From: Bruce Momjian Date: Sat, 16 Aug 2003 23:53:54 +0000 (+0000) Subject: Add description of error style. X-Git-Tag: REL9_0_0~14597 X-Git-Url: http://git.osdn.net/view?a=commitdiff_plain;h=bfeabcc84fa87bf12b7d5e7225d9ae1c72419c2c;p=pg-rex%2Fsyncrep.git Add description of error style. --- diff --git a/src/tools/error_text b/src/tools/error_text new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..de37a3e00a --- /dev/null +++ b/src/tools/error_text @@ -0,0 +1,299 @@ +To: Peter Eisentraut +cc: pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org +Subject: [HACKERS] Error message style guide, take 2 +Date: Wed, 14 May 2003 16:58:18 -0400 +From: Tom Lane + +I'm about to start going through the backend's elog() calls to update +them to ereport() style, add error code numbers, polish wording, etc. +So it's time to nail down our style guide for message wording. Attached +is a revision of the draft that Peter posted on 14-March. Any further +comments? + +BTW, I'd like to SGML-ify this and put it into the developer's guide +somewhere; any thoughts where exactly? + + regards, tom lane + + + +What goes where +--------------- + +The primary message should be short, factual, and avoid reference to +implementation details such as specific function names. "Short" means +"should fit on one line under normal conditions". Use a detail message if +needed to keep the primary message short, or if you feel a need to mention +implementation details such as the particular system call that failed. +Both primary and detail messages should be factual. Use a hint message +for suggestions about what to do to fix the problem, especially if the +suggestion might not always be applicable. + +For example, instead of + IpcMemoryCreate: shmget(key=%d, size=%u, 0%o) failed: %m + (plus a long addendum that is basically a hint) +write + Primary: Could not create shared memory segment: %m + Detail: Failed syscall was shmget(key=%d, size=%u, 0%o) + Hint: the addendum + +RATIONALE: keeping the primary message short helps keep it to the point, +and lets clients lay out screen space on the assumption that one line is +enough for error messages. Detail and hint messages may be relegated to a +verbose mode, or perhaps a pop-up error-details window. Also, details and +hints would normally be suppressed from the server log to save space. +Reference to implementation details is best avoided since users don't know +the details anyway. + + +Formatting +---------- + +Don't put any specific assumptions about formatting into the message +texts. Expect clients and the server log to wrap lines to fit their own +needs. In long messages, newline characters (\n) may be used to indicate +suggested paragraph breaks. Don't end a message with a newline. Don't +use tabs or other formatting characters. (In error context displays, +newlines are automatically added to separate levels of context such +as function calls.) + +RATIONALE: Messages are not necessarily displayed on terminal-type +displays. In GUI displays or browsers these formatting instructions +are at best ignored. + + +Quotation marks +--------------- + +English text should use double quotes when quoting is appropriate. +Text in other languages should consistently use one kind of quotes +that is consistent with publishing customs and computer output of +other programs. + +RATIONALE: The choice of double quotes over single quotes is somewhat +arbitrary, but tends to be the preferred use. Some have suggested +choosing the kind of quotes depending on the type of object according to +SQL conventions (namely, strings single quoted, identifiers double +quoted). But this is a language-internal technical issue that many users +aren't even familiar with, it won't scale to other kinds of quoted terms, +it doesn't translate to other languages, and it's pretty pointless, too. + + +Use of quotes +------------- + +Use quotes always to delimit file names, user-supplied identifiers, +and other variables that might contain words. Do not use them to +mark up variables that will not contain words (for example, operator +names). + +There are functions in the backend that will double-quote their own +output at need (for example, format_type_be()). Do not put additional +quotes around the output of such functions. + +RATIONALE: Objects can have names that create ambiguity when embedded +in a message. Be consistent about denoting where a plugged-in name +starts and ends. But don't clutter messages with unnecessary or +duplicate quote marks. + + +Grammar and punctuation +----------------------- + +The rules are different for primary error messages and for detail/hint +messages: + +Primary error messages: Do not capitalize the first letter. Do not end a +message with a period. Do not even think about ending a message with an +exclamation point. + +Detail and hint messages: Use complete sentences, and end each with +a period. Capitalize the starts of sentences. + +RATIONALE: Avoiding punctuation makes it easier for client applications to +embed the message into a variety of grammatical contexts. Often, primary +messages are not grammatically complete sentences anyway. (And if they're +long enough to be more than one sentence, they should be split into +primary and detail parts.) However, detail and hint messages are longer +and may need to include multiple sentences. For consistency, they should +follow complete-sentence style even when there's