIRSTNAME>Thomas</FIRSTNAME>
<SURNAME>Lockhart</SURNAME>
</Editor>
-<PUBDATE>1998-03-01</PUBDATE>
+<PUBDATE>1998-10-01</PUBDATE>
<PUBLISHER>
<PUBLISHERNAME>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</PUBLISHERNAME>
</PUBLISHER>
-->
</BIBLIOENTRY>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="PROGRAMMERS-GUIDE">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="PROGRAMMERS-GUIDE">
-->
-<TITLE>The <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> Programmer's Guide</TITLE>
+<TITLE ID="pro-guide-full">
+The <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> Programmer's Guide
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="pro-guide">
+The Programmer's Guide
+</TITLEABBREV>
<Editor>
<FIRSTNAME>Thomas</FIRSTNAME>
<SURNAME>Lockhart</SURNAME>
</Editor>
-<PUBDATE>1998-03-01</PUBDATE>
+<PUBDATE>1998-10-01</PUBDATE>
<PUBLISHER>
<PUBLISHERNAME>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</PUBLISHERNAME>
</PUBLISHER>
-->
</BIBLIOENTRY>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="TUTORIAL-GUIDE">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="TUTORIAL">
-->
-<TITLE>The <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> Tutorial Introduction</TITLE>
+<TITLE ID="tutorial-guide-full">
+The <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> Tutorial Introduction
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="tutorial-guide">
+The Tutorial
+</TITLEABBREV>
<Editor>
<FIRSTNAME>Thomas</FIRSTNAME>
<SURNAME>Lockhart</SURNAME>
</Editor>
-<PUBDATE>1998-03-01</PUBDATE>
+<PUBDATE>1998-10-01</PUBDATE>
<PUBLISHER>
<PUBLISHERNAME>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</PUBLISHERNAME>
</PUBLISHER>
-->
</BIBLIOENTRY>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="POSTGRES-USERS">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="USERS-GUIDE">
-->
-<TITLE>The <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> User's Guide</TITLE>
+<TITLE ID="users-guide-full">
+The <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> User's Guide
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="users-guide">
+The User's Guide
+</TITLEABBREV>
<Editor>
<FIRSTNAME>Thomas</FIRSTNAME>
<SURNAME>Lockhart</SURNAME>
</Editor>
-<PUBDATE>1998-03-01</PUBDATE>
+<PUBDATE>1998-10-01</PUBDATE>
<PUBLISHER>
<PUBLISHERNAME>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</PUBLISHERNAME>
</PUBLISHER>
-->
</BIBLIOENTRY>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="YU95">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="YU95">
-->
-<TITLE>The <ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> User Manual</TITLE>
-<TITLEABBREV>YU95</TITLEABBREV>
+<TITLE ID="YU95-full">
+The <ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> User Manual
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="YU95">
+Yu and Chen, 1995
+</TITLEABBREV>
<AUTHORGROUP>
<AUTHOR>
<FIRSTNAME>A.</FIRSTNAME>
<TITLE>Proceedings and Articles</TITLE>
<PARA>This section is for articles and newsletters.</PARA>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="ONG90">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="ONG90">
-->
-<TITLE>A Unified Framework for Version Modeling Using Production Rules in a Database System</TITLE>
-<TITLEABBREV>ONG90</TITLEABBREV>
+<TITLE ID="ONG90-full">
+A Unified Framework for Version Modeling Using Production Rules in a Database System
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="ONG90">
+Ong and Goh, 1990
+</TITLEABBREV>
<AUTHORGROUP>
<AUTHOR>
<FIRSTNAME>L.</FIRSTNAME>
-->
</BIBLIOENTRY>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="ROWE87">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="ROWE87">
-->
-<TITLE>The <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Data Model</TITLE>
-<TITLEABBREV>ROWE87</TITLEABBREV>
+<TITLE ID="ROWE87-full">
+The <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Data Model
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="ROWE87">
+Rowe and Stonebraker, 1987
+</TITLEABBREV>
<AUTHORGROUP>
<AUTHOR>
<FIRSTNAME>L.</FIRSTNAME>
-->
</BIBLIOENTRY>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="STON86">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="STON86">
-->
-<TITLE>The Design of <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName></TITLE>
-<TITLEABBREV>STON86</TITLEABBREV>
+<TITLE ID="STON86-full">
+The Design of <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="STON86">
+Stonebraker and Rowe, 1986
+STON86
+</TITLEABBREV>
<AUTHORGROUP>
<AUTHOR>
<FIRSTNAME>M.</FIRSTNAME>
-->
</BIBLIOENTRY>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="STON87a">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="STON87a">
-->
-<TITLE>The Design of the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Rules System</TITLE>
-<TITLEABBREV>STON87a</TITLEABBREV>
+<TITLE ID="STON87a-full">
+The Design of the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Rules System</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="STON87a">
+Stonebraker, Hanson, Hong, 1987
+</TITLEABBREV>
<AUTHORGROUP>
<AUTHOR>
<FIRSTNAME>M.</FIRSTNAME>
-->
</BIBLIOENTRY>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="STON87b">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="STON87b">
-->
-<TITLE>The <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Storage System</TITLE>
-<TITLEABBREV>STON87b</TITLEABBREV>
+<TITLE ID="STON87b-full">
+The <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Storage System
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="STON87b">
+Stonebraker, 1987
+</TITLEABBREV>
<AUTHORGROUP>
<AUTHOR>
<FIRSTNAME>M.</FIRSTNAME>
-->
</BIBLIOENTRY>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="STON89">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="STON89">
-->
-<TITLE>A Commentary on the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Rules System</TITLE>
-<TITLEABBREV>STON89</TITLEABBREV>
+<TITLE ID="STON89-full">
+A Commentary on the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Rules System
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="STON89">
+Stonebraker et al, 1989</TITLEABBREV>
<AUTHORGROUP>
<AUTHOR>
<FIRSTNAME>M.</FIRSTNAME>
<CONFDATES>Sept. 1989</CONFDATES>
<CONFTITLE>Record 18(3)</CONFTITLE>
<CONFSPONSOR>SIGMOD</CONFSPONSOR>
-<CONFNUM>1987</CONFNUM>
+<CONFNUM>1989</CONFNUM>
</CONFGROUP>
<!--
</BOOKBIBLIO>
-->
</BIBLIOENTRY>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="STON90a">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="STON90a">
-->
-<TITLE>The Implementation of <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName></TITLE>
-<TITLEABBREV>STON90a</TITLEABBREV>
+<TITLE ID="STON90a-full">
+The Implementation of <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="STON90a">
+Stonebraker, Rowe, Hirohama, 1990
+</TITLEABBREV>
<AUTHORGROUP>
<AUTHOR>
<FIRSTNAME>M.</FIRSTNAME>
-->
</BIBLIOENTRY>
-<BIBLIOENTRY ID="STON90b">
+<BIBLIOENTRY>
<!--
<BIBLIOMISC>‐</BIBLIOMISC>
<BOOKBIBLIO ID="STON90b">
-->
-<TITLE>On Rules, Procedures, Caching and Views in Database Systems</TITLE>
-<TITLEABBREV>STON90b</TITLEABBREV>
+<TITLE ID="STON90b-full">
+On Rules, Procedures, Caching and Views in Database Systems
+</TITLE>
+<TITLEABBREV ID="STON90b">
+Stonebraker et al, ACM, 1990
+</TITLEABBREV>
<AUTHORGROUP>
<AUTHOR>
<FIRSTNAME>M.</FIRSTNAME>
<SURNAME>Stonebraker</SURNAME>
</AUTHOR>
<AUTHOR>
-<SURNAME>et. al.</SURNAME>
+<SURNAME>et al</SURNAME>
</AUTHOR>
</AUTHORGROUP>
<CONFGROUP>
--- /dev/null
+<chapter id="config">
+<title>Configuration Options</title>
+
+<Sect1>
+<Title>Locale Support</Title>
+
+<Para>
+<Note>
+<Para>
+Written by Oleg Bartunov.
+See <ULink url="http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/">Oleg's web page</ULink>
+ for additional information on locale and Russian language support.
+
+</Para>
+</Note>
+While doing a project for a company in Moscow, Russia,
+I encountered the problem that postgresql had no
+support of national alphabets. After looking for possible workarounds
+I decided to develop support of locale myself.
+I'm not a C-programer but already had some experience with locale programming
+when I work with perl
+(debugging) and glimpse. After several days of digging through
+ the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> source tree I made very minor corections to
+src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c and src/backend/main/main.c and got what I needed!
+I did support only for
+LC_CTYPE and LC_COLLATE, but later LC_MONETARY was added by others. I got many
+messages from people about this patch so I decided to send it to developers
+and (to my surprise) it was
+incorporated into postgresql distribution.
+
+<Para>
+ People often complain that locale doesn't work for them.
+There are several common mistakes:
+
+<ItemizedList>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+ Didn't properly configure postgresql before compilation.
+ You must run configure with --enable-locale option to enable locale support.
+ Didn't setup environment correctly when starting postmaster.
+ You must define environment variables $LC_CTYPE and $LC_COLLATE
+before running postmaster
+ because backend gets information about locale from environment.
+I use following shell script
+ (runpostgres):
+
+<ProgramListing>
+ #!/bin/sh
+
+ export LC_CTYPE=koi8-r
+ export LC_COLLATE=koi8-r
+ postmaster -B 1024 -S -D/usr/local/pgsql/data/ -o '-Fe'
+</ProgramListing>
+
+ and run it from rc.local as
+
+<ProgramListing>
+ /bin/su - postgres -c "/home/postgres/runpostgres"
+</ProgramListing>
+
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+ Broken locale support in OS (for example, locale support in libc
+under Linux several times has changed
+ and this caused a lot of problems). Latest perl has also support of
+locale and if locale is broken <command>perl -v</command> will
+ complain something like:
+
+<programlisting>
+ 8:17[mira]:~/WWW/postgres>setenv LC_CTYPE not_exist
+ 8:18[mira]:~/WWW/postgres>perl -v
+ perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
+ perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
+ LC_ALL = (unset),
+ LC_CTYPE = "not_exist",
+ LANG = (unset)
+ are supported and installed on your system.
+ perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
+</programlisting>
+
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+ Wrong location of locale files!
+
+ Possible locations include:
+<filename>/usr/lib/locale</filename>
+(Linux, Solaris), <filename>/usr/share/locale</filename> (Linux),
+<filename>/usr/lib/nls/loc</filename> (DUX 4.0).
+
+ Check <command>man locale</command> to find the correct location.
