Like most other query languages,
<ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> supports
aggregate functions.
- The current implementation of
- <ProductName>Postgres</ProductName> aggregate functions have some limitations.
- Specifically, while there are aggregates to compute
- such functions as the <Function>count</Function>, <Function>sum</Function>,
+ An aggregate function computes a single result from multiple input rows.
+ For example, there are aggregates to compute the
+ <Function>count</Function>, <Function>sum</Function>,
<Function>avg</Function> (average), <Function>max</Function> (maximum) and
- <Function>min</Function> (minimum) over a set of instances, aggregates can only
- appear in the target list of a query and not directly in the
- qualification (the where clause). As an example,
+ <Function>min</Function> (minimum) over a set of instances.
+ </para>
+
+ <Para>
+ It is important to understand the interaction between aggregates and
+ SQL's <Command>where</Command> and <Command>having</Command> clauses.
+ The fundamental difference between <Command>where</Command> and
+ <Command>having</Command> is this: <Command>where</Command> selects
+ input rows before groups and aggregates are computed (thus, it controls
+ which rows go into the aggregate computation), whereas
+ <Command>having</Command> selects group rows after groups and
+ aggregates are computed. Thus, the
+ <Command>where</Command> clause may not contain aggregate functions;
+ it makes no sense to try to use an aggregate to determine which rows
+ will be inputs to the aggregates. On the other hand,
+ <Command>having</Command> clauses always contain aggregate functions.
+ (Strictly speaking, you are allowed to write a <Command>having</Command>
+ clause that doesn't use aggregates, but it's wasteful; the same condition
+ could be used more efficiently at the <Command>where</Command> stage.)
+ </para>
+
+ <Para>
+ As an example, we can find the highest low-temperature reading anywhere
+ with
<ProgramListing>
SELECT max(temp_lo) FROM weather;
</ProgramListing>
- is allowed, while
+ If we want to know which city (or cities) that reading occurred in,
+ we might try
<ProgramListing>
SELECT city FROM weather WHERE temp_lo = max(temp_lo);
</ProgramListing>
- is not. However, as is often the case the query can be restated to accomplish
- the intended result; here by using a <FirstTerm>subselect</FirstTerm>:
+ but this will not work since the aggregate max() can't be used in
+ <Command>where</Command>. However, as is often the case the query can be
+ restated to accomplish the intended result; here by using a
+ <FirstTerm>subselect</FirstTerm>:
<ProgramListing>
SELECT city FROM weather WHERE temp_lo = (SELECT max(temp_lo) FROM weather);
</ProgramListing>
+ This is OK because the sub-select is an independent computation that
+ computes its own aggregate separately from what's happening in the outer
+ select.
</Para>
<Para>
- Aggregates may also have <FirstTerm>group by</FirstTerm> clauses:
+ Aggregates are also very useful in combination with
+ <FirstTerm>group by</FirstTerm> clauses. For example, we can get the
+ maximum low temperature observed in each city with
<ProgramListing>
SELECT city, max(temp_lo)
FROM weather
GROUP BY city;
</ProgramListing>
+ which gives us one output row per city. We can filter these grouped
+ rows using <Command>having</Command>:
+ <ProgramListing>
+SELECT city, max(temp_lo)
+ FROM weather
+ GROUP BY city
+ HAVING min(temp_lo) < 0;
+ </ProgramListing>
+ which gives us the same results for only the cities that have some
+ below-zero readings. Finally, if we only care about cities whose
+ names begin with 'P', we might do
+ <ProgramListing>
+SELECT city, max(temp_lo)
+ FROM weather
+ WHERE city like 'P%'
+ GROUP BY city
+ HAVING min(temp_lo) < 0;
+ </ProgramListing>
+ Note that we can apply the city-name restriction in
+ <Command>where</Command>, since it needs no aggregate. This is
+ more efficient than adding the restriction to <Command>having</Command>,
+ because we avoid doing the grouping and aggregate calculations
+ for all rows that fail the <Command>where</Command> check.
</Para>
</sect1>
</Chapter>
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+$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/select.sgml,v 1.23 1999/12/13 17:39:38 tgl Exp $
Postgres documentation
-->
<para>
<command>DISTINCT</command> will eliminate all duplicate rows from the
- selection.
+ result.