only one sentence. + + +Upper case vs. lower case +------------------------- + +Use lower case for message wording, including the first letter of a +primary error message. Use upper case for SQL commands and key words if +they appear in the message. + +RATIONALE: It's easier to make everything look more consistent this +way, since some messages are complete sentences and some not. + + +Avoid passive voice +------------------- + +Use the active voice. Use complete sentences when there is an acting +subject ("A could not do B"). Use telegram style without subject if +the subject would be the program itself; do not use "I" for the +program. + +RATIONALE: The program is not human. Don't pretend otherwise. + + +Present vs past tense +--------------------- + +Use past tense if an attempt to do something failed, but could perhaps +succeed next time (perhaps after fixing some problem). Use present tense +if the failure is certainly permanent. + +There is a nontrivial semantic difference between sentences of the +form + + could not open file "%s": %m + +and + + cannot open file "%s" + +The first one means that the attempt to open the file failed. The +message should give a reason, such as "disk full" or "file doesn't +exist". The past tense is appropriate because next time the disk +might not be full anymore or the file in question may exist. + +The second form indicates the the functionality of opening the named +file does not exist at all in the program, or that it's conceptually +impossible. The present tense is appropriate because the condition +will persist indefinitely. + +RATIONALE: Granted, the average user will not be able to draw great +conclusions merely from the tense of the message, but since the +language provides us with a grammar we should use it correctly. + + +Type of the object +------------------ + +When citing the name of an object, state what kind of object it is. + +RATIONALE: Else no one will know what "foo.bar.baz" is. + + +Brackets +-------- + +Square brackets are only to be used (1) in command synopses to denote +optional arguments, or (2) to denote an array subscript. + +RATIONALE: Anything else does not correspond to widely-known customary +usage and will confuse people. + + +Assembling error messages +------------------------- + +When a message includes text that is generated elsewhere, embed it in +this style: + + could not open file %s: %m + +RATIONALE: It would be difficult to account for all possible error codes +to paste this into a single smooth sentence, so some sort of punctuation +is needed. Putting the embedded text in parentheses has also been +suggested, but it's unnatural if the embedded text is likely to be the +most important part of the message, as is often the case. + + +Reasons for errors +------------------ + +Messages should always state the reason why an error occurred. +For example: + +BAD: could not open file %s +BETTER: could not open file %s (I/O failure) + +If no reason is known you better fix the code. ;-) + + +Function names +-------------- + +Don't include the name of the reporting routine in the error text. +We have other mechanisms for finding that out when needed, and for +most users it's not helpful information. If the error text doesn't +make as much sense without the function name, reword it. + +BAD: pg_atoi: error in "z": can't parse "z" +BETTER: invalid input syntax for integer: "z" + +Avoid mentioning called function names, either; instead say what the code +was trying to do: + +BAD: open() failed: %m +BETTER: could not open file %s: %m + +If it really seems necessary, mention the system call in the detail +message. (In some cases, providing the actual values passed to the +system call might be appropriate information for the detail message.) + +RATIONALE: Users don't know what all those functions do. + + +Tricky words to avoid +--------------------- + +unable: + +"unable" is nearly the passive voice. Better use "cannot" or "could +not", as appropriate. + +bad: + +Error messages like "bad result" are really hard to interpret +intelligently. It's better to write why the result is "bad", e.g., +"invalid format". + +illegal: + +"Illegal" stands for a violation of the law, the rest is "invalid". +Better yet, say why it's invalid. + +unknown: + +Try to avoid "unknown". Consider "error: unknown response". If you +don't know what the response is, how do you know it's erroneous? +"Unrecognized" is often a better choice. Also, be sure to include the +value being complained of. + +BAD: unknown node type +BETTER: unrecognized node type: 42 + +find vs. exists: + +If the program uses a nontrivial algorithm to locate a resource (e.g., a +path search) and that algorithm fails, it is fair to say that the program +couldn't "find" the resource. If, on the other hand, the expected +location of the resource is known but the program cannot access it there +then say that the resource doesn't "exist". Using "find" in this case +sounds weak and confuses the issue. + + +Proper spelling +--------------- + +Spell out words in full. For instance, avoid: + +spec +stats +parens +auth +xact + +RATIONALE: This will improve consistency. + +---------------------------(end of broadcast)--------------------------- +TIP 3: if posting/reading through Usenet, please send an appropriate +subscribe-nomail command to majordomo@postgresql.org so that your +message can get through to the mailing list cleanly