+Under Linux I did a symbolic link between <filename>/usr/lib/locale</filename> and
+ <filename>/usr/share/locale</filename> to be sure that
+the next libc will not break my locale.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+</ItemizedList>
+
+<Sect2>
+<Title>What are the Benefits?</Title>
+
+<Para>
+You can use ~* and order by operators for strings contain characters
+from national alphabets. Non-english users
+definitely need that. If you won't use locale stuff just undefine
+the USE_LOCALE variable.
+
+<Sect2>
+<Title>What are the Drawbacks?</Title>
+
+<Para>
+There is one evident drawback of using locale - it's speed!
+So, use locale only if you really need it.
+
+<Sect1>
+<Title>Kerberos Authentication</Title>
+
+<Para>
+<productname>Kerberos</productname> is an industry-standard secure authentication
+system suitable for distributed computing over a public network.
+
+<sect2>
+<title>Availability</title>
+
+<para>
+The
+<productname>Kerberos</productname>
+authentication system is not distributed with <Productname>Postgres</Productname>. Versions of
+<productname>Kerberos</productname>
+are typically available as optional software from operating system
+vendors. In addition, a source code distribution may be obtained through
+<ulink url="ftp://athena-dist.mit.edu">MIT Project Athena</ulink>.
+
+<note>
+<para>
+You may wish to obtain the MIT version even if your
+vendor provides a version, since some vendor ports have been
+deliberately crippled or rendered non-interoperable with the MIT
+version.
+</note>
+Users located outside the United States of America and
+Canada are warned that distribution of the actual encryption code in
+<productname>Kerberos</productname>
+is restricted by U. S. Government export regulations.
+
+<para>
+Inquiries regarding your <productname>Kerberos</productname>
+should be directed to your vendor or
+<ulink url="info-kerberos@athena.mit.edu">MIT Project Athena</ulink>.
+Note that <acronym>FAQL</acronym>s
+(Frequently-Asked Questions Lists) are periodically posted to the
+<ulink url="mailto:kerberos@ATHENA.MIT.EDU"><productname>Kerberos</productname> mailing list</ulink>
+(send
+<ulink url="mailto:kerberos-request@ATHENA.MIT.EDU">mail to subscribe</ulink>),
+and
+<ulink url="news:comp.protocols.kerberos">USENET news group</ulink>.
+
+<sect2>
+<title>Installation</title>
+
+<para>
+Installation of
+<productname>Kerberos</productname>
+itself is covered in detail in the
+<citetitle>Kerberos Installation Notes</citetitle> .
+Make sure that the server key file (the <filename>srvtab</filename>
+or <filename>keytab</filename>)
+is somehow readable by the <productname>Postgres</productname> account.
+
+<para>
+<Productname>Postgres</Productname> and its clients can be compiled to use
+either Version 4 or Version 5 of the MIT
+<productname>Kerberos</productname>
+protocols by setting the
+<envar>KRBVERS</envar>
+variable in the file <filename>src/Makefile.global</filename> to the
+appropriate value. You can also change the location where
+ <Productname>Postgres</Productname>
+expects to find the associated libraries, header files and its own
+server key file.
+
+<para>
+After compilation is complete, <Productname>Postgres</Productname>
+ must be registered as a <productname>Kerberos</productname>
+service. See the
+<citetitle>Kerberos Operations Notes</citetitle>
+and related manual pages for more details on registering services.
+
+<sect2>
+<title>Operation</title>
+
+<para>
+After initial installation, <Productname>Postgres</Productname>
+should operate in all ways as a normal
+<productname>Kerberos</productname>
+service. For details on the use of authentication, see the
+<citetitle>PostgreSQL User's Guide</citetitle> reference sections
+for <application>postmaster</application>
+and <application>psql</application>.
+
+<para>
+In the
+<productname>Kerberos</productname>
+Version 5 hooks, the following assumptions are made about user
+and service naming:
+
+<itemizedlist>
+<listitem>
+<para>
+User principal names (anames) are assumed to
+contain the actual Unix/<Productname>Postgres</Productname> user name
+ in the first component.
+
+<listitem>
+<para>
+The <Productname>Postgres</Productname> service is assumed to be have two components,
+ the service name and a hostname, canonicalized as in Version 4 (i.e., with all domain
+suffixes removed).
+
+</itemizedlist>
+
+<para>
+<table tocentry="1">
+<title>Kerberos Parameter Examples</title>
+<titleabbrev>Kerberos</titleabbrev>
+
+<tgroup cols="2">
+<thead>
+<row>
+<entry>
+Parameter
+</entry>
+<entry>
+Example
+</entry>
+
+<tbody>
+<row>
+<entry>
+user
+</entry>
+<entry>
+frew@S2K.ORG
+</entry>
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+user
+</entry>
+<entry>
+aoki/HOST=miyu.S2K.Berkeley.EDU@S2K.ORG
+</entry>
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+host
+</entry>
+<entry>
+postgres_dbms/ucbvax@S2K.ORG
+</entry>
+</tbody>
+</tgroup>
+</table>
+
+<para>
+Support for Version 4 will disappear sometime after the production
+release of Version 5 by MIT.
<VariableList>
<VarListEntry>
<Term> exec sql type</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
</VarListEntry>
<VarListEntry>
<Term> exec sql prepare</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
</VarListEntry>
<VarListEntry>
<Term> exec sql allocate</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
</VarListEntry>
<VarListEntry>
<Term> exec sql free</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
</VarListEntry>
<VarListEntry>
<Term> exec sql whenever sqlwarning</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
</VarListEntry>
<VarListEntry>
<Term> SQLSTATE</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
</VarListEntry>
</VariableList>
</Para>
--- /dev/null
+<Sect1>
+<Title>A Short History of <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName></Title>
+
+<Sect2>
+<Title>The Berkeley <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Project</Title>
+
+<Para>
+ Implementation of the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
+<Acronym>DBMS</Acronym> began in 1986. The
+ initial concepts for the system were presented in
+<XRef LinkEnd="STON86" endterm="STON86-full">
+ and the definition of the initial data model
+ appeared in
+<XRef LinkEnd="ROWE87" endterm="ROWE87-full">.
+The design of the rule system at
+ that time was described in
+<XRef LinkEnd="STON87a" endterm="STON87a-full">.
+The rationale
+ and architecture of the storage manager were detailed in
+<XRef LinkEnd="STON87b" endterm="STON87b-full">.
+</Para>
+
+<Para>
+<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> has undergone several major releases since
+ then. The first "demoware" system became operational
+ in 1987 and was shown at the 1988 <Acronym>ACM-SIGMOD</Acronym>
+ Conference. We released Version 1, described in
+<XRef LinkEnd="STON90a" endterm="STON90a-full">,
+ to a few external users in June 1989. In response to a
+ critique of the first rule system
+(<XRef LinkEnd="STON89" endterm="STON89-full">),
+the rule
+ system was redesigned
+(<XRef LinkEnd="STON90b" endterm="STON90b-full">)
+and Version 2 was
+ released in June 1990 with the new rule system.
+ Version 3 appeared in 1991 and added support for multiple
+ storage managers, an improved query executor, and a
+ rewritten rewrite rule system. For the most part,
+ releases since then have focused on portability and
+ reliability.
+</Para>
+
+<Para>
+<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> has been used to implement many different
+ research and production applications. These include: a
+ financial data analysis system, a jet engine
+ performance monitoring package, an asteroid tracking
+ database, a medical information database, and several
+ geographic information systems.
+<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> has also been
+ used as an educational tool at several universities.
+ Finally,
+<Ulink url="http://www.illustra.com/">Illustra Information Technologies</Ulink>
+(since merged into
+<Ulink url="http://www.informix.com/">Informix</Ulink>)
+
+ picked up
+ the code and commercialized it.
+ <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> became the primary data manager
+ for the
+<Ulink url="http://www.sdsc.edu/0/Parts_Collabs/S2K/s2k_home.html">Sequoia 2000</Ulink>
+ scientific computing project in late 1992.
+ Furthermore, the size of the external user community
+ nearly doubled during 1993. It became increasingly
+ obvious that maintenance of the prototype code and
+ support was taking up large amounts of time that should
+ have been devoted to database research. In an effort
+ to reduce this support burden, the project officially
+ ended with Version 4.2.
+</Para>
+</Sect2>
+
+<Sect2>
+<Title><ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName></Title>
+
+<Para>
+In 1994,
+<ULink url="mailto:ayu@informix.com">Andrew Yu</ULink>
+and
+<ULink url="http://http.cs.berkeley.edu/~jolly/">Jolly Chen</ULink>
+added a SQL language interpreter to <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>,
+and the code was subsequently released to
+the Web to find its own way in the world.
+<ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> was a public-domain, open source descendant
+of this original Berkeley code.
+</Para>
+
+<Para>
+<ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> is a derivative of the last official release
+of <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> (version 4.2). The code is now completely
+ ANSI C and the code size has been trimmed by 25%. There
+ are a lot of internal changes that improve performance
+and code maintainability.
+<ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> v1.0.x runs about 30-50%
+ faster on the Wisconsin Benchmark compared to v4.2.
+ Apart from bug fixes, these are the major enhancements:
+
+<ItemizedList>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+ The query language <ProductName>Postquel</ProductName> has been replaced with
+ <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> (implemented in the server). We do not yet support
+ subqueries (which can be imitated with user defined
+ <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> functions). Aggregates have been
+ re-implemented. We also added support for ``GROUP BY''.
+ The <FileName>libpq</FileName> interface is still available for <Acronym>C</Acronym>
+ programs.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+ In addition to the monitor program, we provide a new
+ program (<Application>psql</Application>) which supports <Acronym>GNU</Acronym> <FileName>readline</FileName>.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+ We added a new front-end library, <FileName>libpgtcl</FileName>, that
+ supports <Acronym>Tcl</Acronym>-based clients. A sample shell,
+ pgtclsh, provides new Tcl commands to interface <Application>tcl</Application>
+ programs with the <ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> backend.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+ The large object interface has been overhauled. We
+ kept Inversion large objects as the only mechanism
+ for storing large objects. (This is not to be
+ confused with the Inversion file system which has been
+ removed.)
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+ The instance-level rule system has been removed.
+ Rules are still available as rewrite rules.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+ A short tutorial introducing regular <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> features as
+ well as those of ours is distributed with the source
+ code.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+ <Acronym>GNU</Acronym> make (instead of <Acronym>BSD</Acronym> make) is used for the
+ build. Also, <ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> can be compiled with an
+ unpatched <ProductName>gcc</ProductName> (data alignment of doubles has been
+ fixed).
