msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-08-15 19:32+0900\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-02-04 23:33+0900\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:31 build/C/man5/acct.5:25 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:48 build/C/man2/capget.2:15 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:25 build/C/man7/credentials.7:27 build/C/man2/getgid.2:25 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:31 build/C/man2/getpid.2:25 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:48 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:28 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:64 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:39 build/C/man2/getsid.2:26 build/C/man2/getuid.2:26 build/C/man2/iopl.2:33 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:24 build/C/man2/ipc.2:25 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:29 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:31 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:31 build/C/man2/setgid.2:29 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:48 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:26 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:45 build/C/man2/setsid.2:30 build/C/man2/setuid.2:30 build/C/man7/svipc.7:40 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:27
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:31 build/C/man5/acct.5:25 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:48 build/C/man2/capget.2:15 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:25 build/C/man7/credentials.7:27 build/C/man2/getgid.2:25 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:31 build/C/man2/getpid.2:25 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:45 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:28 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:64 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:39 build/C/man2/getsid.2:26 build/C/man2/getuid.2:26 build/C/man2/iopl.2:33 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:24 build/C/man2/ipc.2:25 build/C/man7/namespaces.7:27 build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:27 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:29 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:31 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:31 build/C/man2/setgid.2:29 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:48 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:26 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:45 build/C/man2/setsid.2:31 build/C/man2/setuid.2:30 build/C/man7/svipc.7:40 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:27 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:27 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:27
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux"
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:31 build/C/man5/acct.5:25 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:48 build/C/man2/capget.2:15 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:25 build/C/man7/credentials.7:27 build/C/man2/getgid.2:25 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:31 build/C/man2/getpid.2:25 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:48 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:28 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:64 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:39 build/C/man2/getsid.2:26 build/C/man2/getuid.2:26 build/C/man2/iopl.2:33 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:24 build/C/man2/ipc.2:25 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:29 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:31 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:31 build/C/man2/setgid.2:29 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:48 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:26 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:45 build/C/man2/setsid.2:30 build/C/man2/setuid.2:30 build/C/man7/svipc.7:40 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:27
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:31 build/C/man5/acct.5:25 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:48 build/C/man2/capget.2:15 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:25 build/C/man7/credentials.7:27 build/C/man2/getgid.2:25 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:31 build/C/man2/getpid.2:25 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:45 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:28 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:64 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:39 build/C/man2/getsid.2:26 build/C/man2/getuid.2:26 build/C/man3/group_member.3:25 build/C/man2/iopl.2:33 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:24 build/C/man2/ipc.2:25 build/C/man7/namespaces.7:27 build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:27 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:29 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:31 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:31 build/C/man2/setgid.2:29 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:48 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:26 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:45 build/C/man2/setsid.2:31 build/C/man2/setuid.2:30 build/C/man7/svipc.7:40 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:27 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:27 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:27
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux Programmer's Manual"
msgstr ""
#. type: SH
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:32 build/C/man5/acct.5:26 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:49 build/C/man2/capget.2:16 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:26 build/C/man7/credentials.7:28 build/C/man2/getgid.2:26 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:32 build/C/man2/getpid.2:26 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:49 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:29 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:65 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:40 build/C/man2/getsid.2:27 build/C/man2/getuid.2:27 build/C/man2/iopl.2:34 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:25 build/C/man2/ipc.2:26 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:30 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:32 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:32 build/C/man2/setgid.2:30 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:49 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:27 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:46 build/C/man2/setsid.2:31 build/C/man2/setuid.2:31 build/C/man7/svipc.7:41 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:28
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:32 build/C/man5/acct.5:26 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:49 build/C/man2/capget.2:16 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:26 build/C/man7/credentials.7:28 build/C/man2/getgid.2:26 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:32 build/C/man2/getpid.2:26 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:46 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:29 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:65 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:40 build/C/man2/getsid.2:27 build/C/man2/getuid.2:27 build/C/man3/group_member.3:26 build/C/man2/iopl.2:34 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:25 build/C/man2/ipc.2:26 build/C/man7/namespaces.7:28 build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:28 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:30 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:32 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:32 build/C/man2/setgid.2:30 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:49 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:27 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:46 build/C/man2/setsid.2:32 build/C/man2/setuid.2:31 build/C/man7/svipc.7:41 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:28 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:28 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:28
#, no-wrap
msgid "NAME"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: SH
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:34 build/C/man5/acct.5:28 build/C/man2/capget.2:18 build/C/man2/getgid.2:28 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:34 build/C/man2/getpid.2:28 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:51 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:31 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:67 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:42 build/C/man2/getsid.2:29 build/C/man2/getuid.2:29 build/C/man2/iopl.2:36 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:27 build/C/man2/ipc.2:28 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:32 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:34 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:34 build/C/man2/setgid.2:32 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:51 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:29 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:48 build/C/man2/setsid.2:33 build/C/man2/setuid.2:33 build/C/man7/svipc.7:43 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:30
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:34 build/C/man5/acct.5:28 build/C/man2/capget.2:18 build/C/man2/getgid.2:28 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:34 build/C/man2/getpid.2:28 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:48 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:31 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:67 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:42 build/C/man2/getsid.2:29 build/C/man2/getuid.2:29 build/C/man3/group_member.3:28 build/C/man2/iopl.2:36 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:27 build/C/man2/ipc.2:28 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:32 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:34 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:34 build/C/man2/setgid.2:32 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:51 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:29 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:48 build/C/man2/setsid.2:34 build/C/man2/setuid.2:33 build/C/man7/svipc.7:43 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:30 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:30
#, no-wrap
msgid "SYNOPSIS"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:46 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:48 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:84 build/C/man2/getsid.2:37 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:44 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:71 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:60
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:46 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:48 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:84 build/C/man2/getsid.2:37 build/C/man3/group_member.3:36 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:44 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:71 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:60
msgid "Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see B<feature_test_macros>(7)):"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: SH
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:50 build/C/man5/acct.5:30 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:51 build/C/man2/capget.2:24 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:28 build/C/man7/credentials.7:30 build/C/man2/getgid.2:36 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:52 build/C/man2/getpid.2:36 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:59 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:39 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:88 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:48 build/C/man2/getsid.2:50 build/C/man2/getuid.2:37 build/C/man2/iopl.2:40 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:35 build/C/man2/ipc.2:34 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:53 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:39 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:39 build/C/man2/setgid.2:38 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:98 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:37 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:70 build/C/man2/setsid.2:40 build/C/man2/setuid.2:39 build/C/man7/svipc.7:49 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:34
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:50 build/C/man5/acct.5:30 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:51 build/C/man2/capget.2:24 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:28 build/C/man7/credentials.7:30 build/C/man2/getgid.2:36 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:52 build/C/man2/getpid.2:36 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:56 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:39 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:88 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:48 build/C/man2/getsid.2:50 build/C/man2/getuid.2:37 build/C/man3/group_member.3:40 build/C/man2/iopl.2:40 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:35 build/C/man2/ipc.2:34 build/C/man7/namespaces.7:30 build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:30 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:53 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:38 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:38 build/C/man2/setgid.2:38 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:100 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:37 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:70 build/C/man2/setsid.2:41 build/C/man2/setuid.2:39 build/C/man7/svipc.7:49 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:34 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:30 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:43
#, no-wrap
msgid "DESCRIPTION"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: SH
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:60 build/C/man2/capget.2:160 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:92 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:107 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:50 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:430 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:181 build/C/man2/getsid.2:58 build/C/man2/iopl.2:66 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:149 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:67 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:69 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:69 build/C/man2/setgid.2:53 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:172 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:64 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:91 build/C/man2/setsid.2:51 build/C/man2/setuid.2:70 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:67
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:60 build/C/man2/capget.2:160 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:92 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:104 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:50 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:461 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:188 build/C/man2/getsid.2:58 build/C/man3/group_member.3:48 build/C/man2/iopl.2:66 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:149 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:67 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:68 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:68 build/C/man2/setgid.2:53 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:195 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:64 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:93 build/C/man2/setsid.2:54 build/C/man2/setuid.2:70 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:67 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:342
#, no-wrap
msgid "RETURN VALUE"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:65 build/C/man2/capget.2:165 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:55 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:186 build/C/man2/iopl.2:71 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:72 build/C/man2/setgid.2:58 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:69 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:96 build/C/man2/setuid.2:75
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:65 build/C/man2/capget.2:165 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:55 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:193 build/C/man2/iopl.2:71 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:72 build/C/man2/setgid.2:58 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:69 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:98 build/C/man2/setuid.2:75
msgid ""
"On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set "
"appropriately."
msgstr ""
#. type: SH
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:65 build/C/man2/capget.2:179 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1100 build/C/man2/getgid.2:42 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:106 build/C/man2/getpid.2:44 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:120 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:55 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:435 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:186 build/C/man2/getsid.2:63 build/C/man2/getuid.2:43 build/C/man2/iopl.2:71 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:169 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:72 build/C/man2/setgid.2:58 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:193 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:69 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:96 build/C/man2/setsid.2:58 build/C/man2/setuid.2:75 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:74
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:65 build/C/man2/capget.2:179 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1100 build/C/man2/getgid.2:42 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:106 build/C/man2/getpid.2:44 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:117 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:55 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:466 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:193 build/C/man2/getsid.2:63 build/C/man2/getuid.2:43 build/C/man2/iopl.2:71 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:169 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:79 build/C/man2/setgid.2:58 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:216 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:76 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:105 build/C/man2/setsid.2:61 build/C/man2/setuid.2:82 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:74 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:358
#, no-wrap
msgid "ERRORS"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:66 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1116 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1123 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1129 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1137 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1144 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:140 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:194
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:66 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1116 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1123 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1129 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1137 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1144 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:137 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:217
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EACCES>"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:77 build/C/man2/capget.2:180 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1172 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:107 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:56 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:436 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:187
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:77 build/C/man2/capget.2:180 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1172 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:107 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:56 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:467 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:194 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:369
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EFAULT>"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:103 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1287 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:127
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:103 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1287 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:127 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:413 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:416
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENOMEM>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:106 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:130
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:106 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:130 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:416
msgid "Out of memory."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:117 build/C/man2/capget.2:191 build/C/man2/capget.2:196 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1319 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:130 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:152 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:452 build/C/man2/getsid.2:64 build/C/man2/iopl.2:79 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:179 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:75 build/C/man2/setgid.2:59 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:208 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:77 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:97 build/C/man2/setsid.2:59 build/C/man2/setuid.2:85 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:75
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:117 build/C/man2/capget.2:191 build/C/man2/capget.2:196 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1319 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:130 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:149 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:483 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:488 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:496 build/C/man2/getsid.2:64 build/C/man2/iopl.2:79 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:179 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:83 build/C/man2/setgid.2:64 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:231 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:103 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:132 build/C/man2/setsid.2:62 build/C/man2/setuid.2:110 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:75
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EPERM>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/acct.2:127
-msgid "I<filename> refers to a file on a read-only file system."
+msgid "I<filename> refers to a file on a read-only filesystem."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
msgstr ""
#. type: SH
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:130 build/C/man5/acct.5:153 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1079 build/C/man2/capget.2:218 build/C/man7/credentials.7:234 build/C/man2/getgid.2:44 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:133 build/C/man2/getpid.2:46 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:160 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:67 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:473 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:195 build/C/man2/getsid.2:79 build/C/man2/getuid.2:45 build/C/man2/iopl.2:87 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:196 build/C/man2/ipc.2:45 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:91 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:80 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:80 build/C/man2/setgid.2:66 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:227 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:83 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:113 build/C/man2/setsid.2:65 build/C/man2/setuid.2:92 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:78
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:130 build/C/man5/acct.5:153 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1120 build/C/man2/capget.2:218 build/C/man7/credentials.7:287 build/C/man2/getgid.2:44 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:133 build/C/man2/getpid.2:46 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:157 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:67 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:511 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:202 build/C/man2/getsid.2:79 build/C/man2/getuid.2:45 build/C/man3/group_member.3:55 build/C/man2/iopl.2:87 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:196 build/C/man2/ipc.2:45 build/C/man7/namespaces.7:359 build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:351 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:99 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:75 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:75 build/C/man2/setgid.2:71 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:250 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:109 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:148 build/C/man2/setsid.2:68 build/C/man2/setuid.2:117 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:78 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:645 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:435
#, no-wrap
msgid "CONFORMING TO"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: SH
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:137 build/C/man5/acct.5:157 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1085 build/C/man2/capget.2:220 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1341 build/C/man7/credentials.7:240 build/C/man2/getgid.2:46 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:141 build/C/man2/getpid.2:48 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:163 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:70 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:496 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:206 build/C/man2/getsid.2:81 build/C/man2/getuid.2:47 build/C/man2/iopl.2:91 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:198 build/C/man2/ipc.2:49 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:93 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:84 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:84 build/C/man2/setgid.2:68 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:249 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:86 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:119 build/C/man2/setsid.2:67 build/C/man2/setuid.2:97
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:137 build/C/man5/acct.5:157 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1126 build/C/man2/capget.2:220 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1341 build/C/man7/credentials.7:293 build/C/man2/getgid.2:46 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:141 build/C/man2/getpid.2:48 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:160 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:70 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:534 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:213 build/C/man2/getsid.2:81 build/C/man2/getuid.2:47 build/C/man2/iopl.2:91 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:198 build/C/man2/ipc.2:49 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:101 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:79 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:79 build/C/man2/setgid.2:73 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:272 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:112 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:154 build/C/man2/setsid.2:70 build/C/man2/setuid.2:122 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:648 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:439
#, no-wrap
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: SH
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:143 build/C/man5/acct.5:174 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1141 build/C/man2/capget.2:228 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1488 build/C/man7/credentials.7:251 build/C/man2/getgid.2:62 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:171 build/C/man2/getpid.2:100 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:232 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:86 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:656 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:246 build/C/man2/getsid.2:84 build/C/man2/getuid.2:73 build/C/man2/iopl.2:100 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:346 build/C/man2/ipc.2:57 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:124 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:112 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:112 build/C/man2/setgid.2:78 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:317 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:106 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:159 build/C/man2/setsid.2:84 build/C/man2/setuid.2:120 build/C/man7/svipc.7:331 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:83
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:143 build/C/man5/acct.5:174 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1183 build/C/man2/capget.2:228 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1488 build/C/man7/credentials.7:304 build/C/man2/getgid.2:62 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:178 build/C/man2/getpid.2:100 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:232 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:86 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:766 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:253 build/C/man2/getsid.2:84 build/C/man2/getuid.2:73 build/C/man3/group_member.3:57 build/C/man2/iopl.2:100 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:346 build/C/man2/ipc.2:57 build/C/man7/namespaces.7:364 build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:356 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:141 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:123 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:131 build/C/man2/setgid.2:83 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:340 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:132 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:194 build/C/man2/setsid.2:93 build/C/man2/setuid.2:145 build/C/man7/svipc.7:335 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:83 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:1011 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:662
#, no-wrap
msgid "SEE ALSO"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: SH
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:145 build/C/man5/acct.5:179 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1161 build/C/man2/capget.2:232 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1505 build/C/man7/credentials.7:282 build/C/man2/getgid.2:67 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:178 build/C/man2/getpid.2:110 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:240 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:92 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:674 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:253 build/C/man2/getsid.2:88 build/C/man2/getuid.2:78 build/C/man2/iopl.2:104 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:354 build/C/man2/ipc.2:70 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:131 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:117 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:117 build/C/man2/setgid.2:84 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:324 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:115 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:167 build/C/man2/setsid.2:91 build/C/man2/setuid.2:127 build/C/man7/svipc.7:348 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:88
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:145 build/C/man5/acct.5:179 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1205 build/C/man2/capget.2:232 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1506 build/C/man7/credentials.7:340 build/C/man2/getgid.2:67 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:186 build/C/man2/getpid.2:111 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:241 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:92 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:784 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:260 build/C/man2/getsid.2:88 build/C/man2/getuid.2:78 build/C/man3/group_member.3:62 build/C/man2/iopl.2:104 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:354 build/C/man2/ipc.2:70 build/C/man7/namespaces.7:377 build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:365 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:149 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:128 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:136 build/C/man2/setgid.2:90 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:347 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:142 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:203 build/C/man2/setsid.2:100 build/C/man2/setuid.2:153 build/C/man7/svipc.7:353 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:88 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:1027 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:679
#, no-wrap
msgid "COLOPHON"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/acct.2:152 build/C/man5/acct.5:186 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1168 build/C/man2/capget.2:239 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1512 build/C/man7/credentials.7:289 build/C/man2/getgid.2:74 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:185 build/C/man2/getpid.2:117 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:247 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:99 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:681 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:260 build/C/man2/getsid.2:95 build/C/man2/getuid.2:85 build/C/man2/iopl.2:111 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:361 build/C/man2/ipc.2:77 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:138 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:124 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:124 build/C/man2/setgid.2:91 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:331 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:122 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:174 build/C/man2/setsid.2:98 build/C/man2/setuid.2:134 build/C/man7/svipc.7:355 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:95
+#: build/C/man2/acct.2:153 build/C/man5/acct.5:187 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1213 build/C/man2/capget.2:240 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1514 build/C/man7/credentials.7:348 build/C/man2/getgid.2:75 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:194 build/C/man2/getpid.2:119 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:249 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:100 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:792 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:268 build/C/man2/getsid.2:96 build/C/man2/getuid.2:86 build/C/man3/group_member.3:70 build/C/man2/iopl.2:112 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:362 build/C/man2/ipc.2:78 build/C/man7/namespaces.7:385 build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:373 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:157 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:136 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:144 build/C/man2/setgid.2:98 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:355 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:150 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:211 build/C/man2/setsid.2:108 build/C/man2/setuid.2:161 build/C/man7/svipc.7:361 build/C/man3/ulimit.3:96 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:1035 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:687
msgid ""
-"This page is part of release 3.53 of the Linux I<man-pages> project. A "
-"description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be "
-"found at \\%http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/."
+"This page is part of release 3.79 of the Linux I<man-pages> project. A "
+"description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest "
+"version of this page, can be found at "
+"\\%http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/."
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
msgstr ""
#. type: SH
-#: build/C/man5/acct.5:149 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1338 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:60 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:468 build/C/man2/getsid.2:75 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:193 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:76 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:76 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:81
+#: build/C/man5/acct.5:149 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1338 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:60 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:506 build/C/man2/getsid.2:75 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:193 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:71 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:71 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:107 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:430
#, no-wrap
msgid "VERSIONS"
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:48
#, no-wrap
-msgid "2013-07-21"
+msgid "2015-02-01"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
#. type: TP
#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:77
#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<CAP_AUDIT_READ> (since Linux 3.16)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. commit a29b694aa1739f9d76538e34ae25524f9c549d59
+#. commit 3a101b8de0d39403b2c7e5c23fd0b005668acf48
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:82
+msgid "Allow reading the audit log via a multicast netlink socket."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:82
+#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_AUDIT_WRITE> (since Linux 2.6.11)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:80
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:85
msgid "Write records to kernel auditing log."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:80
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:85
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_BLOCK_SUSPEND> (since Linux 3.5)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:86
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:91
msgid ""
"Employ features that can block system suspend (B<epoll>(7) B<EPOLLWAKEUP>, "
"I</proc/sys/wake_lock>)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:86
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:91
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_CHOWN>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:90
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:95
msgid "Make arbitrary changes to file UIDs and GIDs (see B<chown>(2))."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:90
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:95
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:94
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:99
msgid ""
"Bypass file read, write, and execute permission checks. (DAC is an "
"abbreviation of \"discretionary access control\".)"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:94
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:99
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH>"
msgstr ""
#. type: IP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:98 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:101 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:111 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:121 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:125 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:127 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:129 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:199 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:201 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:203 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:205 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:207 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:209 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:211 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:213 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:215 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:239 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:241 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:287 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:297 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:303 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:308 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:314 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:321 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:324 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:332 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:334 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:343 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:350 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:353 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:357 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:360 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:363 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:370 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:375 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:381 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:385 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:389 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:393 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:397 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:424 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:429 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:434 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:437 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:440 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:449 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:453 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:479 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:484 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:487 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:492 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:495 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:498 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:501 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:504 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:509 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:511 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:517 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:525 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:527 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:531 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:533 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:536 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:540 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:542 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:544 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:546 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:555 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:562 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:567 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:572 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:577 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:600 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:607 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:806 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:814 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1130 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1135 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:540 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:545 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:550 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:726 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:730 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:927 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:930 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:934 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:938 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:942 build/C/man7/credentials.7:125 build/C/man7/credentials.7:131 build/C/man7/credentials.7:143 build/C/man7/credentials.7:165 build/C/man7/credentials.7:182 build/C/man7/credentials.7:214 build/C/man7/credentials.7:217 build/C/man7/credentials.7:227 build/C/man7/credentials.7:230
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:103 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:106 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:116 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:126 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:130 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:132 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:134 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:204 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:206 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:208 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:210 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:212 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:214 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:216 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:218 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:220 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:244 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:246 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:296 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:306 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:312 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:317 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:323 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:327 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:334 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:337 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:345 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:347 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:356 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:365 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:368 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:372 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:380 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:383 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:390 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:395 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:401 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:405 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:409 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:413 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:417 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:444 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:449 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:455 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:458 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:461 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:471 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:475 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:492 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:495 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:499 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:504 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:513 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:518 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:521 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:526 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:529 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:532 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:535 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:538 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:543 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:545 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:551 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:559 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:561 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:565 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:567 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:570 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:574 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:576 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:578 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:580 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:589 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:596 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:601 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:606 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:611 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:636 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:643 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:844 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:852 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1172 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1177 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:540 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:545 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:550 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:726 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:730 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:927 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:930 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:934 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:938 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:942 build/C/man7/credentials.7:177 build/C/man7/credentials.7:183 build/C/man7/credentials.7:195 build/C/man7/credentials.7:217 build/C/man7/credentials.7:234 build/C/man7/credentials.7:266 build/C/man7/credentials.7:269 build/C/man7/credentials.7:280 build/C/man7/credentials.7:283 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:690 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:693 build/C/man7/namespaces.7:212 build/C/man7/namespaces.7:215 build/C/man7/namespaces.7:228 build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:233 build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:241 build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:252 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:261 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:266 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:272 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:285 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:306 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:474 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:477 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:479 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:492 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:505 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:532 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:541 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:265 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:269 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:272 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:277 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:281 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:455 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:463 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:469
#, no-wrap
msgid "*"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:101
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:106
msgid ""
"Bypass file read permission checks and directory read and execute permission "
"checks;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:104
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:109
msgid "Invoke B<open_by_handle_at>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:107
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:112
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_FOWNER>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:121
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:126
msgid ""
-"Bypass permission checks on operations that normally require the file system "
+"Bypass permission checks on operations that normally require the filesystem "
"UID of the process to match the UID of the file (e.g., B<chmod>(2), "
"B<utime>(2)), excluding those operations covered by B<CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE> and "
"B<CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH>;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:125
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:130
msgid "set extended file attributes (see B<chattr>(1)) on arbitrary files;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:127
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:132
msgid "set Access Control Lists (ACLs) on arbitrary files;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:129
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:134
msgid "ignore directory sticky bit on file deletion;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:136
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:141
msgid "specify B<O_NOATIME> for arbitrary files in B<open>(2) and B<fcntl>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:138
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:143
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_FSETID>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:144
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:149
msgid ""
"Don't clear set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission bits when a file is "
"modified; set the set-group-ID bit for a file whose GID does not match the "
-"file system or any of the supplementary GIDs of the calling process."
+"filesystem or any of the supplementary GIDs of the calling process."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:144
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:149
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_IPC_LOCK>"
msgstr ""
-#. FIXME As at Linux 3.2, there are some strange uses of this capability
+#. FIXME . As at Linux 3.2, there are some strange uses of this capability
#. in other places; they probably should be replaced with something else.
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:153
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:158
msgid "Lock memory (B<mlock>(2), B<mlockall>(2), B<mmap>(2), B<shmctl>(2))."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:153
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:158
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_IPC_OWNER>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:156
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:161
msgid "Bypass permission checks for operations on System V IPC objects."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:156
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:161
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_KILL>"
msgstr ""
-#. FIXME CAP_KILL also has an effect for threads + setting child
+#. FIXME . CAP_KILL also has an effect for threads + setting child
#. termination signal to other than SIGCHLD: without this
#. capability, the termination signal reverts to SIGCHLD
#. if the child does an exec(). What is the rationale
#. for this?
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:169
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:174
msgid ""
"Bypass permission checks for sending signals (see B<kill>(2)). This "
"includes use of the B<ioctl>(2) B<KDSIGACCEPT> operation."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:169
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:174
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_LEASE> (since Linux 2.4)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:173
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:178
msgid "Establish leases on arbitrary files (see B<fcntl>(2))."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:173
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:178
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE>"
msgstr ""
#. These attributes are now available on ext2, ext3, Reiserfs, XFS, JFS
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:182
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:187
msgid ""
-"Set the B<FS_APPEND_FL> and B<FS_IMMUTABLE_FL> i-node flags (see "
+"Set the B<FS_APPEND_FL> and B<FS_IMMUTABLE_FL> inode flags (see "
"B<chattr>(1))."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:182
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:187
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_MAC_ADMIN> (since Linux 2.6.25)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:186
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:191
msgid ""
"Override Mandatory Access Control (MAC). Implemented for the Smack Linux "
"Security Module (LSM)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:186
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:191
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_MAC_OVERRIDE> (since Linux 2.6.25)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:190
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:195
msgid "Allow MAC configuration or state changes. Implemented for the Smack LSM."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:190
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:195
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_MKNOD> (since Linux 2.4)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:194
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:199
msgid "Create special files using B<mknod>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:194
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:199
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_NET_ADMIN>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:197
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:202
msgid "Perform various network-related operations:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:201
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:206
msgid "interface configuration;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:203
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:208
msgid "administration of IP firewall, masquerading, and accounting;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:205
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:210
msgid "modify routing tables;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:207
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:212
msgid "bind to any address for transparent proxying;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:209
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:214
msgid "set type-of-service (TOS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:211
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:216
msgid "clear driver statistics;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:213
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:218
msgid "set promiscuous mode;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:215
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:220
msgid "enabling multicasting;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:226
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:231
msgid ""
"use B<setsockopt>(2) to set the following socket options: B<SO_DEBUG>, "
"B<SO_MARK>, B<SO_PRIORITY> (for a priority outside the range 0 to 6), "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:228
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:233
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:232
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:237
msgid ""
"Bind a socket to Internet domain privileged ports (port numbers less than "
"1024)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:232
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:237
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_NET_BROADCAST>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:235
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:240
msgid "(Unused) Make socket broadcasts, and listen to multicasts."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:235
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:240
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_NET_RAW>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:241
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:246
msgid "use RAW and PACKET sockets;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:243
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:248
msgid "bind to any address for transparent proxying."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:246
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:251
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SETGID>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:250
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:257
msgid ""
"Make arbitrary manipulations of process GIDs and supplementary GID list; "
-"forge GID when passing socket credentials via UNIX domain sockets."
+"forge GID when passing socket credentials via UNIX domain sockets; write a "
+"group ID mapping in a user namespace (see B<user_namespaces>(7))."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:250
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:257
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SETFCAP> (since Linux 2.6.24)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:253
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:260
msgid "Set file capabilities."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:253
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:260
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SETPCAP>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:264
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:271
msgid ""
"If file capabilities are not supported: grant or remove any capability in "
"the caller's permitted capability set to or from any other process. (This "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:274
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:281
msgid ""
"If file capabilities are supported: add any capability from the calling "
"thread's bounding set to its inheritable set; drop capabilities from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:274
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:281
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SETUID>"
msgstr ""
#. FIXME CAP_SETUID also an effect in exec(); document this.
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:283
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:292
msgid ""
"Make arbitrary manipulations of process UIDs (B<setuid>(2), B<setreuid>(2), "
-"B<setresuid>(2), B<setfsuid>(2)); make forged UID when passing socket "
-"credentials via UNIX domain sockets."
+"B<setresuid>(2), B<setfsuid>(2)); forge UID when passing socket credentials "
+"via UNIX domain sockets; write a user ID mapping in a user namespace (see "
+"B<user_namespaces>(7))."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:283
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:292
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:297
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:306
msgid ""
"Perform a range of system administration operations including: "
"B<quotactl>(2), B<mount>(2), B<umount>(2), B<swapon>(2), B<swapoff>(2), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:303
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:312
msgid ""
"perform privileged B<syslog>(2) operations (since Linux 2.6.37, "
"B<CAP_SYSLOG> should be used to permit such operations);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:308
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:317
msgid "perform B<VM86_REQUEST_IRQ> B<vm86>(2) command;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:314
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:323
msgid ""
"perform B<IPC_SET> and B<IPC_RMID> operations on arbitrary System V IPC "
"objects;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:321
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:327 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:574
+msgid "override B<RLIMIT_NPROC> resource limit;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:334
msgid ""
"perform operations on I<trusted> and I<security> Extended Attributes (see "
"B<attr>(5));"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:324
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:337
msgid "use B<lookup_dcookie>(2);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:332
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:345
msgid ""
"use B<ioprio_set>(2) to assign B<IOPRIO_CLASS_RT> and (before Linux 2.6.25) "
"B<IOPRIO_CLASS_IDLE> I/O scheduling classes;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:334
-msgid "forge UID when passing socket credentials;"
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:347
+msgid "forge PID when passing socket credentials via UNIX domain sockets;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:343
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:356
msgid ""
"exceed I</proc/sys/fs/file-max>, the system-wide limit on the number of open "
"files, in system calls that open files (e.g., B<accept>(2), B<execve>(2), "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:350
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:365
msgid ""
"employ B<CLONE_*> flags that create new namespaces with B<clone>(2) and "
-"B<unshare>(2);"
+"B<unshare>(2) (but, since Linux 3.8, creating user namespaces does not "
+"require any capability);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:353
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:368
msgid "call B<perf_event_open>(2);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:357
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:372
msgid "access privileged I<perf> event information;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:360
-msgid "call B<setns>(2);"
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:380
+msgid "call B<setns>(2) (requires B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> in the I<target> namespace);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:363
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:383
msgid "call B<fanotify_init>(2);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:370
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:390
msgid "perform B<KEYCTL_CHOWN> and B<KEYCTL_SETPERM> B<keyctl>(2) operations;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:375
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:395
msgid "perform B<madvise>(2) B<MADV_HWPOISON> operation;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:381
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:401
msgid ""
"employ the B<TIOCSTI> B<ioctl>(2) to insert characters into the input queue "
-"of a terminal other than the caller's controlling terminal."
