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+$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/syntax.sgml,v 1.57 2002/01/09 23:38:06 tgl Exp $
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<chapter id="sql-syntax">
'<replaceable>string</replaceable>'::<replaceable>type</replaceable>
CAST ( '<replaceable>string</replaceable>' AS <replaceable>type</replaceable> )
</synopsis>
- The value inside the string is passed to the input conversion
+ The string's text is passed to the input conversion
routine for the type called <replaceable>type</replaceable>. The
result is a constant of the indicated type. The explicit type
cast may be omitted if there is no ambiguity as to the type the
It is also possible to specify a type coercion using a function-like
syntax:
<synopsis>
-<replaceable>typename</replaceable> ( <replaceable>value</replaceable> )
+<replaceable>typename</replaceable> ( '<replaceable>string</replaceable>' )
</synopsis>
- although this only works for types whose names are also valid as
- function names. For example, <literal>double precision</literal>
- can't be used this way, but the equivalent <literal>float8</literal>
- can. Also, the names <literal>interval</>, <literal>time</>, and
- <literal>timestamp</> can only be used in this context if they are
- double-quoted, because of parser conflicts. Therefore, the use of
- the function-like cast syntax leads to inconsistencies and should
- probably be avoided in new applications.
+ but not all type names may be used in this way; see <xref
+ linkend="sql-syntax-type-casts"> for details.
</para>
<para>
The <literal>::</literal>, <literal>CAST()</literal>, and
- function-call syntaxes can also be used to specify the type of
- arbitrary expressions, but the form
- <replaceable>type</replaceable>
- '<replaceable>string</replaceable>' can only be used to specify
- the type of a literal constant.
+ function-call syntaxes can also be used to specify runtime type
+ conversions of arbitrary expressions, as discussed in <xref
+ linkend="sql-syntax-type-casts">. But the form
+ <replaceable>type</replaceable> '<replaceable>string</replaceable>'
+ can only be used to specify the type of a literal constant.
+ Another restriction on
+ <replaceable>type</replaceable> '<replaceable>string</replaceable>'
+ is that it does not work for array types; use <literal>::</literal>
+ or <literal>CAST()</literal> to specify the type of an array constant.
</para>
</sect3>
<listitem>
<para>
- A column reference
+ A column reference.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- An operator invocation:
- <simplelist>
- <member><replaceable>expression</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</replaceable> <replaceable>expression</replaceable> (binary infix operator)</member>
- <member><replaceable>operator</replaceable> <replaceable>expression</replaceable> (unary prefix operator)</member>
- <member><replaceable>expression</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</replaceable> (unary postfix operator)</member>
- </simplelist>
- where <replaceable>operator</replaceable> follows the syntax
- rules of <xref linkend="sql-syntax-operators"> or is one of the
- tokens <token>AND</token>, <token>OR</token>, and
- <token>NOT</token>. Which particular operators exist and whether
- they are unary or binary depends on what operators have been
- defined by the system or the user. <xref linkend="functions">
- describes the built-in operators.
+ A positional parameter reference, in the body of a function declaration.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
-<synopsis>( <replaceable>expression</replaceable> )</synopsis>
<para>
- Parentheses are used to group subexpressions and override precedence.
+ An operator invocation.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- A positional parameter reference, in the body of a function declaration.
+ A function call.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- A function call
+ An aggregate expression.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- An aggregate expression
+ A type cast.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- A scalar subquery. This is an ordinary
- <command>SELECT</command> in parentheses that returns exactly one
- row with one column. It is an error to use a subquery that
- returns more than one row or more than one column in the context
- of a value expression. (But if, during a particular execution, the
- subquery returns no rows, the scalar result is taken to be NULL.)
- The subquery can refer to variables from the surrounding query,
- which will act as constants during any one evaluation of the subquery.
- See also <xref linkend="functions-subquery">.
+ A scalar subquery.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+<synopsis>( <replaceable>expression</replaceable> )</synopsis>
+ <para>
+ Parentheses are used to group subexpressions and override precedence.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
the key words <literal>NEW</literal> or <literal>OLD</literal>.
(NEW and OLD can only appear in the action portion of a rule,
while other correlation names can be used in any SQL statement.)
- The correlation name can be omitted if the column name is unique
+ The correlation name and separating dot may be omitted if the column name
+ is unique
across all the tables being used in the current query. If
<replaceable>column</replaceable> is of an array type, then the
optional <replaceable>subscript</replaceable> selects a specific
- element in the array. If no subscript is provided, then the whole
- array is selected. Refer to the description of the particular
- commands in the <citetitle>PostgreSQL Reference Manual</citetitle>
- for the allowed syntax in each case.
