--- /dev/null
+Kernel-provided User Helpers
+============================
+
+These are segment of kernel provided user code reachable from user space
+at a fixed address in kernel memory. This is used to provide user space
+with some operations which require kernel help because of unimplemented
+native feature and/or instructions in many ARM CPUs. The idea is for this
+code to be executed directly in user mode for best efficiency but which is
+too intimate with the kernel counter part to be left to user libraries.
+In fact this code might even differ from one CPU to another depending on
+the available instruction set, or whether it is a SMP systems. In other
+words, the kernel reserves the right to change this code as needed without
+warning. Only the entry points and their results as documented here are
+guaranteed to be stable.
+
+This is different from (but doesn't preclude) a full blown VDSO
+implementation, however a VDSO would prevent some assembly tricks with
+constants that allows for efficient branching to those code segments. And
+since those code segments only use a few cycles before returning to user
+code, the overhead of a VDSO indirect far call would add a measurable
+overhead to such minimalistic operations.
+
+User space is expected to bypass those helpers and implement those things
+inline (either in the code emitted directly by the compiler, or part of
+the implementation of a library call) when optimizing for a recent enough
+processor that has the necessary native support, but only if resulting
+binaries are already to be incompatible with earlier ARM processors due to
+useage of similar native instructions for other things. In other words
+don't make binaries unable to run on earlier processors just for the sake
+of not using these kernel helpers if your compiled code is not going to
+use new instructions for other purpose.
+
+New helpers may be added over time, so an older kernel may be missing some
+helpers present in a newer kernel. For this reason, programs must check
+the value of __kuser_helper_version (see below) before assuming that it is
+safe to call any particular helper. This check should ideally be
+performed only once at process startup time, and execution aborted early
+if the required helpers are not provided by the kernel version that
+process is running on.
+
+kuser_helper_version
+--------------------
+
+Location: 0xffff0ffc
+
+Reference declaration:
+
+ extern int32_t __kuser_helper_version;
+
+Definition:
+
+ This field contains the number of helpers being implemented by the
+ running kernel. User space may read this to determine the availability
+ of a particular helper.
+
+Usage example:
+
+#define __kuser_helper_version (*(int32_t *)0xffff0ffc)
+
+void check_kuser_version(void)
+{
+ if (__kuser_helper_version < 2) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "can't do atomic operations, kernel too old\n");
+ abort();
+ }
+}
+
+Notes:
+
+ User space may assume that the value of this field never changes
+ during the lifetime of any single process. This means that this
+ field can be read once during the initialisation of a library or
+ startup phase of a program.
+
+kuser_get_tls
+-------------
+
+Location: 0xffff0fe0
+
+Reference prototype:
+
+ void * __kuser_get_tls(void);
+
+Input:
+
+ lr = return address
+
+Output:
+
+ r0 = TLS value
+
+Clobbered registers:
+
+ none
+
+Definition:
+
+ Get the TLS value as previously set via the __ARM_NR_set_tls syscall.
+
+Usage example:
+
+typedef void * (__kuser_get_tls_t)(void);
+#define __kuser_get_tls (*(__kuser_get_tls_t *)0xffff0fe0)
+
+void foo()
+{
+ void *tls = __kuser_get_tls();
+ printf("TLS = %p\n", tls);
+}
+
+Notes:
+
+ - Valid only if __kuser_helper_version >= 1 (from kernel version 2.6.12).
+
+kuser_cmpxchg
+-------------
+
+Location: 0xffff0fc0
+
+Reference prototype:
+
+ int __kuser_cmpxchg(int32_t oldval, int32_t newval, volatile int32_t *ptr);
+
+Input:
+
+ r0 = oldval
+ r1 = newval
+ r2 = ptr
+ lr = return address
+
+Output:
+
+ r0 = success code (zero or non-zero)
+ C flag = set if r0 == 0, clear if r0 != 0
+
+Clobbered registers:
+
+ r3, ip, flags
+
+Definition:
+
+ Atomically store newval in *ptr only if *ptr is equal to oldval.
+ Return zero if *ptr was changed or non-zero if no exchange happened.
+ The C flag is also set if *ptr was changed to allow for assembly
+ optimization in the calling code.
+
+Usage example:
+
+typedef int (__kuser_cmpxchg_t)(int oldval, int newval, volatile int *ptr);
+#define __kuser_cmpxchg (*(__kuser_cmpxchg_t *)0xffff0fc0)
+
+int atomic_add(volatile int *ptr, int val)
+{
+ int old, new;
+
+ do {
+ old = *ptr;
+ new = old + val;
+ } while(__kuser_cmpxchg(old, new, ptr));
+
+ return new;
+}
+
+Notes:
+
+ - This routine already includes memory barriers as needed.
+
+ - Valid only if __kuser_helper_version >= 2 (from kernel version 2.6.12).
+
+kuser_memory_barrier
+--------------------
+
+Location: 0xffff0fa0
+
+Reference prototype:
+
+ void __kuser_memory_barrier(void);
+
+Input:
+
+ lr = return address
+
+Output:
+
+ none
+
+Clobbered registers:
+
+ none
+
+Definition:
+
+ Apply any needed memory barrier to preserve consistency with data modified
+ manually and __kuser_cmpxchg usage.
+
+Usage example:
+
+typedef void (__kuser_dmb_t)(void);
+#define __kuser_dmb (*(__kuser_dmb_t *)0xffff0fa0)
+
+Notes:
+
+ - Valid only if __kuser_helper_version >= 3 (from kernel version 2.6.15).
/*
* User helpers.