+"of a terminal other than the caller's controlling terminal;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:385
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:405
msgid "employ the obsolete B<nfsservctl>(2) system call;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:389
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:409
msgid "employ the obsolete B<bdflush>(2) system call;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:393
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:413
msgid "perform various privileged block-device B<ioctl>(2) operations;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:397
-msgid "perform various privileged file-system B<ioctl>(2) operations;"
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:417
+msgid "perform various privileged filesystem B<ioctl>(2) operations;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:399
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:419
msgid "perform administrative operations on many device drivers."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:401
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:421
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SYS_BOOT>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:407
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:427
msgid "Use B<reboot>(2) and B<kexec_load>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:407
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:427
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SYS_CHROOT>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:411
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:431
msgid "Use B<chroot>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:411
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:431
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SYS_MODULE>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:420
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:440
msgid ""
"Load and unload kernel modules (see B<init_module>(2) and "
"B<delete_module>(2)); in kernels before 2.6.25: drop capabilities from the "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:420
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:440
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SYS_NICE>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:429
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:449
msgid ""
"Raise process nice value (B<nice>(2), B<setpriority>(2)) and change the "
"nice value for arbitrary processes;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:434
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:455
msgid ""
"set real-time scheduling policies for calling process, and set scheduling "
"policies and priorities for arbitrary processes (B<sched_setscheduler>(2), "
-"B<sched_setparam>(2));"
+"B<sched_setparam>(2), B<shed_setattr>(2));"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:437
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:458
msgid "set CPU affinity for arbitrary processes (B<sched_setaffinity>(2));"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:440
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:461
msgid ""
"set I/O scheduling class and priority for arbitrary processes "
"(B<ioprio_set>(2));"
#. migrate_pages(2):
#. do_migrate_pages(mm, &old, &new,
#. capable(CAP_SYS_NICE) ? MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL : MPOL_MF_MOVE);
+#. Document this.
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:449
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:471
msgid ""
"apply B<migrate_pages>(2) to arbitrary processes and allow processes to be "
"migrated to arbitrary nodes;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:453
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:475
msgid "apply B<move_pages>(2) to arbitrary processes;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:460
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:482
msgid "use the B<MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL> flag with B<mbind>(2) and B<move_pages>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:462
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:484
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SYS_PACCT>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:466
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:488
msgid "Use B<acct>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:466
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:488
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SYS_PTRACE>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:475
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:495
+msgid "Trace arbitrary processes using B<ptrace>(2);"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:499
+msgid "apply B<get_robust_list>(2) to arbitrary processes;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:504
msgid ""
-"Trace arbitrary processes using B<ptrace>(2); apply B<get_robust_list>(2) "
-"to arbitrary processes; inspect processes using B<kcmp>(2)."
+"transfer data to or from the memory of arbitrary processes using "
+"B<process_vm_readv>(2) and B<process_vm_writev>(2)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:507
+msgid "inspect processes using B<kcmp>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:475
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:509
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SYS_RAWIO>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:484
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:518
msgid "Perform I/O port operations (B<iopl>(2) and B<ioperm>(2));"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:487
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:521
msgid "access I</proc/kcore>;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:492
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:526
msgid "employ the B<FIBMAP> B<ioctl>(2) operation;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:495
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:529
msgid ""
"open devices for accessing x86 model-specific registers (MSRs, see "
"B<msr>(4))"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:498
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:532
msgid "update I</proc/sys/vm/mmap_min_addr>;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:501
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:535
msgid ""
"create memory mappings at addresses below the value specified by "
"I</proc/sys/vm/mmap_min_addr>;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:504
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:538
msgid "map files in I</proc/bus/pci>;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:509
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:543
msgid "open I</dev/mem> and I</dev/kmem>;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:511
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:545
msgid "perform various SCSI device commands;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:517
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:551
msgid "perform certain operations on B<hpsa>(4) and B<cciss>(4) devices;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:519
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:553
msgid "perform a range of device-specific operations on other devices."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:521
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:555
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SYS_RESOURCE>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:527
-msgid "Use reserved space on ext2 file systems;"
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:561
+msgid "Use reserved space on ext2 filesystems;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:531
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:565
msgid "make B<ioctl>(2) calls controlling ext3 journaling;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:533
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:567
msgid "override disk quota limits;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:536
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:570
msgid "increase resource limits (see B<setrlimit>(2));"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:540
-msgid "override B<RLIMIT_NPROC> resource limit;"
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:542
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:576
msgid "override maximum number of consoles on console allocation;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:544
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:578
msgid "override maximum number of keymaps;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:546
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:580
msgid "allow more than 64hz interrupts from the real-time clock;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:555
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:589
msgid ""
"raise I<msg_qbytes> limit for a System V message queue above the limit in "
"I</proc/sys/kernel/msgmnb> (see B<msgop>(2) and B<msgctl>(2));"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:562
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:596
msgid ""
"override the I</proc/sys/fs/pipe-size-max> limit when setting the capacity "
"of a pipe using the B<F_SETPIPE_SZ> B<fcntl>(2) command."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:567
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:601
msgid ""
"use B<F_SETPIPE_SZ> to increase the capacity of a pipe above the limit "
"specified by I</proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size>;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:572
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:606
msgid ""
"override I</proc/sys/fs/mqueue/queues_max> limit when creating POSIX message "
"queues (see B<mq_overview>(7));"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:577
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:611
msgid "employ B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_MM> operation;"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:582
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:616
msgid ""
"set I</proc/PID/oom_score_adj> to a value lower than the value last set by a "
"process with B<CAP_SYS_RESOURCE>."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:584
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:618
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SYS_TIME>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:591
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:625
msgid ""
"Set system clock (B<settimeofday>(2), B<stime>(2), B<adjtimex>(2)); set "
"real-time (hardware) clock."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:591
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:625
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:598
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:632
msgid ""
"Use B<vhangup>(2); employ various privileged B<ioctl>(2) operations on "
"virtual terminals."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:598
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:632
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_SYSLOG> (since Linux 2.6.37)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:607
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:643
msgid ""
"Perform privileged B<syslog>(2) operations. See B<syslog>(2) for "
"information on which operations require privilege."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:617
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:653
msgid ""
"View kernel addresses exposed via I</proc> and other interfaces when "
"I</proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict> has the value 1. (See the discussion of "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:617
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:655
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<CAP_WAKE_ALARM> (since Linux 3.0)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:625
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:663
msgid ""
"Trigger something that will wake up the system (set B<CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM> "
"and B<CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM> timers)."
msgstr ""
#. type: SS
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:625
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:663
#, no-wrap
msgid "Past and current implementation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:627
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:665
msgid "A full implementation of capabilities requires that:"
msgstr ""
#. type: IP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:627 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:778 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:925 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:978
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:665 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:816 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:963 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1016 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:173 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:515
#, no-wrap
msgid "1."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:631
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:669
msgid ""
"For all privileged operations, the kernel must check whether the thread has "
"the required capability in its effective set."
msgstr ""
#. type: IP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:631 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:783 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:931 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:984
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:669 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:821 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:969 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1022 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:189 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:521
#, no-wrap
msgid "2."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:634
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:672
msgid ""
"The kernel must provide system calls allowing a thread's capability sets to "
"be changed and retrieved."
msgstr ""
#. type: IP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:634 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:934 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:988
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:672 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:972 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1026 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:193 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:526
#, no-wrap
msgid "3."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:637
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:675
msgid ""
-"The file system must support attaching capabilities to an executable file, "
-"so that a process gains those capabilities when the file is executed."
+"The filesystem must support attaching capabilities to an executable file, so "
+"that a process gains those capabilities when the file is executed."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:641
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:679
msgid ""
"Before kernel 2.6.24, only the first two of these requirements are met; "
"since kernel 2.6.24, all three requirements are met."
msgstr ""
#. type: SS
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:641
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:679
#, no-wrap
msgid "Thread capability sets"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:644
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:682
msgid ""
"Each thread has three capability sets containing zero or more of the above "
"capabilities:"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:644
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:682
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<Permitted>:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:652
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:690
msgid ""
"This is a limiting superset for the effective capabilities that the thread "
"may assume. It is also a limiting superset for the capabilities that may be "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:658
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:696
msgid ""
"If a thread drops a capability from its permitted set, it can never "
"reacquire that capability (unless it B<execve>(2)s either a set-user-ID-root "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:658
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:696
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<Inheritable>:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:665
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:703
msgid ""
"This is a set of capabilities preserved across an B<execve>(2). It provides "
"a mechanism for a process to assign capabilities to the permitted set of the "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:665 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:715
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:703 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:753
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<Effective>:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:669
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:707
msgid ""
"This is the set of capabilities used by the kernel to perform permission "
"checks for the thread."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:675
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:713
msgid ""
"A child created via B<fork>(2) inherits copies of its parent's capability "
"sets. See below for a discussion of the treatment of capabilities during "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:679
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:717
msgid ""
"Using B<capset>(2), a thread may manipulate its own capability sets (see "
"below)."
#. commit 73efc0394e148d0e15583e13712637831f926720
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:688
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:726
msgid ""
"Since Linux 3.2, the file I</proc/sys/kernel/cap_last_cap> exposes the "
"numerical value of the highest capability supported by the running kernel; "
msgstr ""
#. type: SS
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:688
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:726
#, no-wrap
msgid "File capabilities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:703
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:741
msgid ""
"Since kernel 2.6.24, the kernel supports associating capability sets with an "
"executable file using B<setcap>(8). The file capability sets are stored in "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:705
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:743
msgid "The three file capability sets are:"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:705
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:743
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<Permitted> (formerly known as I<forced>):"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:709
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:747
msgid ""
"These capabilities are automatically permitted to the thread, regardless of "
"the thread's inheritable capabilities."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:709
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:747
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<Inheritable> (formerly known as I<allowed>):"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:715
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:753
msgid ""
"This set is ANDed with the thread's inheritable set to determine which "
"inheritable capabilities are enabled in the permitted set of the thread "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:725
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:763
msgid ""
"This is not a set, but rather just a single bit. If this bit is set, then "
"during an B<execve>(2) all of the new permitted capabilities for the thread "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:741
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:779
msgid ""
"Enabling the file effective capability bit implies that any file permitted "
"or inheritable capability that causes a thread to acquire the corresponding "
msgstr ""
#. type: SS
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:741
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:779
#, no-wrap
msgid "Transformation of capabilities during execve()"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:747
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:785
msgid ""
"During an B<execve>(2), the kernel calculates the new capabilities of the "
"process using the following algorithm:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:752
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:790
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"P'(permitted) = (P(inheritable) & F(inheritable)) |\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:754
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:792
#, no-wrap
msgid "P'(effective) = F(effective) ? P'(permitted) : 0\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:756
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:794
#, no-wrap
msgid "P'(inheritable) = P(inheritable) [i.e., unchanged]\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:760
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:798
msgid "where:"
msgstr ""
#. type: IP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:761
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:799
#, no-wrap
msgid "P"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:764
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:802
msgid "denotes the value of a thread capability set before the B<execve>(2)"
msgstr ""
#. type: IP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:764
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:802
#, no-wrap
msgid "P'"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:767
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:805
msgid "denotes the value of a capability set after the B<execve>(2)"
msgstr ""
#. type: IP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:767
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:805
#, no-wrap
msgid "F"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:769
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:807
msgid "denotes a file capability set"
msgstr ""
#. type: IP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:769
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:807
#, no-wrap
msgid "cap_bset"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:771
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:809
msgid "is the value of the capability bounding set (described below)."
msgstr ""
#. type: SS
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:773
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:811
#, no-wrap
msgid "Capabilities and execution of programs by root"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:778
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:816
msgid ""
"In order to provide an all-powerful I<root> using capability sets, during an "
"B<execve>(2):"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:783
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:821
msgid ""
"If a set-user-ID-root program is being executed, or the real user ID of the "
"process is 0 (root) then the file inheritable and permitted sets are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:786
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:824
msgid ""
"If a set-user-ID-root program is being executed, then the file effective bit "
"is defined to be one (enabled)."
#. exec(), then it gets all capabilities in its
#. permitted set, and no effective capabilities
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:801
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:839
msgid ""
"The upshot of the above rules, combined with the capabilities "
"transformations described above, is that when a process B<execve>(2)s a "
msgstr ""
#. type: SS
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:801
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:839
#, no-wrap
msgid "Capability bounding set"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:806
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:844
msgid ""
"The capability bounding set is a security mechanism that can be used to "
"limit the capabilities that can be gained during an B<execve>(2). The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:814
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:852
msgid ""
"During an B<execve>(2), the capability bounding set is ANDed with the file "
"permitted capability set, and the result of this operation is assigned to "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:826
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:864
msgid ""
"(Since Linux 2.6.25) The capability bounding set acts as a limiting "
"superset for the capabilities that a thread can add to its inheritable set "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:833
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:871
msgid ""
"Note that the bounding set masks the file permitted capabilities, but not "
"the inherited capabilities. If a thread maintains a capability in its "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:836
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:874
msgid ""
"Depending on the kernel version, the capability bounding set is either a "
"system-wide attribute, or a per-process attribute."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:838
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:876
msgid "B<Capability bounding set prior to Linux 2.6.25>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:846
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:884
msgid ""
"In kernels before 2.6.25, the capability bounding set is a system-wide "
"attribute that affects all threads on the system. The bounding set is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:853
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:891
msgid ""
"Only the B<init> process may set capabilities in the capability bounding "
"set; other than that, the superuser (more precisely: programs with the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:862
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:900
msgid ""
"On a standard system the capability bounding set always masks out the "
"B<CAP_SETPCAP> capability. To remove this restriction (dangerous!), modify "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:866
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:904
msgid ""
"The system-wide capability bounding set feature was added to Linux starting "
"with kernel version 2.2.11."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:868
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:906
msgid "B<Capability bounding set from Linux 2.6.25 onward>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:873
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:911
msgid ""
"From Linux 2.6.25, the I<capability bounding set> is a per-thread "
"attribute. (There is no longer a system-wide capability bounding set.)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:878
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:916
msgid ""
"The bounding set is inherited at B<fork>(2) from the thread's parent, and "
"is preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:891
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:929
msgid ""
"A thread may remove capabilities from its capability bounding set using the "
"B<prctl>(2) B<PR_CAPBSET_DROP> operation, provided it has the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:909
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:947
msgid ""
"Removing capabilities from the bounding set is supported only if file "
"capabilities are compiled into the kernel. In kernels before Linux 2.6.33, "
"file capabilities were an optional feature configurable via the "
-"CONFIG_SECURITY_FILE_CAPABILITIES option. Since Linux 2.6.33, the "
+"B<CONFIG_SECURITY_FILE_CAPABILITIES> option. Since Linux 2.6.33, the "
"configuration option has been removed and file capabilities are always part "
"of the kernel. When file capabilities are compiled into the kernel, the "
"B<init> process (the ancestor of all processes) begins with a full bounding "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:916
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:954
msgid ""
"Removing a capability from the bounding set does not remove it from the "
"thread's inherited set. However it does prevent the capability from being "
msgstr ""
#. type: SS
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:916
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:954
#, no-wrap
msgid "Effect of user ID changes on capabilities"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:925
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:963
msgid ""
"To preserve the traditional semantics for transitions between 0 and nonzero "
"user IDs, the kernel makes the following changes to a thread's capability "
-"sets on changes to the thread's real, effective, saved set, and file system "
+"sets on changes to the thread's real, effective, saved set, and filesystem "
"user IDs (using B<setuid>(2), B<setresuid>(2), or similar):"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:931
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:969
msgid ""
"If one or more of the real, effective or saved set user IDs was previously "
"0, and as a result of the UID changes all of these IDs have a nonzero value, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:934
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:972
msgid ""
"If the effective user ID is changed from 0 to nonzero, then all capabilities "
"are cleared from the effective set."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:937
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:975
msgid ""
"If the effective user ID is changed from nonzero to 0, then the permitted "
"set is copied to the effective set."
msgstr ""
#. type: IP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:937 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:992
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:975 build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1030 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:529
#, no-wrap
msgid "4."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:955
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:993
msgid ""
-"If the file system user ID is changed from 0 to nonzero (see B<setfsuid>(2)) "
+"If the filesystem user ID is changed from 0 to nonzero (see B<setfsuid>(2)), "
"then the following capabilities are cleared from the effective set: "
"B<CAP_CHOWN>, B<CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE>, B<CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH>, B<CAP_FOWNER>, "
-"B<CAP_FSETID>, B<CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE> (since Linux 2.2.30), "
-"B<CAP_MAC_OVERRIDE>, and B<CAP_MKNOD> (since Linux 2.2.30). If the file "
-"system UID is changed from nonzero to 0, then any of these capabilities that "
-"are enabled in the permitted set are enabled in the effective set."
+"B<CAP_FSETID>, B<CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE> (since Linux 2.6.30), "
+"B<CAP_MAC_OVERRIDE>, and B<CAP_MKNOD> (since Linux 2.6.30). If the "
+"filesystem UID is changed from nonzero to 0, then any of these capabilities "
+"that are enabled in the permitted set are enabled in the effective set."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:963
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1001
msgid ""
"If a thread that has a 0 value for one or more of its user IDs wants to "
"prevent its permitted capability set being cleared when it resets all of its "
msgstr ""
#. type: SS
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:963
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1001
#, no-wrap
msgid "Programmatically adjusting capability sets"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:978
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1016
msgid ""
"A thread can retrieve and change its capability sets using the B<capget>(2) "
"and B<capset>(2) system calls. However, the use of B<cap_get_proc>(3) and "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:984
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1022
msgid ""
"If the caller does not have the B<CAP_SETPCAP> capability, the new "
"inheritable set must be a subset of the combination of the existing "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:988
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1026
msgid ""
"(Since Linux 2.6.25) The new inheritable set must be a subset of the "
"combination of the existing inheritable set and the capability bounding set."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:992
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1030
msgid ""
"The new permitted set must be a subset of the existing permitted set (i.e., "
"it is not possible to acquire permitted capabilities that the thread does "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:994
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1032
msgid "The new effective set must be a subset of the new permitted set."
msgstr ""
#. type: SS
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:994
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1032
#, no-wrap
msgid "The securebits flags: establishing a capabilities-only environment"
msgstr ""
#. see http://lwn.net/Articles/280279/ and
#. http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel.lsm/5476/
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1005
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1043
msgid ""
"Starting with kernel 2.6.26, and with a kernel in which file capabilities "
"are enabled, Linux implements a set of per-thread I<securebits> flags that "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1005
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1043
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1017
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1055
msgid ""
"Setting this flag allows a thread that has one or more 0 UIDs to retain its "
"capabilities when it switches all of its UIDs to a nonzero value. If this "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1017
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1055
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<SECBIT_NO_SETUID_FIXUP>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1024
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1062
msgid ""
"Setting this flag stops the kernel from adjusting capability sets when the "
-"threads's effective and file system UIDs are switched between zero and "
+"threads's effective and filesystem UIDs are switched between zero and "
"nonzero values. (See the subsection I<Effect of User ID Changes on "
"Capabilities>.)"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1024
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1062
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<SECBIT_NOROOT>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1032
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1070
msgid ""
"If this bit is set, then the kernel does not grant capabilities when a "
"set-user-ID-root program is executed, or when a process with an effective or "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1042
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1080
msgid ""
"Each of the above \"base\" flags has a companion \"locked\" flag. Setting "
"any of the \"locked\" flags is irreversible, and has the effect of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1054
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1092
msgid ""
"The I<securebits> flags can be modified and retrieved using the B<prctl>(2) "
"B<PR_SET_SECUREBITS> and B<PR_GET_SECUREBITS> operations. The "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1063
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1101
msgid ""
"The I<securebits> flags are inherited by child processes. During an "
"B<execve>(2), all of the flags are preserved, except B<SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1068
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1106
msgid ""
"An application can use the following call to lock itself, and all of its "
"descendants, into an environment where the only way of gaining capabilities "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1077
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1115
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"prctl(PR_SET_SECUREBITS,\n"
" SECBIT_NOROOT_LOCKED);\n"
msgstr ""
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1117
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Interaction with user namespaces"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1085
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1120
+msgid ""
+"For a discussion of the interaction of capabilities and user namespaces, see "
+"B<user_namespaces>(7)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1126
msgid ""
"No standards govern capabilities, but the Linux capability implementation is "
"based on the withdrawn POSIX.1e draft standard; see E<.UR "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1089
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1131
msgid ""
"Since kernel 2.5.27, capabilities are an optional kernel component, and can "
-"be enabled/disabled via the CONFIG_SECURITY_CAPABILITIES kernel "
+"be enabled/disabled via the B<CONFIG_SECURITY_CAPABILITIES> kernel "
"configuration option."
msgstr ""
#. 7b9a7ec565505699f503b4fcf61500dceb36e744
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1103
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1145
msgid ""
"The I</proc/PID/task/TID/status> file can be used to view the capability "
"sets of a thread. The I</proc/PID/status> file shows the capability sets of "
"a process's main thread. Before Linux 3.8, nonexistent capabilities were "
-"shown as being enabled (1) in these sets. Since Linux 3.8, all non-existent "
+"shown as being enabled (1) in these sets. Since Linux 3.8, all nonexistent "
"capabilities (above B<CAP_LAST_CAP>) are shown as disabled (0)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1118
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1160
msgid ""
"The I<libcap> package provides a suite of routines for setting and getting "
"capabilities that is more comfortable and less likely to change than the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1121
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1163
msgid ""
"E<.UR "
"http://www.kernel.org\\:/pub\\:/linux\\:/libs\\:/security\\:/linux-privs> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1130
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1172
msgid ""
"Before kernel 2.6.24, and since kernel 2.6.24 if file capabilities are not "
"enabled, a thread with the B<CAP_SETPCAP> capability can manipulate the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1135
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1177
msgid ""
"In the pre-2.6.25 implementation the system-wide capability bounding set, "
"I</proc/sys/kernel/cap-bound>, always masks out this capability, and this "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1141
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1183
msgid ""
"If file capabilities are disabled in the current implementation, then "
"B<init> starts out with this capability removed from its per-process "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1158
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1202
msgid ""
-"B<cap
get>(2), B<prctl>(2), B<setfsuid>(2), B<cap_clear>(3), "
+"B<cap
sh>(1), B<setpriv>(2), B<prctl>(2), B<setfsuid>(2), B<cap_clear>(3), "
"B<cap_copy_ext>(3), B<cap_from_text>(3), B<cap_get_file>(3), "
"B<cap_get_proc>(3), B<cap_init>(3), B<capgetp>(3), B<capsetp>(3), "
-"B<libcap>(3), B<credentials>(7), B<pthreads>(7), B<getcap>(8), B<setcap>(8)"
+"B<libcap>(3), B<credentials>(7), B<user_namespaces>(7), B<pthreads>(7), "
+"B<getcap>(8), B<setcap>(8)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1161
+#: build/C/man7/capabilities.7:1205
msgid "I<include/linux/capability.h> in the Linux kernel source tree"
msgstr ""
#: build/C/man2/capget.2:55
msgid ""
"The portable interfaces are B<cap_set_proc>(3) and B<cap_get_proc>(3); if "
-"possible you should use those interfaces in applications. If you wish to "
+"possible, you should use those interfaces in applications. If you wish to "
"use the Linux extensions in applications, you should use the easier-to-use "
"interfaces B<capsetp>(3) and B<capgetp>(3)."
msgstr ""
#: build/C/man2/capget.2:96
msgid ""
"The I<effective>, I<permitted>, and I<inheritable> fields are bit masks of "
-"the capabilities defined in I<capability(7).> Note the B<CAP_*> values are "
-"bit indexes and need to be bit-shifted before ORing into the bit fields. To "
-"define the structures for passing to the system call you have to use the "
-"I<struct __user_cap_header_struct> and I<struct __user_cap_data_struct> "
-"names because the typedefs are only pointers."
+"the capabilities defined in B<capabilities>(7). Note the B<CAP_*> values "
+"are bit indexes and need to be bit-shifted before ORing into the bit "
+"fields. To define the structures for passing to the system call you have to "
+"use the I<struct __user_cap_header_struct> and I<struct "
+"__user_cap_data_struct> names because the typedefs are only pointers."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
"can be specified as a traditional process ID; operating on a thread of a "
"multithreaded process requires a thread ID of the type returned by "
"B<gettid>(2). For B<capset>(), I<pid> can also be: -1, meaning perform the "
-"change on all threads except the caller and B<init>(8); or a value less than "
+"change on all threads except the caller and B<init>(1); or a value less than "
"-1, in which case the change is applied to all members of the process group "
"whose ID is -I<pid>."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/capget.2:188 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1180 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1189 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1198 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1208 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1217 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1224 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1231 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:114 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:121 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:121 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:440 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:191 build/C/man2/iopl.2:72 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:170 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:202
+#: build/C/man2/capget.2:188 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1180 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1189 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1198 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1208 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1217 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1224 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1231 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:114 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:121 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:118 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:471 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:198 build/C/man2/iopl.2:72 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:170 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:80 build/C/man2/setgid.2:59 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:225 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:99 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:128 build/C/man2/setuid.2:105 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:373 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:380 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:387 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:393 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:402
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EINVAL>"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/capget.2:215 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1330 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:129 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:464 build/C/man2/getsid.2:70 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:187 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:217
+#: build/C/man2/capget.2:215 build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1330 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:126 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:502 build/C/man2/getsid.2:70 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:187 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:240 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:426
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ESRCH>"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:25 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:48 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:24 build/C/man7/svipc.7:40
+#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:25
#, no-wrap
-msgid "2013-02-12"
+msgid "2014-05-21"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:35
msgid ""
-"The cpuset file system is a pseudo-file-system interface to the kernel "
-"cpuset mechanism, which is used to control the processor placement and "
-"memory placement of processes. It is commonly mounted at I</dev/cpuset>."
+"The cpuset filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem interface to the kernel cpuset "
+"mechanism, which is used to control the processor placement and memory "
+"placement of processes. It is commonly mounted at I</dev/cpuset>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
"On systems with kernels compiled with built in support for cpusets, all "
"processes are attached to a cpuset, and cpusets are always present. If a "
"system supports cpusets, then it will have the entry B<nodev cpuset> in the "
-"file I</proc/filesystems>. By mounting the cpuset file system (see the "
+"file I</proc/filesystems>. By mounting the cpuset filesystem (see the "
"B<EXAMPLE> section below), the administrator can configure the cpusets on a "
"system to control the processor and memory placement of processes on that "
"system. By default, if the cpuset configuration on a system is not modified "
-"or if the cpuset file system is not even mounted, then the cpuset mechanism, "
+"or if the cpuset filesystem is not even mounted, then the cpuset mechanism, "
"though present, has no affect on the system's behavior."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:73
msgid ""
-"Cpusets are represented as directories in a hierarchical pseudo-file system, "
+"Cpusets are represented as directories in a hierarchical pseudo-filesystem, "
"where the top directory in the hierarchy (I</dev/cpuset>) represents the "
"entire system (all online CPUs and memory nodes) and any cpuset that is the "
"child (descendant) of another parent cpuset contains a subset of that "
"parent's CPUs and memory nodes. The directories and files representing "
-"cpusets have normal file-system permissions."
+"cpusets have normal filesystem permissions."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
"formatted as a series of ASCII decimal numbers, each followed by a newline. "
"A process may be added to a cpuset (automatically removing it from the "
"cpuset that previously contained it) by writing its PID to that cpuset's "
-"I<tasks> file (with or without a trailing newline.)"
+"I<tasks> file (with or without a trailing newline)."
msgstr ""
#. =================== notify_on_release ===================
msgid ""
"Flag (0 or 1). If set (1), the cpuset has exclusive use of its memory nodes "
"(no sibling or cousin may overlap). Also if set (1), the cpuset is a "
-"B<Hardwall> cpuset (see below.) By default this is off (0). Newly created "
+"B<Hardwall> cpuset (see below). By default this is off (0). Newly created "
"cpusets also initially default this to off (0)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:272
msgid ""
-"Flag (0 or 1). If set (1), the cpuset is a B<Hardwall> cpuset (see below.) "
+"Flag (0 or 1). If set (1), the cpuset is a B<Hardwall> cpuset (see below). "
"Unlike B<mem_exclusive>, there is no constraint on whether cpusets marked "
"B<mem_hardwall> may have overlapping memory nodes with sibling or cousin "
"cpusets. By default this is off (0). Newly created cpusets also initially "
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:314
msgid ""
-"Flag (0 or 1). If set (1), pages in the kernel page cache (file-system "
+"Flag (0 or 1). If set (1), pages in the kernel page cache (filesystem "
"buffers) are uniformly spread across the cpuset. By default this is off (0) "
"in the top cpuset, and inherited from the parent cpuset in newly created "
"cpusets. See the B<Memory Spread> section, below."
"In addition to the above pseudo-files in each directory below "
"I</dev/cpuset>, each process has a pseudo-file, "
"I</proc/E<lt>pidE<gt>/cpuset>, that displays the path of the process's "
-"cpuset directory relative to the root of the cpuset file system."
+"cpuset directory relative to the root of the cpuset filesystem."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:458
msgid ""
"This enables configuring a system so that several independent jobs can share "
-"common kernel data, such as file system pages, while isolating each job's "
+"common kernel data, such as filesystem pages, while isolating each job's "
"user allocation in its own cpuset. To do this, construct a large "
"I<hardwall> cpuset to hold all the jobs, and construct child cpusets for "
"each individual job which are not I<hardwall> cpusets."