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+</ItemizedList>
+</Para>
+</Sect2>
+
+<Sect2>
+<Title><ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName></Title>
+
+<Para>
+By 1996, it became clear that the name <Quote>Postgres95</Quote> would not stand
+the test of time. A new name, <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName>,
+was chosen to reflect the
+relationship between original <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
+and the more recent
+versions with <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> capability.
+At the same time, the version numbering
+was reset to start at 6.0,
+putting the numbers back into the sequence originally begun by
+the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Project.
+
+<Para>
+The emphasis on development for the v1.0.x releases of
+<ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName>
+was on stabilizing the backend code.
+With the v6.x series of <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName>,
+the emphasis has shifted from
+identifying and understanding existing problems in the backend
+to augmenting features and capabilities, although
+work continues in all areas.
+
+<Para>
+Major enhancements include:
+
+<ItemizedList>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+Important backend features, including subselects, defaults,
+constraints, and triggers, have been implemented.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+Additional <Acronym>SQL92</Acronym>-compliant language features have been added,
+ including primary keys, quoted identifiers, literal string type coersion,
+type casting, and binary and hexadecimal integer input.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+Built-in types have been improved, including new wide-range date/time types
+and additional geometric type support.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+Overall backend code speed has been increased by approximately 20-40%,
+and backend startup time has decreased 80% since v6.0 was released.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+</ItemizedList>
+</Para>
+</Sect2>
+
+</sect1>
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null
+<Sect1>
+<Title>Resources</Title>
+
+<Para>
+This manual set is organized into several parts:
+
+<VariableList>
+<VarListEntry>
+<Term>Tutorial</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+An introduction for new users. Does not cover advanced features.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+</VarListEntry>
+
+<VarListEntry>
+<Term>User's Guide</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+General information for users, including available commands and data types.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+</VarListEntry>
+
+<VarListEntry>
+<Term>Programmer's Guide</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+Advanced information for application programmers. Topics include
+type and function extensibility, library interfaces, and application design issues.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+</VarListEntry>
+
+<VarListEntry>
+<Term>Administrator's Guide</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+Installation and management information. List of supported machines.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+</VarListEntry>
+
+<VarListEntry>
+<Term>Developer's Guide</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+Information for <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> developers. This is intended
+for those who are contributing to the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
+project; application development information should appear in the Programmer's Guide.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+</VarListEntry>
+
+<VarListEntry>
+<Term>Reference Manual</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+Detailed reference information on command syntax.
+At the moment, this manual is very sparse, but eventually should contain
+information similar to that in the man pages.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+</VarListEntry>
+</VariableList>
+
+<Para>
+In addition to this manual set, there are other resources to help you with
+<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> installation and use:
+
+<VariableList>
+<VarListEntry>
+<Term>man pages</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+The man pages have general information on command syntax.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+</VarListEntry>
+
+<VarListEntry>
+<Term>FAQs</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+The Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) documents address both general issues
+and some platform-specific issues.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+</VarListEntry>
+
+<VarListEntry>
+<Term>READMEs</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+README files are available for some contributed packages.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+</VarListEntry>
+
+<VarListEntry>
+<Term>Web Site</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+The <ULink url="postgresql.org"><ProductName>Postgres</ProductName></ULink> web site has some information
+not appearing in the distribution. There is a <ProductName>mhonarc</ProductName> catalog of mailing list traffic
+which is a rich resource for many topics.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+</VarListEntry>
+
+<VarListEntry>
+<Term>Mailing Lists</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+The <ULink url="mailto:questions@postgresql.org"><ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Questions</ULink>
+mailing list is a good place to have user questions answered. Other mailing lists are available; consult
+the web page for details.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+</VarListEntry>
+
+<VarListEntry>
+<Term>Yourself!</Term>
+<ListItem>
+<Para>
+<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> is an open source product.
+As such, it depends on the user community for
+ongoing support. As you begin to use <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>,
+you will rely on others
+for help, either through the documentation or through the mailing lists.
+Consider contributing your
+knowledge back. If you learn something which is not in the documentation,
+write it up and contribute it.
+If you add features to the code, contribute it.
+Even those without a lot of experience can provide
+corrections and minor changes in the documentation, and that is a good way to start.
+The
+<ULink url="mailto:docs@postgresql.org"><ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Documentation</ULink>
+mailing list is the place to get going.
+</Para>
+</ListItem>
+</VarListEntry>
+</VariableList>
+
+</Sect1>
--- /dev/null
+<Chapter Id="intro-ag">
+<TITLE>Introduction</TITLE>
+
+<Para>
+ This document is the Administrator's Manual for the
+ <Ulink url="http://postgresql.org/"><ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName></Ulink>
+ database management system, originally developed at the University
+ of California at Berkeley.
+
+<ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> is based on
+ <Ulink url="http://s2k-ftp.CS.Berkeley.EDU:8000/postgres/postgres.html">
+ <ProductName>Postgres release 4.2</ProductName></Ulink>.
+The <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> project,
+ led by Professor Michael Stonebraker, was sponsored by the
+ Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (<Acronym>DARPA</Acronym>), the
+ Army Research Office (<Acronym>ARO</Acronym>), the National Science
+ Foundation (<Acronym>NSF</Acronym>), and ESL, Inc.
+</Para>
+
+¬ation;
+
+&legal;
+
+</Chapter>
This document is the programmer's manual for the
<Ulink url="http://postgresql.org/"><ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName></Ulink>
database management system, originally developed at the University
- of California at Berkeley. <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> is based on
+ of California at Berkeley.
+
+<ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> is based on
<Ulink url="http://s2k-ftp.CS.Berkeley.EDU:8000/postgres/postgres.html">
<ProductName>Postgres release 4.2</ProductName></Ulink>.
The <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> project,
<Para>
The first part of this manual
- explains the
- <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> approach to extensibility and describe how
- users can extend <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> by adding user-defined types,
- operators, aggregates, and both query language and programming language functions.
+ explains the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
+approach to extensibility and describe how
+ users can extend <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
+by adding user-defined types,
+ operators, aggregates, and both query language and programming
+language functions.
After an extremely brief
overview of the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> rule system, we discuss
the trigger and SPI interfaces.
- The manual concludes with a detailed description of the programming interfaces and
+ The manual concludes with a detailed description of
+the programming interfaces and
support libraries for various languages.
</Para>
We assume proficiency with UNIX and C programming.
</Para>
-<Sect1>
-<Title>Copyrights and Trademarks</Title>
-
-<Para>
-<ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> is copyright (C) 1996-8 by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group,
-and is distributed under the terms of the Berkeley license.
-
-<Para>
-<ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> is copyright (C) 1994-5 by the Regents of the University of California.
-Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation
-for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement is hereby granted,
-provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph and the following two
-paragraphs appear in all copies.
-</Para>
-<Para>
-In no event shall the University of California be liable to
-any party for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential
-damages, including lost profits, arising out of the use of this
-software and its documentation, even if the University of California
-has been advised of the possibility of such damage.
-</Para>
-<Para>
-The University of California specifically disclaims any
-warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties
-of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.
-The software provided hereunder is on an "as-is" basis, and
-the University of California has no obligations to provide
-maintainance, support, updates, enhancements, or modifications.
-</Para>
+¬ation;
-<Para>
-<Acronym>UNIX</Acronym> is a trademark of X/Open, Ltd. Sun4, SPARC, SunOS
-and Solaris are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. DEC,
-DECstation, Alpha AXP and ULTRIX are trademarks of Digital
-Equipment Corp. PA-RISC and HP-UX are trademarks of
-Hewlett-Packard Co. OSF/1 is a trademark of the Open
-Software Foundation.
-</Para>
+&legal;
</Chapter>
This document is the user manual for the
<Ulink url="http://postgresql.org/"><ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName></Ulink>
database management system, originally developed at the University
- of California at Berkeley. <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> is based on
+ of California at Berkeley.
+
+<ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> is based on
<Ulink url="http://s2k-ftp.CS.Berkeley.EDU:8000/postgres/postgres.html">
<ProductName>Postgres release 4.2</ProductName></Ulink>.
The <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> project,
- led by Professor Michael Stonebraker, has been sponsored by the
+ led by Professor Michael Stonebraker, was sponsored by the
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (<Acronym>DARPA</Acronym>), the
Army Research Office (<Acronym>ARO</Acronym>), the National Science
Foundation (<Acronym>NSF</Acronym>), and ESL, Inc.
have recently incorporated features pioneered by <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>.
</Sect1>
-
-<Sect1>
-<Title>A Short History of <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName></Title>
-
-<Sect2>
-<Title>The Berkeley <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Project</Title>
-
-<Para>
- Implementation of the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> <Acronym>DBMS</Acronym> began in 1986. The
- initial concepts for the system were presented in
-<!--
-<XRef LinkEnd="STON86">
--->
-<Citation>[STON86]</Citation>
- and the definition of the initial data model
- appeared in
-<!--
-<XRef LinkEnd="ROWE87">.
--->
-<Citation>[ROWE87]</Citation>.
-The design of the rule system at
- that time was described in
-<!--
-<XRef LinkEnd="STON87a">.
--->
-<Citation>[STON87a]</Citation>.
-The rationale
- and architecture of the storage manager were detailed in
-<!--
-<XRef LinkEnd="STON87b">.
--->
-<Citation>[STON87b]</Citation>.
-</Para>
-
-<Para>
- <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> has undergone several major releases since
- then. The first "demoware" system became operational
- in 1987 and was shown at the 1988 <Acronym>ACM-SIGMOD</Acronym>
- Conference. We released Version 1, described in
-<!--
-<XRef LinkEnd="STON90a">,
--->
-<Citation>[STON90a]</Citation>,
- to a few external users in June 1989. In response to a
- critique of the first rule system
-<!--
-(<XRef LinkEnd="STON89">),
--->
-(<Citation>[STON89]</Citation>),
-the rule
- system was redesigned
-<!--
-(<XRef LinkEnd="STON90b">)
--->
-(<Citation>[STON90b]</Citation>)
-and Version 2 was
- released in June 1990 with the new rule system.
- Version 3 appeared in 1991 and added support for multiple
- storage managers, an improved query executor, and a
- rewritten rewrite rule system. For the most part,
- releases since then have focused on portability and
- reliability.
-</Para>
-
-<Para>
- <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> has been used to implement many different
- research and production applications. These include: a
- financial data analysis system, a jet engine
- performance monitoring package, an asteroid tracking
- database, a medical information database, and several
- geographic information systems. <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> has also been
- used as an educational tool at several universities.