*
- * These are segment of kernel provided user code reachable from user space
- * at a fixed address in kernel memory. This is used to provide user space
- * with some operations which require kernel help because of unimplemented
- * native feature and/or instructions in many ARM CPUs. The idea is for
- * this code to be executed directly in user mode for best efficiency but
- * which is too intimate with the kernel counter part to be left to user
- * libraries. In fact this code might even differ from one CPU to another
- * depending on the available instruction set and restrictions like on
- * SMP systems. In other words, the kernel reserves the right to change
- * this code as needed without warning. Only the entry points and their
- * results are guaranteed to be stable.
- *
* Each segment is 32-byte aligned and will be moved to the top of the high
* vector page. New segments (if ever needed) must be added in front of
* existing ones. This mechanism should be used only for things that are
* really small and justified, and not be abused freely.
*
- * User space is expected to implement those things inline when optimizing
- * for a processor that has the necessary native support, but only if such
- * resulting binaries are already to be incompatible with earlier ARM
- * processors due to the use of unsupported instructions other than what
- * is provided here. In other words don't make binaries unable to run on
- * earlier processors just for the sake of not using these kernel helpers
- * if your compiled code is not going to use the new instructions for other
- * purpose.
+ * See Documentation/arm/kernel_user_helpers.txt for formal definitions.
*/
THUMB( .arm )
.globl __kuser_helper_start
__kuser_helper_start:
-/*
- * Reference prototype:
- *
- * void __kernel_memory_barrier(void)
- *
- * Input:
- *
- * lr = return address
- *
- * Output:
- *
- * none
- *
- * Clobbered:
- *
- * none
- *
- * Definition and user space usage example:
- *
- * typedef void (__kernel_dmb_t)(void);
- * #define __kernel_dmb (*(__kernel_dmb_t *)0xffff0fa0)
- *
- * Apply any needed memory barrier to preserve consistency with data modified
- * manually and __kuser_cmpxchg usage.
- *
- * This could be used as follows:
- *
- * #define __kernel_dmb() \
- * asm volatile ( "mov r0, #0xffff0fff; mov lr, pc; sub pc, r0, #95" \
- * : : : "r0", "lr","cc" )
- */
-
__kuser_memory_barrier: @ 0xffff0fa0
smp_dmb arm
usr_ret lr
.align 5
-/*
- * Reference prototype:
- *
- * int __kernel_cmpxchg(int oldval, int newval, int *ptr)
- *
- * Input:
- *
- * r0 = oldval
- * r1 = newval
- * r2 = ptr
- * lr = return address
- *
- * Output:
- *
- * r0 = returned value (zero or non-zero)
- * C flag = set if r0 == 0, clear if r0 != 0
- *
- * Clobbered:
- *
- * r3, ip, flags
- *
- * Definition and user space usage example:
- *
- * typedef int (__kernel_cmpxchg_t)(int oldval, int newval, int *ptr);
- * #define __kernel_cmpxchg (*(__kernel_cmpxchg_t *)0xffff0fc0)
- *
- * Atomically store newval in *ptr if *ptr is equal to oldval for user space.
- * Return zero if *ptr was changed or non-zero if no exchange happened.
- * The C flag is also set if *ptr was changed to allow for assembly
- * optimization in the calling code.
- *
- * Notes:
- *
- * - This routine already includes memory barriers as needed.
- *
- * For example, a user space atomic_add implementation could look like this:
- *
- * #define atomic_add(ptr, val) \
- * ({ register unsigned int *__ptr asm("r2") = (ptr); \
- * register unsigned int __result asm("r1"); \
- * asm volatile ( \
- * "1: @ atomic_add\n\t" \
- * "ldr r0, [r2]\n\t" \
- * "mov r3, #0xffff0fff\n\t" \
- * "add lr, pc, #4\n\t" \
- * "add r1, r0, %2\n\t" \
- * "add pc, r3, #(0xffff0fc0 - 0xffff0fff)\n\t" \
- * "bcc 1b" \
- * : "=&r" (__result) \
- * : "r" (__ptr), "rIL" (val) \
- * : "r0","r3","ip","lr","cc","memory" ); \
- * __result; })
- */
-
__kuser_cmpxchg: @ 0xffff0fc0
#if defined(CONFIG_NEEDS_SYSCALL_FOR_CMPXCHG)
.align 5
-/*
- * Reference prototype:
- *
- * int __kernel_get_tls(void)
- *
- * Input:
- *
- * lr = return address
- *
- * Output:
- *
- * r0 = TLS value
- *
- * Clobbered:
- *
- * none
- *
- * Definition and user space usage example:
- *
- * typedef int (__kernel_get_tls_t)(void);
- * #define __kernel_get_tls (*(__kernel_get_tls_t *)0xffff0fe0)
- *
- * Get the TLS value as previously set via the __ARM_NR_set_tls syscall.
- *
- * This could be used as follows:
- *
- * #define __kernel_get_tls() \
- * ({ register unsigned int __val asm("r0"); \
- * asm( "mov r0, #0xffff0fff; mov lr, pc; sub pc, r0, #31" \
- * : "=r" (__val) : : "lr","cc" ); \
- * __val; })
- */
-
__kuser_get_tls: @ 0xffff0fe0
ldr r0, [pc, #(16 - 8)] @ read TLS, set in kuser_get_tls_init
usr_ret lr
.word 0 @ 0xffff0ff0 software TLS value, then
.endr @ pad up to __kuser_helper_version
-/*
- * Reference declaration:
- *
- * extern unsigned int __kernel_helper_version;
- *
- * Definition and user space usage example:
- *
- * #define __kernel_helper_version (*(unsigned int *)0xffff0ffc)
- *
- * User space may read this to determine the curent number of helpers
- * available.
- */
-
__kuser_helper_version: @ 0xffff0ffc
.word ((__kuser_helper_end - __kuser_helper_start) >> 5)
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