"the last process in the cpuset leaves (exits or attaches to some other "
"cpuset) and the last child cpuset of that cpuset is removed, the kernel "
"will run the command I</sbin/cpuset_release_agent>, supplying the pathname "
-"(relative to the mount point of the cpuset file system) of the abandoned "
+"(relative to the mount point of the cpuset filesystem) of the abandoned "
"cpuset. This enables automatic removal of abandoned cpusets."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The kernel direct reclaim code is entered whenever a process has to satisfy "
"a memory page request by first finding some other page to repurpose, due to "
-"lack of any readily available already free pages. Dirty file system pages "
-"are repurposed by first writing them to disk. Unmodified file system buffer "
+"lack of any readily available already free pages. Dirty filesystem pages "
+"are repurposed by first writing them to disk. Unmodified filesystem buffer "
"pages are repurposed by simply dropping them, though if that page is needed "
"again, it will have to be reread from disk."
msgstr ""
#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:589
msgid ""
"There are two Boolean flag files per cpuset that control where the kernel "
-"allocates pages for the file-system buffers and related in-kernel data "
+"allocates pages for the filesystem buffers and related in-kernel data "
"structures. They are called I<cpuset.memory_spread_page> and "
"I<cpuset.memory_spread_slab>."
msgstr ""
#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:596
msgid ""
"If the per-cpuset Boolean flag file I<cpuset.memory_spread_page> is set, "
-"then the kernel will spread the file-system buffers (page cache) evenly over "
+"then the kernel will spread the filesystem buffers (page cache) evenly over "
"all the nodes that the faulting process is allowed to use, instead of "
"preferring to put those pages on the node where the process is running."
msgstr ""
#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:604
msgid ""
"If the per-cpuset Boolean flag file I<cpuset.memory_spread_slab> is set, "
-"then the kernel will spread some file-system-related slab caches, such as "
+"then the kernel will spread some filesystem-related slab caches, such as "
"those for inodes and directory entries, evenly over all the nodes that the "
"faulting process is allowed to use, instead of preferring to put those pages "
"on the node where the process is running."
msgstr ""
#. type: IP
-#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:650
+#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:650 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:384
#, no-wrap
msgid "a)"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: IP
-#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:654
+#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:654 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:389
#, no-wrap
msgid "b)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:657
msgid ""
-"need to access large file-system data sets that must to be spread across the "
+"need to access large filesystem data sets that must to be spread across the "
"several nodes in the job's cpuset in order to fit."
msgstr ""
#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:673
msgid ""
"Normally, under the default setting (disabled) of I<cpuset.memory_migrate>, "
-"once a page is allocated (given a physical page of main memory) then that "
+"once a page is allocated (given a physical page of main memory), then that "
"page stays on whatever node it was allocated, so long as it remains "
"allocated, even if the cpuset's memory-placement policy I<mems> subsequently "
"changes."
"becomes free or another task becomes runnable. This load balancing works to "
"ensure that as many CPUs as possible are usefully employed running tasks. "
"The kernel also performs periodic load balancing off the software clock "
-"described in I<time>(7). The setting of I<sched_relax_domain_level> applies "
+"described in B<time>(7). The setting of I<sched_relax_domain_level> applies "
"only to immediate load balancing. Regardless of the "
"I<sched_relax_domain_level> setting, periodic load balancing is attempted "
"over all CPUs (unless disabled by turning off I<sched_load_balance>.) In "
"40000000,00000000,00000000 # just bit 94 set\n"
"00000001,00000000,00000000 # just bit 64 set\n"
"000000ff,00000000 # bits 32-39 set\n"
-"00000000,000E3862 # 1,5,6,11-13,17-19 set\n"
+"00000000,000e3862 # 1,5,6,11-13,17-19 set\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:952
msgid ""
"The permissions of a cpuset are determined by the permissions of the "
-"directories and pseudo-files in the cpuset file system, normally mounted at "
+"directories and pseudo-files in the cpuset filesystem, normally mounted at "
"I</dev/cpuset>."
msgstr ""
#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1000
msgid ""
"There is one minor difference between the manner in which these permissions "
-"are evaluated and the manner in which normal file-system operation "
+"are evaluated and the manner in which normal filesystem operation "
"permissions are evaluated. The kernel interprets relative pathnames "
"starting at a process's current working directory. Even if one is operating "
"on a cpuset file, relative pathnames are interpreted relative to the "
"cpuset can be used are if either the process's current working directory is "
"its cpuset (it first did a B<cd> or B<chdir>(2) to its cpuset directory "
"beneath I</dev/cpuset>, which is a bit unusual) or if some user code "
-"converts the relative cpuset path to a full file-system path."
+"converts the relative cpuset path to a full filesystem path."
msgstr ""
#. ================== WARNINGS ==================
#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1015
msgid ""
"In theory, this means that user code should specify cpusets using absolute "
-"pathnames, which requires knowing the mount point of the cpuset file system "
+"pathnames, which requires knowing the mount point of the cpuset filesystem "
"(usually, but not necessarily, I</dev/cpuset>). In practice, all user level "
-"code that this author is aware of simply assumes that if the cpuset file "
-"system is mounted, then it is mounted at I</dev/cpuset>. Furthermore, it is "
-"common practice for carefully written user code to verify the presence of "
-"the pseudo-file I</dev/cpuset/tasks> in order to verify that the cpuset "
-"pseudo-file system is currently mounted."
+"code that this author is aware of simply assumes that if the cpuset "
+"filesystem is mounted, then it is mounted at I</dev/cpuset>. Furthermore, "
+"it is common practice for carefully written user code to verify the presence "
+"of the pseudo-file I</dev/cpuset/tasks> in order to verify that the cpuset "
+"pseudo-filesystem is currently mounted."
msgstr ""
#. type: SH
msgstr ""
#. type: SH
-#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1352 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:225 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:525 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:337 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:104 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:104
+#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1352 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:225 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:577 build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:337 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:106 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:114
#, no-wrap
msgid "BUGS"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: SH
-#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1365 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:600
+#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1365 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:710 build/C/man7/namespaces.7:361 build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:353 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:677 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:476
#, no-wrap
msgid "EXAMPLE"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1502
+#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1503
msgid ""
"B<taskset>(1), B<get_mempolicy>(2), B<getcpu>(2), B<mbind>(2), "
"B<sched_getaffinity>(2), B<sched_setaffinity>(2), B<sched_setscheduler>(2), "
-"B<set_mempolicy>(2), B<CPU_SET>(3), B<proc>(5), B<numa>(7), "
+"B<set_mempolicy>(2), B<CPU_SET>(3), B<proc>(5), B<numa>(7), B<sched>(7), "
"B<migratepages>(8), B<numactl>(8)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1505
+#: build/C/man7/cpuset.7:1506
msgid "I<Documentation/cpusets.txt> in the Linux kernel source tree"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:27
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:27 build/C/man2/setsid.2:31
#, no-wrap
-msgid "2008-06-03"
+msgid "2014-12-31"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
"leader>."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:124
+msgid ""
+"All of the processes in a session share a I<controlling terminal>. The "
+"controlling terminal is established when the session leader first opens a "
+"terminal (unless the B<O_NOCTTY> flag is specified when calling "
+"B<open>(2)). A terminal may be the controlling terminal of at most one "
+"session."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:146
+msgid ""
+"At most one of the jobs in a session may be the I<foreground job>; other "
+"jobs in the session are I<background jobs>. Only the foreground job may "
+"read from the terminal; when a process in the background attempts to read "
+"from the terminal, its process group is sent a B<SIGTTIN> signal, which "
+"suspends the job. If the B<TOSTOP> flag has been set for the terminal (see "
+"B<termios>(3)), then only the foreground job may write to the terminal; "
+"writes from background job cause a B<SIGTTOU> signal to be generated, which "
+"suspends the job. When terminal keys that generate a signal (such as the "
+"I<interrupt> key, normally control-C) are pressed, the signal is sent to "
+"the processes in the foreground job."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:167
+msgid ""
+"Various system calls and library functions may operate on all members of a "
+"process group, including B<kill>(2), B<killpg>(2), B<getpriority>(2), "
+"B<setpriority>(2), B<ioprio_get>(2), B<ioprio_set>(2), B<waitid>(2), and "
+"B<waitpid>(2). See also the discussion of the B<F_GETOWN>, B<F_GETOWN_EX>, "
+"B<F_SETOWN>, and B<F_SETOWN_EX> operations in B<fcntl>(2)."
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: SS
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:115
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:167
#, no-wrap
msgid "User and group identifiers"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:123
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:175
msgid ""
"Each process has various associated user and groups IDs. These IDs are "
"integers, respectively represented using the types I<uid_t> and I<gid_t> "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:125
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:177
msgid "On Linux, each process has the following user and group identifiers:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:131
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:183
msgid ""
"Real user ID and real group ID. These IDs determine who owns the process. "
"A process can obtain its real user (group) ID using B<getuid>(2) "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:143
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:195
msgid ""
"Effective user ID and effective group ID. These IDs are used by the kernel "
"to determine the permissions that the process will have when accessing "
"shared resources such as message queues, shared memory, and semaphores. On "
"most UNIX systems, these IDs also determine the permissions when accessing "
-"files. However, Linux uses the file system IDs described below for this "
+"files. However, Linux uses the filesystem IDs described below for this "
"task. A process can obtain its effective user (group) ID using "
"B<geteuid>(2) (B<getegid>(2))."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:165
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:217
msgid ""
"Saved set-user-ID and saved set-group-ID. These IDs are used in set-user-ID "
"and set-group-ID programs to save a copy of the corresponding effective IDs "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:182
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:234
msgid ""
-"File system user ID and file system group ID (Linux-specific). These IDs, "
-"in conjunction with the supplementary group IDs described below, are used to "
+"Filesystem user ID and filesystem group ID (Linux-specific). These IDs, in "
+"conjunction with the supplementary group IDs described below, are used to "
"determine permissions for accessing files; see B<path_resolution>(7) for "
"details. Whenever a process's effective user (group) ID is changed, the "
-"kernel also automatically changes the file system user (group) ID to the "
-"same value. Consequently, the file system IDs normally have the same values "
-"as the corresponding effective ID, and the semantics for file-permission "
-"checks are thus the same on Linux as on other UNIX systems. The file system "
-"IDs can be made to differ from the effective IDs by calling B<setfsuid>(2) "
-"and B<setfsgid>(2)."
+"kernel also automatically changes the filesystem user (group) ID to the same "
+"value. Consequently, the filesystem IDs normally have the same values as "
+"the corresponding effective ID, and the semantics for file-permission checks "
+"are thus the same on Linux as on other UNIX systems. The filesystem IDs can "
+"be made to differ from the effective IDs by calling B<setfsuid>(2) and "
+"B<setfsgid>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. Since kernel 2.6.4, the limit is visible via the read-only file
#. /proc/sys/kernel/ngroups_max.
#. As at 2.6.22-rc2, this file is still read-only.
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:201
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:253
msgid ""
"Supplementary group IDs. This is a set of additional group IDs that are "
"used for permission checks when accessing files and other shared resources. "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:211
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:263
msgid ""
"A child process created by B<fork>(2) inherits copies of its parent's user "
"and groups IDs. During an B<execve>(2), a process's real user and group ID "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:214
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:266
msgid ""
"Aside from the purposes noted above, a process's user IDs are also employed "
"in a number of other contexts:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:217
-msgid "when determining the permissions for sending signals\\(emsee B<kill>(2);"
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:269
+msgid "when determining the permissions for sending signals (see B<kill>(2));"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:227
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:280
msgid ""
"when determining the permissions for setting process-scheduling parameters "
"(nice value, real time scheduling policy and priority, CPU affinity, I/O "
"priority) using B<setpriority>(2), B<sched_setaffinity>(2), "
-"B<sched_setscheduler>(2), B<sched_setparam>(2), and B<ioprio_set>(2);"
+"B<sched_setscheduler>(2), B<sched_setparam>(2), B<sched_setattr>(2), and "
+"B<ioprio_set>(2);"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:230
-msgid "when checking resource limits; see B<getrlimit>(2);"
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:283
+msgid "when checking resource limits (see B<getrlimit>(2));"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:234
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:287
msgid ""
"when checking the limit on the number of inotify instances that the process "
-"may create; see B<inotify>(7)."
+"may create (see B<inotify>(7))."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:240
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:293
msgid ""
"Process IDs, parent process IDs, process group IDs, and session IDs are "
"specified in POSIX.1-2001. The real, effective, and saved set user and "
"groups IDs, and the supplementary group IDs, are specified in POSIX.1-2001. "
-"The file system user and group IDs are a Linux extension."
+"The filesystem user and group IDs are a Linux extension."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:251
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:304
msgid ""
"The POSIX threads specification requires that credentials are shared by all "
"of the threads in a process. However, at the kernel level, Linux maintains "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:282
+#: build/C/man7/credentials.7:340
msgid ""
"B<bash>(1), B<csh>(1), B<ps>(1), B<access>(2), B<execve>(2), "
-"B<faccessat>(2), B<fork>(2), B<getpgrp>(2), B<getpid>(2), B<getppid>(2), "
-"B<getsid>(2), B<kill>(2), B<killpg>(2), B<setegid>(2), B<seteuid>(2), "
-"B<setfsgid>(2), B<setfsuid>(2), B<setgid>(2), B<setgroups>(2), "
-"B<setresgid>(2), B<setresuid>(2), B<setuid>(2), B<waitpid>(2), "
-"B<euidaccess>(3), B<initgroups>(3), B<tcgetpgrp>(3), B<tcsetpgrp>(3), "
-"B<capabilities>(7), B<path_resolution>(7), B<unix>(7)"
+"B<faccessat>(2), B<fork>(2), B<getgroups>(2), B<getpgrp>(2), B<getpid>(2), "
+"B<getppid>(2), B<getsid>(2), B<kill>(2), B<killpg>(2), B<setegid>(2), "
+"B<seteuid>(2), B<setfsgid>(2), B<setfsuid>(2), B<setgid>(2), "
+"B<setgroups>(2), B<setresgid>(2), B<setresuid>(2), B<setuid>(2), "
+"B<waitpid>(2), B<euidaccess>(3), B<initgroups>(3), B<tcgetpgrp>(3), "
+"B<tcsetpgrp>(3), B<capabilities>(7), B<namespaces>(7), "
+"B<path_resolution>(7), B<pid_namespaces>(7), B<signal>(7), "
+"B<user_namespaces>(7), B<unix>(7)"
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/getgid.2:25 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:31 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:28 build/C/man2/getuid.2:26 build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:31 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:31 build/C/man2/setgid.2:29 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:26 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:45 build/C/man2/setuid.2:30
+#: build/C/man2/getgid.2:25 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:28 build/C/man2/getuid.2:26
#, no-wrap
msgid "2010-11-22"
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getgid.2:30 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:38 build/C/man2/getpid.2:32 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:35 build/C/man2/getsid.2:31 build/C/man2/getuid.2:31 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:36 build/C/man2/setgid.2:36 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:53 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:33 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:52 build/C/man2/setsid.2:36 build/C/man2/setuid.2:37
+#: build/C/man2/getgid.2:30 build/C/man2/getgroups.2:38 build/C/man2/getpid.2:32 build/C/man2/getresuid.2:35 build/C/man2/getsid.2:31 build/C/man2/getuid.2:31 build/C/man3/group_member.3:30 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:36 build/C/man2/setgid.2:36 build/C/man2/setpgid.2:53 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:33 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:52 build/C/man2/setsid.2:37 build/C/man2/setuid.2:37
msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>"
msgstr ""
msgid "GETGROUPS"
msgstr ""
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man2/getgroups.2:31 build/C/man2/getpriority.2:45
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "2014-08-19"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/getgroups.2:34
msgid "getgroups, setgroups - get/set list of supplementary group IDs"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getgroups.2:149
+#: build/C/man2/getgroups.2:153
msgid ""
"A process can have up to B<NGROUPS_MAX> supplementary group IDs in addition "
-"to the effective group ID. The set of supplementary group IDs is inherited "
-"from the parent process, and preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
+"to the effective group ID. The constant B<NGROUPS_MAX> is defined in "
+"I<E<lt>limits.hE<gt>>. The set of supplementary group IDs is inherited from "
+"the parent process, and preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getgroups.2:152
+#: build/C/man2/getgroups.2:156
msgid ""
-"The maximum number of supplementary group IDs can be found using "
+"The maximum number of supplementary group IDs can be found at run time using "
"B<sysconf>(3):"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getgroups.2:156
+#: build/C/man2/getgroups.2:160
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
" long ngroups_max;\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getgroups.2:161
+#: build/C/man2/getgroups.2:168
msgid ""
"The maximum return value of B<getgroups>() cannot be larger than one more "
-"than this value."
+"than this value. Since Linux 2.6.4, the maximum number of supplementary "
+"group IDs is also exposed via the Linux-specific read-only file, "
+"I</proc/sys/kernel/ngroups_max>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getgroups.2:171
+#: build/C/man2/getgroups.2:178
msgid ""
"The original Linux B<getgroups>() system call supported only 16-bit group "
"IDs. Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added B<getgroups32>(), supporting 32-bit "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getgroups.2:178
+#: build/C/man2/getgroups.2:186
msgid ""
-"B<getgid>(2), B<setgid>(2), B<getgrouplist>(3), B<initgroups>(3), "
-"B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7)"
+"B<getgid>(2), B<setgid>(2), B<getgrouplist>(3), B<group_member>(3), "
+"B<initgroups>(3), B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7)"
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/getpid.2:25
+#: build/C/man2/getpid.2:25 build/C/man7/namespaces.7:27 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:29 build/C/man2/setgid.2:29 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:26 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:45 build/C/man2/setuid.2:30 build/C/man7/svipc.7:40 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:27
#, no-wrap
-msgid "2008-09-23"
+msgid "2014-09-21"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpid.2:110
+#: build/C/man2/getpid.2:111
msgid ""
"B<clone>(2), B<fork>(2), B<kill>(2), B<exec>(3), B<mkstemp>(3), "
-"B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), B<tmpnam>(3), B<credentials>(7)"
+"B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), B<tmpnam>(3), B<credentials>(7), "
+"B<pid_namespaces>(7)"
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:48
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:45
#, no-wrap
msgid "GETPRIORITY"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:51
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:48
msgid "getpriority, setpriority - get/set program scheduling priority"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:53 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:69 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:44
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:50 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:69 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:44
msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/time.hE<gt>>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:55 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:71 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:46
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:52 build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:71 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:46
msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/resource.hE<gt>>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:57
-msgid "B<int getpriority(int >I<which>B<, int >I<who>B<);>"
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:54
+msgid "B<int getpriority(int >I<which>B<, id_t >I<who>B<);>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:59
-msgid "B<int setpriority(int >I<which>B<, i
nt >I<who>B<, int >I<prio>B<);>"
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:56
+msgid "B<int setpriority(int >I<which>B<, i
d_t >I<who>B<, int >I<prio>B<);>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:70
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:67
msgid ""
"The scheduling priority of the process, process group, or user, as indicated "
"by I<which> and I<who> is obtained with the B<getpriority>() call and set "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:97
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:94
msgid ""
"The value I<which> is one of B<PRIO_PROCESS>, B<PRIO_PGRP>, or B<PRIO_USER>, "
"and I<who> is interpreted relative to I<which> (a process identifier for "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:107
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:104
msgid ""
"The B<getpriority>() call returns the highest priority (lowest numerical "
"value) enjoyed by any of the specified processes. The B<setpriority>() "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:120
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:117
msgid ""
"Since B<getpriority>() can legitimately return the value -1, it is "
"necessary to clear the external variable I<errno> prior to the call, then "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:129
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:126
msgid "I<which> was not one of B<PRIO_PROCESS>, B<PRIO_PGRP>, or B<PRIO_USER>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:136
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:133
msgid "No process was located using the I<which> and I<who> values specified."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:140
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:137
msgid "In addition to the errors indicated above, B<setpriority>() may fail if:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:152
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:149
msgid ""
"The caller attempted to lower a process priority, but did not have the "
"required privilege (on Linux: did not have the B<CAP_SYS_NICE> capability). "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:160
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:157
msgid ""
"A process was located, but its effective user ID did not match either the "
"effective or the real user ID of the caller, and was not privileged (on "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:163
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:160
msgid "SVr4, 4.4BSD (these function calls first appeared in 4.2BSD), POSIX.1-2001."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:169
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:166
msgid ""
"A child created by B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's nice value. The nice "
"value is preserved across B<execve>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:180
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:177
msgid ""
"The degree to which their relative nice value affects the scheduling of "
"processes varies across UNIX systems, and, on Linux, across kernel "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:195
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:192
msgid ""
"The details on the condition for B<EPERM> depend on the system. The above "
"description is what POSIX.1-2001 says, and seems to be followed on all "
-"System V-like systems. Linux kernels before 2.6.12 required the real or "
+"System\\ V-like systems. Linux kernels before 2.6.12 required the real or "
"effective user ID of the caller to match the real user of the process I<who> "
"(instead of its effective user ID). Linux 2.6.12 and later require the "
"effective user ID of the caller to match the real or effective user ID of "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:211
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:197
msgid ""
"The actual priority range varies between kernel versions. Linux before "
"1.3.36 had -infinity..15. Since kernel 1.3.43, Linux has the range "
-"-20..19. Within the kernel, nice values are actually represented using the "
-"corresponding range 40..1 (since negative numbers are error codes) and these "
-"are the values employed by the B<setpriority>() and B<getpriority>() "
-"system calls. The glibc wrapper functions for these system calls handle the "
-"translations between the user-land and kernel representations of the nice "
-"value according to the formula I<unice\\ =\\ 20\\ -\\ knice>."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:213
-msgid "On some systems, the range of nice values is -20..20."
+"-20..19. On some other systems, the range of nice values is -20..20."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:225
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:210
msgid ""
"Including I<E<lt>sys/time.hE<gt>> is not required these days, but increases "
"portability. (Indeed, I<E<lt>sys/resource.hE<gt>> defines the I<rusage> "
"I<E<lt>sys/time.hE<gt>>.)"
msgstr ""
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:210 build/C/man2/seteuid.2:132
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "C library/kernel ABI differences"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:225
+msgid ""
+"Within the kernel, nice values are actually represented using the range "
+"40..1 (since negative numbers are error codes) and these are the values "
+"employed by the B<setpriority>() and B<getpriority>() system calls. The "
+"glibc wrapper functions for these system calls handle the translations "
+"between the user-land and kernel representations of the nice value according "
+"to the formula I<unice\\ =\\ 20\\ -\\ knice>. (Thus, the kernels 40..1 "
+"range corresponds to the range -20..19 as seen by user space.)"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:232
msgid ""
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:237
-msgid "B<nice>(1), B<renice>(1), B<fork>(2), B<capabilities>(7)"
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:238
+msgid "B<nice>(1), B<renice>(1), B<fork>(2), B<capabilities>(7), B<sched>(7)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:240
+#: build/C/man2/getpriority.2:241
msgid ""
"I<Documentation/scheduler/sched-nice-design.txt> in the Linux kernel source "
"tree (since Linux 2.6.23)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getresuid.2:70 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:86
+#: build/C/man2/getresuid.2:70 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:112
msgid "These calls are nonstandard; they also appear on HP-UX and some of the BSDs."
msgstr ""
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:64 build/C/man2/setsid.2:30
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:64
#, no-wrap
-msgid "2013-02-11"
+msgid "2015-01-22"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:146
msgid ""
"The maximum size of the process's virtual memory (address space) in bytes. "
-"This limit affects calls to B<brk>(2), B<mmap>(2) and B<mremap>(2), which "
+"This limit affects calls to B<brk>(2), B<mmap>(2), and B<mremap>(2), which "
"fail with the error B<ENOMEM> upon exceeding this limit. Also automatic "
"stack expansion will fail (and generate a B<SIGSEGV> that kills the process "
"if no alternate stack has been made available via B<sigaltstack>(2)). Since "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:153
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:154
msgid ""
-"Maximum size of I<core> file. When 0 no core dump files are created. When "
-"nonzero, larger dumps are truncated to this size."
+"Maximum size of a I<core> file (see B<core>(5)). When 0 no core dump files "
+"are created. When nonzero, larger dumps are truncated to this size."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:153
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:154
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<RLIMIT_CPU>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:173
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:174
msgid ""
"CPU time limit in seconds. When the process reaches the soft limit, it is "
"sent a B<SIGXCPU> signal. The default action for this signal is to "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:173
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:174
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<RLIMIT_DATA>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:184
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:185
msgid ""
"The maximum size of the process's data segment (initialized data, "
"uninitialized data, and heap). This limit affects calls to B<brk>(2) and "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:184
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:185
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<RLIMIT_FSIZE>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:196
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:197
msgid ""
"The maximum size of files that the process may create. Attempts to extend a "
"file beyond this limit result in delivery of a B<SIGXFSZ> signal. By "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:196
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:197
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<RLIMIT_LOCKS> (Early Linux 2.4 only)"
msgstr ""
#. to be precise: Linux 2.4.0-test9; no longer in 2.4.25 / 2.5.65
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:204
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:205
msgid ""
"A limit on the combined number of B<flock>(2) locks and B<fcntl>(2) leases "
"that this process may establish."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:204
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:205
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<RLIMIT_MEMLOCK>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:242
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:243
msgid ""
"The maximum number of bytes of memory that may be locked into RAM. In "
"effect this limit is rounded down to the nearest multiple of the system page "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:242
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:243
#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE> (Since Linux 2.6.8)"
+msgid "B<RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE> (since Linux 2.6.8)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:250
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:251
msgid ""
"Specifies the limit on the number of bytes that can be allocated for POSIX "
"message queues for the real user ID of the calling process. This limit is "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:254
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:260
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" Since Linux 3.5:\n"
+" bytes = attr.mq_maxmsg * sizeof(struct msg_msg) +\n"
+" min(attr.mq_maxmsg, MQ_PRIO_MAX) *\n"
+" sizeof(struct posix_msg_tree_node)+\n"
+" /* For overhead */\n"
+" attr.mq_maxmsg * attr.mq_msgsize;\n"
+" /* For message data */\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:266
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-" bytes = attr.mq_maxmsg * sizeof(struct msg_msg *) +\n"
-" attr.mq_maxmsg * attr.mq_msgsize\n"
+" Linux 3.4 and earlier:\n"
+" bytes = attr.mq_maxmsg * sizeof(struct msg_msg *) +\n"
+" /* For overhead */\n"
+" attr.mq_maxmsg * attr.mq_msgsize;\n"
+" /* For message data */\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:262
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:279
msgid ""
"where I<attr> is the I<mq_attr> structure specified as the fourth argument "
-"to B<mq_open>(3)."
+"to B<mq_open>(3), and the I<msg_msg> and I<posix_msg_tree_node> structures "
+"are kernel-internal structures."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:268
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:285
msgid ""
-"The first addend in the formula, which includes I<sizeof(struct msg_msg\\ "
-"*)> (4 bytes on Linux/i386), ensures that the user cannot create an "
-"unlimited number of zero-length messages (such messages nevertheless each "
-"consume some system memory for bookkeeping overhead)."
+"The \"overhead\" addend in the formula accounts for overhead bytes required "
+"by the implementation and ensures that the user cannot create an unlimited "
+"number of zero-length messages (such messages nevertheless each consume some "
+"system memory for bookkeeping overhead)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:268
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:285
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<RLIMIT_NICE> (since Linux 2.6.12, but see BUGS below)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:281
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:298
msgid ""
"Specifies a ceiling to which the process's nice value can be raised using "
"B<setpriority>(2) or B<nice>(2). The actual ceiling for the nice value is "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:281
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:298
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<RLIMIT_NOFILE>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:295
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:312
msgid ""
"Specifies a value one greater than the maximum file descriptor number that "
"can be opened by this process. Attempts (B<open>(2), B<pipe>(2), B<dup>(2), "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:295
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:312
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<RLIMIT_NPROC>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:303
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:325
msgid ""
"The maximum number of processes (or, more precisely on Linux, threads) that "
"can be created for the real user ID of the calling process. Upon "
-"encountering this limit, B<fork>(2) fails with the error B<EAGAIN>."