- Finally, <Ulink url="http://www.illustra.com/">Illustra Information Technologies</Ulink> picked up
- the code and commercialized it.
- <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> became the primary data manager for the
- <Ulink url="http://www.sdsc.edu/0/Parts_Collabs/S2K/s2k_home.html">Sequoia 2000</Ulink>
- scientific computing project in late 1992.
- Furthermore, the size of the external user community
- nearly doubled during 1993. It became increasingly
- obvious that maintenance of the prototype code and
- support was taking up large amounts of time that should
- have been devoted to database research. In an effort
- to reduce this support burden, the project officially
- ended with Version 4.2.
-</Para>
-</Sect2>
-
-<Sect2>
-<Title><ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName></Title>
-
-<Para>
-In 1994,
-<ULink url="mailto:ayu@informix.com">Andrew Yu</ULink>
-and
-<ULink url="http://http.cs.berkeley.edu/~jolly/">Jolly Chen</ULink>
-added a SQL language interpreter to <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>, and the code was subsequently released to
-the Web to find its own way in the world. <ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> was a public-domain, open source descendant
-of this original Berkeley code.
-</Para>
-
-<Para>
- <ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> is a derivative of the last official release
- of <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> (version 4.2). The code is now completely
- ANSI C and the code size has been trimmed by 25%. There
- are a lot of internal changes that improve performance
- and code maintainability. <ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> v1.0.x runs about 30-50%
- faster on the Wisconsin Benchmark compared to v4.2.
- Apart from bug fixes, these are the major enhancements:
-
-<ItemizedList>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
- The query language <ProductName>Postquel</ProductName> has been replaced with
- <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> (implemented in the server). We do not yet support
- subqueries (which can be imitated with user defined
- <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> functions). Aggregates have been
- re-implemented. We also added support for ``GROUP BY''.
- The <FileName>libpq</FileName> interface is still available for <Acronym>C</Acronym>
- programs.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
- In addition to the monitor program, we provide a new
- program (<Application>psql</Application>) which supports <Acronym>GNU</Acronym> <FileName>readline</FileName>.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
- We added a new front-end library, <FileName>libpgtcl</FileName>, that
- supports <Acronym>Tcl</Acronym>-based clients. A sample shell,
- pgtclsh, provides new Tcl commands to interface <Application>tcl</Application>
- programs with the <ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> backend.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
- The large object interface has been overhauled. We
- kept Inversion large objects as the only mechanism
- for storing large objects. (This is not to be
- confused with the Inversion file system which has been
- removed.)
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
- The instance-level rule system has been removed.
- Rules are still available as rewrite rules.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
- A short tutorial introducing regular <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> features as
- well as those of ours is distributed with the source
- code.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
- <Acronym>GNU</Acronym> make (instead of <Acronym>BSD</Acronym> make) is used for the
- build. Also, <ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> can be compiled with an
- unpatched <ProductName>gcc</ProductName> (data alignment of doubles has been
- fixed).
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-</ItemizedList>
-</Para>
-</Sect2>
-
-<Sect2>
-<Title><ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName></Title>
-
-<Para>
-By 1996, it became clear that the name <Quote>Postgres95</Quote> would not stand
-the test of time. A new name, <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName>, was chosen to reflect the
-relationship between original <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> and the more recent
-versions with <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> capability. At the same time, the version numbering
-was reset to start at 6.0, putting the numbers back into the sequence originally begun by
-the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Project.
-
-<Para>
-The emphasis on development for the v1.0.x releases of <ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName>
-was on stabilizing the backend code.
-With the v6.x series of <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName>, the emphasis has shifted from
-identifying and understanding existing problems in the backend to augmenting features and capabilities, although
-work continues in all areas.
-
-<Para>
-Major enhancements include:
-
-<ItemizedList>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-Important backend features, including subselects, defaults, constraints, and triggers, have been implemented.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-Additional <Acronym>SQL92</Acronym>-compliant language features have been added,
- including primary keys, quoted identifiers, literal string type coersion, type casting,
- and binary and hexadecimal integer input.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-Built-in types have been improved, including new wide-range date/time types and additional geometric type support.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-Overall backend code speed has been increased by approximately 20%, and backend startup time has decreased 80%.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-</ItemizedList>
-</Para>
-</Sect2>
-
-<Sect1>
-<Title>About This Release</Title>
-
-<Para>
- From now on, We will use <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> to mean <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName>.
-
-<Para>
- <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> is available without cost. This manual
- describes version 6.3 of <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName>.
-
-<Para>
-Check the Administrator's Guide for a list of currently supported machines. In general,
-<ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> is portable to any Unix/Posix-compatible system
-with full libc library support.
-
-</Sect1>
-<Sect1>
-<Title>Resources</Title>
+&history;
-<Para>
-This manual set is organized into several parts:
+&about;
-<VariableList>
-<VarListEntry>
-<Term>Tutorial</Term>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-An introduction for new users. Does not cover advanced features.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-</VarListEntry>
+&info;
-<VarListEntry>
-<Term>User's Guide</Term>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-General information for users, including available commands and data types.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-</VarListEntry>
-
-<VarListEntry>
-<Term>Programmer's Guide</Term>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-Advanced information for application programmers. Topics include
-type and function extensibility, library interfaces, and application design issues.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-</VarListEntry>
-
-<VarListEntry>
-<Term>Administrator's Guide</Term>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-Installation and management information. List of supported machines.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-</VarListEntry>
-
-<VarListEntry>
-<Term>Developer's Guide</Term>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-Information for <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> developers. This is intended
-for those who are contributing to the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
-project; application development information should appear in the Programmer's Guide.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-</VarListEntry>
-
-<VarListEntry>
-<Term>Reference Manual</Term>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-Detailed reference information on command syntax.
-At the moment, this manual is very sparse, but eventually should contain
-information similar to that in the man pages.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-</VarListEntry>
-</VariableList>
-
-<Para>
-In addition to this manual set, there are other resources to help you with
-<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> installation and use:
-
-<VariableList>
-<VarListEntry>
-<Term>man pages</Term>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-The man pages have general information on command syntax.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-</VarListEntry>
-
-<VarListEntry>
-<Term>FAQs</Term>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-The Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) documents address both general issues
-and some platform-specific issues.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-</VarListEntry>
-
-<VarListEntry>
-<Term>READMEs</Term>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-README files are available for some contributed packages.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-</VarListEntry>
-
-<VarListEntry>
-<Term>Web Site</Term>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-The <ULink url="postgresql.org"><ProductName>Postgres</ProductName></ULink> web site has some information
-not appearing in the distribution. There is a <ProductName>mhonarc</ProductName> catalog of mailing list traffic
-which is a rich resource for many topics.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-</VarListEntry>
-
-<VarListEntry>
-<Term>Mailing Lists</Term>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-The <ULink url="mailto:questions@postgresql.org"><ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Questions</ULink>
-mailing list is a good place to have user questions answered. Other mailing lists are available; consult
-the web page for details.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-</VarListEntry>
-
-<VarListEntry>
-<Term>Yourself!</Term>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
-<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> is an open source product. As such, it depends on the user community for
-ongoing support. As you begin to use <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>, you will rely on others
-for help, either through the documentation or through the mailing lists. Consider contributing your
-knowledge back. If you learn something which is not in the documentation, write it up and contribute it.
-If you add features to the code, contribute it. Even those without a lot of experience can provide
-corrections and minor changes in the documentation, and that is a good way to start.
-The <ULink url="mailto:docs@postgresql.org"><ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> Documentation</ULink>
-mailing list is the place to get going.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-</VarListEntry>
-</VariableList>
-
-</Sect1>
-
-<Sect1>
-<Title>Copyrights and Trademarks</Title>
-
-<Para>
-<ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> is copyright (C) 1996-8 by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group,
-and is distributed under the terms of the Berkeley license.
-
-<Para>
-<ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> is copyright (C) 1994-5 by the Regents of the University of California.
-Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation
-for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement is hereby granted,
-provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph and the following two
-paragraphs appear in all copies.
-</Para>
-<Para>
-In no event shall the University of California be liable to
-any party for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential
-damages, including lost profits, arising out of the use of this
-software and its documentation, even if the University of California
-has been advised of the possibility of such damage.
-</Para>
-<Para>
-The University of California specifically disclaims any
-warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties
-of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.
-The software provided hereunder is on an "as-is" basis, and
-the University of California has no obligations to provide
-maintainance, support, updates, enhancements, or modifications.
-</Para>
-
-<Para>
-<Acronym>UNIX</Acronym> is a trademark of X/Open, Ltd. Sun4, SPARC, SunOS
-and Solaris are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. DEC,
-DECstation, Alpha AXP and ULTRIX are trademarks of Digital
-Equipment Corp. PA-RISC and HP-UX are trademarks of
-Hewlett-Packard Co. OSF/1 is a trademark of the Open
-Software Foundation.
-</Para>
+&legal;
</Chapter>
--- /dev/null
+<Sect1>
+<Title>Copyrights and Trademarks</Title>
+
+<Para>
+<ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> is copyright (C) 1996-8
+by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group,
+and is distributed under the terms of the Berkeley license.
+
+<Para>
+<ProductName>Postgres95</ProductName> is copyright (C) 1994-5
+by the Regents of the University of California.
+Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation
+for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement is hereby granted,
+provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph and the following two
+paragraphs appear in all copies.
+</Para>
+<Para>
+In no event shall the University of California be liable to
+any party for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential
+damages, including lost profits, arising out of the use of this
+software and its documentation, even if the University of California
+has been advised of the possibility of such damage.
+</Para>
+<Para>
+The University of California specifically disclaims any
+warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties
+of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.
+The software provided hereunder is on an "as-is" basis, and
+the University of California has no obligations to provide
+maintainance, support, updates, enhancements, or modifications.
+</Para>
+
+<Para>
+<Acronym>UNIX</Acronym> is a trademark of X/Open, Ltd. Sun4, SPARC, SunOS
+and Solaris are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. DEC,
+DECstation, Alpha AXP and ULTRIX are trademarks of Digital
+Equipment Corp. PA-RISC and HP-UX are trademarks of
+Hewlett-Packard Co. OSF/1 is a trademark of the Open
+Software Foundation.
+</Para>
--- /dev/null
+<sect1>
+<title>Terminology</title>
+
+<para>
+In the following documentation,
+<firstterm>site</firstterm>
+may be interpreted as the host machine on which
+<Productname>Postgres</Productname> is installed.