<command>DISTINCT ON <replaceable class="PARAMETER">column</replaceable></command>
will eliminate all duplicates in the specified column; this is
- equivalent to using
+ similar to using
<command>GROUP BY <replaceable class="PARAMETER">column</replaceable></command>.
<command>ALL</command> will return all candidate rows,
including duplicates.
<para>
GROUP BY will condense into a single row all rows that share the
- same values for the
- grouped columns; aggregates return values derived from all rows
- that make up the group. The value returned for an ungrouped
- and unaggregated column is dependent on the order in which rows
- happen to be read from the database.
+ same values for the grouped columns. Aggregate functions, if any,
+ are computed across all rows making up each group, producing a
+ separate value for each group (whereas without GROUP BY, an
+ aggregate produces a single value computed across all the selected
+ rows). When GROUP BY is present, it is not valid to refer to
+ ungrouped columns except within aggregate functions, since there
+ would be more than one possible value to return for an ungrouped column.
</para>
</refsect2>
<para>
Each column referenced in
<replaceable class="PARAMETER">cond_expr</replaceable> shall unambiguously
- reference a grouping column.
+ reference a grouping column, unless the reference appears within an
+ aggregate function.
</para>
</refsect2>
<member><replaceable>a_expr</replaceable> <replaceable>right_unary_operator</replaceable></member>
<member><replaceable>left_unary_operator</replaceable> <replaceable>a_expr</replaceable></member>
<member>parameter</member>
- <member>functional expressions</member>
- <member>aggregate expressions</member>
+ <member>functional expression</member>
+ <member>aggregate expression</member>
</simplelist>
</para>
<para>
- We have already discussed constants and attributes. The two kinds of
- operator expressions indicate respectively binary and left_unary
- expressions. The following sections discuss the remaining options.
+ We have already discussed constants and attributes. The three kinds of
+ operator expressions indicate respectively binary (infix), right-unary
+ (suffix) and left-unary (prefix) operators. The following sections
+ discuss the remaining options.
</para>
<sect2>
enclosed in parentheses:
<synopsis>
-<replaceable>function</replaceable> (<replaceable>a_expr</replaceable> [, <replaceable>a_expr</replaceable> )
+<replaceable>function</replaceable> (<replaceable>a_expr</replaceable> [, <replaceable>a_expr</replaceable> ... ] )
</synopsis>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
- <title>Aggregate Expression</title>
+ <title>Aggregate Expressions</title>
<para>
- An <firstterm>aggregate expression</firstterm>
- represents a simple aggregate (i.e., one that computes a single value)
- or an aggregate function (i.e., one that computes a set of values).
- The syntax is the following:
+ An <firstterm>aggregate expression</firstterm> represents the application
+ of an aggregate function across the rows selected by a query.
+ An aggregate function reduces multiple inputs to a single output value,
+ such as the sum or average of the inputs.
+ The syntax of an aggregate expression is one of the following:
- <synopsis>
-<replaceable>aggregate_name</replaceable> (<replaceable>attribute</replaceable>)
- </synopsis>
+ <simplelist>
+ <member><replaceable>aggregate_name</replaceable> (<replaceable>expression</replaceable>)</member>
+ <member><replaceable>aggregate_name</replaceable> (DISTINCT <replaceable>expression</replaceable>)</member>
+ <member><replaceable>aggregate_name</replaceable> ( * )</member>
+ </simplelist>
+
+ where <replaceable>aggregate_name</replaceable> is a previously defined
+ aggregate, and <replaceable>expression</replaceable> is any expression
+ that doesn't itself contain an aggregate expression.
+ </para>
- where <replaceable>aggregate_name</replaceable>
- must be a previously defined aggregate.
+ <para>
+ The first form of aggregate expression invokes the aggregate across all
+ input rows for which the given expression yields a non-null value.
+ The second form invokes the aggregate for all distinct non-null values
+ of the expression found in the input rows. The last form invokes the
+ aggregate once for each input row regardless of null or non-null values;
+ since no particular input value is specified, it is generally only useful
+ for the count() aggregate.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For example, count(*) yields the total number of input rows;
+ count(f1) yields the number of input rows in which f1 is non-null;
+ count(distinct f1) yields the number of distinct non-null values of f1.
</para>
</sect2>
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