+ element or elements in the array. If no subscript is provided, then the
+ whole array is selected. (See <xref linkend="arrays"> for more about
+ arrays.)
</para>
</sect2>
</sect2>
<sect2>
+ <title>Operator Invocations</title>
+
+ <para>
+ There are three possible syntaxes for an operator invocation:
+ <simplelist>
+ <member><replaceable>expression</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</replaceable> <replaceable>expression</replaceable> (binary infix operator)</member>
+ <member><replaceable>operator</replaceable> <replaceable>expression</replaceable> (unary prefix operator)</member>
+ <member><replaceable>expression</replaceable> <replaceable>operator</replaceable> (unary postfix operator)</member>
+ </simplelist>
+ where the <replaceable>operator</replaceable> token follows the syntax
+ rules of <xref linkend="sql-syntax-operators"> or is one of the
+ tokens <token>AND</token>, <token>OR</token>, and
+ <token>NOT</token>. Which particular operators exist and whether
+ they are unary or binary depends on what operators have been
+ defined by the system or the user. <xref linkend="functions">
+ describes the built-in operators.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
<title>Function Calls</title>
<para>
where <replaceable>aggregate_name</replaceable> is a previously
defined aggregate, and <replaceable>expression</replaceable> is
- any expression that does not itself contain an aggregate
+ any value expression that does not itself contain an aggregate
expression.
</para>
</para>
</sect2>
+ <sect2 id="sql-syntax-type-casts">
+ <title>Type Casts</title>
+
+ <indexterm>
+ <primary>data types</primary>
+ <secondary>type casts</secondary>
+ </indexterm>
+
+ <para>
+ A type cast specifies a conversion from one datatype to another.
+ <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> accepts two equivalent syntaxes
+ for type casts:
+<synopsis>
+CAST ( <replaceable>expression</replaceable> AS <replaceable>type</replaceable> )
+<replaceable>expression</replaceable>::<replaceable>type</replaceable>
+</synopsis>
+ The <literal>CAST</> syntax conforms to SQL92; the syntax with
+ <literal>::</literal> is historical <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
+ usage.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ When a cast is applied to a value expression of a known type, it
+ represents a run-time type conversion. The cast will succeed only
+ if a suitable type conversion function is available. Notice that this
+ is subtly different from the use of casts with constants, as shown in
+ <xref linkend="sql-syntax-constants-generic">. A cast applied to an
+ unadorned string literal represents the initial assignment of a type
+ to a literal constant value, and so it will succeed for any type
+ (if the string literal's contents are acceptable input syntax for the
+ datatype).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ An explicit type cast may be omitted if there is no ambiguity as to the
+ type that a value expression must produce (for example, when it is
+ assigned to a table column); the system will automatically apply a
+ type cast in such cases.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ It is also possible to specify a type cast using a function-like
+ syntax:
+<synopsis>
+<replaceable>typename</replaceable> ( <replaceable>expression</replaceable> )
+</synopsis>
+ However, this only works for types whose names are also valid as
+ function names. For example, <literal>double precision</literal>
+ can't be used this way, but the equivalent <literal>float8</literal>
+ can. Also, the names <literal>interval</>, <literal>time</>, and
+ <literal>timestamp</> can only be used in this fashion if they are
+ double-quoted, because of parser conflicts. Therefore, the use of
+ the function-like cast syntax leads to inconsistencies and should
+ probably be avoided in new applications.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Scalar Subqueries</title>
+
+ <para>
+ A scalar subquery is an ordinary
+ <command>SELECT</command> in parentheses that returns exactly one
+ row with one column. The <command>SELECT</command> query is executed
+ and the single returned value is used in the surrounding value expression.
+ It is an error to use a query that
+ returns more than one row or more than one column as a scalar subquery.
+ (But if, during a particular execution, the subquery returns no rows,
+ there is no error; the scalar result is taken to be NULL.)
+ The subquery can refer to variables from the surrounding query,
+ which will act as constants during any one evaluation of the subquery.
+ See also <xref linkend="functions-subquery">.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For example, the following finds the largest city population in each
+ state:
+<programlisting>
+SELECT name, (SELECT max(pop) FROM cities WHERE cities.state = states.name)
+FROM states;
+</programlisting>
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+
</sect1>
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