+Since it is possible to install more than one set of
+<Productname>Postgres</Productname>
+databases on a single host, this term more precisely denotes any
+particular set of installed
+<Productname>Postgres</Productname> binaries and databases.
+
+<para>
+The
+<Productname>Postgres</Productname> <firstterm>super-user</firstterm>
+is the user named <replaceable>postgres</replaceable>
+ who owns the <Productname>Postgres</Productname>
+binaries and database files. As the database super-user, all
+protection mechanisms may be bypassed and any data accessed
+arbitrarily.
+In addition, the <Productname>Postgres</Productname> super-user is allowed to execute
+some support programs which are generally not available to all users.
+Note that the <Productname>Postgres</Productname> super-user is
+<emphasis>not</emphasis>
+the same as the Unix super-user (<literal>root</literal>),
+and should have a non-zero userid for security reasons.
+
+<para>
+The
+<firstterm>database base administrator</firstterm>
+or <acronym>DBA</acronym>, is the person who is responsible for installing
+<Productname>Postgres</Productname> with mechanisms to
+enforce a security policy for a site. The DBA can add new users by
+the method described below
+and maintain a set of template databases for use by
+<application>createdb</application>.
+
+<para>
+The <application>postmaster</application>
+is the process that acts as a clearing-house for requests
+to the <Productname>Postgres</Productname> system.
+Frontend applications connect to the <application>postmaster</application>,
+which keeps tracks of any system errors and communication between the
+backend processes. The <application>postmaster</application>
+can take several command-line arguments to tune its behavior.
+However, supplying arguments is necessary only if you intend to run multiple
+sites or a non-default site.
+
+<para>
+The <Productname>Postgres</Productname> backend
+(the actual executable program <application>postgres</application>) may be executed
+directly from the user shell by the
+<Productname>Postgres</Productname> super-user
+(with the database name as an argument). However,
+doing this bypasses the shared buffer pool and lock table associated
+with a postmaster/site, therefore this is not recommended in a multiuser
+site.
+
+<sect1>
+<title>Notation</title>
+
+<para>
+<quote>...</quote> at the front of a file name is used to represent the
+path to the <Productname>Postgres</Productname> super-user's home directory.
+Anything in brackets
+<quote>[</quote> and <quote>]</quote>) is optional. Anything in braces
+(<quote>{</quote> and <quote>}</quote>) can be repeated 0 or more times.
+Parentheses (<quote>(</quote> and <quote>)</quote>) are used to group boolean
+expressions. <quote>|</quote> is the boolean operator OR.
+
+</sect1>
\ No newline at end of file
<Date>1998-08-25</Date>
</DocInfo>
-<Title><acronym>ODBC</acronym> Interface</Title>
+<Title>ODBC Interface</Title>
<Para>
<Note>
</Para>
<sect1>
+<title>Lexical Precedence</title>
+
+<para>
+Operators have a precedence which is currently hardcoded into the parser.
+Most operators have the same precedence and are non-associative. This may lead
+to non-intuitive behavior; for example the boolean operators "<" and ">"
+have a different precedence that the boolean operators "<=" and ">=".
+
+<table tocentry="1">
+<title>
+Operator Ordering (decreasing precedence)
+</title>
+
+<tgroup cols="2">
+<thead>
+<row>
+<entry>
+Element
+<entry>
+Precedence
+<entry>
+Description
+</thead>
+
+<tbody>
+<row>
+<entry>
+UNION
+<entry>
+left
+<entry>
+SQL select construct
+<row>
+<entry>
+::
+<entry>
+<entry>
+<productname>Postgres</productname> typecasting
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+[ ]
+<entry>
+left
+<entry>
+array delimiters
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+.
+<entry>
+left
+<entry>
+table/column delimiter
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+-
+<entry>
+right
+<entry>
+unary minus
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+;
+<entry>
+left
+<entry>
+statement termination, logarithm
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+:
+<entry>
+right
+<entry>
+exponentiation
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+|
+<entry>
+left
+<entry>
+start of interval
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+* /
+<entry>
+left
+<entry>
+multiplication, division
+
+<row>
+<entry>
++ -
+<entry>
+left
+<entry>
+addition, subtraction
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+IS
+<entry>
+<entry>
+test for TRUE, FALSE, NULL
+<row>
+<entry>
+ISNULL
+<entry>
+<entry>
+test for NULL
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+NOTNULL
+<entry>
+<entry>
+test for NOT NULL
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+(all other operators)
+<entry>
+<entry>
+native and user-defined
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+IN
+<entry>
+<entry>
+set membership
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+BETWEEN
+<entry>
+<entry>
+containment
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+LIKE
+<entry>
+<entry>
+string pattern matching
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+< >
+<entry>
+<entry>
+boolean inequality
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+=
+<entry>
+right
+<entry>
+equality
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+NOT
+<entry>
+right
+<entry>
+negation
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+AND
+<entry>
+left
+<entry>
+logical intersection
+
+<row>
+<entry>
+OR
+<entry>
+left
+<entry>
+logical union
+
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<sect1>
<title>General Operators</title>
<para>
<!--
-$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/postgres.sgml,v 1.8 1998/08/17 16:20:33 thomas Exp $
+$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/postgres.sgml,v 1.9 1998/09/30 05:41:49 thomas Exp $
+
Postgres integrated documentation.
Other subset docs should be copied and shrunk from here.
thomas 1998-02-23
$Log: postgres.sgml,v $
+Revision 1.9 1998/09/30 05:41:49 thomas
+Clean up pages. Add information for operator precedence.
+Split introduction sections into separate files to allow the legal notice
+ and notation sections appear in all documents without having the history
+ show up everplace too.
+Add full list of reserved and non-reserved key words in syntax.sgml.
+Add a separate chapter to the admin guide on security.
+
Revision 1.8 1998/08/17 16:20:33 thomas
Move SQL reference pages up into the User's Guide.
<!doctype book PUBLIC "-//Davenport//DTD DocBook V3.0//EN" [
+<!entity about SYSTEM "about.sgml">
+<!entity history SYSTEM "history.sgml">
+<!entity info SYSTEM "info.sgml">
+<!entity legal SYSTEM "legal.sgml">
+<!entity notation SYSTEM "notation.sgml">
+
<!-- tutorial -->
<!entity intro SYSTEM "intro.sgml">
<!entity arch SYSTEM "arch.sgml">
%allfiles;
<!-- administrator's guide -->
+<!entity intro-ag SYSTEM "intro-ag.sgml">
<!entity start-ag SYSTEM "start-ag.sgml">
<!entity install SYSTEM "install.sgml">
+<!entity runtime SYSTEM "runtime.sgml">
<!entity recovery SYSTEM "recovery.sgml">
<!entity regress SYSTEM "regress.sgml">
<!entity ports SYSTEM "ports.sgml">
Installation and maintenance information.
</Para>
</PartIntro>
+&intro-ag;
&ports;
&install;
&start-ag;
-<!-- programmer.sgml
--
-- Postgres programmer's guide.
-- Derived from postgres.sgml.
-- thomas 1998-02-24
--
-- -->
+<!--
+$header$
+
+Postgres programmer's guide.
+Derived from postgres.sgml.
+thomas 1998-02-24
+
+$log$
+
+-->
+
<!doctype book PUBLIC "-//Davenport//DTD DocBook V3.0//EN" [
-<!entity intro SYSTEM "intro.sgml">
+
+<!entity about SYSTEM "about.sgml">
+<!entity history SYSTEM "history.sgml">
+<!entity info SYSTEM "info.sgml">
+<!entity legal SYSTEM "legal.sgml">
+<!entity notation SYSTEM "notation.sgml">
+
<!entity arch SYSTEM "arch.sgml">
<!entity start SYSTEM "start.sgml">
<!entity query SYSTEM "query.sgml">
<!entity biblio SYSTEM "biblio.sgml">
<!entity contacts SYSTEM "contacts.sgml">
]>
-<!-- entity manpages SYSTEM "man/manpages.sgml" subdoc -->
+
<Book Id="programmer">
<!-- Title information -->
<LegalNotice>
<Para>
-<ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> is copyright (C) 1998 by the Postgres Global Development Group.
+<ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> is copyright (C) 1998
+by the Postgres Global Development Group.
</Para>
</LegalNotice>
<Para>
<Note>
<Para>
-This chapter must go into depth on each area of the query language. Currently a copy of the tutorial.
+This chapter must go into depth on each area of the query language.
+Currently a copy of the tutorial.
- thomas 1998-01-12
</Para>
</Note>
<Acronym>SQL3</Acronym>. It
has many extensions such as an extensible type system,
inheritance, functions and production rules. Those are
- features carried over from the original <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> query
- language, <ProductName>PostQuel</ProductName>. This section provides an overview
- of how to use <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> to perform simple operations.
+ features carried over from the original <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
+query
+ language, <ProductName>PostQuel</ProductName>.
+This section provides an overview
+ of how to use <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> <Acronym>SQL</Acronym>
+ to perform simple operations.
This manual is only intended to give you an idea of our
flavor of <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> and is in no way a complete tutorial on
<Acronym>SQL</Acronym>. Numerous books have been written on <Acronym>SQL</Acronym>. For
- instance, consult <Ulink url="refs.html#MELT93">[MELT93]</ULink> or
- <Ulink url="refs.html#DATE93">[DATE93]</ULink>. You should also
- be aware that some features are not part of the <Acronym>ANSI</Acronym>
- standard.
+ instance, consult <xref linkend="MELT93" endterm="MELT93-full"> or
+ <xref linkend="DATE97" endterm="DATE97-full">. You should also
+ be aware that some features of <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
+are not part of the <Acronym>ANSI</Acronym> standard.
</Para>
<Sect1>
<Title>Concepts</Title>
<Para>
- The fundamental notion in <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> is that of a class,
+ The fundamental notion in <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
+is that of a class,
which is a named collection of object instances. Each
instance has the same collection of named attributes,
and each attribute is of a specific type. Furthermore,
- each instance has a permanent <FirstTerm>object identifier</FirstTerm> (<Acronym>OID</Acronym>)
+ each instance has a permanent <FirstTerm>object
+identifier</FirstTerm> (<Acronym>OID</Acronym>)
that is unique throughout the installation. Because
<Acronym>SQL</Acronym> syntax refers to tables, we will use the terms
<FirstTerm>table</FirstTerm> and <FirstTerm>class</FirstTerm> interchangeably.
