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b/docs/math/abstract-algebra/permutation-group.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/permutation-group.md rename to docs/math/abstract-algebra/permutation-group.md diff --git a/docs/math/complex.md b/docs/math/basic/complex.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/complex.md rename to docs/math/basic/complex.md diff --git a/docs/math/images/complex-1.png b/docs/math/basic/images/complex-1.png similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/images/complex-1.png rename to docs/math/basic/images/complex-1.png diff --git a/docs/math/images/misc1.png b/docs/math/basic/images/misc1.png similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/images/misc1.png rename to docs/math/basic/images/misc1.png diff --git a/docs/math/basic/polar-coordinate.md b/docs/math/basic/polar-coordinate.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5797d4a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/math/basic/polar-coordinate.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +## 极坐标与极坐标系 + +(为人教版高中数学选修 4-4 内容) + +> 某同学:学平面直角坐标系都学烦了,有没有其他坐标系? + +我们考虑实际情况,比如航海,我们说「 $B$ 在 $A$ 的北偏东 $30^\circ$ 方向上,距离为 $100$ 米」,而不是「以 $A$ 为原点建立平面直角坐标系, $B(50,50\sqrt 3)$ 」。 + +这样,我们在平面上选一定点 $O$ ,称为 **极点** ,自极点引出一条射线 $Ox$ ,称为 **极轴** ,再选择一个单位长度(在数学问题中通常为 $1$ ),一个角度单位(通常为弧度)及其正方向(通常为逆时针方向),这样就建立了 **极坐标系** 。 + +在极坐标系下,我们怎么描述位置呢? + +设 $A$ 为平面上一点,极点 $O$ 与 $A$ 之间的距离 $|OA|$ 即为 **极径** ,记为 $\rho$ ;以极轴为始边, $OA$ 为终边的角 $\angle xOA$ 为 **极角** ,记为 $\theta$ ,那么有序数对 $(\rho,\theta)$ 即为 $A$ 的 **极坐标** 。 + +由终边相同的角的定义可知, $(\rho,\theta)$ 与 $(\rho,\theta+2k\pi)\ (k\in \mathbb{Z})$ 其实表示的是一样的点,特别地,极点的极坐标为 $(0,\theta)\ (\theta\in \mathbb{R})$ ,于是平面内的点的极坐标表示有无数多种。 + +如果规定 $\rho>0,0\le \theta<2\pi​$ ,那么除极点外,其他平面内的点可以用唯一有序数对 $(\rho,\theta)​$ 表示,而极坐标 $(\rho,\theta)​$ 表示的点是唯一确定的。 + +当然,有时候研究极坐标系下的图形有些不方便,我们想要转到直角坐标系下研究,那么我们有互化公式。 + +点 $A(\rho,\theta)$ 的直角坐标 $(x,y)$ 可以如下表示: + +$$ +\begin{cases} +x=\rho \cos \theta\\ +y=\rho \sin \theta +\end{cases} +$$ + +进而可知: + +$$ +\rho ^2=x^2+y^2\\ +\tan \theta=\frac{y}{x}\ \ \ \ (x\not =0) +$$ + +于是,极角 $\theta=\arctan \frac{y}{x}$ ,这样就可以求出极角了。 + +在编程中,若要求反正切函数,尽量使用 `atan2(y, x)` ,这个函数用途比 `atan(x)` 广泛。 diff --git a/docs/math/misc.md b/docs/math/basic/vector.md similarity index 84% rename from docs/math/misc.md rename to docs/math/basic/vector.md index 25a2413a..84fc8c20 100644 --- a/docs/math/misc.md +++ b/docs/math/basic/vector.md @@ -1,9 +1,3 @@ -本文主要介绍了在 OI 中可能用到的重要高中数学知识。 - -如果您是高中 OIer,强烈建议您回班级听课,相比于自学,老师讲课可以使您理解得更透彻。 - -下面按照从必修到选修的顺序介绍。所有内容均基于人教版高中数学 A 版教科书。 - ## 向量 (为人教版高中数学必修四内容) @@ -246,43 +240,3 @@ $$ 与角 $\alpha$ 终边位置相同的角的集合很容易得出,为 $\{\theta\mid \theta=\alpha+2k\pi,k\in \mathbb{Z}\}$ 。 可以理解为:给这个角的边不停加转一圈,终边位置不变。 - -### 极坐标与极坐标系 - -(为人教版高中数学选修 4-4 内容) - -> 某同学:学平面直角坐标系都学烦了,有没有其他坐标系? - -我们考虑实际情况,比如航海,我们说「 $B$ 在 $A$ 的北偏东 $30^\circ$ 方向上,距离为 $100$ 米」,而不是「以 $A$ 为原点建立平面直角坐标系, $B(50,50\sqrt 3)$ 」。 - -这样,我们在平面上选一定点 $O$ ,称为 **极点** ,自极点引出一条射线 $Ox$ ,称为 **极轴** ,再选择一个单位长度(在数学问题中通常为 $1$ ),一个角度单位(通常为弧度)及其正方向(通常为逆时针方向),这样就建立了 **极坐标系** 。 - -在极坐标系下,我们怎么描述位置呢? - -设 $A$ 为平面上一点,极点 $O$ 与 $A$ 之间的距离 $|OA|$ 即为 **极径** ,记为 $\rho$ ;以极轴为始边, $OA$ 为终边的角 $\angle xOA$ 为 **极角** ,记为 $\theta$ ,那么有序数对 $(\rho,\theta)$ 即为 $A$ 的 **极坐标** 。 - -由终边相同的角的定义可知, $(\rho,\theta)$ 与 $(\rho,\theta+2k\pi)\ (k\in \mathbb{Z})$ 其实表示的是一样的点,特别地,极点的极坐标为 $(0,\theta)\ (\theta\in \mathbb{R})$ ,于是平面内的点的极坐标表示有无数多种。 - -如果规定 $\rho>0,0\le \theta<2\pi​$ ,那么除极点外,其他平面内的点可以用唯一有序数对 $(\rho,\theta)​$ 表示,而极坐标 $(\rho,\theta)​$ 表示的点是唯一确定的。 - -当然,有时候研究极坐标系下的图形有些不方便,我们想要转到直角坐标系下研究,那么我们有互化公式。 - -点 $A(\rho,\theta)$ 的直角坐标 $(x,y)$ 可以如下表示: - -$$ -\begin{cases} -x=\rho \cos \theta\\ -y=\rho \sin \theta -\end{cases} -$$ - -进而可知: - -$$ -\rho ^2=x^2+y^2\\ -\tan \theta=\frac{y}{x}\ \ \ \ (x\not =0) -$$ - -于是,极角 $\theta=\arctan \frac{y}{x}$ ,这样就可以求出极角了。 - -在编程中,若要求反正切函数,尽量使用 `atan2(y, x)` ,这个函数用途比 `atan(x)` 广泛。 diff --git a/docs/math/cantor.md b/docs/math/combinatorial/cantor.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/cantor.md rename to docs/math/combinatorial/cantor.md diff --git a/docs/math/catalan.md b/docs/math/combinatorial/catalan.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/catalan.md rename to docs/math/combinatorial/catalan.md diff --git a/docs/math/combination.md b/docs/math/combinatorial/combination.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/combination.md rename to docs/math/combinatorial/combination.md diff --git a/docs/math/drawer-principle.md b/docs/math/combinatorial/drawer-principle.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/drawer-principle.md rename to docs/math/combinatorial/drawer-principle.md diff --git a/docs/math/expectation.md b/docs/math/combinatorial/expectation.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/expectation.md rename to docs/math/combinatorial/expectation.md diff --git a/docs/math/images/incexcp.png b/docs/math/combinatorial/images/incexcp.png similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/images/incexcp.png rename to docs/math/combinatorial/images/incexcp.png diff --git a/docs/math/inclusion-exclusion-principle.md b/docs/math/combinatorial/inclusion-exclusion-principle.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/inclusion-exclusion-principle.md rename to docs/math/combinatorial/inclusion-exclusion-principle.md diff --git a/docs/math/stirling.md b/docs/math/combinatorial/stirling.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/stirling.md rename to docs/math/combinatorial/stirling.md diff --git a/docs/math/game-theory.md b/docs/math/game-theory/game-theory.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/game-theory.md rename to docs/math/game-theory/game-theory.md diff --git a/docs/math/images/game1.png b/docs/math/game-theory/images/game1.png similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/images/game1.png rename to docs/math/game-theory/images/game1.png diff --git a/docs/math/index.md b/docs/math/index.md index 99b27dc1..0314f7c9 100644 --- a/docs/math/index.md +++ b/docs/math/index.md @@ -91,4 +91,12 @@ NOIP 对数学的考察还处在一个比较简单的范围。 