+"encountering this limit, B<fork>(2) fails with the error B<EAGAIN>. This "
+"limit is not enforced for processes that have either the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> or "
+"the B<CAP_SYS_RESOURCE> capability."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:303
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:325
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<RLIMIT_RSS>"
msgstr ""
#. talk of making it do something has surfaced from time to time in LKML
#. -- MTK, Jul 05
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:315
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:337
msgid ""
"Specifies the limit (in pages) of the process's resident set (the number of "
"virtual pages resident in RAM). This limit has effect only in Linux 2.4.x, "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:315
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:337
#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<RLIMIT_RTPRIO> (Since Linux 2.6.12, but see BUGS)"
+msgid "B<RLIMIT_RTPRIO> (since Linux 2.6.12, but see BUGS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:322
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:344
msgid ""
"Specifies a ceiling on the real-time priority that may be set for this "
"process using B<sched_setscheduler>(2) and B<sched_setparam>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:322
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:344
#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<RLIMIT_RTTIME> (Since Linux 2.6.25)"
+msgid "B<RLIMIT_RTTIME> (since Linux 2.6.25)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:334
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:356
msgid ""
"Specifies a limit (in microseconds) on the amount of CPU time that a "
"process scheduled under a real-time scheduling policy may consume without "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:345
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:367
msgid ""
"Upon reaching the soft limit, the process is sent a B<SIGXCPU> signal. If "
"the process catches or ignores this signal and continues consuming CPU time, "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:348
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:370
msgid ""
"The intended use of this limit is to stop a runaway real-time process from "
"locking up the system."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:348
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:370
#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<RLIMIT_SIGPENDING> (Since Linux 2.6.8)"
+msgid "B<RLIMIT_SIGPENDING> (since Linux 2.6.8)"
msgstr ""
#. This replaces the /proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-max system-wide limit
#. that was present in kernels <= 2.6.7. MTK Dec 04
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:362
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:384
msgid ""
"Specifies the limit on the number of signals that may be queued for the real "
"user ID of the calling process. Both standard and real-time signals are "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:362
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:384
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<RLIMIT_STACK>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:370
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:392
msgid ""
"The maximum size of the process stack, in bytes. Upon reaching this limit, "
"a B<SIGSEGV> signal is generated. To handle this signal, a process must "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:375
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:397
msgid ""
"Since Linux 2.6.23, this limit also determines the amount of space used for "
"the process's command-line arguments and environment variables; for details, "
msgstr ""
#. type: SS
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:375
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:397
#, no-wrap
msgid "prlimit()"
msgstr ""
#. commit c022a0acad534fd5f5d5f17280f6d4d135e74e81
#. Author: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
#. Date: Tue May 4 18:03:50 2010 +0200
+#
+#. rlimits: implement prlimit64 syscall
+#
+#. commit 6a1d5e2c85d06da35cdfd93f1a27675bfdc3ad8c
+#. Author: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
+#. Date: Wed Mar 24 17:06:58 2010 +0100
+#
+#. rlimits: add rlimit64 structure
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:386
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:417
msgid ""
"The Linux-specific B<prlimit>() system call combines and extends the "
"functionality of B<setrlimit>() and B<getrlimit>(). It can be used to both "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:393
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:424
msgid ""
"The I<resource> argument has the same meaning as for B<setrlimit>() and "
"B<getrlimit>()."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:411
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:442
msgid ""
"If the I<new_limit> argument is a not NULL, then the I<rlimit> structure to "
"which it points is used to set new values for the soft and hard limits for "
"I<resource> in the I<rlimit> structure pointed to by I<old_limit>."
msgstr ""
-#. FIXME this permission check is strange
+#. FIXME . this permission check is strange
#. Asked about this on LKML, 7 Nov 2010
#. "Inconsistent credential checking in prlimit() syscall"
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:430
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:461
msgid ""
"The I<pid> argument specifies the ID of the process on which the call is to "
"operate. If I<pid> is 0, then the call applies to the calling process. To "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:435
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:466
msgid ""
"On success, these system calls return 0. On error, -1 is returned, and "
"I<errno> is set appropriately."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:440
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:471
msgid ""
"A pointer argument points to a location outside the accessible address "
"space."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:452
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:483
msgid ""
"The value specified in I<resource> is not valid; or, for B<setrlimit>() or "
"B<prlimit>(): I<rlim-E<gt>rlim_cur> was greater than I<rlim-E<gt>rlim_max>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:464
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:488
msgid ""
"An unprivileged process tried to raise the hard limit; the "
-"B<CAP_SYS_RESOURCE> capability is required to do this. Or, the caller tried "
-"to increase the hard B<RLIMIT_NOFILE> limit above the current kernel maximum "
-"(B<NR_OPEN>). Or, the calling process did not have permission to set limits "
+"B<CAP_SYS_RESOURCE> capability is required to do this."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:496
+msgid ""
+"The caller tried to increase the hard B<RLIMIT_NOFILE> limit above the "
+"maximum defined by I</proc/sys/fs/nr_open> (see B<proc>(5))"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:502
+msgid ""
+"(B<prlimit>()) The calling process did not have permission to set limits "
"for the process specified by I<pid>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:468
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:506
msgid "Could not find a process with the ID specified in I<pid>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:473
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:511
msgid ""
"The B<prlimit>() system call is available since Linux 2.6.36. Library "
"support is available since glibc 2.13."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:477
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:515
msgid "B<getrlimit>(), B<setrlimit>(): SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:480
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:518
msgid "B<prlimit>(): Linux-specific."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:496
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:534
msgid ""
"B<RLIMIT_MEMLOCK> and B<RLIMIT_NPROC> derive from BSD and are not specified "
"in POSIX.1-2001; they are present on the BSDs and Linux, but on few other "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:502
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:540
msgid ""
"A child process created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's resource "
"limits. Resource limits are preserved across B<execve>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:511
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:545
+msgid ""
+"Lowering the soft limit for a resource below the process's current "
+"consumption of that resource will succeed (but will prevent the process from "
+"further increasing its consumption of the resource)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:554
msgid ""
"One can set the resource limits of the shell using the built-in I<ulimit> "
"command (I<limit> in B<csh>(1)). The shell's resource limits are inherited "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:516
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:559
msgid ""
"Since Linux 2.6.24, the resource limits of any process can be inspected via "
"I</proc/[pid]/limits>; see B<proc>(5)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:525
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:568
msgid ""
"Ancient systems provided a B<vlimit>() function with a similar purpose to "
"B<setrlimit>(). For backward compatibility, glibc also provides "
"B<vlimit>(). All new applications should be written using B<setrlimit>()."
msgstr ""
-#. FIXME prlimit() does not suffer
-#. https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=5042
-#. http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12201
-#. Since versions 2.13, glibc has library implementations of
-#. getrlimit() and setrlimit() that use prlimit() to work around
-#. this bug.
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:568
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "C library/ kernel ABI differences"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:540
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:577
+msgid ""
+"Since version 2.13, the glibc B<getrlimit>() and B<setrlimit>() wrapper "
+"functions no longer invoke the corresponding system calls, but instead "
+"employ B<prlimit>(), for the reasons described in BUGS."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:586
msgid ""
"In older Linux kernels, the B<SIGXCPU> and B<SIGKILL> signals delivered when "
"a process encountered the soft and hard B<RLIMIT_CPU> limits were delivered "
#. see http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=114008066530167&w=2
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:548
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:594
msgid ""
"In 2.6.x kernels before 2.6.17, a B<RLIMIT_CPU> limit of 0 is wrongly "
"treated as \"no limit\" (like B<RLIM_INFINITY>). Since Linux 2.6.17, "
#. See https://lwn.net/Articles/145008/
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:553
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:599
msgid ""
"A kernel bug means that B<RLIMIT_RTPRIO> does not work in kernel 2.6.12; the "
"problem is fixed in kernel 2.6.13."
#. see http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=linux-kernel&m=112256338703880&w=2
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:564
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:610
msgid ""
"In kernel 2.6.12, there was an off-by-one mismatch between the priority "
"ranges returned by B<getpriority>(2) and B<RLIMIT_NICE>. This had the "
#. Subject: [PATCH 7/7] make RLIMIT_CPU/SIGXCPU per-process
#. Date: 2005-01-23 23:27:46 GMT
#. Tested Solaris 10, FreeBSD 9, OpenBSD 5.0
-#. FIXME https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=50951
+#. FIXME . https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=50951
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:591
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:637
msgid ""
"Since Linux 2.6.12, if a process reaches its soft B<RLIMIT_CPU> limit and "
"has a handler installed for B<SIGXCPU>, then, in addition to invoking the "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:600
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:647
msgid ""
"Kernels before 2.4.22 did not diagnose the error B<EINVAL> for "
"B<setrlimit>() when I<rlim-E<gt>rlim_cur> was greater than "
"I<rlim-E<gt>rlim_max>."
msgstr ""
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:647
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Representation of \"large\" resource limit values on 32-bit platforms"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=5042
+#. http://sources.redhat.com/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12201
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:678
+msgid ""
+"The glibc B<getrlimit>() and B<setrlimit>() wrapper functions use a 64-bit "
+"I<rlim_t> data type, even on 32-bit platforms. However, the I<rlim_t> data "
+"type used in the B<getrlimit>() and B<setrlimit>() system calls is a "
+"(32-bit) I<unsigned long>. Furthermore, in Linux versions before 2.6.36, "
+"the kernel represents resource limits on 32-bit platforms as I<unsigned "
+"long>. However, a 32-bit data type is not wide enough. The most pertinent "
+"limit here is B<RLIMIT_FSIZE>, which specifies the maximum size to which a "
+"file can grow: to be useful, this limit must be represented using a type "
+"that is as wide as the type used to represent file offsets\\(emthat is, as "
+"wide as a 64-bit B<off_t> (assuming a program compiled with "
+"I<_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:688
+msgid ""
+"To work around this kernel limitation, if a program tried to set a resource "
+"limit to a value larger than can be represented in a 32-bit I<unsigned "
+"long>, then the glibc B<setrlimit>() wrapper function silently converted "
+"the limit value to B<RLIM_INFINITY>. In other words, the requested resource "
+"limit setting was silently ignored."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:690
+msgid "This problem was addressed in Linux 2.6.36 with two principal changes:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:693
+msgid ""
+"the addition of a new kernel representation of resource limits that uses 64 "
+"bits, even on 32-bit platforms;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:697
+msgid ""
+"the addition of the B<prlimit>() system call, which employs 64-bit values "
+"for its resource limit arguments."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. https://www.sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12201
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:710
+msgid ""
+"Since version 2.13, glibc works around the limitations of the B<getrlimit>() "
+"and B<setrlimit>() system calls by implementing B<setrlimit>() and "
+"B<getrlimit>() as wrapper functions that call B<prlimit>()."
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:603
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:713
msgid "The program below demonstrates the use of B<prlimit>()."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:612
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:722
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#define _GNU_SOURCE\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:615
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:725
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#define errExit(msg) \tdo { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \\e\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:622
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:732
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"int\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:628
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:738
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
" if (!(argc == 2 || argc == 4)) {\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:630
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:740
#, no-wrap
msgid " pid = atoi(argv[1]); /* PID of target process */\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:637
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:747
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
" newp = NULL;\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:640
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:750
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
" /* Set CPU time limit of target process; retrieve and display\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:645
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:755
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
" if (prlimit(pid, RLIMIT_CPU, newp, &old) == -1)\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:647
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:757
#, no-wrap
msgid " /* Retrieve and display new CPU time limit */\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:652
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:762
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
" if (prlimit(pid, RLIMIT_CPU, NULL, &old) == -1)\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:655
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:765 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:829
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
" exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:674
+#: build/C/man2/getrlimit.2:784
msgid ""
"B<prlimit>(1), B<dup>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<fork>(2), B<getrusage>(2), "
"B<mlock>(2), B<mmap>(2), B<open>(2), B<quotactl>(2), B<sbrk>(2), "
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:39 build/C/man2/getsid.2:26
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:39
#, no-wrap
-msgid "2010-09-26"
+msgid "2014-05-10"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:68
-msgid "Return resource usage statistics for the calling thread."
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:75
+msgid ""
+"Return resource usage statistics for the calling thread. The B<_GNU_SOURCE> "
+"feature test macro must be defined (before including I<any> header file) in "
+"order to obtain the definition of this constant from "
+"I<E<lt>sys/resource.hE<gt>>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:72
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:79
msgid ""
"The resource usages are returned in the structure pointed to by I<usage>, "
"which has the following form:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:93
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:100
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"struct rusage {\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:101
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:108
msgid ""
"Not all fields are completed; unmaintained fields are set to zero by the "
"kernel. (The unmaintained fields are provided for compatibility with other "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:101
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:108
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_utime>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:107
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:114
msgid ""
"This is the total amount of time spent executing in user mode, expressed in "
"a I<timeval> structure (seconds plus microseconds)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:107
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:114
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_stime>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:113
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:120
msgid ""
"This is the total amount of time spent executing in kernel mode, expressed "
"in a I<timeval> structure (seconds plus microseconds)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:113
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:120
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_maxrss> (since Linux 2.6.32)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:120
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:127
msgid ""
"This is the maximum resident set size used (in kilobytes). For "
"B<RUSAGE_CHILDREN>, this is the resident set size of the largest child, not "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:120
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:127
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_ixrss> (unmaintained)"
msgstr ""
#. On some systems, this field records the number of signals received.
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:126 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:131 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:136 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:148 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:160 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:166 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:170
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:133 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:138 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:143 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:155 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:167 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:173 build/C/man2/getrusage.2:177
msgid "This field is currently unused on Linux."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:126
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:133
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_idrss> (unmaintained)"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:131
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:138
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_isrss> (unmaintained)"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:136
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:143
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_minflt>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:141
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:148
msgid ""
"The number of page faults serviced without any I/O activity; here I/O "
"activity is avoided by ``reclaiming'' a page frame from the list of pages "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:141
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:148
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_majflt>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:144
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:151
msgid "The number of page faults serviced that required I/O activity."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:144
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:151
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_nswap> (unmaintained)"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:148
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:155
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_inblock> (since Linux 2.6.22)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:151
-msgid "The number of times the file system had to perform input."
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:158
+msgid "The number of times the filesystem had to perform input."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:151
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:158
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_oublock> (since Linux 2.6.22)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:154
-msgid "The number of times the file system had to perform output."
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:161
+msgid "The number of times the filesystem had to perform output."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:154
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:161
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_msgsnd> (unmaintained)"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:160
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:167
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_msgrcv> (unmaintained)"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:166
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:173
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_nsignals> (unmaintained)"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:170
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:177
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_nvcsw> (since Linux 2.6)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:175
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:182
msgid ""
"The number of times a context switch resulted due to a process voluntarily "
"giving up the processor before its time slice was completed (usually to "
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:175
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:182
#, no-wrap
msgid "I<ru_nivcsw> (since Linux 2.6)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:180
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:187
msgid ""
"The number of times a context switch resulted due to a higher priority "
"process becoming runnable or because the current process exceeded its time "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:191
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:198
msgid "I<usage> points outside the accessible address space."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:195
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:202
msgid "I<who> is invalid."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:203
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:210
msgid ""
"SVr4, 4.3BSD. POSIX.1-2001 specifies B<getrusage>(), but specifies only the "
"fields I<ru_utime> and I<ru_stime>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:206
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:213
msgid "B<RUSAGE_THREAD> is Linux-specific."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:209
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:216
msgid "Resource usage metrics are preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:217
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:224
msgid ""
"Including I<E<lt>sys/time.hE<gt>> is not required these days, but increases "
"portability. (Indeed, I<struct timeval> is defined in "
#. See the description of getrusage() in XSH.
#. A similar statement was also in SUSv2.
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:229
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:236
msgid ""
"In Linux kernel versions before 2.6.9, if the disposition of B<SIGCHLD> is "
"set to B<SIG_IGN> then the resource usages of child processes are "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:232
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:239
msgid ""
"The structure definition shown at the start of this page was taken from "
"4.3BSD Reno."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:241
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:248
msgid ""
"Ancient systems provided a B<vtimes>() function with a similar purpose to "
"B<getrusage>(). For backward compatibility, glibc also provides "
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:246
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:253
msgid "See also the description of I</proc/PID/stat> in B<proc>(5)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:253
+#: build/C/man2/getrusage.2:260
msgid ""
"B<clock_gettime>(2), B<getrlimit>(2), B<times>(2), B<wait>(2), B<wait4>(2), "
"B<clock>(3)"
msgid "GETSID"
msgstr ""
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man2/getsid.2:26
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "2010-09-26"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/getsid.2:29
msgid "getsid - get session ID"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/getsid.2:81 build/C/man2/setgid.2:68 build/C/man2/setsid.2:67
+#: build/C/man2/getsid.2:81 build/C/man2/setgid.2:73 build/C/man2/setsid.2:70
msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/getuid.2:57
msgid ""
-"In UNIX V6 the B<getuid>() call returned I<(euid E<lt>E<lt> 8) + uid>. "
-"UNIX V7 introduced separate calls B<getuid>() and B<geteuid>()."
+"In UNIX\\ V6 the B<getuid>() call returned I<(euid E<lt>E<lt> 8) + uid>. "
+"UNIX\\ V7 introduced separate calls B<getuid>() and B<geteuid>()."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/iopl.2:33
+#: build/C/man3/group_member.3:25
#, no-wrap
-msgid "IOPL"
+msgid "GROUP_MEMBER"
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/iopl.2:33
+#: build/C/man3/group_member.3:25
#, no-wrap
-msgid "2013-03-15"
+msgid "2014-03-30"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man3/group_member.3:25
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "GNU"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/iopl.2:36
-msgid "iopl - change I/O privilege level"
+#: build/C/man3/group_member.3:28
+msgid "group_member - test whether a process is in a group"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/iopl.2:38
-msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/io.hE<gt>>"
+#: build/C/man3/group_member.3:32
+msgid "B<int group_member(gid_t >I<gid>B<);>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/iopl.2:40
-msgid "B<int iopl(int >I<level>B<);>"
+#: build/C/man3/group_member.3:40
+msgid "B<group_member>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/iopl.2:45
+#: build/C/man3/group_member.3:48
msgid ""
-"B<iopl>() changes the I/O privilege level of the calling process, as "
-"specified by the two least significant bits in I<level>."
+"The B<group_member>() function tests whether any of the caller's "
+"supplementary group IDs (as returned by B<getgroups>(2)) matches I<gid>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/group_member.3:55
+msgid ""
+"The B<group_member>() function returns nonzero if any of the caller's "
+"supplementary group IDs matches I<gid>, and zero otherwise."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/group_member.3:57
+msgid "This function is a nonstandard GNU extension."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/group_member.3:62
+msgid "B<getgid>(2), B<getgroups>(2), B<getgrouplist>(3), B<group>(5)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man2/iopl.2:33
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "IOPL"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man2/iopl.2:33
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "2013-03-15"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/iopl.2:36
+msgid "iopl - change I/O privilege level"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/iopl.2:38
+msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/io.hE<gt>>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/iopl.2:40
+msgid "B<int iopl(int >I<level>B<);>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/iopl.2:45
+msgid ""
+"B<iopl>() changes the I/O privilege level of the calling process, as "
+"specified by the two least significant bits in I<level>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
msgid "IOPRIO_SET"
msgstr ""
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:24
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "2013-02-12"
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:27
msgid "ioprio_get, ioprio_set - get/set I/O scheduling class and priority"
msgid "B<IOPRIO_WHO_USER>"
msgstr ""
-#. FIXME who==0 needs to be documented,
+#. FIXME . Need to document the behavior when 'who" is specified as 0
#. See http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=652443
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:75
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:235
msgid ""
-"One can view the current I/O scheduler via the I</sys> file system. For "
+"One can view the current I/O scheduler via the I</sys> filesystem. For "
"example, the following command displays a list of all schedulers currently "
"loaded in the kernel:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/ioprio_set.2:305
msgid ""
-"This is the idle scheduling class. Processes running at this level only get "
-"I/O time when no-one else needs the disk. The idle class has no class "
+"This is the idle scheduling class. Processes running at this level get I/O "
+"time only when no-one else needs the disk. The idle class has no class "
"data. Attention is required when assigning this priority class to a "
"process, since it may become starved if higher priority processes are "
"constantly accessing the disk."
#. type: Plain text
#: build/C/man2/ipc.2:41
msgid ""
-"B<ipc>() is a common kernel entry point for the System V IPC calls for "
+"B<ipc>() is a common kernel entry point for the System\\ V IPC calls for "
"messages, semaphores, and shared memory. I<call> determines which IPC "
"function to invoke; the other arguments are passed through to the "
"appropriate call."
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:29
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:27
#, no-wrap
-msgid "SETEUID"
+msgid "NAMESPACES"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:29
-#, no-wrap
-msgid "2012-07-02"
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:30
+msgid "namespaces - overview of Linux namespaces"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:32
-msgid "seteuid, setegid - set effective user or group ID"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:37
+msgid ""
+"A namespace wraps a global system resource in an abstraction that makes it "
+"appear to the processes within the namespace that they have their own "
+"isolated instance of the global resource. Changes to the global resource "
+"are visible to other processes that are members of the namespace, but are "
+"invisible to other processes. One use of namespaces is to implement "
+"containers."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:38
-msgid "B<int seteuid(uid_t >I<euid>B<);>"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:39
+msgid "Linux provides the following namespaces:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:40
-msgid "B<int setegid(gid_t >I<egid>B<);>"
+#. type: tbl table
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:42
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Namespace\tConstant\tIsolates\n"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:49
-msgid "B<seteuid>(), B<setegid>():"
+#. type: tbl table
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:43
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "IPC\tCLONE_NEWIPC\tSystem V IPC, POSIX message queues\n"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:51
-msgid ""
-"_BSD_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ "
-"E<gt>=\\ 600"
+#. type: tbl table
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:44
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Network\tCLONE_NEWNET\tNetwork devices, stacks, ports, etc.\n"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:58
-msgid ""
-"B<seteuid>() sets the effective user ID of the calling process. "
-"Unprivileged user processes may only set the effective user ID to the real "
-"user ID, the effective user ID or the saved set-user-ID."
+#. type: tbl table
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:45
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Mount\tCLONE_NEWNS\tMount points\n"
msgstr ""
-#. When
-#. .I euid
-#. equals \-1, nothing is changed.
-#. (This is an artifact of the implementation in glibc of seteuid()
-#. using setresuid(2).)
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:67
-msgid ""
-"Precisely the same holds for B<setegid>() with \"group\" instead of "
-"\"user\"."
+#. type: tbl table
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:46
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "PID\tCLONE_NEWPID\tProcess IDs\n"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:91
-msgid ""
-"The calling process is not privileged (Linux: does not have the "
-"B<CAP_SETUID> capability in the case of B<seteuid>(), or the B<CAP_SETGID> "
-"capability in the case of B<setegid>()) and I<euid> (respectively, I<egid>) "
-"is not the real user (group) ID, the effective user (group) ID, or the saved "
-"set-user-ID (saved set-group-ID)."
+#. type: tbl table
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:47
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "User\tCLONE_NEWUSER\tUser and group IDs\n"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:93
-msgid "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
+#. type: tbl table
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:48
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "UTS\tCLONE_NEWUTS\tHostname and NIS domain name\n"
msgstr ""
+#
+#. ==================== The namespaces API ====================
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:99
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:57
msgid ""
-"Setting the effective user (group) ID to the saved set-user-ID (saved "
-"set-group-ID) is possible since Linux 1.1.37 (1.1.38). On an arbitrary "
-"system one should check B<_POSIX_SAVED_IDS>."
+"This page describes the various namespaces and the associated I</proc> "
+"files, and summarizes the APIs for working with namespaces."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:115
-msgid ""
-"Under libc4, libc5 and glibc 2.0 B<seteuid(>I<euid>B<)> is equivalent to "
-"B<setreuid(-1,>I< euid>B<)> and hence may change the saved set-user-ID. "
-"Under glibc 2.1 and later it is equivalent to B<setresuid(-1,>I< euid>B<, "
-"-1)> and hence does not change the saved set-user-ID. Analogous remarks "
-"hold for B<setegid>(), with the difference that the change in implementation "
-"from B<setregid(-1,>I< egid>B<)> to B<setresgid(-1,>I< egid>B<, -1)> "
-"occurred in glibc 2.2 or 2.3 (dependeing on the hardware architecture)."
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:57
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "The namespaces API"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:124
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:62
msgid ""
-"According to POSIX.1, B<seteuid>() (B<setegid>()) need not permit I<euid> "
-"(I<egid>) to be the same value as the current effective user (group) ID, "
-"and some implementations do not permit this."
+"As well as various I</proc> files described below, the namespaces API "
+"includes the following system calls:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:62
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<clone>(2)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:131
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:75
msgid ""
-"B<geteuid>(2), B<setresuid>(2), B<setreuid>(2), B<setuid>(2), "
-"B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7)"
+"The B<clone>(2) system call creates a new process. If the I<flags> "
+"argument of the call specifies one or more of the B<CLONE_NEW*> flags listed "
+"below, then new namespaces are created for each flag, and the child process "
+"is made a member of those namespaces. (This system call also implements a "
+"number of features unrelated to namespaces.)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:31
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:75
#, no-wrap
-msgid "SETFSGID"
+msgid "B<setns>(2)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:34
-msgid "setfsgid - set group identity used for file system checks"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:84
+msgid ""
+"The B<setns>(2) system call allows the calling process to join an existing "
+"namespace. The namespace to join is specified via a file descriptor that "
+"refers to one of the I</proc/[pid]/ns> files described below."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:37 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:37
-msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> /* glibc uses E<lt>sys/fsuid.hE<gt> */"
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:84
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<unshare>(2)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:39
-msgid "B<int setfsgid(uid_t >I<fsgid>B<);>"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:97
+msgid ""
+"The B<unshare>(2) system call moves the calling process to a new "
+"namespace. If the I<flags> argument of the call specifies one or more of "
+"the B<CLONE_NEW*> flags listed below, then new namespaces are created for "
+"each flag, and the calling process is made a member of those namespaces. "
+"(This system call also implements a number of features unrelated to "
+"namespaces.)"
msgstr ""
+#
+#. ==================== The /proc/[pid]/ns/ directory ====================
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:51
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:110
msgid ""
-"The system call B<setfsgid>() sets the group ID that the Linux kernel uses "
-"to check for all accesses to the file system. Normally, the value of "
-"I<fsgid> will shadow the value of the effective group ID. In fact, whenever "
-"the effective group ID is changed, I<fsgid> will also be changed to the new "
-"value of the effective group ID."
+"Creation of new namespaces using B<clone>(2) and B<unshare>(2) in most "
+"cases requires the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability. User namespaces are the "
+"exception: since Linux 3.8, no privilege is required to create a user "
+"namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:110
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "The /proc/[pid]/ns/ directory"
msgstr ""
+#. See commit 6b4e306aa3dc94a0545eb9279475b1ab6209a31f
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:62
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:117
msgid ""
-"Explicit calls to B<setfsuid>(2) and B<setfsgid>() are usually used only "
-"by programs such as the Linux NFS server that need to change what user and "
-"group ID is used for file access without a corresponding change in the real "
-"and effective user and group IDs. A change in the normal user IDs for a "
-"program such as the NFS server is a security hole that can expose it to "
-"unwanted signals. (But see below.)"
+"Each process has a I</proc/[pid]/ns/> subdirectory containing one entry for "
+"each namespace that supports being manipulated by B<setns>(2):"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:69
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:128
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"B<setfsgid>() will succeed only if the caller is the superuser or if "
-"I<fsgid> matches either the real group ID, effective group ID, saved "
-"set-group-ID, or the current value of I<fsgid>."
+"$ B<ls -l /proc/$$/ns>\n"
+"total 0\n"
+"lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mtk mtk 0 Jan 14 01:20 ipc -E<gt> ipc:[4026531839]\n"
+"lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mtk mtk 0 Jan 14 01:20 mnt -E<gt> mnt:[4026531840]\n"
+"lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mtk mtk 0 Jan 14 01:20 net -E<gt> net:[4026531956]\n"
+"lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mtk mtk 0 Jan 14 01:20 pid -E<gt> pid:[4026531836]\n"
+"lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mtk mtk 0 Jan 14 01:20 user -E<gt> user:[4026531837]\n"
+"lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mtk mtk 0 Jan 14 01:20 uts -E<gt> uts:[4026531838]\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:76
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:138
msgid ""
-"On success, the previous value of I<fsgid> is returned. On error, the "
-"current value of I<fsgid> is returned."
+"Bind mounting (see B<mount>(2)) one of the files in this directory to "
+"somewhere else in the filesystem keeps the corresponding namespace of the "
+"process specified by I<pid> alive even if all processes currently in the "
+"namespace terminate."
msgstr ""
-#. This system call is present since Linux 1.1.44
-#. and in libc since libc 4.7.6.
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:80 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:80
-msgid "This system call is present in Linux since version 1.2."
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:149
+msgid ""
+"Opening one of the files in this directory (or a file that is bind mounted "
+"to one of these files) returns a file handle for the corresponding "
+"namespace of the process specified by I<pid>. As long as this file "
+"descriptor remains open, the namespace will remain alive, even if all "
+"processes in the namespace terminate. The file descriptor can be passed to "
+"B<setns>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:84
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:160
msgid ""
-"B<setfsgid>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs intended "
-"to be portable."
+"In Linux 3.7 and earlier, these files were visible as hard links. Since "
+"Linux 3.8, they appear as symbolic links. If two processes are in the same "
+"namespace, then the inode numbers of their I</proc/[pid]/ns/xxx> symbolic "
+"links will be the same; an application can check this using the "
+"I<stat.st_ino> field returned by B<stat>(2). The content of this symbolic "
+"link is a string containing the namespace type and inode number as in the "
+"following example:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:90
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:165
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"When glibc determines that the argument is not a valid group ID, it will "
-"return -1 and set I<errno> to B<EINVAL> without attempting the system call."
+"$ B<readlink /proc/$$/ns/uts>\n"
+"uts:[4026531838]\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:94 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:94
-msgid ""
-"Note that at the time this system call was introduced, a process could send "
-"a signal to a process with the same effective user ID. Today signal "
-"permission handling is slightly different."
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:169
+msgid "The files in this subdirectory are as follows:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:169
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I</proc/[pid]/ns/ipc> (since Linux 3.0)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:104
-msgid ""
-"The original Linux B<setfsgid>() system call supported only 16-bit group "
-"IDs. Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added B<setfsgid32>() supporting 32-bit IDs. "
-"The glibc B<setfsgid>() wrapper function transparently deals with the "
-"variation across kernel versions."
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:172
+msgid "This file is a handle for the IPC namespace of the process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:172
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I</proc/[pid]/ns/mnt> (since Linux 3.8)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:112
-msgid ""
-"No error messages of any kind are returned to the caller. At the very "
-"least, B<EPERM> should be returned when the call fails (because the caller "
-"lacks the B<CAP_SETGID> capability)."
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:175
+msgid "This file is a handle for the mount namespace of the process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:175
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I</proc/[pid]/ns/net> (since Linux 3.0)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:117
-msgid "B<kill>(2), B<setfsuid>(2), B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7)"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:178
+msgid "This file is a handle for the network namespace of the process."
msgstr ""
-#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:31
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:178
#, no-wrap
-msgid "SETFSUID"
+msgid "I</proc/[pid]/ns/pid> (since Linux 3.8)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:34
-msgid "setfsuid - set user identity used for file system checks"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:181
+msgid "This file is a handle for the PID namespace of the process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:181
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I</proc/[pid]/ns/user> (since Linux 3.8)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:39
-msgid "B<int setfsuid(uid_t >I<fsuid>B<);>"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:184
+msgid "This file is a handle for the user namespace of the process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:184
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I</proc/[pid]/ns/uts> (since Linux 3.0)"
msgstr ""
+#
+#. ==================== IPC namespaces ====================
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:51
-msgid ""
-"The system call B<setfsuid>() sets the user ID that the Linux kernel uses "
-"to check for all accesses to the file system. Normally, the value of "
-"I<fsuid> will shadow the value of the effective user ID. In fact, whenever "
-"the effective user ID is changed, I<fsuid> will also be changed to the new "
-"value of the effective user ID."