Likewise, an <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> <FirstTerm>row</FirstTerm> is an
- <FirstTerm>instance</FirstTerm> and <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> <FirstTerm>columns</FirstTerm>
+ <FirstTerm>instance</FirstTerm> and <Acronym>SQL</Acronym>
+<FirstTerm>columns</FirstTerm>
are <FirstTerm>attributes</FirstTerm>.
As previously discussed, classes are grouped into
databases, and a collection of databases managed by a
--- /dev/null
+<Chapter Id="runtime">
+<Title>Runtime Environment</Title>
+
+<Para>
+This chapter outlines the interaction between <Productname>Postgres</Productname> and
+the operating system.
+
+<sect1>
+<title>Using <Productname>Postgres</Productname> from Unix</title>
+
+<para>
+All <Productname>Postgres</Productname> commands that are executed
+directly from a Unix shell are
+found in the directory <quote>.../bin</quote>. Including this directory in
+your search path will make executing the commands easier.
+
+<para>
+A collection of system catalogs exist at each site. These include a
+class (<literal>pg_user</literal>) that contains an instance for each valid
+<Productname>Postgres</Productname> user. The instance specifies a set of
+ <Productname>Postgres</Productname> privileges, such as
+the ability to act as <Productname>Postgres</Productname> super-user,
+ the ability to create/destroy
+databases, and the ability to update the system catalogs. A Unix
+user cannot do anything with <Productname>Postgres</Productname>
+until an appropriate instance is
+installed in this class. Further information on the system catalogs
+is available by running queries on the appropriate classes.
+
+<chapter id="layout">
+<Title>System Layout</Title>
+
+<Para>
+<Figure Id="ADMIN-LAYOUT">
+<Title><ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> file layout</Title>
+<Graphic Align="center" FileRef="layout.gif" Format="GIF"></Graphic>
+</Figure>
+
+<XRef LinkEnd="ADMIN-LAYOUT" EndTerm="ADMIN-LAYOUT">
+shows how the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> distribution is laid
+ out when installed in the default way. For simplicity,
+ we will assume that <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
+ has been installed in the
+ directory <filename>/usr/local/pgsql</filename>. Therefore, wherever
+ you see the directory <filename>/usr/local/pgsql</filename> you should
+ substitute the name of the directory where
+ <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> is
+ actually installed.
+ All <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> commands are installed
+ in the directory
+ <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/bin</filename>. Therefore, you should add
+ this directory to your shell command path. If you use
+ a variant of the Berkeley C shell, such as csh or tcsh,
+ you would add
+<ProgramListing>
+set path = ( /usr/local/pgsql/bin path )
+</ProgramListing>
+ in the .login file in your home directory. If you use
+ a variant of the Bourne shell, such as sh, ksh, or
+ bash, then you would add
+<ProgramListing>
+PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/bin PATH
+export PATH
+</ProgramListing>
+ to the .profile file in your home directory.
+ From now on, we will assume that you have added the
+ <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> bin directory to your path.
+ In addition, we
+ will make frequent reference to "setting a shell
+ variable" or "setting an environment variable" throughout
+ this document. If you did not fully understand the
+ last paragraph on modifying your search path, you
+ should consult the UNIX manual pages that describe your
+ shell before going any further.
+</Para>
+
+<Para>
+If you have not set things up in the
+default way, you may have some more work to do.
+For example, if the database server machine is a remote machine, you
+will need to set the <envar>PGHOST</envar> environment variable to the name
+of the database server machine. The environment variable
+<envar>PGPORT</envar> may also have to be set. The bottom line is this: if
+you try to start an application program and it complains
+that it cannot connect to the <Application>postmaster</Application>,
+you must go back and make sure that your
+environment is properly set up.
+</Para>
+
+</Chapter>
--- /dev/null
+<chapter id="security">
+<Title>Security</Title>
+
+<Para>
+
+<Sect1>
+<Title>User Authentication</Title>
+
+<Para>
+<firstterm>Authentication</firstterm>
+is the process by which the backend server and
+<application>postmaster</application>
+ensure that the user requesting access to data is in fact who he/she
+claims to be.
+All users who invoke <Productname>Postgres</Productname> are checked against the
+contents of the <literal>pg_user</literal> class to ensure that they are
+authorized to do so. However, verification of the user's actual
+identity is performed in a variety of ways:
+
+<variablelist>
+<varlistentry>
+<term>
+From the user shell
+</term>
+<listitem>
+<para>
+A backend server started from a user shell notes the user's (effective)
+user-id before performing a
+<function>setuid</function>
+to the user-id of user <replaceable>postgres</replaceable>.
+The effective user-id is used
+as the basis for access control checks. No other authentication is
+conducted.
+
+<varlistentry>
+<term>
+From the network
+</term>
+<listitem>
+<para>
+If the <Productname>Postgres</Productname> system is built as distributed,
+ access to the Internet TCP port of the
+<application>postmaster</application>
+process is available to anyone. The DBA configures the pg_hba.conf file
+in the PGDATA directory to specify what authentication system is to be used
+according to the host making the connection and which database it is
+connecting to. See <citetitle>pg_hba.conf(5)</citetitle>
+ for a description of the authentication
+systems available. Of course, host-based authentication is not fool-proof in
+Unix, either. It is possible for determined intruders to also
+masquerade the origination host. Those security issues are beyond the
+scope of <Productname>Postgres</Productname>.
+
+</variablelist>
+
+
+<Sect1>
+<Title>Access Control</Title>
+
+<Para>
+<Productname>Postgres</Productname> provides mechanisms to allow users
+to limit the access to their data that is provided to other users.
+
+<variablelist>
+<varlistentry>
+<term>
+Database superusers
+</term>
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Database super-users (i.e., users who have <literal>pg_user.usesuper</literal>
+set) silently bypass all of the access controls described below with
+two exceptions: manual system catalog updates are not permitted if the
+user does not have <literal>pg_user.usecatupd</literal> set, and destruction of
+system catalogs (or modification of their schemas) is never allowed.
+
+<varlistentry>
+<term>
+Access Privilege
+</term>
+<listitem>
+<para>
+The use of access privilege to limit reading, writing and setting
+of rules on classes is covered in
+<citetitle>grant/revoke(l)</citetitle>.
+
+<varlistentry>
+<term>
+Class removal and schema modification
+</term>
+<listitem>
+<para>
+Commands that destroy or modify the structure of an existing class,
+such as <command>alter</command>,
+<command>drop table</command>,
+and
+<command>drop index</command>,
+only operate for the owner of the class. As mentioned above, these
+operations are <emphasis>never</emphasis>
+permitted on system catalogs.
+
+</variablelist>
+
+<Sect1>
+<Title>Functions and Rules</Title>
+
+<Para>
+Functions and rules allow users to insert code into the backend server
+that other users may execute without knowing it. Hence, both
+mechanisms permit users to <firstterm>trojan horse</firstterm>
+others with relative impunity. The only real protection is tight
+control over who can define functions (e.g., write to relations with
+SQL fields) and rules. Audit trails and alerters on
+<literal>pg_class</literal>, <literal>pg_user</literal>
+ and <literal>pg_group</literal> are also recommended.
+
+<Sect2>
+<Title>Functions</Title>
+
+<Para>
+Functions written in any language except SQL
+run inside the backend server
+process with the permissions of the user <replaceable>postgres</replaceable> (the
+backend server runs with its real and effective user-id set to
+<replaceable>postgres</replaceable>. It is possible for users to change the server's
+internal data structures from inside of trusted functions. Hence,
+among many other things, such functions can circumvent any system
+access controls. This is an inherent problem with user-defined C functions.
+
+<Sect2>
+<Title>Rules</Title>
+
+<Para>
+Like SQL functions, rules always run with the identity and
+permissions of the user who invoked the backend server.
+
+<sect2>
+<title>
+Caveats
+</title>
+
+<para>
+There are no plans to explicitly support encrypted data inside of
+<Productname>Postgres</Productname>
+(though there is nothing to prevent users from encrypting
+data within user-defined functions). There are no plans to explicitly
+support encrypted network connections, either, pending a total rewrite
+of the frontend/backend protocol.
+<para>
+User names, group names and associated system identifiers (e.g., the
+contents of <literal>pg_user.usesysid</literal>) are assumed to be unique
+throughout a database. Unpredictable results may occur if they are
+not.
+
+</chapter>
\ No newline at end of file
- - thomas 1998-02-24
-->
-<Chapter Id="start-ag">
-<Title>Runtime Environment</Title>
-
-<Para>
-<Figure Id="ADMIN-LAYOUT">
-<Title><ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> file layout</Title>
-<Graphic Align="center" FileRef="layout.gif" Format="GIF"></Graphic>
-</Figure>
-
-<XRef LinkEnd="ADMIN-LAYOUT" EndTerm="ADMIN-LAYOUT">
-shows how the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> distribution is laid
- out when installed in the default way. For simplicity,
- we will assume that <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> has been installed in the
- directory <filename>/usr/local/pgsql</filename>. Therefore, wherever
- you see the directory <filename>/usr/local/pgsql</filename> you should
- substitute the name of the directory where <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> is
- actually installed.
- All <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> commands are installed in the directory
- <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/bin</filename>. Therefore, you should add
- this directory to your shell command path. If you use
- a variant of the Berkeley C shell, such as csh or tcsh,
- you would add
-<ProgramListing>
-set path = ( /usr/local/pgsql/bin path )
-</ProgramListing>
- in the .login file in your home directory. If you use
- a variant of the Bourne shell, such as sh, ksh, or
- bash, then you would add
-<ProgramListing>
-PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/bin PATH
-export PATH
-</ProgramListing>
- to the .profile file in your home directory.
- From now on, we will assume that you have added the
- <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> bin directory to your path. In addition, we
- will make frequent reference to "setting a shell
- variable" or "setting an environment variable" throughout
- this document. If you did not fully understand the
- last paragraph on modifying your search path, you
- should consult the UNIX manual pages that describe your
- shell before going any further.
-</Para>
-
-<Para>
-If your site administrator has not set things up in the
-default way, you may have some more work to do. For example, if the database server machine is a remote machine, you
-will need to set the <Acronym>PGHOST</Acronym> environment variable to the name
-of the database server machine. The environment variable
-<Acronym>PGPORT</Acronym> may also have to be set. The bottom line is this: if
-you try to start an application program and it complains
-that it cannot connect to the <Application>postmaster</Application>, you should immediately consult your site administrator to make sure that your
-environment is properly set up.
-</Para>
-
-<Sect1>
-<Title>Locale Support</Title>
-
-<Para>
-<Note>
-<Para>
-Written by Oleg Bartunov.
