.\" Copyright (c) 1993 by Thomas Koenig (ig25@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de)
+.\" and Copyright (C) 2014 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\"
+.\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
.\" preserved on all copies.
.\"
.\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
+.\" %%%LICENSE_END
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.\" Modified Sat Jul 24 17:28:34 1993 by Rik Faith <faith@cs.unc.edu>
.\" Modified Sun Jun 01 17:16:34 1997 by Jochen Hein
.\" <jochen.hein@delphi.central.de>
.\" Modified Thu Apr 25 00:43:19 2002 by Bruno Haible <bruno@clisp.org>
.\"
-.TH LOCALE 7 2008-12-05 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
+.TH LOCALE 7 2014-12-31 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
-locale \- Description of multilanguage support
+locale \- description of multilanguage support
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B #include <locale.h>
A locale is a set of language and cultural rules.
These cover aspects
such as language for messages, different character sets, lexicographic
-conventions, etc.
+conventions, and so on.
A program needs to be able to determine its locale
and act accordingly to be portable to different cultures.
.PP
.BR localeconv (3)
to get information about number formatting.
.PP
-There are different categories for local information a program might
+There are different categories for locale information a program might
need; they are declared as macros.
Using them as the first argument
to the
.BR setlocale (3)
function, it is possible to set one of these to the desired locale:
.TP
+.BR LC_ADDRESS " (GNU extension, since glibc 2.2)"
+.\" See ISO/IEC Technical Report 14652
+Change settings that describe the formats (e.g., postal addresses)
+used to describe locations and geography-related items.
+Applications that need this information can use
+.BR nl_langinfo (3)
+to retrieve nonstandard elements, such as
+.B _NL_ADDRESS_COUNTRY_NAME
+(country name, in the language of the locale)
+and
+.B _NL_ADDRESS_LANG_NAME
+(language name, in the language of the locale),
+which return strings such as "Deutschland" and "Deutsch"
+(for German-language locales).
+(Other element names are listed in
+.IR <langinfo.h> .)
+.TP
.B LC_COLLATE
-This is used to change the behavior of the functions
+This category governs the collation rules used for
+sorting and regular expressions,
+including character equivalence classes and
+multicharacter collating elements.
+This locale category changes the behavior of the functions
.BR strcoll (3)
and
.BR strxfrm (3),
the German sharp s is sorted as "ss".
.TP
.B LC_CTYPE
-This changes the behavior of the character handling and
+This category determines the interpretation of byte sequences as characters
+(e.g., single versus multibyte characters), character classifications
+(e.g., alphabetic or digit), and the behavior of character classes.
+It changes the behavior of the character handling and
classification functions, such as
.BR isupper (3)
and
or
.BR wctomb (3).
.TP
+.BR LC_IDENTIFICATION " (GNU extension, since glibc 2.2)"
+.\" See ISO/IEC Technical Report 14652
+Change settings that relate to the metadata for the locale.
+Applications that need this information can use
+.BR nl_langinfo (3)
+to retrieve nonstandard elements, such as
+.B _NL_IDENTIFICATION_TITLE
+(title of this locale document)
+and
+.B _NL_IDENTIFICATION_TERRITORY
+(geographical territory to which this locale document applies),
+which might return strings such as "English locale for the USA"
+and "USA".
+(Other element names are listed in
+.IR <langinfo.h> .)
+.TP
.B LC_MONETARY
-changes the information returned by
-.BR localeconv (3)
+This category determines the formatting used for
+monetary-related numeric values.
+This changes the information returned by
+.BR localeconv (3),
which describes the way numbers are usually printed, with details such
as decimal point versus decimal comma.
This information is internally
.BR strfmon (3).
.TP
.B LC_MESSAGES
-changes the language messages are displayed in and what an affirmative or
-negative answer looks like.
-The GNU C-library contains the
+This category affects the language in which messages are displayed
+and what an affirmative or negative answer looks like.
+The GNU C library contains the
.BR gettext (3),
.BR ngettext (3),
and
.BR rpmatch (3)
-functions to ease the use of these information.
+functions to ease the use of this information.
The GNU gettext family of
functions also obey the environment variable
.BR LANGUAGE
(containing a colon-separated list of locales)
if the category is set to a valid locale other than
.BR """C""" .
+This category also affects the behavior of
+.BR catopen (3).
+.TP
+.BR LC_MEASUREMENT " (GNU extension, since glibc 2.2)"
+Change the settings relating to the measurement system in the locale
+(i.e., metric versus US customary units).
+Applications can use
+.BR nl_langinfo (3)
+to retrieve the nonstandard
+.B _NL_MEASUREMENT_MEASUREMENT
+element, which returns a pointer to a character
+that has the value 1 (metric) or 2 (US customary units).
+.TP
+.BR LC_NAME " (GNU extension, since glibc 2.2)"
+.\" See ISO/IEC Technical Report 14652
+Change settings that describe the formats used to address persons.
+Applications that need this information can use
+.BR nl_langinfo (3)
+to retrieve nonstandard elements, such as
+.B _NL_NAME_NAME_MR
+(general salutation for men)
+and
+.B _NL_NAME_NAME_MS
+(general salutation for women)
+elements, which return strings such as "Herr" and "Frau"
+(for German-language locales).
+(Other element names are listed in
+.IR <langinfo.h> .)