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:190
+msgid "This file is a handle for the UTS namespace of the process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:190
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "IPC namespaces (CLONE_NEWIPC)"
msgstr ""
+#. commit 7eafd7c74c3f2e67c27621b987b28397110d643f
+#. https://lwn.net/Articles/312232/
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:62
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:202
msgid ""
-"Explicit calls to B<setfsuid>() and B<setfsgid>(2) are usually used only "
-"by programs such as the Linux NFS server that need to change what user and "
-"group ID is used for file access without a corresponding change in the real "
-"and effective user and group IDs. A change in the normal user IDs for a "
-"program such as the NFS server is a security hole that can expose it to "
-"unwanted signals. (But see below.)"
+"IPC namespaces isolate certain IPC resources, namely, System V IPC objects "
+"(see B<svipc>(7)) and (since Linux 2.6.30) POSIX message queues (see "
+"B<mq_overview>(7)). The common characteristic of these IPC mechanisms is "
+"that IPC objects are identified by mechanisms other than filesystem "
+"pathnames."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:69
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:208
msgid ""
-"B<setfsuid>() will succeed only if the caller is the superuser or if "
-"I<fsuid> matches either the real user ID, effective user ID, saved "
-"set-user-ID, or the current value of I<fsuid>."
+"Each IPC namespace has its own set of System V IPC identifiers and its own "
+"POSIX message queue filesystem. Objects created in an IPC namespace are "
+"visible to all other processes that are members of that namespace, but are "
+"not visible to processes in other IPC namespaces."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:76
-msgid ""
-"On success, the previous value of I<fsuid> is returned. On error, the "
-"current value of I<fsuid> is returned."
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:212
+msgid "The following I</proc> interfaces are distinct in each IPC namespace:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:84
-msgid ""
-"B<setfsuid>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs intended "
-"to be portable."
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:215
+msgid "The POSIX message queue interfaces in I</proc/sys/fs/mqueue>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:90
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:228
msgid ""
-"When glibc determines that the argument is not a valid user ID, it will "
-"return -1 and set I<errno> to B<EINVAL> without attempting the system call."
+"The System V IPC interfaces in I</proc/sys/kernel>, namely: I<msgmax>, "
+"I<msgmnb>, I<msgmni>, I<sem>, I<shmall>, I<shmmax>, I<shmmni>, and "
+"I<shm_rmid_forced>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:104
-msgid ""
-"The original Linux B<setfsuid>() system call supported only 16-bit user "
-"IDs. Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added B<setfsuid32>() supporting 32-bit IDs. "
-"The glibc B<setfsuid>() wrapper function transparently deals with the "
-"variation across kernel versions."
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:231
+msgid "The System V IPC interfaces in I</proc/sysvipc>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:112
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:235
msgid ""
-"No error messages of any kind are returned to the caller. At the very "
-"least, B<EPERM> should be returned when the call fails (because the caller "
-"lacks the B<CAP_SETUID> capability)."
+"When an IPC namespace is destroyed (i.e., when the last process that is a "
+"member of the namespace terminates), all IPC objects in the namespace are "
+"automatically destroyed."
msgstr ""
+#
+#. ==================== Network namespaces ====================
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:117
-msgid "B<kill>(2), B<setfsgid>(2), B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7)"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:242
+msgid ""
+"Use of IPC namespaces requires a kernel that is configured with the "
+"B<CONFIG_IPC_NS> option."
msgstr ""
-#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:29
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:242
#, no-wrap
-msgid "SETGID"
+msgid "Network namespaces (CLONE_NEWNET)"
msgstr ""
+#. FIXME Add pointer to veth(4) page when it is eventually completed
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:32
-msgid "setgid - set group identity"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:257
+msgid ""
+"Network namespaces provide isolation of the system resources associated with "
+"networking: network devices, IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks, IP routing "
+"tables, firewalls, the I</proc/net> directory, the I</sys/class/net> "
+"directory, port numbers (sockets), and so on. A physical network device can "
+"live in exactly one network namespace. A virtual network device (\"veth\") "
+"pair provides a pipe-like abstraction that can be used to create tunnels "
+"between network namespaces, and can be used to create a bridge to a physical "
+"network device in another namespace."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:38
-msgid "B<int setgid(gid_t >I<gid>B<);>"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:262
+msgid ""
+"When a network namespace is freed (i.e., when the last process in the "
+"namespace terminates), its physical network devices are moved back to the "
+"initial network namespace (not to the parent of the process)."
msgstr ""
+#
+#. ==================== Mount namespaces ====================
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:43
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:269
msgid ""
-"B<setgid>() sets the effective group ID of the calling process. If the "
-"caller is the superuser, the real GID and saved set-group-ID are also set."
+"Use of network namespaces requires a kernel that is configured with the "
+"B<CONFIG_NET_NS> option."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:269
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Mount namespaces (CLONE_NEWNS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:53
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:277
msgid ""
-"Under Linux, B<setgid>() is implemented like the POSIX version with the "
-"B<_POSIX_SAVED_IDS> feature. This allows a set-group-ID program that is not "
-"set-user-ID-root to drop all of its group privileges, do some un-privileged "
-"work, and then reengage the original effective group ID in a secure manner."
+"Mount namespaces isolate the set of filesystem mount points, meaning that "
+"processes in different mount namespaces can have different views of the "
+"filesystem hierarchy. The set of mounts in a mount namespace is modified "
+"using B<mount>(2) and B<umount>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:66
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:294
msgid ""
-"The calling process is not privileged (does not have the B<CAP_SETGID> "
-"capability), and I<gid> does not match the real group ID or saved "
-"set-group-ID of the calling process."
+"The I</proc/[pid]/mounts> file (present since Linux 2.4.19) lists all the "
+"filesystems currently mounted in the process's mount namespace. The format "
+"of this file is documented in B<fstab>(5). Since kernel version 2.6.15, "
+"this file is pollable: after opening the file for reading, a change in this "
+"file (i.e., a filesystem mount or unmount) causes B<select>(2) to mark the "
+"file descriptor as readable, and B<poll>(2) and B<epoll_wait>(2) mark the "
+"file as having an error condition."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:78
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:302
msgid ""
-"The original Linux B<setgid>() system call supported only 16-bit group "
-"IDs. Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added B<setgid32>() supporting 32-bit IDs. "
-"The glibc B<setgid>() wrapper function transparently deals with the "
-"variation across kernel versions."
+"The I</proc/[pid]/mountstats> file (present since Linux 2.6.17) exports "
+"information (statistics, configuration information) about the mount points "
+"in the process's mount namespace. This file is readable only by the owner "
+"of the process. Lines in this file have the form:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:84
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:308
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"B<getgid>(2), B<setegid>(2), B<setregid>(2), B<capabilities>(7), "
-"B<credentials>(7)"
+"device /dev/sda7 mounted on /home with fstype ext3 [statistics]\n"
+"( 1 ) ( 2 ) (3 ) (4)\n"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:48
-#, no-wrap
-msgid "SETPGID"
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:312
+msgid "The fields in each line are:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:48
+#. type: IP
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:312 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:371
#, no-wrap
-msgid "2013-07-31"
+msgid "(1)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:51
-msgid "setpgid, getpgid, setpgrp, getpgrp - set/get process group"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:316
+msgid ""
+"The name of the mounted device (or \"nodevice\" if there is no corresponding "
+"device)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:55
-msgid "B<int setpgid(pid_t >I<pid>B<, pid_t >I<pgid>B<);>"
+#. type: IP
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:316 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:375
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "(2)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:57
-msgid "B<pid_t getpgid(pid_t >I<pid>B<);>"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:319
+msgid "The mount point within the filesystem tree."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:59
-msgid "B<pid_t getpgrp(void);> /* POSIX.1 version */"
+#. type: IP
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:319 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:401
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "(3)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:62
-msgid ""
-"B<pid_t getpgrp(pid_t >I<pid>B<);\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ > /* BSD "
-"version */"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:322
+msgid "The filesystem type."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:64
-msgid "B<int setpgrp(void);> /* System V version */"
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:322
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "(4)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:67
-msgid "B<int setpgrp(pid_t >I<pid>B<, pid_t >I<pgid>B<);\\ > /* BSD version */"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:327
+msgid ""
+"Optional statistics and configuration information. Currently (as at Linux "
+"2.6.26), only NFS filesystems export information via this field."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:76
-msgid "B<getpgid>():"
+#
+#. ==================== PID namespaces ====================
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:331
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "PID namespaces (CLONE_NEWPID)"
msgstr ""
+#
+#. ==================== User namespaces ====================
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:84
-msgid "B<setpgrp>() (POSIX.1):"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:337
+msgid "See B<pid_namespaces>(7)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:87
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:337
#, no-wrap
-msgid ""
-" _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
-" _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED\n"
+msgid "User namespaces (CLONE_NEWUSER)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:91
-msgid "B<setpgrp>()\\ (BSD), B<getpgrp>()\\ (BSD):"
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:343 build/C/man7/namespaces.7:364 build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:356
+msgid "See B<user_namespaces>(7)."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:95
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:343
#, no-wrap
-msgid ""
-" _BSD_SOURCE &&\n"
-" !\\ (_POSIX_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE ||\n"
-" _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED || _GNU_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE)\n"
+msgid "UTS namespaces (CLONE_NEWUTS)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:107
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:355
msgid ""
-"All of these interfaces are available on Linux, and are used for getting and "
-"setting the process group ID (PGID) of a process. The preferred, "
-"POSIX.1-specified ways of doing this are: B<getpgrp>(void), for retrieving "
-"the calling process's PGID; and B<setpgid>(), for setting a process's PGID."
+"UTS namespaces provide isolation of two system identifiers: the hostname and "
+"the NIS domain name. These identifiers are set using B<sethostname>(2) and "
+"B<setdomainname>(2), and can be retrieved using B<uname>(2), "
+"B<gethostname>(2), and B<getdomainname>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:132
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:359
msgid ""
-"B<setpgid>() sets the PGID of the process specified by I<pid> to I<pgid>. "
-"If I<pid> is zero, then the process ID of the calling process is used. If "
-"I<pgid> is zero, then the PGID of the process specified by I<pid> is made "
-"the same as its process ID. If B<setpgid>() is used to move a process from "
-"one process group to another (as is done by some shells when creating "
-"pipelines), both process groups must be part of the same session (see "
-"B<setsid>(2) and B<credentials>(7)). In this case, the I<pgid> specifies "
-"an existing process group to be joined and the session ID of that group must "
-"match the session ID of the joining process."
+"Use of UTS namespaces requires a kernel that is configured with the "
+"B<CONFIG_UTS_NS> option."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:137
-msgid ""
-"The POSIX.1 version of B<getpgrp>(), which takes no arguments, returns the "
-"PGID of the calling process."
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:361 build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:353 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:648
+msgid "Namespaces are a Linux-specific feature."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:148
+#: build/C/man7/namespaces.7:377
msgid ""
-"B<getpgid>() returns the PGID of the process specified by I<pid>. If "
-"I<pid> is zero, the process ID of the calling process is used. (Retrieving "
-"the PGID of a process other than the caller is rarely necessary, and the "
-"POSIX.1 B<getpgrp>() is preferred for that task.)"
+"B<nsenter>(1), B<readlink>(1), B<unshare>(1), B<clone>(2), B<setns>(2), "
+"B<unshare>(2), B<proc>(5), B<credentials>(7), B<capabilities>(7), "
+"B<pid_namespaces>(7), B<user_namespaces>(7), B<switch_root>(8)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:153
-msgid ""
-"The System V-style B<setpgrp>(), which takes no arguments, is equivalent to "
-"I<setpgid(0,\\ 0)>."
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:27
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "PID_NAMESPACES"
msgstr ""
-#. The true BSD setpgrp() system call differs in allowing the PGID
-#. to be set to arbitrary values, rather than being restricted to
-#. PGIDs in the same session.
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:165
-msgid ""
-"The BSD-specific B<setpgrp>() call, which takes arguments I<pid> and "
-"I<pgid>, is equivalent to I<setpgid(pid, pgid)>."
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:27 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:27
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "2015-01-10"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:172
-msgid ""
-"The BSD-specific B<getpgrp>() call, which takes a single I<pid> argument, "
-"is equivalent to I<getpgid(pid)>."
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:30
+msgid "pid_namespaces - overview of Linux PID namespaces"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:181
-msgid ""
-"On success, B<setpgid>() and B<setpgrp>() return zero. On error, -1 is "
-"returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:33 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:33
+msgid "For an overview of namespaces, see B<namespaces>(7)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:185
-msgid "The POSIX.1 B<getpgrp>() always returns the PGID of the caller."
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:40
+msgid ""
+"PID namespaces isolate the process ID number space, meaning that processes "
+"in different PID namespaces can have the same PID. PID namespaces allow "
+"containers to provide functionality such as suspending/resuming the set of "
+"processes in the container and migrating the container to a new host while "
+"the processes inside the container maintain the same PIDs."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:193
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:48
msgid ""
-"B<getpgid>(), and the BSD-specific B<getpgrp>() return a process group on "
-"success. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
+"PIDs in a new PID namespace start at 1, somewhat like a standalone system, "
+"and calls to B<fork>(2), B<vfork>(2), or B<clone>(2) will produce processes "
+"with PIDs that are unique within the namespace."
msgstr ""
+#
+#. ============================================================
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:202
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:55
msgid ""
-"An attempt was made to change the process group ID of one of the children of "
-"the calling process and the child had already performed an B<execve>(2) "
-"(B<setpgid>(), B<setpgrp>())."
+"Use of PID namespaces requires a kernel that is configured with the "
+"B<CONFIG_PID_NS> option."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:208
-msgid "I<pgid> is less than 0 (B<setpgid>(), B<setpgrp>())."
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:55
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "The namespace init process"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:217
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:75
msgid ""
-"An attempt was made to move a process into a process group in a different "
-"session, or to change the process group ID of one of the children of the "
-"calling process and the child was in a different session, or to change the "
-"process group ID of a session leader (B<setpgid>(), B<setpgrp>())."
+"The first process created in a new namespace (i.e., the process created "
+"using B<clone>(2) with the B<CLONE_NEWPID> flag, or the first child created "
+"by a process after a call to B<unshare>(2) using the B<CLONE_NEWPID> flag) "
+"has the PID 1, and is the \"init\" process for the namespace (see "
+"B<init>(1)). A child process that is orphaned within the namespace will be "
+"reparented to this process rather than B<init>(1) (unless one of the "
+"ancestors of the child in the same PID namespace employed the B<prctl>(2) "
+"B<PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER> command to mark itself as the reaper of orphaned "
+"descendant processes)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:227
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:102
msgid ""
-"For B<getpgid>(): I<pid> does not match any process. For B<setpgid>(): "
-"I<pid> is not the calling process and not a child of the calling process."
+"If the \"init\" process of a PID namespace terminates, the kernel terminates "
+"all of the processes in the namespace via a B<SIGKILL> signal. This "
+"behavior reflects the fact that the \"init\" process is essential for the "
+"correct operation of a PID namespace. In this case, a subsequent B<fork>(2) "
+"into this PID namespace will fail with the error B<ENOMEM>; it is not "
+"possible to create a new processes in a PID namespace whose \"init\" process "
+"has terminated. Such scenarios can occur when, for example, a process uses "
+"an open file descriptor for a I</proc/[pid]/ns/pid> file corresponding to a "
+"process that was in a namespace to B<setns>(2) into that namespace after "
+"the \"init\" process has terminated. Another possible scenario can occur "
+"after a call to B<unshare>(2): if the first child subsequently created by a "
+"B<fork>(2) terminates, then subsequent calls to B<fork>(2) will fail with "
+"B<ENOMEM>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:233
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:108
msgid ""
-"B<setpgid>() and the version of B<getpgrp>() with no arguments conform to "
-"POSIX.1-2001."
+"Only signals for which the \"init\" process has established a signal handler "
+"can be sent to the \"init\" process by other members of the PID namespace. "
+"This restriction applies even to privileged processes, and prevents other "
+"members of the PID namespace from accidentally killing the \"init\" process."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:242
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:128
msgid ""
-"POSIX.1-2001 also specifies B<getpgid>() and the version of B<setpgrp>() "
-"that takes no arguments. (POSIX.1-2008 marks this B<setpgrp>() "
-"specification as obsolete.)"
+"Likewise, a process in an ancestor namespace can\\(emsubject to the usual "
+"permission checks described in B<kill>(2)\\(emsend signals to the \"init\" "
+"process of a child PID namespace only if the \"init\" process has "
+"established a handler for that signal. (Within the handler, the "
+"I<siginfo_t> I<si_pid> field described in B<sigaction>(2) will be zero.) "
+"B<SIGKILL> or B<SIGSTOP> are treated exceptionally: these signals are "
+"forcibly delivered when sent from an ancestor PID namespace. Neither of "
+"these signals can be caught by the \"init\" process, and so will result in "
+"the usual actions associated with those signals (respectively, terminating "
+"and stopping the process)."
msgstr ""
+#
+#. ============================================================
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:249
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:138
msgid ""
-"The version of B<getpgrp>() with one argument and the version of "
-"B<setpgrp>() that takes two arguments derive from 4.2BSD, and are not "
-"specified by POSIX.1."
+"Starting with Linux 3.4, the B<reboot>(2) system call causes a signal to be "
+"sent to the namespace \"init\" process. See B<reboot>(2) for more details."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:138
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Nesting PID namespaces"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:255
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:149
msgid ""
-"A child created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's process group ID. The "
-"PGID is preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
+"PID namespaces can be nested: each PID namespace has a parent, except for "
+"the initial (\"root\") PID namespace. The parent of a PID namespace is the "
+"PID namespace of the process that created the namespace using B<clone>(2) "
+"or B<unshare>(2). PID namespaces thus form a tree, with all namespaces "
+"ultimately tracing their ancestry to the root namespace."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:258
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:164
msgid ""
-"Each process group is a member of a session and each process is a member of "
-"the session of which its process group is a member."
+"A process is visible to other processes in its PID namespace, and to the "
+"processes in each direct ancestor PID namespace going back to the root PID "
+"namespace. In this context, \"visible\" means that one process can be the "
+"target of operations by another process using system calls that specify a "
+"process ID. Conversely, the processes in a child PID namespace can't see "
+"processes in the parent and further removed ancestor namespaces. More "
+"succinctly: a process can see (e.g., send signals with B<kill>(2), set nice "
+"values with B<setpriority>(2), etc.) only processes contained in its own PID "
+"namespace and in descendants of that namespace."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:285
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:176
msgid ""
-"A session can have a controlling terminal. At any time, one (and only one) "
-"of the process groups in the session can be the foreground process group for "
-"the terminal; the remaining process groups are in the background. If a "
-"signal is generated from the terminal (e.g., typing the interrupt key to "
-"generate B<SIGINT>), that signal is sent to the foreground process group. "
-"(See B<termios>(3) for a description of the characters that generate "
-"signals.) Only the foreground process group may B<read>(2) from the "
-"terminal; if a background process group tries to B<read>(2) from the "
-"terminal, then the group is sent a B<SIGTTIN> signal, which suspends it. "
-"The B<tcgetpgrp>(3) and B<tcsetpgrp>(3) functions are used to get/set the "
-"foreground process group of the controlling terminal."
+"A process has one process ID in each of the layers of the PID namespace "
+"hierarchy in which is visible, and walking back though each direct ancestor "
+"namespace through to the root PID namespace. System calls that operate on "
+"process IDs always operate using the process ID that is visible in the PID "
+"namespace of the caller. A call to B<getpid>(2) always returns the PID "
+"associated with the namespace in which the process was created."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:293
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:191
msgid ""
-"The B<setpgid>() and B<getpgrp>() calls are used by programs such as "
-"B<bash>(1) to create process groups in order to implement shell job "
-"control."
+"Some processes in a PID namespace may have parents that are outside of the "
+"namespace. For example, the parent of the initial process in the namespace "
+"(i.e., the B<init>(1) process with PID 1) is necessarily in another "
+"namespace. Likewise, the direct children of a process that uses B<setns>(2) "
+"to cause its children to join a PID namespace are in a different PID "
+"namespace from the caller of B<setns>(2). Calls to B<getppid>(2) for such "
+"processes return 0."
msgstr ""
+#
+#. ============================================================
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:303
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:204
msgid ""
-"If a session has a controlling terminal, and the B<CLOCAL> flag for that "
-"terminal is not set, and a terminal hangup occurs, then the session leader "
-"is sent a B<SIGHUP>. If the session leader exits, then a B<SIGHUP> signal "
-"will also be sent to each process in the foreground process group of the "
-"controlling terminal."
+"While processes may freely descend into child PID namespaces (e.g., using "
+"B<setns>(2) with B<CLONE_NEWPID>), they may not move in the other "
+"direction. That is to say, processes may not enter any ancestor namespaces "
+"(parent, grandparent, etc.). Changing PID namespaces is a one way "
+"operation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:204
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "setns(2) and unshare(2) semantics"
msgstr ""
-#. exit.3 refers to the following text:
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:317
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:220
msgid ""
-"If the exit of the process causes a process group to become orphaned, and if "
-"any member of the newly orphaned process group is stopped, then a B<SIGHUP> "
-"signal followed by a B<SIGCONT> signal will be sent to each process in the "
-"newly orphaned process group. An orphaned process group is one in which the "
-"parent of every member of process group is either itself also a member of "
-"the process group or is a member of a process group in a different session "
-"(see also B<credentials>(7))."
+"Calls to B<setns>(2) that specify a PID namespace file descriptor and calls "
+"to B<unshare>(2) with the B<CLONE_NEWPID> flag cause children subsequently "
+"created by the caller to be placed in a different PID namespace from the "
+"caller. These calls do not, however, change the PID namespace of the "
+"calling process, because doing so would change the caller's idea of its own "
+"PID (as reported by B<getpid>()), which would break many applications and "
+"libraries."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:324
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:228
msgid ""
-"B<getuid>(2), B<setsid>(2), B<tcgetpgrp>(3), B<tcsetpgrp>(3), B<termios>(3), "
-"B<credentials>(7)"
+"To put things another way: a process's PID namespace membership is "
+"determined when the process is created and cannot be changed thereafter. "
+"Among other things, this means that the parental relationship between "
+"processes mirrors the parental relationship between PID namespaces: the "
+"parent of a process is either in the same namespace or resides in the "
+"immediate parent PID namespace."
msgstr ""
-#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:26
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:228
#, no-wrap
-msgid "SETRESUID"
+msgid "Compatibility of CLONE_NEWPID with other CLONE_* flags"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:29
-msgid "setresuid, setresgid - set real, effective and saved user or group ID"
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:233
+msgid "B<CLONE_NEWPID> can't be combined with some other B<CLONE_*> flags:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:35
-msgid "B<int setresuid(uid_t >I<ruid>B<, uid_t >I<euid>B<, uid_t >I<suid>B<);>"
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:241
+msgid ""
+"B<CLONE_THREAD> requires being in the same PID namespace in order that the "
+"threads in a process can send signals to each other. Similarly, it must be "
+"possible to see all of the threads of a processes in the B<proc>(5) "
+"filesystem."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:37
-msgid "B<int setresgid(gid_t >I<rgid>B<, gid_t >I<egid>B<, gid_t >I<sgid>B<);>"
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:252
+msgid ""
+"B<CLONE_SIGHAND> requires being in the same PID namespace; otherwise the "
+"process ID of the process sending a signal could not be meaningfully encoded "
+"when a signal is sent (see the description of the I<siginfo_t> type in "
+"B<sigaction>(2)). A signal queue shared by processes in multiple PID "
+"namespaces will defeat that."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:41
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:262
msgid ""
-"B<setresuid>() sets the real user ID, the effective user ID, and the saved "
-"set-user-ID of the calling process."
+"B<CLONE_VM> requires all of the threads to be in the same PID namespace, "
+"because, from the point of view of a core dump, if two processes share the "
+"same address space then they are threads and will be core dumped together. "
+"When a core dump is written, the PID of each thread is written into the core "
+"dump. Writing the process IDs could not meaningfully succeed if some of the "
+"process IDs were in a parent PID namespace."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:47
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:280
msgid ""
-"Unprivileged user processes may change the real UID, effective UID, and "
-"saved set-user-ID, each to one of: the current real UID, the current "
-"effective UID or the current saved set-user-ID."
+"To summarize: there is a technical requirement for each of B<CLONE_THREAD>, "
+"B<CLONE_SIGHAND>, and B<CLONE_VM> to share a PID namespace. (Note "
+"furthermore that in B<clone>(2) requires B<CLONE_VM> to be specified if "
+"B<CLONE_THREAD> or B<CLONE_SIGHAND> is specified.) Thus, call sequences "
+"such as the following will fail (with the error B<EINVAL>):"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:51
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:284
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"Privileged processes (on Linux, those having the B<CAP_SETUID> capability) "
-"may set the real UID, effective UID, and saved set-user-ID to arbitrary "
-"values."
+" unshare(CLONE_NEWPID);\n"
+" clone(..., CLONE_VM, ...); /* Fails */\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:53
-msgid "If one of the arguments equals -1, the corresponding value is not changed."
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:287
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" setns(fd, CLONE_NEWPID);\n"
+" clone(..., CLONE_VM, ...); /* Fails */\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:57
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:290
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"Regardless of what changes are made to the real UID, effective UID, and "
-"saved set-user-ID, the file system UID is always set to the same value as "
-"the (possibly new) effective UID."
+" clone(..., CLONE_VM, ...);\n"
+" setns(fd, CLONE_NEWPID); /* Fails */\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:64
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:293
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"Completely analogously, B<setresgid>() sets the real GID, effective GID, "
-"and saved set-group-ID of the calling process (and always modifies the file "
-"system GID to be the same as the effective GID), with the same restrictions "
-"for unprivileged processes."
+" clone(..., CLONE_VM, ...);\n"
+" unshare(CLONE_NEWPID); /* Fails */\n"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:70 build/C/man2/setuid.2:76
+#
+#. ============================================================
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:297
#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<EAGAIN>"
+msgid "/proc and PID namespaces"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:77
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:306
msgid ""
-"I<uid> does not match the current UID and this call would bring that user ID "
-"over its B<RLIMIT_NPROC> resource limit."
+"A I</proc> filesystem shows (in the I</proc/PID> directories) only processes "
+"visible in the PID namespace of the process that performed the mount, even "
+"if the I</proc> filesystem is viewed from processes in other namespaces."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:81
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:325
msgid ""
-"The calling process is not privileged (did not have the B<CAP_SETUID> "
-"capability) and tried to change the IDs to values that are not permitted."
+"After creating a new PID namespace, it is useful for the child to change its "
+"root directory and mount a new procfs instance at I</proc> so that tools "
+"such as B<ps>(1) work correctly. If a new mount namespace is "
+"simultaneously created by including B<CLONE_NEWNS> in the I<flags> argument "
+"of B<clone>(2) or B<unshare>(2), then it isn't necessary to change the root "
+"directory: a new procfs instance can be mounted directly over I</proc>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:83
-msgid "These calls are available under Linux since Linux 2.1.44."
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:329
+msgid "From a shell, the command to mount I</proc> is:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:331
+#, no-wrap
+msgid " $ mount -t proc proc /proc\n"
msgstr ""
+#
+#. ============================================================
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:90
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:343
msgid ""
-"Under HP-UX and FreeBSD, the prototype is found in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>. "
-"Under Linux the prototype is provided by glibc since version 2.3.2."
+"Calling B<readlink>(2) on the path I</proc/self> yields the process ID of "
+"the caller in the PID namespace of the procfs mount (i.e., the PID namespace "
+"of the process that mounted the procfs). This can be useful for "
+"introspection purposes, when a process wants to discover its PID in other "
+"namespaces."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:343 build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:635
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Miscellaneous"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:106
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:351
msgid ""
-"The original Linux B<setresuid>() and B<setresgid>() system calls "
-"supported only 16-bit user and group IDs. Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added "
-"B<setresuid32>() and B<setresgid32>(), supporting 32-bit IDs. The glibc "
-"B<setresuid>() and B<setresgid>() wrapper functions transparently deal "
-"with the variations across kernel versions."
+"When a process ID is passed over a UNIX domain socket to a process in a "
+"different PID namespace (see the description of B<SCM_CREDENTIALS> in "
+"B<unix>(7)), it is translated into the corresponding PID value in the "
+"receiving process's PID namespace."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:115
+#: build/C/man7/pid_namespaces.7:365
msgid ""
-"B<getresuid>(2), B<getuid>(2), B<setfsgid>(2), B<setfsuid>(2), "
-"B<setreuid>(2), B<setuid>(2), B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7)"
+"B<clone>(2), B<setns>(2), B<unshare>(2), B<proc>(5), B<credentials>(7), "
+"B<capabilities>(7), B<user_namespaces>(7), B<switch_root>(8)"
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:45
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:29
#, no-wrap
-msgid "SETREUID"
+msgid "SETEUID"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:48
-msgid "setreuid, setregid - set real and/or effective user or group ID"
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:32
+msgid "seteuid, setegid - set effective user or group ID"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:54
-msgid "B<int setreuid(uid_t >I<ruid>B<, uid_t >I<euid>B<);>"
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:38
+msgid "B<int seteuid(uid_t >I<euid>B<);>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:56
-msgid "B<int setregid(gid_t >I<rgid>B<, gid_t >I<egid>B<);>"
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:40
+msgid "B<int setegid(gid_t >I<egid>B<);>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:64
-msgid "B<setreuid>(), B<setregid>():"
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:49
+msgid "B<seteuid>(), B<setegid>():"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:68
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:51
msgid ""
-"_BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ "
-"_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
+"_BSD_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ "
+"E<gt>=\\ 600"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:73
-msgid "B<setreuid>() sets real and effective user IDs of the calling process."