-See <ULink url="http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/">Oleg's web page</ULink>
- for additional information on locale and Russian language support.
-
-</Para>
-</Note>
-While doing a project for a company in Moscow, Russia, I encountered the problem that postgresql had no
-support of national alphabets. After looking for possible workarounds I decided to develop support of locale myself.
-I'm not a C-programer but already had some experience with locale programming when I work with perl
-(debugging) and glimpse. After several days of digging through
- the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> source tree I made very minor corections to
-src/backend/utils/adt/varlena.c and src/backend/main/main.c and got what I needed! I did support only for
-LC_CTYPE and LC_COLLATE, but later LC_MONETARY was added by others. I got many
-messages from people about this patch so I decided to send it to developers and (to my surprise) it was
-incorporated into postgresql distribution.
-
-<Para>
- People often complain that locale doesn't work for them. There are several common mistakes:
-
-<ItemizedList>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
- Didn't properly configure postgresql before compilation.
- You must run configure with --enable-locale option to enable locale support.
- Didn't setup environment correctly when starting postmaster.
- You must define environment variables $LC_CTYPE and $LC_COLLATE before running postmaster
- because backend gets information about locale from environment. I use following shell script
- (runpostgres):
-
-<ProgramListing>
- #!/bin/sh
-
- export LC_CTYPE=koi8-r
- export LC_COLLATE=koi8-r
- postmaster -B 1024 -S -D/usr/local/pgsql/data/ -o '-Fe'
-</ProgramListing>
-
- and run it from rc.local as
-
-<ProgramListing>
- /bin/su - postgres -c "/home/postgres/runpostgres"
-</ProgramListing>
-
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
- Broken locale support in OS (for example, locale support in libc under Linux several times has changed
- and this caused a lot of problems). Latest perl has also support of locale and if locale is broken perl -v will
- complain something like:
-
-<programlisting>
- 8:17[mira]:~/WWW/postgres>setenv LC_CTYPE not_exist
- 8:18[mira]:~/WWW/postgres>perl -v
- perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
- perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
- LC_ALL = (unset),
- LC_CTYPE = "not_exist",
- LANG = (unset)
- are supported and installed on your system.
- perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
-</programlisting>
-
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-<ListItem>
-<Para>
- Wrong location of locale files!
-
- Possible locations include: <filename>/usr/lib/locale</filename> (Linux, Solaris), <filename>/usr/share/locale</filename> (Linux), <filename>/usr/lib/nls/loc</filename> (DUX 4.0)
- Check <command>man locale</command> to find the correct location.
-Under Linux I did a symbolic link between <filename>/usr/lib/locale</filename> and
- <filename>/usr/share/locale</filename> to be sure that the next libc will not break my locale.
-</Para>
-</ListItem>
-</ItemizedList>
-
-<Sect2>
-<Title>What are the Benefits?</Title>
-
-<Para>
-You can use ~* and order by operators for strings contain characters from national alphabets. Non-english users
-definitely need that. If you won't use locale stuff just undefine the USE_LOCALE variable.
-
-<Sect2>
-<Title>What are the Drawbacks?</Title>
-
-<Para>
-There is one evident drawback of using locale - it's speed! So, use locale only if you really need it.
-
-</Chapter>
-
<Chapter Id="postmaster">
<Title>Starting <Application>postmaster</Application></Title>
<Para>
- Nothing can happen to a database unless the <Application>postmaster</Application>
+ Nothing can happen to a database unless the
+ <Application>postmaster</Application>
process is running. As the site administrator, there
are a number of things you should remember before
- starting the <Application>postmaster</Application>. These are discussed in the
- section of this manual titled, "Administering Postgres."
+ starting the <Application>postmaster</Application>.
+These are discussed in the installation and configuration sections
+of this manual.
However, if <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> has been installed by following
the installation instructions exactly as written, the
following simple command is all you should
<ProgramListing>
% postmaster
</ProgramListing>
- The <Application>postmaster</Application> occasionally prints out messages which
+ The <Application>postmaster</Application> occasionally prints out
+messages which
are often helpful during troubleshooting. If you wish
- to view debugging messages from the <Application>postmaster</Application>, you can
+ to view debugging messages from the <Application>postmaster</Application>,
+you can
start it with the -d option and redirect the output to
the log file:
<ProgramListing>
<ProgramListing>
% postmaster -S
</ProgramListing>
- and the <Application>postmaster</Application> will be "S"ilent. Notice that there
+ and the <Application>postmaster</Application> will be "S"ilent.
+Notice that there
is no ampersand ("&") at the end of the last example.
</Para>
</Chapter>
<Para>
<Application>createuser</Application> enables specific users to access
- <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>. <Application>destroyuser</Application> removes users and
- prevents them from accessing <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>. Note that these
- commands only affect users with respect to <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>;
+ <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>.
+<Application>destroyuser</Application> removes users and
+ prevents them from accessing <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>.
+Note that these
+ commands only affect users with respect to
+<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>;
they have no effect on users other privileges or status with regards
to the underlying
operating system.
</ProgramListing>
<Para>
-Usually, you will want to define this variable in the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> superuser's
+Usually, you will want to define this variable in the
+<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> superuser's
<filename>.profile</filename>
or
<filename>.cshrc</filename>
<Para>
Assuming that your site administrator has properly
- started the <Application>postmaster</Application> process and authorized you to
+ started the <Application>postmaster</Application> process
+and authorized you to
use the database, you (as a user) may begin to start up
applications. As previously mentioned, you should add
<filename>/usr/local/pgsql/bin</filename> to your shell search path.
terms of preparation.
<Para>
- If you get the following error message from a <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
- command (such as <Application>psql</Application> or <Application>createdb</Application>):
+ If you get the following error message from a
+<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
+ command (such as <Application>psql</Application> or
+<Application>createdb</Application>):
<ProgramListing>
-connectDB() failed: Is the postmaster running at 'localhost' on port '4322'?
+connectDB() failed: Is the postmaster running at 'localhost' on port '5432'?
</ProgramListing>
it is usually because either the <Application>postmaster</Application> is not running,
or you are attempting to connect to the wrong server host.
<Title>Managing a Database</Title>
<Para>
- Now that <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> is up and running we can create some
- databases to experiment with. Here, we describe the
+ Now that <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> is up and running we can create
+ some databases to experiment with. Here, we describe the
basic commands for managing a database.
</Para>
% createdb mydb
</ProgramListing>
- <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> allows you to create any number of databases
+ <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> allows you to create
+any number of databases
at a given site and you automatically become the
- database administrator of the database you just created. Database names must have an alphabetic first
+ database administrator of the database you just created.
+Database names must have an alphabetic first
character and are limited to 16 characters in length.
Not every user has authorization to become a database
- administrator. If <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> refuses to create databases
+ administrator. If <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName>
+refuses to create databases
for you, then the site administrator needs to grant you
permission to create databases. Consult your site
administrator if this occurs.
<ItemizedList Mark="bullet" Spacing="compact">
<ListItem>
<Para>
-running the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> terminal monitor programs (
-
monitor or <Application>psql</Application>) which allows you to interactively
+running the <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> terminal monitor program
+
(<Application>psql</Application>) which allows you to interactively
enter, edit, and execute <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> commands.
</Para>
</ListItem>
<ListItem>
<Para>
- writing a C program using the LIBPQ subroutine
+ writing a C program using the <literal>libpq</literal> subroutine
library. This allows you to submit <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> commands
from C and get answers and status messages back to
your program. This interface is discussed further
- in section ??.
+ in the <citetitle>PostgreSQL Programmer's Guide</citetitle>.
</Para>
</ListItem>
</ItemizedList>
- You might want to start up <Application>psql</Application>, to try out the examples in this manual. It can be activated for the mydb
+ You might want to start up <Application>psql</Application>,
+to try out the examples in this manual. It can be activated for the mydb
database by typing the command:
<ProgramListing>
% psql mydb
</Para>
<Para>
-This prompt indicates that the terminal monitor is listening to you and that you can type <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> queries into a
+This prompt indicates that the terminal monitor is listening
+to you and that you can type <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> queries into a
workspace maintained by the terminal monitor.
- The <Application>psql</Application> program responds to escape codes that begin
+ The <Application>psql</Application> program responds to escape
+ codes that begin
with the backslash character, "\". For example, you
- can get help on the syntax of various <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> commands by typing:
+ can get help on the syntax of various
+<ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> commands by typing:
<ProgramListing>
mydb=> \h
</ProgramListing>
This tells the server to process the query. If you
terminate your query with a semicolon, the backslash-g is not
- necessary. <Application>psql</Application> will automatically process semicolon terminated queries.
+ necessary. <Application>psql</Application> will automatically
+process semicolon terminated queries.
To read queries from a file, say myFile, instead of
entering them interactively, type:
<ProgramListing>
mydb=> \q
</ProgramListing>
- and <Application>psql</Application> will quit and return you to your command
+ and <Application>psql</Application> will quit and return
+you to your command
shell. (For more escape codes, type backslash-h at the monitor
prompt.)
White space (i.e., spaces, tabs and newlines) may be
- used freely in <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> queries. Single-line comments are denoted by
+ used freely in <Acronym>SQL</Acronym> queries.
+Single-line comments are denoted by
<Quote>--</Quote>. Everything after the dashes up to the end of the
line is ignored. Multiple-line comments, and comments within a line,
are denoted by <Quote>/* ... */</Quote>
--- /dev/null
+<chapter id="syntax">
+<title>SQL Syntax</title>
+
+<sect1>
+<title>Key Words</title>
+
+<para>
+<acronym>SQL92</acronym> defines <firstterm>key words</firstterm> for the language
+which have specific meaning. Some key words are
+<firstterm>reserved</firstterm>, which indicates that they are
+restricted to appear in only certain contexts. Other key words are
+<firstterm>not restricted</firstterm>, which indicates that in certain contexts they
+have a specific meaning but are not otherwise constrained.
+
+<para>
+<productname>Postgres</productname> implements an extended subset of the
+<acronym>SQL92</acronym> and <acronym>SQL3</acronym> languages. Some language
+elements are not as restricted in this implementation as is
+called for in the language standards, in part due
+to the extensibility features of <productname>Postgres</productname>.
+
+<para>
+Information on <acronym>SQL92</acronym> and <acronym>SQL3</acronym> key words
+is derived from <xref linkend="DATE97" endterm="DATE97-full">.
+
+<Sect2>
+<Title>Reserved Key Words</Title>
+
+<Para>
+<acronym>SQL92</acronym> and <acronym>SQL3</acronym> have
+<firstterm>reserved key words</firstterm> which are not allowed
+as identifiers and not allowed in any usage other than as fundamental
+tokens in <acronym>SQL</acronym> statements.