.TP
.B LC_NUMERIC
-changes the information used by the
-.BR printf (3)
+This category determines the formatting rules used for nonmonetary
+numeric values\(emfor example,
+the thousands separator and the radix character
+(a period in most English-speaking countries,
+but a comma in many other regions).
+It affects functions such as
+.BR printf (3),
+.BR scanf (3),
and
-.BR scanf (3)
-family of functions, when they are advised to use the locale-settings.
+.BR strtod (3).
This information can also be read with the
.BR localeconv (3)
function.
.TP
+.BR LC_PAPER " (GNU extension, since glibc 2.2)"
+.\" See ISO/IEC Technical Report 14652
+Change the settings relating to the dimensions of the standard paper size
+(e.g., US letter versus A4).
+Applications that need the dimensions can obtain them by using
+.BR nl_langinfo (3)
+to retrieve the nonstandard
+.B _NL_PAPER_WIDTH
+and
+.B _NL_PAPER_HEIGHT
+elements, which return
+.I int
+values specifying the dimensions in millimeters.
+.TP
+.BR LC_TELEPHONE " (GNU extension, since glibc 2.2)"
+.\" See ISO/IEC Technical Report 14652
+Change settings that describe the formats to be used with telephone services.
+Applications that need this information can use
+.BR nl_langinfo (3)
+to retrieve nonstandard elements, such as
+.B _NL_TELEPHONE_INT_PREFIX
+(international prefix used to call numbers in this locale),
+which returns a string such as "49" (for Germany).
+(Other element names are listed in
+.IR <langinfo.h> .)
+.TP
.B LC_TIME
-changes the behavior of the
-.BR strftime (3)
-function to display the current time in a locally acceptable form; for
-example, most of Europe uses a 24-hour clock versus the
+This category governs the formatting used for date and time values.
+For example, most of Europe uses a 24-hour clock versus the
12-hour clock used in the United States.
+The setting of this category affects the behavior of functions such as
+.BR strftime (3)
+and
+.BR strptime (3).
.TP
.B LC_ALL
All of the above.
-.\" FIXME glibc 2.2.2 added new nonstandard locale categories:
-.\" LC_ADDRESS, LC_IDENTIFICATION, LC_MEASUREMENT, LC_NAME,
-.\" LC_PAPER, LC_TELEPHONE. These need to be documented.
.PP
If the second argument to
.BR setlocale (3)
-is empty string,
+is an empty string,
.BR """""" ,
for the default locale, it is determined using the following steps:
.IP 1.
};
.fi
.in
-.SH "CONFORMING TO"
-POSIX.1-2001.
+.SS POSIX.1-2008 extensions to the locale API
+POSIX.1-2008 standardized a number of extensions to the locale API,
+based on implementations that first appeared in version 2.3
+of the GNU C library.
+These extensions are designed to address the problem that
+the traditional locale APIs do not mix well with multithreaded applications
+and with applications that must deal with multiple locales.
-The GNU gettext functions are specified in LI18NUX2000.
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
+The extensions take the form of new functions for creating and
+manipulating locale objects
+.RB ( newlocale (3),
+.BR freelocale (3),
+.BR duplocale (3),
+and
+.BR uselocale (3))
+and various new library functions with the suffix "_l" (e.g.,
+.BR toupper_l (3))
+that extend the traditional locale-dependent APIs (e.g.,
+.BR toupper (3))
+to allow the specification of a locale object that should apply when
+executing the function.
+.SH ENVIRONMENT
+The following environment variable is used by
+.BR newlocale (3)
+and
+.BR setlocale (3),
+and thus affects all unprivileged localized programs:
+.TP
+.B LOCPATH
+A list of pathnames, separated by colons (\(aq:\(aq),
+that should be used to find locale data.
+If this variable is set,
+only the individual compiled locale data files from
+.I LOCPATH
+and the system default locale data path are used;
+any available locale archives are not used (see
+.BR localedef (1)).
+The individual compiled locale data files are searched for under
+subdirectories which depend on the currently used locale.
+For example, when
+.I en_GB.UTF-8
+is used for a category, the following subdirectories are searched for,
+in this order:
+.IR en_GB.UTF-8 ,
+.IR en_GB.utf8 ,
+.IR en_GB ,
+.IR en.UTF-8 ,
+.IR en.utf8 ,
+and
+.IR en .
+.SH FILES
+.TP
+.I /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive
+Usual default locale archive location.
+.TP
+.I /usr/lib/locale
+Usual default path for compiled individual locale files.
+.SH CONFORMING TO
+POSIX.1-2001.
+.\"
+.\" The GNU gettext functions are specified in LI18NUX2000.
+.SH SEE ALSO
.BR locale (1),
.BR localedef (1),
+.BR catopen (3),
.BR gettext (3),
.BR localeconv (3),
+.BR mbstowcs (3),
+.BR newlocale (3),
.BR ngettext (3),
.BR nl_langinfo (3),
.BR rpmatch (3),
.BR strcoll (3),
.BR strfmon (3),
.BR strftime (3),
-.BR strxfrm (3)
+.BR strxfrm (3),
+.BR uselocale (3),
+.BR wcstombs (3),
+.BR locale (5),
+.BR charsets (7),
+.BR unicode (7),
+.BR utf-8 (7)
+.SH COLOPHON
+This page is part of release 3.79 of the Linux
+.I man-pages
+project.
+A description of the project,
+information about reporting bugs,
+and the latest version of this page,
+can be found at
+\%http://www.kernel.org/doc/man\-pages/.
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