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:58
+msgid ""
+"B<seteuid>() sets the effective user ID of the calling process. "
+"Unprivileged user processes may only set the effective user ID to the real "
+"user ID, the effective user ID or the saved set-user-ID."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:76
+#. When
+#. .I euid
+#. equals \-1, nothing is changed.
+#. (This is an artifact of the implementation in glibc of seteuid()
+#. using setresuid(2).)
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:67
msgid ""
-"Supplying a value of -1 for either the real or effective user ID forces the "
-"system to leave that ID unchanged."
+"Precisely the same holds for B<setegid>() with \"group\" instead of "
+"\"user\"."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:79
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:79
msgid ""
-"Unprivileged processes may only set the effective user ID to the real user "
-"ID, the effective user ID, or the saved set-user-ID."
+"I<Note>: there are cases where B<seteuid>() can fail even when the caller "
+"is UID 0; it is a grave security error to omit checking for a failure return "
+"from B<seteuid>()."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:82
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:83
+msgid "The target user or group ID is not valid in this user namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:99
msgid ""
-"Unprivileged users may only set the real user ID to the real user ID or the "
-"effective user ID."
+"The calling process is not privileged (Linux: does not have the "
+"B<CAP_SETUID> capability in the case of B<seteuid>(), or the B<CAP_SETGID> "
+"capability in the case of B<setegid>()) and I<euid> (respectively, I<egid>) "
+"is not the real user (group) ID, the effective user (group) ID, or the saved "
+"set-user-ID (saved set-group-ID)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:101
+msgid "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:86
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:107
msgid ""
-"If the real user ID is set or the effective user ID is set to a value not "
-"equal to the previous real user ID, the saved set-user-ID will be set to the "
-"new effective user ID."
+"Setting the effective user (group) ID to the saved set-user-ID (saved "
+"set-group-ID) is possible since Linux 1.1.37 (1.1.38). On an arbitrary "
+"system one should check B<_POSIX_SAVED_IDS>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:91
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:123
msgid ""
-"Completely analogously, B<setregid>() sets real and effective group ID's of "
-"the calling process, and all of the above holds with \"group\" instead of "
-"\"user\"."
+"Under glibc 2.0 B<seteuid(>I<euid>B<)> is equivalent to B<setreuid(-1,>I< "
+"euid>B<)> and hence may change the saved set-user-ID. Under glibc 2.1 and "
+"later it is equivalent to B<setresuid(-1,>I< euid>B<, -1)> and hence does "
+"not change the saved set-user-ID. Analogous remarks hold for B<setegid>(), "
+"with the difference that the change in implementation from B<setregid(-1,>I< "
+"egid>B<)> to B<setresgid(-1,>I< egid>B<, -1)> occurred in glibc 2.2 or 2.3 "
+"(depending on the hardware architecture)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:113
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:132
msgid ""
-"The calling process is not privileged (Linux: does not have the "
-"B<CAP_SETUID> capability in the case of B<setreuid>(), or the B<CAP_SETGID> "
-"capability in the case of B<setregid>()) and a change other than (i) "
-"swapping the effective user (group) ID with the real user (group) ID, or "
-"(ii) setting one to the value of the other or (iii) setting the effective "
-"user (group) ID to the value of the saved set-user-ID (saved set-group-ID) "
-"was specified."
+"According to POSIX.1, B<seteuid>() (B<setegid>()) need not permit I<euid> "
+"(I<egid>) to be the same value as the current effective user (group) ID, "
+"and some implementations do not permit this."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:119
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:141
msgid ""
-"POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD (the B<setreuid>() and B<setregid>() function calls "
-"first appeared in 4.2BSD)."
+"On Linux, B<seteuid>() and B<setegid>() are implemented as library "
+"functions that call, respectively, B<setreuid>(2) and B<setresgid>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:123
+#: build/C/man2/seteuid.2:149
msgid ""
-"Setting the effective user (group) ID to the saved set-user-ID (saved "
-"set-group-ID) is possible since Linux 1.1.37 (1.1.38)."
+"B<geteuid>(2), B<setresuid>(2), B<setreuid>(2), B<setuid>(2), "
+"B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7), B<user_namespaces>(7)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:31
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "SETFSGID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:31 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:31
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "2013-08-08"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:34
+msgid "setfsgid - set group identity used for filesystem checks"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:36 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:36
+msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/fsuid.hE<gt>>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:38
+msgid "B<int setfsgid(uid_t >I<fsgid>B<);>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:140
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:51
msgid ""
-"POSIX.1 does not specify all of possible ID changes that are permitted on "
-"Linux for an unprivileged process. For B<setreuid>(), the effective user ID "
-"can be made the same as the real user ID or the save set-user-ID, and it is "
-"unspecified whether unprivileged processes may set the real user ID to the "
-"real user ID, the effective user ID, or the saved set-user-ID. For "
-"B<setregid>(), the real group ID can be changed to the value of the saved "
-"set-group-ID, and the effective group ID can be changed to the value of the "
-"real group ID or the saved set-group-ID. The precise details of what ID "
-"changes are permitted vary across implementations."
+"The system call B<setfsgid>() changes the value of the caller's filesystem "
+"group ID\\(emthe group ID that the Linux kernel uses to check for all "
+"accesses to the filesystem. Normally, the value of the filesystem group ID "
+"will shadow the value of the effective group ID. In fact, whenever the "
+"effective group ID is changed, the filesystem group ID will also be changed "
+"to the new value of the effective group ID."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:143
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:62
msgid ""
-"POSIX.1 makes no specification about the effect of these calls on the saved "
-"set-user-ID and saved set-group-ID."
+"Explicit calls to B<setfsuid>(2) and B<setfsgid>() are usually used only "
+"by programs such as the Linux NFS server that need to change what user and "
+"group ID is used for file access without a corresponding change in the real "
+"and effective user and group IDs. A change in the normal user IDs for a "
+"program such as the NFS server is a security hole that can expose it to "
+"unwanted signals. (But see below.)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:159
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:68
msgid ""
-"The original Linux B<setreuid>() and B<setregid>() system calls supported "
-"only 16-bit user and group IDs. Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added "
-"B<setreuid32>() and B<setregid32>(), supporting 32-bit IDs. The glibc "
-"B<setreuid>() and B<setregid>() wrapper functions transparently deal with "
-"the variations across kernel versions."
+"B<setfsgid>() will succeed only if the caller is the superuser or if "
+"I<fsgid> matches either the caller's real group ID, effective group ID, "
+"saved set-group-ID, or current the filesystem user ID."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:167
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:71
msgid ""
-"B<getgid>(2), B<getuid>(2), B<seteuid>(2), B<setgid>(2), B<setresuid>(2), "
-"B<setuid>(2), B<capabilities>(7)"
+"On both success and failure, this call returns the previous filesystem group "
+"ID of the caller."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. This system call is present since Linux 1.1.44
+#. and in libc since libc 4.7.6.
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:75 build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:75
+msgid "This system call is present in Linux since version 1.2."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:79
+msgid ""
+"B<setfsgid>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs intended "
+"to be portable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:85
+msgid ""
+"When glibc determines that the argument is not a valid group ID, it will "
+"return -1 and set I<errno> to B<EINVAL> without attempting the system call."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:96
+msgid ""
+"Note that at the time this system call was introduced, a process could send "
+"a signal to a process with the same effective user ID. Today signal "
+"permission handling is slightly different. See B<setfsuid>(2) for a "
+"discussion of why the use of both B<setfsuid>(2) and B<setfsgid>() is "
+"nowadays unneeded."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:106
+msgid ""
+"The original Linux B<setfsgid>() system call supported only 16-bit group "
+"IDs. Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added B<setfsgid32>() supporting 32-bit IDs. "
+"The glibc B<setfsgid>() wrapper function transparently deals with the "
+"variation across kernel versions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:123
+msgid ""
+"No error indications of any kind are returned to the caller, and the fact "
+"that both successful and unsuccessful calls return the same value makes it "
+"impossible to directly determine whether the call succeeded or failed. "
+"Instead, the caller must resort to looking at the return value from a "
+"further call such as I<setfsgid(-1)> (which will always fail), in order to "
+"determine if a preceding call to B<setfsgid>() changed the filesystem group "
+"ID. At the very least, B<EPERM> should be returned when the call fails "
+"(because the caller lacks the B<CAP_SETGID> capability)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setfsgid.2:128
+msgid "B<kill>(2), B<setfsuid>(2), B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7)"
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:30
+#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:31
#, no-wrap
-msgid "SETSID"
+msgid "SETFSUID"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:33
-msgid "setsid - creates a session and sets the process group ID"
+#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:34
+msgid "setfsuid - set user identity used for filesystem checks"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:38
-msgid "B<pid_t setsid(void);>"
+#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:38
+msgid "B<int setfsuid(uid_t >I<fsuid>B<);>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:51
+#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:51
msgid ""
-"B<setsid>() creates a new session if the calling process is not a process "
-"group leader. The calling process is the leader of the new session, the "
-"process group leader of the new process group, and has no controlling "
-"terminal. The process group ID and session ID of the calling process are "
-"set to the PID of the calling process. The calling process will be the only "
-"process in this new process group and in this new session."
+"The system call B<setfsuid>() changes the value of the caller's filesystem "
+"user ID\\(emthe user ID that the Linux kernel uses to check for all accesses "
+"to the filesystem. Normally, the value of the filesystem user ID will "
+"shadow the value of the effective user ID. In fact, whenever the effective "
+"user ID is changed, the filesystem user ID will also be changed to the new "
+"value of the effective user ID."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:58
+#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:62
msgid ""
-"On success, the (new) session ID of the calling process is returned. On "
-"error, I<(pid_t)\\ -1> is returned, and I<errno> is set to indicate the "
-"error."
+"Explicit calls to B<setfsuid>() and B<setfsgid>(2) are usually used only "
+"by programs such as the Linux NFS server that need to change what user and "
+"group ID is used for file access without a corresponding change in the real "
+"and effective user and group IDs. A change in the normal user IDs for a "
+"program such as the NFS server is a security hole that can expose it to "
+"unwanted signals. (But see below.)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:65
+#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:68
msgid ""
-"The process group ID of any process equals the PID of the calling process. "
-"Thus, in particular, B<setsid>() fails if the calling process is already a "
-"process group leader."
+"B<setfsuid>() will succeed only if the caller is the superuser or if "
+"I<fsuid> matches either the caller's real user ID, effective user ID, saved "
+"set-user-ID, or current filesystem user ID."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:73
+#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:71
msgid ""
-"A child created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's session ID. The "
-"session ID is preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
+"On both success and failure, this call returns the previous filesystem user "
+"ID of the caller."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:84
+#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:79
msgid ""
-"A process group leader is a process with process group ID equal to its PID. "
-"In order to be sure that B<setsid>() will succeed, B<fork>(2) and "
-"B<_exit>(2), and have the child do B<setsid>()."
+"B<setfsuid>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs intended "
+"to be portable."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:91
+#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:85
msgid ""
-"B<setsid>(1), B<getsid>(2), B<setpgid>(2), B<setpgrp>(2), B<tcgetsid>(3), "
-"B<credentials>(7)"
+"When glibc determines that the argument is not a valid user ID, it will "
+"return -1 and set I<errno> to B<EINVAL> without attempting the system call."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:104
+msgid ""
+"At the time when this system call was introduced, one process could send a "
+"signal to another process with the same effective user ID. This meant that "
+"if a privileged process changed its effective user ID for the purpose of "
+"file permission checking, then it could become vulnerable to receiving "
+"signals sent by another (unprivileged) process with the same user ID. The "
+"filesystem user ID attribute was thus added to allow a process to change its "
+"user ID for the purposes of file permission checking without at the same "
+"time becoming vulnerable to receiving unwanted signals. Since Linux 2.0, "
+"signal permission handling is different (see B<kill>(2)), with the result "
+"that a process change can change its effective user ID without being "
+"vulnerable to receiving signals from unwanted processes. Thus, "
+"B<setfsuid>() is nowadays unneeded and should be avoided in new "
+"applications (likewise for B<setfsgid>(2))."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:114
+msgid ""
+"The original Linux B<setfsuid>() system call supported only 16-bit user "
+"IDs. Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added B<setfsuid32>() supporting 32-bit IDs. "
+"The glibc B<setfsuid>() wrapper function transparently deals with the "
+"variation across kernel versions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:131
+msgid ""
+"No error indications of any kind are returned to the caller, and the fact "
+"that both successful and unsuccessful calls return the same value makes it "
+"impossible to directly determine whether the call succeeded or failed. "
+"Instead, the caller must resort to looking at the return value from a "
+"further call such as I<setfsuid(-1)> (which will always fail), in order to "
+"determine if a preceding call to B<setfsuid>() changed the filesystem user "
+"ID. At the very least, B<EPERM> should be returned when the call fails "
+"(because the caller lacks the B<CAP_SETUID> capability)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setfsuid.2:136
+msgid "B<kill>(2), B<setfsgid>(2), B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7)"
msgstr ""
#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:30
+#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:29
#, no-wrap
-msgid "SETUID"
+msgid "SETGID"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:33
-msgid "setuid - set user identity"
+#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:32
+msgid "setgid - set group identity"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:39
-msgid "B<int setuid(uid_t >I<uid>B<);>"
+#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:38
+msgid "B<int setgid(gid_t >I<gid>B<);>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:44
+#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:43
msgid ""
-"B<setuid>() sets the effective user ID of the calling process. If the "
-"effective UID of the caller is root, the real UID and saved set-user-ID are "
-"also set."
+"B<setgid>() sets the effective group ID of the calling process. If the "
+"caller is the superuser, the real GID and saved set-group-ID are also set."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:53
+#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:53
msgid ""
-"Under Linux, B<setuid>() is implemented like the POSIX version with the "
-"B<_POSIX_SAVED_IDS> feature. This allows a set-user-ID (other than root) "
-"program to drop all of its user privileges, do some un-privileged work, and "
-"then reengage the original effective user ID in a secure manner."
+"Under Linux, B<setgid>() is implemented like the POSIX version with the "
+"B<_POSIX_SAVED_IDS> feature. This allows a set-group-ID program that is not "
+"set-user-ID-root to drop all of its group privileges, do some un-privileged "
+"work, and then reengage the original effective group ID in a secure manner."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:63
+#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:64
+msgid "The group ID specified in I<gid> is not valid in this user namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:71
msgid ""
-"If the user is root or the program is set-user-ID-root, special care must be "
-"taken. The B<setuid>() function checks the effective user ID of the caller "
-"and if it is the superuser, all process-related user ID's are set to "
-"I<uid>. After this has occurred, it is impossible for the program to regain "
-"root privileges."
+"The calling process is not privileged (does not have the B<CAP_SETGID> "
+"capability), and I<gid> does not match the real group ID or saved "
+"set-group-ID of the calling process."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:70
+#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:83
msgid ""
-"Thus, a set-user-ID-root program wishing to temporarily drop root "
-"privileges, assume the identity of an unprivileged user, and then regain "
-"root privileges afterward cannot use B<setuid>(). You can accomplish this "
-"with B<seteuid>(2)."
+"The original Linux B<setgid>() system call supported only 16-bit group "
+"IDs. Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added B<setgid32>() supporting 32-bit IDs. "
+"The glibc B<setgid>() wrapper function transparently deals with the "
+"variation across kernel versions."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:85
+#: build/C/man2/setgid.2:90
msgid ""
-"The I<uid> does not match the current uid and I<uid> brings process over its "
-"B<RLIMIT_NPROC> resource limit."
+"B<getgid>(2), B<setegid>(2), B<setregid>(2), B<capabilities>(7), "
+"B<credentials>(7), B<user_namespaces>(7)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:48
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "SETPGID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:48
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "2014-01-07"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:51
+msgid "setpgid, getpgid, setpgrp, getpgrp - set/get process group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:55
+msgid "B<int setpgid(pid_t >I<pid>B<, pid_t >I<pgid>B<);>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:57
+msgid "B<pid_t getpgid(pid_t >I<pid>B<);>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:59
+msgid "B<pid_t getpgrp(void);> /* POSIX.1 version */"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:62
+msgid ""
+"B<pid_t getpgrp(pid_t >I<pid>B<);\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ > /* BSD "
+"version */"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:64
+msgid "B<int setpgrp(void);> /* System V version */"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:67
+msgid "B<int setpgrp(pid_t >I<pid>B<, pid_t >I<pgid>B<);\\ > /* BSD version */"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:76
+msgid "B<getpgid>():"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:84
+msgid "B<setpgrp>() (POSIX.1):"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:87
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
+" _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:89
+#, no-wrap
+msgid " || /* Since glibc 2.19: */ _BSD_SOURCE\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:93
+msgid "B<setpgrp>()\\ (BSD), B<getpgrp>()\\ (BSD) [before glibc 2.19]:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:97
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" _BSD_SOURCE &&\n"
+" !\\ (_POSIX_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE ||\n"
+" _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED || _GNU_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE)\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:109
+msgid ""
+"All of these interfaces are available on Linux, and are used for getting and "
+"setting the process group ID (PGID) of a process. The preferred, "
+"POSIX.1-specified ways of doing this are: B<getpgrp>(void), for retrieving "
+"the calling process's PGID; and B<setpgid>(), for setting a process's PGID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:134
+msgid ""
+"B<setpgid>() sets the PGID of the process specified by I<pid> to I<pgid>. "
+"If I<pid> is zero, then the process ID of the calling process is used. If "
+"I<pgid> is zero, then the PGID of the process specified by I<pid> is made "
+"the same as its process ID. If B<setpgid>() is used to move a process from "
+"one process group to another (as is done by some shells when creating "
+"pipelines), both process groups must be part of the same session (see "
+"B<setsid>(2) and B<credentials>(7)). In this case, the I<pgid> specifies "
+"an existing process group to be joined and the session ID of that group must "
+"match the session ID of the joining process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:139
+msgid ""
+"The POSIX.1 version of B<getpgrp>(), which takes no arguments, returns the "
+"PGID of the calling process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:150
+msgid ""
+"B<getpgid>() returns the PGID of the process specified by I<pid>. If "
+"I<pid> is zero, the process ID of the calling process is used. (Retrieving "
+"the PGID of a process other than the caller is rarely necessary, and the "
+"POSIX.1 B<getpgrp>() is preferred for that task.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:155
+msgid ""
+"The System\\ V-style B<setpgrp>(), which takes no arguments, is equivalent "
+"to I<setpgid(0,\\ 0)>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:163
+msgid ""
+"The BSD-specific B<setpgrp>() call, which takes arguments I<pid> and "
+"I<pgid>, is is a wrapper function that calls"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:165
+#, no-wrap
+msgid " setpgid(pid, pgid)\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. The true BSD setpgrp() system call differs in allowing the PGID
+#. to be set to arbitrary values, rather than being restricted to
+#. PGIDs in the same session.
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:176
+msgid ""
+"Since glibc 2.19, the BSD-specific B<setpgrp>() function is no longer "
+"exposed by I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>; calls should be replaced with the "
+"B<setpgid>() call shown above."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:182
+msgid ""
+"The BSD-specific B<getpgrp>() call, which takes a single I<pid> argument, "
+"is a wrapper function that calls"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:184
+#, no-wrap
+msgid " getpgid(pid)\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:195
+msgid ""
+"Since glibc 2.19, the BSD-specific B<getpgrp>() function is no longer "
+"exposed by I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>; calls should be replaced with calls to the "
+"POSIX.1 B<getpgrp>() which takes no arguments (if the intent is to obtain "
+"the caller's PGID), or with the B<getpgid>() call shown above."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:204
+msgid ""
+"On success, B<setpgid>() and B<setpgrp>() return zero. On error, -1 is "
+"returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:208
+msgid "The POSIX.1 B<getpgrp>() always returns the PGID of the caller."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:216
+msgid ""
+"B<getpgid>(), and the BSD-specific B<getpgrp>() return a process group on "
+"success. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:225
+msgid ""
+"An attempt was made to change the process group ID of one of the children of "
+"the calling process and the child had already performed an B<execve>(2) "
+"(B<setpgid>(), B<setpgrp>())."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:231
+msgid "I<pgid> is less than 0 (B<setpgid>(), B<setpgrp>())."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:240
+msgid ""
+"An attempt was made to move a process into a process group in a different "
+"session, or to change the process group ID of one of the children of the "
+"calling process and the child was in a different session, or to change the "
+"process group ID of a session leader (B<setpgid>(), B<setpgrp>())."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:250
+msgid ""
+"For B<getpgid>(): I<pid> does not match any process. For B<setpgid>(): "
+"I<pid> is not the calling process and not a child of the calling process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:256
+msgid ""
+"B<setpgid>() and the version of B<getpgrp>() with no arguments conform to "
+"POSIX.1-2001."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:265
+msgid ""
+"POSIX.1-2001 also specifies B<getpgid>() and the version of B<setpgrp>() "
+"that takes no arguments. (POSIX.1-2008 marks this B<setpgrp>() "
+"specification as obsolete.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:272
+msgid ""
+"The version of B<getpgrp>() with one argument and the version of "
+"B<setpgrp>() that takes two arguments derive from 4.2BSD, and are not "
+"specified by POSIX.1."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:278
+msgid ""
+"A child created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's process group ID. The "
+"PGID is preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:281
+msgid ""
+"Each process group is a member of a session and each process is a member of "
+"the session of which its process group is a member."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:308
+msgid ""
+"A session can have a controlling terminal. At any time, one (and only one) "
+"of the process groups in the session can be the foreground process group for "
+"the terminal; the remaining process groups are in the background. If a "
+"signal is generated from the terminal (e.g., typing the interrupt key to "
+"generate B<SIGINT>), that signal is sent to the foreground process group. "
+"(See B<termios>(3) for a description of the characters that generate "
+"signals.) Only the foreground process group may B<read>(2) from the "
+"terminal; if a background process group tries to B<read>(2) from the "
+"terminal, then the group is sent a B<SIGTTIN> signal, which suspends it. "
+"The B<tcgetpgrp>(3) and B<tcsetpgrp>(3) functions are used to get/set the "
+"foreground process group of the controlling terminal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:316
+msgid ""
+"The B<setpgid>() and B<getpgrp>() calls are used by programs such as "
+"B<bash>(1) to create process groups in order to implement shell job "
+"control."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:326
+msgid ""
+"If a session has a controlling terminal, and the B<CLOCAL> flag for that "
+"terminal is not set, and a terminal hangup occurs, then the session leader "
+"is sent a B<SIGHUP>. If the session leader exits, then a B<SIGHUP> signal "
+"will also be sent to each process in the foreground process group of the "
+"controlling terminal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. exit.3 refers to the following text:
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:340
+msgid ""
+"If the exit of the process causes a process group to become orphaned, and if "
+"any member of the newly orphaned process group is stopped, then a B<SIGHUP> "
+"signal followed by a B<SIGCONT> signal will be sent to each process in the "
+"newly orphaned process group. An orphaned process group is one in which the "
+"parent of every member of process group is either itself also a member of "
+"the process group or is a member of a process group in a different session "
+"(see also B<credentials>(7))."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setpgid.2:347
+msgid ""
+"B<getuid>(2), B<setsid>(2), B<tcgetpgrp>(3), B<tcsetpgrp>(3), B<termios>(3), "
+"B<credentials>(7)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:26
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "SETRESUID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:29
+msgid "setresuid, setresgid - set real, effective and saved user or group ID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:35
+msgid "B<int setresuid(uid_t >I<ruid>B<, uid_t >I<euid>B<, uid_t >I<suid>B<);>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:37
+msgid "B<int setresgid(gid_t >I<rgid>B<, gid_t >I<egid>B<, gid_t >I<sgid>B<);>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:41
+msgid ""
+"B<setresuid>() sets the real user ID, the effective user ID, and the saved "
+"set-user-ID of the calling process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:47
+msgid ""
+"Unprivileged user processes may change the real UID, effective UID, and "
+"saved set-user-ID, each to one of: the current real UID, the current "
+"effective UID or the current saved set-user-ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:51
+msgid ""
+"Privileged processes (on Linux, those having the B<CAP_SETUID> capability) "
+"may set the real UID, effective UID, and saved set-user-ID to arbitrary "
+"values."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:53
+msgid "If one of the arguments equals -1, the corresponding value is not changed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:57
+msgid ""
+"Regardless of what changes are made to the real UID, effective UID, and "
+"saved set-user-ID, the filesystem UID is always set to the same value as the "
+"(possibly new) effective UID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:64
+msgid ""
+"Completely analogously, B<setresgid>() sets the real GID, effective GID, "
+"and saved set-group-ID of the calling process (and always modifies the "
+"filesystem GID to be the same as the effective GID), with the same "
+"restrictions for unprivileged processes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:76
+msgid ""
+"I<Note>: there are cases where B<setresuid>() can fail even when the caller "
+"is UID 0; it is a grave security error to omit checking for a failure return "
+"from B<setresuid>()."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:77 build/C/man2/setresuid.2:84 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:106 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:113 build/C/man2/setuid.2:83 build/C/man2/setuid.2:90
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<EAGAIN>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:84 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:113
+msgid ""
+"The call would change the caller's real UID (i.e., I<ruid> does not match "
+"the caller's real UID), but there was a temporary failure allocating the "
+"necessary kernel data structures."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:99 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:128
+msgid ""
+"I<ruid> does not match the caller's real UID and this call would bring the "
+"number of processes belonging to the real user ID I<ruid> over the caller's "
+"B<RLIMIT_NPROC> resource limit. Since Linux 3.1, this error case no longer "
+"occurs (but robust applications should check for this error); see the "
+"description of B<EAGAIN> in B<execve>(2)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:103 build/C/man2/setreuid.2:132
+msgid ""
+"One or more of the target user or group IDs is not valid in this user "
+"namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:107
+msgid ""
+"The calling process is not privileged (did not have the B<CAP_SETUID> "
+"capability) and tried to change the IDs to values that are not permitted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:109
+msgid "These calls are available under Linux since Linux 2.1.44."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:116
+msgid ""
+"Under HP-UX and FreeBSD, the prototype is found in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>. "
+"Under Linux, the prototype is provided by glibc since version 2.3.2."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:132
+msgid ""
+"The original Linux B<setresuid>() and B<setresgid>() system calls "
+"supported only 16-bit user and group IDs. Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added "
+"B<setresuid32>() and B<setresgid32>(), supporting 32-bit IDs. The glibc "
+"B<setresuid>() and B<setresgid>() wrapper functions transparently deal "
+"with the variations across kernel versions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setresuid.2:142
+msgid ""
+"B<getresuid>(2), B<getuid>(2), B<setfsgid>(2), B<setfsuid>(2), "
+"B<setreuid>(2), B<setuid>(2), B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7), "
+"B<user_namespaces>(7)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:45
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "SETREUID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:48
+msgid "setreuid, setregid - set real and/or effective user or group ID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:54
+msgid "B<int setreuid(uid_t >I<ruid>B<, uid_t >I<euid>B<);>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:56
+msgid "B<int setregid(gid_t >I<rgid>B<, gid_t >I<egid>B<);>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:64
+msgid "B<setreuid>(), B<setregid>():"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:68
+msgid ""
+"_BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ "
+"_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:73
+msgid "B<setreuid>() sets real and effective user IDs of the calling process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:76
+msgid ""
+"Supplying a value of -1 for either the real or effective user ID forces the "
+"system to leave that ID unchanged."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:79
+msgid ""
+"Unprivileged processes may only set the effective user ID to the real user "
+"ID, the effective user ID, or the saved set-user-ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:82
+msgid ""
+"Unprivileged users may only set the real user ID to the real user ID or the "
+"effective user ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:88
+msgid ""
+"If the real user ID is set (i.e., I<ruid> is not -1) or the effective user "
+"ID is set to a value not equal to the previous real user ID, the saved "
+"set-user-ID will be set to the new effective user ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:93
+msgid ""
+"Completely analogously, B<setregid>() sets real and effective group ID's of "
+"the calling process, and all of the above holds with \"group\" instead of "
+"\"user\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:105
+msgid ""
+"I<Note>: there are cases where B<setreuid>() can fail even when the caller "
+"is UID 0; it is a grave security error to omit checking for a failure return "
+"from B<setreuid>()."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:148
+msgid ""
+"The calling process is not privileged (Linux: does not have the "
+"B<CAP_SETUID> capability in the case of B<setreuid>(), or the B<CAP_SETGID> "
+"capability in the case of B<setregid>()) and a change other than (i) "
+"swapping the effective user (group) ID with the real user (group) ID, or "
+"(ii) setting one to the value of the other or (iii) setting the effective "
+"user (group) ID to the value of the saved set-user-ID (saved set-group-ID) "
+"was specified."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:154
+msgid ""
+"POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD (the B<setreuid>() and B<setregid>() function calls "
+"first appeared in 4.2BSD)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:158
+msgid ""
+"Setting the effective user (group) ID to the saved set-user-ID (saved "
+"set-group-ID) is possible since Linux 1.1.37 (1.1.38)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:175
+msgid ""
+"POSIX.1 does not specify all of possible ID changes that are permitted on "
+"Linux for an unprivileged process. For B<setreuid>(), the effective user ID "
+"can be made the same as the real user ID or the save set-user-ID, and it is "
+"unspecified whether unprivileged processes may set the real user ID to the "
+"real user ID, the effective user ID, or the saved set-user-ID. For "
+"B<setregid>(), the real group ID can be changed to the value of the saved "
+"set-group-ID, and the effective group ID can be changed to the value of the "
+"real group ID or the saved set-group-ID. The precise details of what ID "
+"changes are permitted vary across implementations."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:178
+msgid ""
+"POSIX.1 makes no specification about the effect of these calls on the saved "
+"set-user-ID and saved set-group-ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:194
+msgid ""
+"The original Linux B<setreuid>() and B<setregid>() system calls supported "
+"only 16-bit user and group IDs. Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added "
+"B<setreuid32>() and B<setregid32>(), supporting 32-bit IDs. The glibc "
+"B<setreuid>() and B<setregid>() wrapper functions transparently deal with "
+"the variations across kernel versions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setreuid.2:203
+msgid ""
+"B<getgid>(2), B<getuid>(2), B<seteuid>(2), B<setgid>(2), B<setresuid>(2), "
+"B<setuid>(2), B<capabilities>(7), B<user_namespaces>(7)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:31
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "SETSID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:34
+msgid "setsid - creates a session and sets the process group ID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:39
+msgid "B<pid_t setsid(void);>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:50
+msgid ""
+"B<setsid>() creates a new session if the calling process is not a process "
+"group leader. The calling process is the leader of the new session (i.e., "
+"its session ID is made the same as it process ID). The calling process also "
+"becomes the process group leader of a new process group in the session "
+"(i.e., its process group ID is made the same as it process ID)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:54
+msgid ""
+"The calling process will be the only process in the new process group and in "
+"the new session. The new session has no controlling terminal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:61
+msgid ""
+"On success, the (new) session ID of the calling process is returned. On "
+"error, I<(pid_t)\\ -1> is returned, and I<errno> is set to indicate the "
+"error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:68
+msgid ""
+"The process group ID of any process equals the PID of the calling process. "
+"Thus, in particular, B<setsid>() fails if the calling process is already a "
+"process group leader."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:76
+msgid ""
+"A child created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's session ID. The "
+"session ID is preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:93
+msgid ""
+"A process group leader is a process whose process group ID equals its PID. "
+"Disallowing a process group leader from calling B<setsid>() prevents the "
+"possibility that a process group leader places itself in a new session while "
+"other processes in the process group remain in the original session; such a "
+"scenario would break the strict two-level hierarchy of sessions and process "
+"groups. In order to be sure that B<setsid>() will succeed, B<fork>(2) and "
+"B<_exit>(2), and have the child do B<setsid>()."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setsid.2:100
+msgid ""
+"B<setsid>(1), B<getsid>(2), B<setpgid>(2), B<setpgrp>(2), B<tcgetsid>(3), "
+"B<credentials>(7)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:30
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "SETUID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:33
+msgid "setuid - set user identity"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:39
+msgid "B<int setuid(uid_t >I<uid>B<);>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:44
+msgid ""
+"B<setuid>() sets the effective user ID of the calling process. If the "
+"effective UID of the caller is root, the real UID and saved set-user-ID are "
+"also set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:53
+msgid ""
+"Under Linux, B<setuid>() is implemented like the POSIX version with the "
+"B<_POSIX_SAVED_IDS> feature. This allows a set-user-ID (other than root) "
+"program to drop all of its user privileges, do some un-privileged work, and "
+"then reengage the original effective user ID in a secure manner."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:63
+msgid ""
+"If the user is root or the program is set-user-ID-root, special care must be "
+"taken. The B<setuid>() function checks the effective user ID of the caller "
+"and if it is the superuser, all process-related user ID's are set to "
+"I<uid>. After this has occurred, it is impossible for the program to regain "
+"root privileges."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:70
+msgid ""
+"Thus, a set-user-ID-root program wishing to temporarily drop root "
+"privileges, assume the identity of an unprivileged user, and then regain "
+"root privileges afterward cannot use B<setuid>(). You can accomplish this "
+"with B<seteuid>(2)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:82
+msgid ""
+"I<Note>: there are cases where B<setuid>() can fail even when the caller is "
+"UID 0; it is a grave security error to omit checking for a failure return "
+"from B<setuid>()."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:90
+msgid ""
+"The call would change the caller's real UID (i.e., I<uid> does not match the "
+"caller's real UID), but there was a temporary failure allocating the "
+"necessary kernel data structures."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:105
+msgid ""
+"I<uid> does not match the real user ID of the caller and this call would "
+"bring the number of processes belonging to the real user ID I<uid> over the "
+"caller's B<RLIMIT_NPROC> resource limit. Since Linux 3.1, this error case "
+"no longer occurs (but robust applications should check for this error); see "
+"the description of B<EAGAIN> in B<execve>(2)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:110
+msgid "The user ID specified in I<uid> is not valid in this user namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:117
+msgid ""
+"The user is not privileged (Linux: does not have the B<CAP_SETUID> "
+"capability) and I<uid> does not match the real UID or saved set-user-ID of "
+"the calling process."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. SVr4 documents an additional EINVAL error condition.