+<productname>Postgres</productname> has additional key words
+which have similar restrictions. In particular, these key words
+are not allowed as column or table names, though in some cases
+they are allowed to be column labels (i.e. in AS clauses).
+
+<tip>
+<para>
+Any string can be specified as an identifier if surrounded by
+double quotes (<quote>like this!</quote>). Some care is required since
+such an identifier will be case sensitive
+and will retain embedded whitespace.
+</tip>
+
+<para>
+The following are <productname>Postgres</productname>
+reserved words which are neither <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
+nor <acronym>SQL3</acronym> reserved words. These are allowed
+to be present as column labels, but not as identifiers:
+
+<programlisting>
+ABORT ANALYZE
+BINARY
+CLUSTER CONSTRAINT COPY
+DO
+EXPLAIN EXTEND
+LISTEN LOAD LOCK
+MOVE
+NEW NONE NOTIFY
+RESET
+SETOF SHOW
+UNLISTEN UNTIL
+VACUUM VERBOSE
+</programlisting>
+
+The following are <productname>Postgres</productname>
+reserved words which are also <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
+or <acronym>SQL3</acronym> reserved words, and which
+are allowed to be present as column labels, but not as identifiers:
+
+<programlisting>
+CROSS CURRENT
+FALSE FOREIGN
+GROUP
+ORDER
+POSITION PRECISION
+TABLE TRANSACTION TRUE
+</programlisting>
+
+The following are <productname>Postgres</productname>
+reserved words which are also <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
+or <acronym>SQL3</acronym> reserved words:
+
+<programlisting>
+ADD ALL ALTER AND ANY AS ASC
+BEGIN BETWEEN BOTH BY
+CASCADE CAST CHAR CHARACTER CHECK CLOSE COLLATE COLUMN COMMIT
+CONSTRAINT CREATE CURRENT_DATE CURRENT_TIME
+CURRENT_TIMESTAMP CURRENT_USER CURSOR
+DECIMAL DECLARE DEFAULT DELETE DESC DISTINCT DROP
+END EXECUTE EXISTS EXTRACT
+FETCH FLOAT FOR FROM FULL
+GRANT
+HAVING
+IN INNER INSERT INTERVAL INTO IS
+JOIN
+LEADING LEFT LIKE LOCAL
+NAMES NATIONAL NATURAL NCHAR NO NOT NULL NUMERIC
+ON OR OUTER
+PARTIAL PRIMARY PRIVILEGES PROCEDURE PUBLIC
+REFERENCES REVOKE RIGHT ROLLBACK
+SELECT SET SUBSTRING
+TIMESTAMP TO TRAILING TRIM
+UNION UNIQUE UPDATE USER USING
+VALUES VARCHAR VARYING VIEW
+WHERE WITH WORK
+</programlisting>
+
+The following are <acronym>SQL92</acronym> reserved key words which
+are not <productname>Postgres</productname> reserved key words, but which
+if used as function names are always translated into the function
+<function>length</function>:
+
+<programlisting>
+CHAR_LENGTH CHARACTER_LENGTH
+</programlisting>
+
+The following are <acronym>SQL92</acronym> or <acronym>SQL3</acronym>
+reserved key words which
+are not <productname>Postgres</productname> reserved key words, but
+if used as type names which are always translated into an alternate, native type:
+
+<programlisting>
+BOOLEAN DOUBLE FLOAT INT INTEGER INTERVAL REAL SMALLINT
+</programlisting>
+
+<para>
+The following are either <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
+or <acronym>SQL3</acronym> reserved key words
+which are not key words in <productname>Postgres</productname>.
+These have no proscribed usage in <productname>Postgres</productname>
+at the time of writing (v6.4) but may become reserved key words in the
+future:
+
+<note>
+<para>
+Some of these key words represent functions in <acronym>SQL92</acronym>.
+These functions are defined in <productname>Postgres</productname>,
+but the parser does not consider the names to be key words and they are allowed
+in other contexts.
+</note>
+
+<programlisting>
+ALLOCATE ARE ASSERTION AT AUTHORIZATION AVG
+BIT BIT_LENGTH
+CASCADED CASE CATALOG COALESCE COLLATION
+CONNECT CONNECTION CONSTRAINTS CONTINUE CONVERT CORRESPONDING COUNT
+DATE DEALLOCATE DEC DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR DIAGNOSTICS DISCONNECT DOMAIN
+ELSE END-EXEC ESCAPE EXCEPT EXCEPTION EXEC EXTERNAL
+FIRST FOUND
+GET GLOBAL GO GOTO
+IDENTITY IMMEDIATE INDICATOR INITIALLY INPUT INTERSECT ISOLATION
+LAST LEVEL LOWER
+MAX MIN MODULE
+NULLIF
+OCTET_LENGTH OPEN OUTPUT OVERLAPS
+PREPARE PRESERVE
+RESTRICT ROWS
+SCHEMA SECTION SESSION SESSION_USER SIZE SOME
+SQL SQLCODE SQLERROR SQLSTATE SUM SYSTEM_USER
+TEMPORARY THEN TRANSLATE TRANSLATION
+UNKNOWN UPPER USAGE
+VALUE
+WHEN WHENEVER WRITE
+</programlisting>
+
+<Sect2>
+<Title>Non-reserved Keywords</Title>
+
+<Para>
+<acronym>SQL92</acronym> and <acronym>SQL3</acronym> have
+<firstterm>non-reserved keywords</firstterm> which have
+a proscribed meaning in the language but which are also allowed
+as identifiers.
+<productname>Postgres</productname> has additional keywords
+which allow similar unrestricted usage.
+In particular, these keywords
+are allowed as column or table names.
+
+<para>
+The following are <productname>Postgres</productname>
+non-reserved key words which are neither <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
+nor <acronym>SQL3</acronym> non-reserved key words:
+
+<programlisting>
+AFTER AGGREGATE
+BACKWARD BEFORE
+CACHE CREATEDB CREATEUSER CYCLE
+DATABASE DELIMITERS
+EACH ENCODING
+FORWARD FUNCTION
+HANDLER
+INCREMENT INDEX INHERITS INSENSITIVE INSTEAD ISNULL
+LANCOMPILER LOCATION
+MAXVALUE MINVALUE
+NOCREATEDB NOCREATEUSER NOTHING NOTNULL
+OIDS OPERATOR
+PASSWORD PROCEDURAL
+RECIPE RENAME RETURNS ROW RULE
+SEQUENCE SERIAL START STATEMENT STDIN STDOUT
+TRUSTED
+VALID VERSION
+</programlisting>
+
+<para>
+The following are <productname>Postgres</productname>
+non-reserved key words which are <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
+or <acronym>SQL3</acronym> reserved key words:
+
+<programlisting>
+ABSOLUTE ACTION
+DAY
+HOUR
+INSENSITIVE
+KEY
+LANGUAGE
+MATCH MINUTE MONTH
+NEXT
+OF ONLY OPTION
+PRIOR PRIVILEGES
+READ RELATIVE
+SCROLL SECOND
+TIME TIMEZONE_HOUR TIMEZONE_MINUTE TRIGGER
+YEAR
+ZONE
+</programlisting>
+
+<para>
+The following are <productname>Postgres</productname>
+non-reserved key words which are also either <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
+or <acronym>SQL3</acronym> non-reserved key words:
+
+<programlisting>
+TYPE
+</programlisting>
+
+<para>
+The following are either <acronym>SQL92</acronym>
+or <acronym>SQL3</acronym> non-reserved key words which are not
+key words of any kind in <productname>Postgres</productname>:
+
+<programlisting>
+ADA
+C CATALOG_NAME CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG CHARACTER_SET_NAME
+CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA CLASS_ORIGIN COBOL COLLATION_CATALOG
+COLLATION_NAME COLLATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_NAME
+COMMAND_FUNCTION COMMITTED CONDITION_NUMBER
+CONNECTION_NAME CONSTRAINT_CATALOG CONSTRAINT_NAME
+CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA CURSOR_NAME
+DATA DATE_TIME_INTERVAL_CODE DATE_TIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
+DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
+FORTRAN
+LENGTH
+MESSAGE_LENGTH MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH MORE MUMPS
+NAME NULLABLE NUMBER
+PAD PASCAL PLI
+REPEATABLE RETURNED_LENGTH RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH
+RETURNED_SQLSTATE ROW_COUNT
+SCALE SCHEMA_NAME SERIALIZABLE SERVER_NAME SPACE
+SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
+TABLE_NAME
+UNCOMMITTED UNNAMED
+</programlisting>
<!--
-$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/user.sgml,v 1.5 1998/08/17 16:20:32 thomas Exp $
+$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/user.sgml,v 1.6 1998/09/30 05:41:54 thomas Exp $
+
Postgres User's Manual.
Derived from postgres.sgml.
thomas 1998-02-24
$Log: user.sgml,v $
+Revision 1.6 1998/09/30 05:41:54 thomas
+Clean up pages. Add information for operator precedence.
+Split introduction sections into separate files to allow the legal notice
+ and notation sections appear in all documents without having the history
+ show up everplace too.
+Add full list of reserved and non-reserved key words in syntax.sgml.
+Add a separate chapter to the admin guide on security.
+
Revision 1.5 1998/08/17 16:20:32 thomas
Move SQL reference pages up into the User's Guide.
-->
<!doctype book PUBLIC "-//Davenport//DTD DocBook V3.0//EN" [
+
+<!entity about SYSTEM "about.sgml">
+<!entity history SYSTEM "history.sgml">
+<!entity info SYSTEM "info.sgml">
+<!entity legal SYSTEM "legal.sgml">
+<!entity notation SYSTEM "notation.sgml">
+
<!entity intro SYSTEM "intro.sgml">
<!entity advanced SYSTEM "advanced.sgml">
<!entity environ SYSTEM "environ.sgml">
<!entity psql SYSTEM "psql.sgml">
<!entity pgaccess SYSTEM "pgaccess.sgml">
<!entity biblio SYSTEM "biblio.sgml">
+<!entity syntax SYSTEM "syntax.sgml">
<!-- reference pages -->
<!entity % allfiles SYSTEM "allfiles.sgml">
%allfiles;
]>
-<!-- entity manpages SYSTEM "man/manpages.sgml" subdoc -->
+
<Book Id="user">
<!-- Title information -->
&intro;
&environ;
&manage;
+&syntax;
&datatype;
&oper;
&func;
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