2. 向下取整符号: $\lfloor x\rfloor$ ,表示小于等于 $x$ 的最大的整数。常用于分数,比如分数的向下取整 $\left\lfloor\frac{x}{y}\right\rfloor$ 。 3. 向上取整符号: $\lceil x\rceil$ ,与向下取整符号相对,表示大于等于 $x$ 的最小的整数。 +## 温馨提示 + +在「基础知识」一栏中介绍了在 OI 中可能用到的重要高中数学知识。 + +如果您是高中 OIer,强烈建议您回班级听课,相比于自学,老师讲课可以使您理解得更透彻。 + +下面按照从必修到选修的顺序介绍。所有内容均基于人教版高中数学 A 版教科书。 + 另外,还请大家学好高一数学,这样学习数论的时侯会省很多功夫。 diff --git a/docs/math/basis.md b/docs/math/linear-algebra/basis.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/basis.md rename to docs/math/linear-algebra/basis.md diff --git a/docs/math/gauss.md b/docs/math/linear-algebra/gauss.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/gauss.md rename to docs/math/linear-algebra/gauss.md diff --git a/docs/math/matrix.md b/docs/math/linear-algebra/matrix.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/matrix.md rename to docs/math/linear-algebra/matrix.md diff --git a/docs/math/base.md b/docs/math/number-theory/base.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/base.md rename to docs/math/number-theory/base.md diff --git a/docs/math/bezouts.md b/docs/math/number-theory/bezouts.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/bezouts.md rename to docs/math/number-theory/bezouts.md diff --git a/docs/math/bsgs.md b/docs/math/number-theory/bsgs.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/bsgs.md rename to docs/math/number-theory/bsgs.md diff --git a/docs/math/crt.md b/docs/math/number-theory/crt.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/crt.md rename to docs/math/number-theory/crt.md diff --git a/docs/math/du.md b/docs/math/number-theory/du.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/du.md rename to docs/math/number-theory/du.md diff --git a/docs/math/euclidean.md b/docs/math/number-theory/euclidean.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/euclidean.md rename to docs/math/number-theory/euclidean.md diff --git a/docs/math/euler.md b/docs/math/number-theory/euler.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/euler.md rename to docs/math/number-theory/euler.md diff --git a/docs/math/fermat.md b/docs/math/number-theory/fermat.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/fermat.md rename to 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similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/mobius.md rename to docs/math/number-theory/mobius.md diff --git a/docs/math/prime.md b/docs/math/number-theory/prime.md similarity index 100% rename from docs/math/prime.md rename to docs/math/number-theory/prime.md diff --git a/docs/math/primitive-root.md b/docs/math/number-theory/primitive-root.md similarity index 84% rename from docs/math/primitive-root.md rename to docs/math/number-theory/primitive-root.md index a3d64b9e..0f2620d0 100644 --- a/docs/math/primitive-root.md +++ b/docs/math/number-theory/primitive-root.md @@ -45,10 +45,12 @@ $$ 又有 $t