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:122
+msgid ""
+"SVr4, POSIX.1-2001. Not quite compatible with the 4.4BSD call, which sets "
+"all of the real, saved, and effective user IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:130
+msgid ""
+"Linux has the concept of the filesystem user ID, normally equal to the "
+"effective user ID. The B<setuid>() call also sets the filesystem user ID "
+"of the calling process. See B<setfsuid>(2)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:135
+msgid ""
+"If I<uid> is different from the old effective UID, the process will be "
+"forbidden from leaving core dumps."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:145
+msgid ""
+"The original Linux B<setuid>() system call supported only 16-bit user IDs. "
+"Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added B<setuid32>() supporting 32-bit IDs. The "
+"glibc B<setuid>() wrapper function transparently deals with the variation "
+"across kernel versions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:153
+msgid ""
+"B<getuid>(2), B<seteuid>(2), B<setfsuid>(2), B<setreuid>(2), "
+"B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7), B<user_namespaces>(7)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:40
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "SVIPC"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:43
+msgid "svipc - System V interprocess communication mechanisms"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:48
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"B<#include E<lt>sys/msg.hE<gt>>\n"
+"B<#include E<lt>sys/sem.hE<gt>>\n"
+"B<#include E<lt>sys/shm.hE<gt>>\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:56
+msgid ""
+"This manual page refers to the Linux implementation of the System V "
+"interprocess communication (IPC) mechanisms: message queues, semaphore sets, "
+"and shared memory segments. In the following, the word I<resource> means an "
+"instantiation of one among such mechanisms."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:56
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Resource access permissions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:64
+msgid ""
+"For each resource, the system uses a common structure of type I<struct "
+"ipc_perm> to store information needed in determining permissions to perform "
+"an IPC operation. The I<ipc_perm> structure includes the following members:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:74
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"struct ipc_perm {\n"
+" uid_t cuid; /* creator user ID */\n"
+" gid_t cgid; /* creator group ID */\n"
+" uid_t uid; /* owner user ID */\n"
+" gid_t gid; /* owner group ID */\n"
+" unsigned short mode; /* r/w permissions */\n"
+"};\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:84
+msgid ""
+"The I<mode> member of the I<ipc_perm> structure defines, with its lower 9 "
+"bits, the access permissions to the resource for a process executing an IPC "
+"system call. The permissions are interpreted as follows:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:88
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" 0400 Read by user.\n"
+" 0200 Write by user.\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:91
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" 0040 Read by group.\n"
+" 0020 Write by group.\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:94
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" 0004 Read by others.\n"
+" 0002 Write by others.\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:102
+msgid ""
+"Bits 0100, 0010, and 0001 (the execute bits) are unused by the system. "
+"Furthermore, \"write\" effectively means \"alter\" for a semaphore set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:105
+msgid "The same system header file also defines the following symbolic constants:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:105
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<IPC_CREAT>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:108
+msgid "Create entry if key doesn't exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:108
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<IPC_EXCL>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:111
+msgid "Fail if key exists."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:111
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<IPC_NOWAIT>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:114
+msgid "Error if request must wait."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:114
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<IPC_PRIVATE>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:117
+msgid "Private key."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:117
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<IPC_RMID>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:120
+msgid "Remove resource."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:120
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<IPC_SET>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:123
+msgid "Set resource options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:123
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<IPC_STAT>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:126
+msgid "Get resource options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:135
+msgid ""
+"Note that B<IPC_PRIVATE> is a I<key_t> type, while all the other symbolic "
+"constants are flag fields and can be OR'ed into an I<int> type variable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:135
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Message queues"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:143
+msgid ""
+"A message queue is uniquely identified by a positive integer (its I<msqid>) "
+"and has an associated data structure of type I<struct msqid_ds>, defined in "
+"I<E<lt>sys/msg.hE<gt>>, containing the following members:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:156
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"struct msqid_ds {\n"
+" struct ipc_perm msg_perm;\n"
+" msgqnum_t msg_qnum; /* no of messages on queue */\n"
+" msglen_t msg_qbytes; /* bytes max on a queue */\n"
+" pid_t msg_lspid; /* PID of last msgsnd(2) call */\n"
+" pid_t msg_lrpid; /* PID of last msgrcv(2) call */\n"
+" time_t msg_stime; /* last msgsnd(2) time */\n"
+" time_t msg_rtime; /* last msgrcv(2) time */\n"
+" time_t msg_ctime; /* last change time */\n"
+"};\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:158
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<msg_perm>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:163
+msgid ""
+"I<ipc_perm> structure that specifies the access permissions on the message "
+"queue."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:163
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<msg_qnum>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:166
+msgid "Number of messages currently on the message queue."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:166
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<msg_qbytes>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:170
+msgid "Maximum number of bytes of message text allowed on the message queue."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:170
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<msg_lspid>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:175
+msgid "ID of the process that performed the last B<msgsnd>(2) system call."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:175
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<msg_lrpid>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:180
+msgid "ID of the process that performed the last B<msgrcv>(2) system call."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:180
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<msg_stime>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:185
+msgid "Time of the last B<msgsnd>(2) system call."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:185
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<msg_rtime>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:190
+msgid "Time of the last B<msgrcv>(2) system call."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:190
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<msg_ctime>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:196
+msgid ""
+"Time of the last system call that changed a member of the I<msqid_ds> "
+"structure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:196
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Semaphore sets"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:204
+msgid ""
+"A semaphore set is uniquely identified by a positive integer (its I<semid>) "
+"and has an associated data structure of type I<struct semid_ds>, defined in "
+"I<E<lt>sys/sem.hE<gt>>, containing the following members:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:213
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"struct semid_ds {\n"
+" struct ipc_perm sem_perm;\n"
+" time_t sem_otime; /* last operation time */\n"
+" time_t sem_ctime; /* last change time */\n"
+" unsigned long sem_nsems; /* count of sems in set */\n"
+"};\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:215
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<sem_perm>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:220
+msgid ""
+"I<ipc_perm> structure that specifies the access permissions on the semaphore "
+"set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:220
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<sem_otime>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:225
+msgid "Time of last B<semop>(2) system call."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:225
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<sem_ctime>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:231
+msgid ""
+"Time of last B<semctl>(2) system call that changed a member of the above "
+"structure or of one semaphore belonging to the set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:231
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<sem_nsems>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:239
+msgid ""
+"Number of semaphores in the set. Each semaphore of the set is referenced by "
+"a nonnegative integer ranging from B<0> to I<sem_nsems-1>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:243
+msgid ""
+"A semaphore is a data structure of type I<struct sem> containing the "
+"following members:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. unsigned short semncnt; /* nr awaiting semval to increase */
+#. unsigned short semzcnt; /* nr awaiting semval = 0 */
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:252
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"struct sem {\n"
+" int semval; /* semaphore value */\n"
+" int sempid; /* PID for last operation */\n"
+"};\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:254
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<semval>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:257
+msgid "Semaphore value: a nonnegative integer."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:257
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<sempid>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. .TP
+#. .I semncnt
+#. Number of processes suspended awaiting for
+#. .I semval
+#. to increase.
+#. .TP
+#. .I semznt
+#. Number of processes suspended awaiting for
+#. .I semval
+#. to become zero.
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:271
+msgid ""
+"ID of the last process that performed a semaphore operation on this "
+"semaphore."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:271
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Shared memory segments"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:279
+msgid ""
+"A shared memory segment is uniquely identified by a positive integer (its "
+"I<shmid>) and has an associated data structure of type I<struct shmid_ds>, "
+"defined in I<E<lt>sys/shm.hE<gt>>, containing the following members:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:292
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"struct shmid_ds {\n"
+" struct ipc_perm shm_perm;\n"
+" size_t shm_segsz; /* size of segment */\n"
+" pid_t shm_cpid; /* PID of creator */\n"
+" pid_t shm_lpid; /* PID, last operation */\n"
+" shmatt_t shm_nattch; /* no. of current attaches */\n"
+" time_t shm_atime; /* time of last attach */\n"
+" time_t shm_dtime; /* time of last detach */\n"
+" time_t shm_ctime; /* time of last change */\n"
+"};\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:294
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<shm_perm>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:299
+msgid ""
+"I<ipc_perm> structure that specifies the access permissions on the shared "
+"memory segment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:299
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<shm_segsz>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:302
+msgid "Size in bytes of the shared memory segment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:302
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<shm_cpid>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:305
+msgid "ID of the process that created the shared memory segment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:305
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<shm_lpid>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:312
+msgid ""
+"ID of the last process that executed a B<shmat>(2) or B<shmdt>(2) system "
+"call."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:312
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<shm_nattch>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:315
+msgid "Number of current alive attaches for this shared memory segment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:315
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<shm_atime>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:320
+msgid "Time of the last B<shmat>(2) system call."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:320
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<shm_dtime>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:325
+msgid "Time of the last B<shmdt>(2) system call."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:325
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "I<shm_ctime>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:331
+msgid "Time of the last B<shmctl>(2) system call that changed I<shmid_ds>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:331
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "IPC namespaces"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:335
+msgid ""
+"For a discussion of the interaction of System V IPC objects and IPC "
+"namespaces, see B<namespaces>(7)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:353
+msgid ""
+"B<ipcmk>(1), B<ipcrm>(1), B<ipcs>(1), B<ipc>(2), B<msgctl>(2), B<msgget>(2), "
+"B<msgrcv>(2), B<msgsnd>(2), B<semctl>(2), B<semget>(2), B<semop>(2), "
+"B<shmat>(2), B<shmctl>(2), B<shmdt>(2), B<shmget>(2), B<ftok>(3), "
+"B<namespaces>(7)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:27
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "ULIMIT"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:27
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "2008-08-06"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:30
+msgid "ulimit - get and set user limits"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:32
+msgid "B<#include E<lt>ulimit.hE<gt>>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:34
+msgid "B<long ulimit(int >I<cmd>B<, long >I<newlimit>B<);>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:46
+msgid ""
+"Warning: This routine is obsolete. Use B<getrlimit>(2), B<setrlimit>(2), "
+"and B<sysconf>(3) instead. For the shell command B<ulimit>(), see "
+"B<bash>(1)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:53
+msgid ""
+"The B<ulimit>() call will get or set some limit for the calling process. "
+"The I<cmd> argument can have one of the following values."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:53
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<UL_GETFSIZE>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:56
+msgid "Return the limit on the size of a file, in units of 512 bytes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:56
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<UL_SETFSIZE>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:59
+msgid "Set the limit on the size of a file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:59
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<3>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:63
+msgid ""
+"(Not implemented for Linux.) Return the maximum possible address of the "
+"data segment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:63
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<4>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:67
+msgid ""
+"(Implemented but no symbolic constant provided.) Return the maximum number "
+"of files that the calling process can open."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:74
+msgid ""
+"On success, B<ulimit>() returns a nonnegative value. On error, -1 is "
+"returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:78
+msgid "A unprivileged process tried to increase a limit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:83
+msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 marks B<ulimit>() as obsolete."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:88
+msgid "B<bash>(1), B<getrlimit>(2), B<setrlimit>(2), B<sysconf>(3)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:27
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "USER_NAMESPACES"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:30
+msgid "user_namespaces - overview of Linux user namespaces"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. FIXME: This page says very little about the interaction
+#. of user namespaces and keys. Add something on this topic.
+#
+#. ============================================================
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:56
+msgid ""
+"User namespaces isolate security-related identifiers and attributes, in "
+"particular, user IDs and group IDs (see B<credentials>(7)), the root "
+"directory, keys (see B<keyctl>(2)), and capabilities (see "
+"B<capabilities>(7)). A process's user and group IDs can be different inside "
+"and outside a user namespace. In particular, a process can have a normal "
+"unprivileged user ID outside a user namespace while at the same time having "
+"a user ID of 0 inside the namespace; in other words, the process has full "
+"privileges for operations inside the user namespace, but is unprivileged for "
+"operations outside the namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:56
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Nested namespaces, namespace membership"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:69
+msgid ""
+"User namespaces can be nested; that is, each user namespace\\(emexcept the "
+"initial (\"root\") namespace\\(emhas a parent user namespace, and can have "
+"zero or more child user namespaces. The parent user namespace is the user "
+"namespace of the process that creates the user namespace via a call to "
+"B<unshare>(2) or B<clone>(2) with the B<CLONE_NEWUSER> flag."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. commit 8742f229b635bf1c1c84a3dfe5e47c814c20b5c8
+#. FIXME Explain the rationale for this limit. (What is the rationale?)
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:80
+msgid ""
+"The kernel imposes (since version 3.11) a limit of 32 nested levels of user "
+"namespaces. Calls to B<unshare>(2) or B<clone>(2) that would cause this "
+"limit to be exceeded fail with the error B<EUSERS>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:95
+msgid ""
+"Each process is a member of exactly one user namespace. A process created "
+"via B<fork>(2) or B<clone>(2) without the B<CLONE_NEWUSER> flag is a "
+"member of the same user namespace as its parent. A single-threaded process "
+"can join another user namespace with B<setns>(2) if it has the "
+"B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> in that namespace; upon doing so, it gains a full set of "
+"capabilities in that namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#
+#. ============================================================
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:110
+msgid ""
+"A call to B<clone>(2) or B<unshare>(2) with the B<CLONE_NEWUSER> flag "
+"makes the new child process (for B<clone>(2)) or the caller (for "
+"B<unshare>(2)) a member of the new user namespace created by the call."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:110
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Capabilities"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:132
+msgid ""
+"The child process created by B<clone>(2) with the B<CLONE_NEWUSER> flag "
+"starts out with a complete set of capabilities in the new user namespace. "
+"Likewise, a process that creates a new user namespace using B<unshare>(2) "
+"or joins an existing user namespace using B<setns>(2) gains a full set of "
+"capabilities in that namespace. On the other hand, that process has no "
+"capabilities in the parent (in the case of B<clone>(2)) or previous (in the "
+"case of B<unshare>(2) and B<setns>(2)) user namespace, even if the new "
+"namespace is created or joined by the root user (i.e., a process with user "
+"ID 0 in the root namespace)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:142
+msgid ""
+"Note that a call to B<execve>(2) will cause a process's capabilities to be "
+"recalculated in the usual way (see B<capabilities>(7)), so that usually, "
+"unless it has a user ID of 0 within the namespace or the executable file has "
+"a nonempty inheritable capabilities mask, it will lose all capabilities. "
+"See the discussion of user and group ID mappings, below."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:167
+msgid ""
+"A call to B<clone>(2), B<unshare>(2), or B<setns>(2) using the "
+"B<CLONE_NEWUSER> flag sets the \"securebits\" flags (see B<capabilities>(7)) "
+"to their default values (all flags disabled) in the child (for B<clone>(2)) "
+"or caller (for B<unshare>(2), or B<setns>(2)). Note that because the caller "
+"no longer has capabilities in its original user namespace after a call to "
+"B<setns>(2), it is not possible for a process to reset its \"securebits\" "
+"flags while retaining its user namespace membership by using a pair of "
+"B<setns>(2) calls to move to another user namespace and then return to its "
+"original user namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:173
+msgid ""
+"Having a capability inside a user namespace permits a process to perform "
+"operations (that require privilege) only on resources governed by that "
+"namespace. The rules for determining whether or not a process has a "
+"capability in a particular user namespace are as follows:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. In the 3.8 sources, see security/commoncap.c::cap_capable():
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:189
+msgid ""
+"A process has a capability inside a user namespace if it is a member of that "
+"namespace and it has the capability in its effective capability set. A "
+"process can gain capabilities in its effective capability set in various "
+"ways. For example, it may execute a set-user-ID program or an executable "
+"with associated file capabilities. In addition, a process may gain "
+"capabilities via the effect of B<clone>(2), B<unshare>(2), or B<setns>(2), "
+"as already described."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:193
+msgid ""
+"If a process has a capability in a user namespace, then it has that "
+"capability in all child (and further removed descendant) namespaces as "
+"well."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. * The owner of the user namespace in the parent of the
+#. * user namespace has all caps.
+#. (and likewise associates the effective group ID of the creating process
+#. with the namespace).
+#. See kernel commit 520d9eabce18edfef76a60b7b839d54facafe1f9 for a fix
+#. on this point
+#. This includes the case where the process executes a set-user-ID
+#. program that confers the effective UID of the creator of the namespace.
+#
+#. ============================================================
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:214
+msgid ""
+"When a user namespace is created, the kernel records the effective user ID "
+"of the creating process as being the \"owner\" of the namespace. A process "
+"that resides in the parent of the user namespace and whose effective user ID "
+"matches the owner of the namespace has all capabilities in the namespace. "
+"By virtue of the previous rule, this means that the process has all "
+"capabilities in all further removed descendant user namespaces as well."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:214
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Interaction of user namespaces and other types of namespaces"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:219
+msgid ""
+"Starting in Linux 3.8, unprivileged processes can create user namespaces, "
+"and mount, PID, IPC, network, and UTS namespaces can be created with just "
+"the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability in the caller's user namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:225
+msgid ""
+"When a non-user-namespace is created, it is owned by the user namespace in "
+"which the creating process was a member at the time of the creation of the "
+"namespace. Actions on the non-user-namespace require capabilities in the "
+"corresponding user namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:242
+msgid ""
+"If B<CLONE_NEWUSER> is specified along with other B<CLONE_NEW*> flags in a "
+"single B<clone>(2) or B<unshare>(2) call, the user namespace is guaranteed "
+"to be created first, giving the child (B<clone>(2)) or caller "
+"(B<unshare>(2)) privileges over the remaining namespaces created by the "
+"call. Thus, it is possible for an unprivileged caller to specify this "
+"combination of flags."
+msgstr ""
+
+#
+#. ============================================================
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:258
+msgid ""
+"When a new IPC, mount, network, PID, or UTS namespace is created via "
+"B<clone>(2) or B<unshare>(2), the kernel records the user namespace of the "
+"creating process against the new namespace. (This association can't be "
+"changed.) When a process in the new namespace subsequently performs "
+"privileged operations that operate on global resources isolated by the "
+"namespace, the permission checks are performed according to the process's "
+"capabilities in the user namespace that the kernel associated with the new "
+"namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:258
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Restrictions on mount namespaces"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:261
+msgid "Note the following points with respect to mount namespaces:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:266
+msgid ""
+"A mount namespace has an owner user namespace. A mount namespace whose "
+"owner user namespace is different from the owner user namespace of its "
+"parent mount namespace is considered a less privileged mount namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:272
+msgid ""
+"When creating a less privileged mount namespace, shared mounts are reduced "
+"to slave mounts. This ensures that mappings performed in less privileged "
+"mount namespaces will not propagate to more privileged mount namespaces."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. FIXME .
+#. What does "come as a single unit from more privileged mount" mean?
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:285
+msgid ""
+"Mounts that come as a single unit from more privileged mount are locked "
+"together and may not be separated in a less privileged mount namespace. "
+"(The B<unshare>(2) B<CLONE_NEWNS> operation brings across all of the mounts "
+"from the original mount namespace as a single unit, and recursive mounts "
+"that propagate between mount namespaces propagate as a single unit.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. commit 9566d6742852c527bf5af38af5cbb878dad75705
+#. Author: Eric W. Biederman <ebiederm@xmission.com>
+#. Date: Mon Jul 28 17:26:07 2014 -0700
+#
+#. mnt: Correct permission checks in do_remount
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:306
+msgid ""
+"The B<mount>(2) flags B<MS_RDONLY>, B<MS_NOSUID>, B<MS_NOEXEC>, and the "
+"\"atime\" flags (B<MS_NOATIME>, B<MS_NODIRATIME>, B<MS_RELATIME>) settings "
+"become locked when propagated from a more privileged to a less privileged "
+"mount namespace, and may not be changed in the less privileged mount "
+"namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. (As of 3.18-rc1 (in Al Viro's 2014-08-30 vfs.git#for-next tree))
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:313
+msgid ""
+"A file or directory that is a mount point in one namespace that is not a "
+"mount point in another namespace, may be renamed, unlinked, or removed "
+"(B<rmdir>(2)) in the mount namespace in which it is not a mount point "
+"(subject to the usual permission checks)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#
+#. ============================================================
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:324
+msgid ""
+"Previously, attempting to unlink, rename, or remove a file or directory that "
+"was a mount point in another mount namespace would result in the error "
+"B<EBUSY>. That behavior had technical problems of enforcement (e.g., for "
+"NFS) and permitted denial-of-service attacks against more privileged "
+"users. (i.e., preventing individual files from being updated by bind "
+"mounting on top of them)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:324
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "User and group ID mappings: uid_map and gid_map"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. commit 22d917d80e842829d0ca0a561967d728eb1d6303
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:339
+msgid ""
+"When a user namespace is created, it starts out without a mapping of user "
+"IDs (group IDs) to the parent user namespace. The I</proc/[pid]/uid_map> "
+"and I</proc/[pid]/gid_map> files (available since Linux 3.5) expose the "
+"mappings for user and group IDs inside the user namespace for the process "
+"I<pid>. These files can be read to view the mappings in a user namespace "
+"and written to (once) to define the mappings."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:345
+msgid ""
+"The description in the following paragraphs explains the details for "
+"I<uid_map>; I<gid_map> is exactly the same, but each instance of \"user ID\" "
+"is replaced by \"group ID\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:359
+msgid ""
+"The I<uid_map> file exposes the mapping of user IDs from the user namespace "
+"of the process I<pid> to the user namespace of the process that opened "
+"I<uid_map> (but see a qualification to this point below). In other words, "
+"processes that are in different user namespaces will potentially see "
+"different values when reading from a particular I<uid_map> file, depending "
+"on the user ID mappings for the user namespaces of the reading processes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:371
+msgid ""
+"Each line in the I<uid_map> file specifies a 1-to-1 mapping of a range of "
+"contiguous user IDs between two user namespaces. (When a user namespace is "
+"first created, this file is empty.) The specification in each line takes "
+"the form of three numbers delimited by white space. The first two numbers "
+"specify the starting user ID in each of the two user namespaces. The third "
+"number specifies the length of the mapped range. In detail, the fields are "
+"interpreted as follows:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:375
+msgid ""
+"The start of the range of user IDs in the user namespace of the process "
+"I<pid>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:383
+msgid ""
+"The start of the range of user IDs to which the user IDs specified by field "
+"one map. How field two is interpreted depends on whether the process that "
+"opened I<uid_map> and the process I<pid> are in the same user namespace, as "
+"follows:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:389
+msgid ""
+"If the two processes are in different user namespaces: field two is the "
+"start of a range of user IDs in the user namespace of the process that "
+"opened I<uid_map>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:400
+msgid ""
+"If the two processes are in the same user namespace: field two is the start "
+"of the range of user IDs in the parent user namespace of the process "
+"I<pid>. This case enables the opener of I<uid_map> (the common case here is "
+"opening I</proc/self/uid_map>) to see the mapping of user IDs into the user "
+"namespace of the process that created this user namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:404
+msgid ""
+"The length of the range of user IDs that is mapped between the two user "
+"namespaces."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:411
+msgid ""
+"System calls that return user IDs (group IDs)\\(emfor example, B<getuid>(2), "
+"B<getgid>(2), and the credential fields in the structure returned by "
+"B<stat>(2)\\(emreturn the user ID (group ID) mapped into the caller's user "
+"namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:419
+msgid ""
+"When a process accesses a file, its user and group IDs are mapped into the "
+"initial user namespace for the purpose of permission checking and assigning "
+"IDs when creating a file. When a process retrieves file user and group IDs "
+"via B<stat>(2), the IDs are mapped in the opposite direction, to produce "
+"values relative to the process user and group ID mappings."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:428
+msgid ""
+"The initial user namespace has no parent namespace, but, for consistency, "
+"the kernel provides dummy user and group ID mapping files for this "
+"namespace. Looking at the I<uid_map> file (I<gid_map> is the same) from a "
+"shell in the initial namespace shows:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:433
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"$ B<cat /proc/$$/uid_map>\n"
+" 0 0 4294967295\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#
+#. ============================================================
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:453
+msgid ""
+"This mapping tells us that the range starting at user ID 0 in this namespace "
+"maps to a range starting at 0 in the (nonexistent) parent namespace, and the "
+"length of the range is the largest 32-bit unsigned integer. (This "
+"deliberately leaves 4294967295 (the 32-bit signed -1 value) unmapped. This "
+"is deliberate: I<(uid_t)\\ -\\1> is used in several interfaces (e.g., "
+"B<setreuid>(2)) as a way to specify \"no user ID\". Leaving I<(uid_t)\\ "
+"-\\1> unmapped and unusable guarantees that there will be no confusion when "
+"using these interfaces."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:453
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Defining user and group ID mappings: writing to uid_map and gid_map"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:469
+msgid ""
+"After the creation of a new user namespace, the I<uid_map> file of I<one> of "
+"the processes in the namespace may be written to I<once> to define the "
+"mapping of user IDs in the new user namespace. An attempt to write more "
+"than once to a I<uid_map> file in a user namespace fails with the error "
+"B<EPERM>. Similar rules apply for I<gid_map> files."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:474
+msgid ""
+"The lines written to I<uid_map> (I<gid_map>) must conform to the following "
+"rules:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:477
+msgid ""
+"The three fields must be valid numbers, and the last field must be greater "
+"than 0."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:479
+msgid "Lines are terminated by newline characters."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. FIXME(Eric): the restriction "less than" rather than "less than or equal"
+#. seems strangely arbitrary. Furthermore, the comment does not agree
+#. with the code in kernel/user_namespace.c. Which is correct?
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:492
+msgid ""
+"There is an (arbitrary) limit on the number of lines in the file. As at "
+"Linux 3.8, the limit is five lines. In addition, the number of bytes "
+"written to the file must be less than the system page size, and the write "
+"must be performed at the start of the file (i.e., B<lseek>(2) and "
+"B<pwrite>(2) can't be used to write to nonzero offsets in the file)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. commit 0bd14b4fd72afd5df41e9fd59f356740f22fceba
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:505
+msgid ""
+"The range of user IDs (group IDs) specified in each line cannot overlap "
+"with the ranges in any other lines. In the initial implementation (Linux "
+"3.8), this requirement was satisfied by a simplistic implementation that "
+"imposed the further requirement that the values in both field 1 and field 2 "
+"of successive lines must be in ascending numerical order, which prevented "
+"some otherwise valid maps from being created. Linux 3.9 and later fix this "
+"limitation, allowing any valid set of nonoverlapping maps."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:507
+msgid "At least one line must be written to the file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:510
+msgid "Writes that violate the above rules fail with the error B<EINVAL>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:515
+msgid ""
+"In order for a process to write to the I</proc/[pid]/uid_map> "
+"(I</proc/[pid]/gid_map>) file, all of the following requirements must be "
+"met:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:521
+msgid ""
+"The writing process must have the B<CAP_SETUID> (B<CAP_SETGID>) capability "
+"in the user namespace of the process I<pid>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:526
+msgid ""
+"The writing process must be in either the user namespace of the process "
+"I<pid> or inside the parent user namespace of the process I<pid>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:529
+msgid ""
+"The mapped user IDs (group IDs) must in turn have a mapping in the parent "
+"user namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:531
+msgid "One of the following is true:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:541
+msgid ""
+"The data written to I<uid_map> (I<gid_map>) consists of a single line that "
+"maps the writing process's filesystem user ID (group ID) in the parent user "
+"namespace to a user ID (group ID) in the user namespace. The usual case "
+"here is that this single line provides a mapping for user ID of the process "
+"that created the namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:548
+msgid ""
+"The opening process has the B<CAP_SETUID> (B<CAP_SETGID>) capability in the "
+"parent user namespace. Thus, a privileged process can make mappings to "
+"arbitrary user IDs (group IDs) in the parent user namespace."
+msgstr ""
+
+#
+#. ============================================================
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:555
+msgid "Writes that violate the above rules fail with the error B<EPERM>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:555
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Unmapped user and group IDs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. from_kuid_munged(), from_kgid_munged()
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:572
+msgid ""
+"There are various places where an unmapped user ID (group ID) may be "
+"exposed to user space. For example, the first process in a new user "
+"namespace may call B<getuid>() before a user ID mapping has been defined "
+"for the namespace. In most such cases, an unmapped user ID is converted to "
+"the overflow user ID (group ID); the default value for the overflow user ID "
+"(group ID) is 65534. See the descriptions of "
+"I</proc/sys/kernel/overflowuid> and I</proc/sys/kernel/overflowgid> in "
+"B<proc>(5)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. also SO_PEERCRED
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:600
+msgid ""
+"The cases where unmapped IDs are mapped in this fashion include system calls "
+"that return user IDs (B<getuid>(2), B<getgid>(2), and similar), credentials "
+"passed over a UNIX domain socket, credentials returned by B<stat>(2), "
+"B<waitid>(2), and the System V IPC \"ctl\" B<IPC_STAT> operations, "
+"credentials exposed by I</proc/PID/status> and the files in "
+"I</proc/sysvipc/*>, credentials returned via the I<si_uid> field in the "
+"I<siginfo_t> received with a signal (see B<sigaction>(2)), credentials "
+"written to the process accounting file (see B<acct>(5)), and credentials "
+"returned with POSIX message queue notifications (see B<mq_notify>(3))."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. from_kuid(), from_kgid()
+#. Also F_GETOWNER_UIDS is an exception
+#
+#. ============================================================
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:615
+msgid ""
+"There is one notable case where unmapped user and group IDs are I<not> "
+"converted to the corresponding overflow ID value. When viewing a I<uid_map> "
+"or I<gid_map> file in which there is no mapping for the second field, that "
+"field is displayed as 4294967295 (-1 as an unsigned integer);"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:615
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#
+#. ============================================================
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:635
+msgid ""
+"When a process inside a user namespace executes a set-user-ID (set-group-ID) "
+"program, the process's effective user (group) ID inside the namespace is "
+"changed to whatever value is mapped for the user (group) ID of the file. "
+"However, if either the user I<or> the group ID of the file has no mapping "
+"inside the namespace, the set-user-ID (set-group-ID) bit is silently "
+"ignored: the new program is executed, but the process's effective user "
+"(group) ID is left unchanged. (This mirrors the semantics of executing a "
+"set-user-ID or set-group-ID program that resides on a filesystem that was "
+"mounted with the B<MS_NOSUID> flag, as described in B<mount>(2).)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:645
+msgid ""
+"When a process's user and group IDs are passed over a UNIX domain socket to "
+"a process in a different user namespace (see the description of "
+"B<SCM_CREDENTIALS> in B<unix>(7)), they are translated into the "
+"corresponding values as per the receiving process's user and group ID "
+"mappings."
+msgstr ""
+
+#
+#. ============================================================
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:658
+msgid ""
+"Over the years, there have been a lot of features that have been added to "
+"the Linux kernel that have been made available only to privileged users "
+"because of their potential to confuse set-user-ID-root applications. In "
+"general, it becomes safe to allow the root user in a user namespace to use "
+"those features because it is impossible, while in a user namespace, to gain "
+"more privilege than the root user of a user namespace has."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:658
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Availability"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:666
+msgid ""
+"Use of user namespaces requires a kernel that is configured with the "
+"B<CONFIG_USER_NS> option. User namespaces require support in a range of "
+"subsystems across the kernel. When an unsupported subsystem is configured "
+"into the kernel, it is not possible to configure user namespaces support."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. commit d6970d4b726cea6d7a9bc4120814f95c09571fc3
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:677
+msgid ""
+"As at Linux 3.8, most relevant subsystems supported user namespaces, but a "
+"number of filesystems did not have the infrastructure needed to map user and "
+"group IDs between user namespaces. Linux 3.9 added the required "
+"infrastructure support for many of the remaining unsupported filesystems "
+"(Plan 9 (9P), Andrew File System (AFS), Ceph, CIFS, CODA, NFS, and OCFS2). "
+"Linux 3.11 added support the last of the unsupported major filesystems, XFS."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:686
+msgid ""
+"The program below is designed to allow experimenting with user namespaces, "
+"as well as other types of namespaces. It creates namespaces as specified by "
+"command-line options and then executes a command inside those namespaces. "
+"The comments and I<usage()> function inside the program provide a full "
+"explanation of the program. The following shell session demonstrates its "
+"use."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:688
+msgid "First, we look at the run-time environment:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:697
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"$ B<uname -rs> # Need Linux 3.8 or later\n"
+"Linux 3.8.0\n"
+"$ B<id -u> # Running as unprivileged user\n"
+"1000\n"
+"$ B<id -g>\n"
+"1000\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:711
+msgid ""
+"Now start a new shell in new user (I<-U>), mount (I<-m>), and PID (I<-p>) "
+"namespaces, with user ID (I<-M>) and group ID (I<-G>) 1000 mapped to 0 "
+"inside the user namespace:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:715
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "$ B<./userns_child_exec -p -m -U -M '0 1000 1' -G '0 1000 1' bash>\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:720
+msgid ""
+"The shell has PID 1, because it is the first process in the new PID "
+"namespace:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:725
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"bash$ B<echo $$>\n"
+"1\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:730
+msgid ""
+"Inside the user namespace, the shell has user and group ID 0, and a full set "
+"of permitted and effective capabilities:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:740
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"bash$ B<cat /proc/$$/status | egrep '^[UG]id'>\n"
+"Uid:\t0\t0\t0\t0\n"
+"Gid:\t0\t0\t0\t0\n"
+"bash$ B<cat /proc/$$/status | egrep '^Cap(Prm|Inh|Eff)'>\n"
+"CapInh:\t0000000000000000\n"
+"CapPrm:\t0000001fffffffff\n"
+"CapEff:\t0000001fffffffff\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:748
+msgid ""
+"Mounting a new I</proc> filesystem and listing all of the processes visible "
+"in the new PID namespace shows that the shell can't see any processes "
+"outside the PID namespace:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:756
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"bash$ B<mount -t proc proc /proc>\n"
+"bash$ B<ps ax>\n"
+" PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND\n"
+" 1 pts/3 S 0:00 bash\n"
+" 22 pts/3 R+ 0:00 ps ax\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: SS
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:758 build/C/man2/seccomp.2:574
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "Program source"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:762
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "/* userns_child_exec.c\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:764
+#, no-wrap
+msgid " Licensed under GNU General Public License v2 or later\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:780
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" Create a child process that executes a shell command in new\n"
+" namespace(s); allow UID and GID mappings to be specified when\n"
+" creating a user namespace.\n"
+"*/\n"
+"#define _GNU_SOURCE\n"
+"#include E<lt>sched.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>sys/wait.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>signal.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>limits.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>errno.hE<gt>\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:783
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"/* A simple error-handling function: print an error message based\n"
+" on the value in \\(aqerrno\\(aq and terminate the calling process */\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:786
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"#define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \\e\n"
+" } while (0)\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:791
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"struct child_args {\n"
+" char **argv; /* Command to be executed by child, with args */\n"
+" int pipe_fd[2]; /* Pipe used to synchronize parent and child */\n"
+"};\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:793
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "static int verbose;\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:826
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"static void\n"
+"usage(char *pname)\n"
+"{\n"
+" fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s [options] cmd [arg...]\\en\\en\", pname);\n"
+" fprintf(stderr, \"Create a child process that executes a shell \"\n"
+" \"command in a new user namespace,\\en\"\n"
+" \"and possibly also other new namespace(s).\\en\\en\");\n"
+" fprintf(stderr, \"Options can be:\\en\\en\");\n"
+"#define fpe(str) fprintf(stderr, \" %s\", str);\n"
+" fpe(\"-i New IPC namespace\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"-m New mount namespace\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"-n New network namespace\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"-p New PID namespace\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"-u New UTS namespace\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"-U New user namespace\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"-M uid_map Specify UID map for user namespace\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"-G gid_map Specify GID map for user namespace\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"-z Map user\\(aqs UID and GID to 0 in user "
+"namespace\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\" (equivalent to: -M \\(aq0 E<lt>uidE<gt> 1\\(aq -G "
+"\\(aq0 E<lt>gidE<gt> 1\\(aq)\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"-v Display verbose messages\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"If -z, -M, or -G is specified, -U is required.\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"It is not permitted to specify both -z and either -M or "
+"-G.\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"Map strings for -M and -G consist of records of the "
+"form:\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\" ID-inside-ns ID-outside-ns len\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"A map string can contain multiple records, separated\"\n"
+" \" by commas;\\en\");\n"
+" fpe(\"the commas are replaced by newlines before writing\"\n"
+" \" to map files.\\en\");\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:834
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"/* Update the mapping file \\(aqmap_file\\(aq, with the value provided in\n"
+" \\(aqmapping\\(aq, a string that defines a UID or GID mapping. A UID or\n"
+" GID mapping consists of one or more newline-delimited records\n"
+" of the form:\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:836
+#, no-wrap
+msgid " ID_inside-ns ID-outside-ns length\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:841
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" Requiring the user to supply a string that contains newlines is\n"
+" of course inconvenient for command-line use. Thus, we permit the\n"
+" use of commas to delimit records in this string, and replace them\n"
+" with newlines before writing the string to the file. */\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:847
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"static void\n"
+"update_map(char *mapping, char *map_file)\n"
+"{\n"
+" int fd, j;\n"
+" size_t map_len; /* Length of \\(aqmapping\\(aq */\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:849
+#, no-wrap
+msgid " /* Replace commas in mapping string with newlines */\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:854
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" map_len = strlen(mapping);\n"
+" for (j = 0; j E<lt> map_len; j++)\n"
+" if (mapping[j] == \\(aq,\\(aq)\n"
+" mapping[j] = \\(aq\\en\\(aq;\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:861
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" fd = open(map_file, O_RDWR);\n"
+" if (fd == -1) {\n"
+" fprintf(stderr, \"ERROR: open %s: %s\\en\", map_file,\n"
+" strerror(errno));\n"
+" exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
+" }\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:867
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" if (write(fd, mapping, map_len) != map_len) {\n"
+" fprintf(stderr, \"ERROR: write %s: %s\\en\", map_file,\n"
+" strerror(errno));\n"
+" exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
+" }\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:870
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" close(fd);\n"
+"}\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:876
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"static int /* Start function for cloned child */\n"
+"childFunc(void *arg)\n"
+"{\n"
+" struct child_args *args = (struct child_args *) arg;\n"
+" char ch;\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:881
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" /* Wait until the parent has updated the UID and GID mappings.\n"
+" See the comment in main(). We wait for end of file on a\n"
+" pipe that will be closed by the parent process once it has\n"
+" updated the mappings. */\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:890
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" close(args-E<gt>pipe_fd[1]); /* Close our descriptor for the write\n"
+" end of the pipe so that we see EOF\n"
+" when parent closes its descriptor */\n"
+" if (read(args-E<gt>pipe_fd[0], &ch, 1) != 0) {\n"
+" fprintf(stderr,\n"
+" \"Failure in child: read from pipe returned != 0\\en\");\n"
+" exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
+" }\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:892
+#, no-wrap
+msgid " /* Execute a shell command */\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:897
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" printf(\"About to exec %s\\en\", args-E<gt>argv[0]);\n"
+" execvp(args-E<gt>argv[0], args-E<gt>argv);\n"
+" errExit(\"execvp\");\n"
+"}\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:899
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "#define STACK_SIZE (1024 * 1024)\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:901
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "static char child_stack[STACK_SIZE]; /* Space for child\\(aqs stack */\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:912
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"int\n"
+"main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
+"{\n"
+" int flags, opt, map_zero;\n"
+" pid_t child_pid;\n"
+" struct child_args args;\n"
+" char *uid_map, *gid_map;\n"
+" const int MAP_BUF_SIZE = 100;\n"
+" char map_buf[MAP_BUF_SIZE];\n"
+" char map_path[PATH_MAX];\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:919
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" /* Parse command-line options. The initial \\(aq+\\(aq character in\n"
+" the final getopt() argument prevents GNU-style permutation\n"
+" of command-line options. That\\(aqs useful, since sometimes\n"
+" the \\(aqcommand\\(aq to be executed by this program itself\n"
+" has command-line options. We don\\(aqt want getopt() to treat\n"
+" those as options to this program. */\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:940
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" flags = 0;\n"
+" verbose = 0;\n"
+" gid_map = NULL;\n"
+" uid_map = NULL;\n"
+" map_zero = 0;\n"
+" while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, \"+imnpuUM:G:zv\")) != -1) {\n"
+" switch (opt) {\n"
+" case \\(aqi\\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWIPC; break;\n"
+" case \\(aqm\\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWNS; break;\n"
+" case \\(aqn\\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWNET; break;\n"
+" case \\(aqp\\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWPID; break;\n"
+" case \\(aqu\\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWUTS; break;\n"
+" case \\(aqv\\(aq: verbose = 1; break;\n"
+" case \\(aqz\\(aq: map_zero = 1; break;\n"
+" case \\(aqM\\(aq: uid_map = optarg; break;\n"
+" case \\(aqG\\(aq: gid_map = optarg; break;\n"
+" case \\(aqU\\(aq: flags |= CLONE_NEWUSER; break;\n"
+" default: usage(argv[0]);\n"
+" }\n"
+" }\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:942
+#, no-wrap
+msgid " /* -M or -G without -U is nonsensical */\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:947
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" if (((uid_map != NULL || gid_map != NULL || map_zero) &&\n"
+" !(flags & CLONE_NEWUSER)) ||\n"
+" (map_zero && (uid_map != NULL || gid_map != NULL)))\n"
+" usage(argv[0]);\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:949
+#, no-wrap
+msgid " args.argv = &argv[optind];\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:959
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" /* We use a pipe to synchronize the parent and child, in order to\n"
+" ensure that the parent sets the UID and GID maps before the child\n"
+" calls execve(). This ensures that the child maintains its\n"
+" capabilities during the execve() in the common case where we\n"
+" want to map the child\\(aqs effective user ID to 0 in the new user\n"
+" namespace. Without this synchronization, the child would lose\n"
+" its capabilities if it performed an execve() with nonzero\n"
+" user IDs (see the capabilities(7) man page for details of the\n"
+" transformation of a process\\(aqs capabilities during execve()). */\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:962
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" if (pipe(args.pipe_fd) == -1)\n"
+" errExit(\"pipe\");\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:964
+#, no-wrap
+msgid " /* Create the child in new namespace(s) */\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:969
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" child_pid = clone(childFunc, child_stack + STACK_SIZE,\n"
+" flags | SIGCHLD, &args);\n"
+" if (child_pid == -1)\n"
+" errExit(\"clone\");\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:971
+#, no-wrap
+msgid " /* Parent falls through to here */\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:92
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:975
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"The user is not privileged (Linux: does not have the B<CAP_SETUID> "
-"capability) and I<uid> does not match the real UID or saved set-user-ID of "
-"the calling process."
+" if (verbose)\n"
+" printf(\"%s: PID of child created by clone() is %ld\\en\",\n"
+" argv[0], (long) child_pid);\n"
msgstr ""
-#. SVr4 documents an additional EINVAL error condition.
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:97
-msgid ""
-"SVr4, POSIX.1-2001. Not quite compatible with the 4.4BSD call, which sets "
-"all of the real, saved, and effective user IDs."
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:977
+#, no-wrap
+msgid " /* Update the UID and GID maps in the child */\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:105
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:996
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"Linux has the concept of the file system user ID, normally equal to the "
-"effective user ID. The B<setuid>() call also sets the file system user ID "
-"of the calling process. See B<setfsuid>(2)."
+" if (uid_map != NULL || map_zero) {\n"
+" snprintf(map_path, PATH_MAX, \"/proc/%ld/uid_map\",\n"
+" (long) child_pid);\n"
+" if (map_zero) {\n"
+" snprintf(map_buf, MAP_BUF_SIZE, \"0 %ld 1\", (long) getuid());\n"
+" uid_map = map_buf;\n"
+" }\n"
+" update_map(uid_map, map_path);\n"
+" }\n"
+" if (gid_map != NULL || map_zero) {\n"
+" snprintf(map_path, PATH_MAX, \"/proc/%ld/gid_map\",\n"
+" (long) child_pid);\n"
+" if (map_zero) {\n"
+" snprintf(map_buf, MAP_BUF_SIZE, \"0 %ld 1\", (long) getgid());\n"
+" gid_map = map_buf;\n"
+" }\n"
+" update_map(gid_map, map_path);\n"
+" }\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:110
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:999
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"If I<uid> is different from the old effective UID, the process will be "
-"forbidden from leaving core dumps."
+" /* Close the write end of the pipe, to signal to the child that we\n"
+" have updated the UID and GID maps */\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:120
-msgid ""
-"The original Linux B<setuid>() system call supported only 16-bit user IDs. "
-"Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added B<setuid32>() supporting 32-bit IDs. The "
-"glibc B<setuid>() wrapper function transparently deals with the variation "
-"across kernel versions."
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:1001
+#, no-wrap
+msgid " close(args.pipe_fd[1]);\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man2/setuid.2:127
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:1004
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"B<getuid>(2), B<seteuid>(2), B<setfsuid>(2), B<setreuid>(2), "
-"B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7)"
+" if (waitpid(child_pid, NULL, 0) == -1) /* Wait for child */\n"
+" errExit(\"waitpid\");\n"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:40
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:1007
#, no-wrap
-msgid "SVIPC"
+msgid ""
+" if (verbose)\n"
+" printf(\"%s: terminating\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:43
-msgid "svipc - System V interprocess communication mechanisms"
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:1010
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
+"}\n"
msgstr ""
+#. From the shadow package
+#. From the shadow package
+#. From the shadow package
+#. From the shadow package
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:48
-#, no-wrap
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:1024
msgid ""
-"B<#include E<lt>sys/msg.hE<gt>>\n"
-"B<#include E<lt>sys/sem.hE<gt>>\n"
-"B<#include E<lt>sys/shm.hE<gt>>\n"
+"B<newgidmap>(1), B<newuidmap>(1), B<clone>(2), B<setns>(2), B<unshare>(2), "
+"B<proc>(5), B<subgid>(5), B<subuid>(5), B<credentials>(7), "
+"B<capabilities>(7), B<namespaces>(7), B<pid_namespaces>(7)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:56
-msgid ""
-"This manual page refers to the Linux implementation of the System V "
-"interprocess communication (IPC) mechanisms: message queues, semaphore sets, "
-"and shared memory segments. In the following, the word I<resource> means an "
-"instantiation of one among such mechanisms."
+#: build/C/man7/user_namespaces.7:1027
+msgid "The kernel source file I<Documentation/namespaces/resource-control.txt>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: SS
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:56
+#. type: TH
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:27
#, no-wrap
-msgid "Resource access permissions"
+msgid "SECCOMP"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:64
-msgid ""
-"For each resource, the system uses a common structure of type I<struct "
-"ipc_perm> to store information needed in determining permissions to perform "
-"an IPC operation. The I<ipc_perm> structure includes the following members:"
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:30
+msgid "seccomp - operate on Secure Computing state of the process"
msgstr ""
+#. Kees Cook noted: Anything that uses SECCOMP_RET_TRACE returns will
+#. need <sys/ptrace.h>
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:74
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:39
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"struct ipc_perm {\n"
-" uid_t cuid; /* creator user ID */\n"
-" gid_t cgid; /* creator group ID */\n"
-" uid_t uid; /* owner user ID */\n"
-" gid_t gid; /* owner group ID */\n"
-" unsigned short mode; /* r/w permissions */\n"
-"};\n"
+"B<#include E<lt>linux/seccomp.hE<gt>>\n"
+"B<#include E<lt>linux/filter.hE<gt>>\n"
+"B<#include E<lt>linux/audit.hE<gt>>\n"
+"B<#include E<lt>linux/signal.hE<gt>>\n"
+"B<#include E<lt>sys/ptrace.hE<gt>>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:84
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:42
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"The I<mode> member of the I<ipc_perm> structure defines, with its lower 9 "
-"bits, the access permissions to the resource for a process executing an IPC "
-"system call. The permissions are interpreted as follows:"
+"B<int seccomp(unsigned int >I<operation>B<, unsigned int >I<flags>B<, void "
+"*>I<args>B<);>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:88
-#, no-wrap
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:48
msgid ""
-" 0400 Read by user.\n"
-" 0200 Write by user.\n"
+"The B<seccomp>() system call operates on the Secure Computing (seccomp) "
+"state of the calling process."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:91
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:52
+msgid "Currently, Linux supports the following I<operation> values:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:52
#, no-wrap
-msgid ""
-" 0040 Read by group.\n"
-" 0020 Write by group.\n"
+msgid "B<SECCOMP_SET_MODE_STRICT>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:94
-#, no-wrap
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:66
msgid ""
-" 0004 Read by others.\n"
-" 0002 Write by others.\n"
+"The only system calls that the calling thread is permitted to make are "
+"B<read>(2), B<write>(2), B<_exit>(2), and B<sigreturn>(2). Other system "
+"calls result in the delivery of a B<SIGKILL> signal. Strict secure "
+"computing mode is useful for number-crunching applications that may need to "
+"execute untrusted byte code, perhaps obtained by reading from a pipe or "
+"socket."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:102
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:70
msgid ""
-"Bits 0100, 0010, and 0001 (the execute bits) are unused by the system. "
-"Furthermore, \"write\" effectively means \"alter\" for a semaphore set."
+"This operation is available only if the kernel is configured with "
+"B<CONFIG_SECCOMP> enabled."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:105
-msgid "The same system header file also defines the following symbolic constants:"
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:76
+msgid "The value of I<flags> must be 0, and I<args> must be NULL."
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:105
-#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<IPC_CREAT>"
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:78
+msgid "This operation is functionally identical to the call:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:108
-msgid "Create entry if key doesn't exist."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:80
+#, no-wrap
+msgid " prctl(PR_SET_SECCOMP, SECCOMP_MODE_STRICT);\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:108
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:80
#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<IPC_EXCL>"
+msgid "B<SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:111
-msgid "Fail if key exists."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:95
+msgid ""
+"The system calls allowed are defined by a pointer to a Berkeley Packet "
+"Filter (BPF) passed via I<args>. This argument is a pointer to a I<struct\\ "
+"sock_fprog>; it can be designed to filter arbitrary system calls and system "
+"call arguments. If the filter is invalid, B<seccomp>() fails, returning "
+"B<EINVAL> in I<errno>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:111
-#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<IPC_NOWAIT>"
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:107
+msgid ""
+"If B<fork>(2) or B<clone>(2) is allowed by the filter, any child processes "
+"will be constrained to the same system call filters as the parent. If "
+"B<execve>(2) is allowed, the existing filters will be preserved across a "
+"call to B<execve>(2)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:114
-msgid "Error if request must wait."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:117
+msgid ""
+"In order to use the B<SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER> operation, either the caller "
+"must have the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability, or the thread must already have "
+"the I<no_new_privs> bit set. If that bit was not already set by an ancestor "
+"of this thread, the thread must make the following call:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:114
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:119
#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<IPC_PRIVATE>"
+msgid " prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1);\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:117
-msgid "Private key."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:138
+msgid ""
+"Otherwise, the B<SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER> operation will fail and return "
+"B<EACCES> in I<errno>. This requirement ensures that an unprivileged "
+"process cannot apply a malicious filter and then invoke a set-user-ID or "
+"other privileged program using B<execve>(2), thus potentially compromising "
+"that program. (Such a malicious filter might, for example, cause an attempt "
+"to use B<setuid>(2) to set the caller's user IDs to non-zero values to "
+"instead return 0 without actually making the system call. Thus, the program "
+"might be tricked into retaining superuser privileges in circumstances where "
+"it is possible to influence it to do dangerous things because it did not "
+"actually drop privileges.)"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:117
-#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<IPC_RMID>"
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:146
+msgid ""
+"If B<prctl>(2) or B<seccomp>(2) is allowed by the attached filter, further "
+"filters may be added. This will increase evaluation time, but allows for "
+"further reduction of the attack surface during execution of a thread."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:120
-msgid "Remove resource."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:152
+msgid ""
+"The B<SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER> operation is available only if the kernel is "
+"configured with B<CONFIG_SECCOMP_FILTER> enabled."
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:120
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:156
+msgid "When I<flags> is 0, this operation is functionally identical to the call:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:158
#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<IPC_SET>"
+msgid " prctl(PR_SET_SECCOMP, SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER, args);\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:123
-msgid "Set resource options."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:162
+msgid "The recognized I<flags> are:"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:123
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:163
#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<IPC_STAT>"
+msgid "B<SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_TSYNC>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:126
-msgid "Get resource options."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:171
+msgid ""
+"When adding a new filter, synchronize all other threads of the calling "
+"process to the same seccomp filter tree. A \"filter tree\" is the ordered "
+"list of filters attached to a thread. (Attaching identical filters in "
+"separate B<seccomp>() calls results in different filters from this "
+"perspective.)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:135
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:179
msgid ""
-"Note that B<IPC_PRIVATE> is a I<key_t> type, while all the other symbolic "
-"constants are flag fields and can be OR'ed into an I<int> type variable."
+"If any thread cannot synchronize to the same filter tree, the call will not "
+"attach the new seccomp filter, and will fail, returning the first thread ID "
+"found that cannot synchronize. Synchronization will fail if another thread "
+"in the same process is in B<SECCOMP_MODE_STRICT> or if it has attached new "
+"seccomp filters to itself, diverging from the calling thread's filter tree."
msgstr ""
#. type: SS
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:135
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:180
#, no-wrap
-msgid "Message queues"
+msgid "Filters"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:143
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:185
msgid ""
-"A message queue is uniquely identified by a positive integer (its I<msqid>) "
-"and has an associated data structure of type I<struct msqid_ds>, defined in "
-"I<E<lt>sys/msg.hE<gt>>, containing the following members:"
+"When adding filters via B<SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER>, I<args> points to a "
+"filter program:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:156
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:193
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"struct msqid_ds {\n"
-" struct ipc_perm msg_perm;\n"
-" msgqnum_t msg_qnum; /* no of messages on queue */\n"
-" msglen_t msg_qbytes; /* bytes max on a queue */\n"
-" pid_t msg_lspid; /* PID of last msgsnd(2) call */\n"
-" pid_t msg_lrpid; /* PID of last msgrcv(2) call */\n"
-" time_t msg_stime; /* last msgsnd(2) time */\n"
-" time_t msg_rtime; /* last msgrcv(2) time */\n"
-" time_t msg_ctime; /* last change time */\n"
+"struct sock_fprog {\n"
+" unsigned short len; /* Number of BPF instructions */\n"
+" struct sock_filter *filter; /* Pointer to array of\n"
+" BPF instructions */\n"
"};\n"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:158
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:197
+msgid "Each program must contain one or more BPF instructions:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:206
#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<msg_perm>"
+msgid ""
+"struct sock_filter { /* Filter block */\n"
+" __u16 code; /* Actual filter code */\n"
+" __u8 jt; /* Jump true */\n"
+" __u8 jf; /* Jump false */\n"
+" __u32 k; /* Generic multiuse field */\n"
+"};\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:163
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:213
msgid ""
-"I<ipc_perm> structure that specifies the access permissions on the message "
-"queue."
+"When executing the instructions, the BPF program operates on the system call "
+"information made available (i.e., use the B<BPF_ABS> addressing mode) as a "
+"buffer of the following form:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:163
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:223
#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<msg_qnum>"
+msgid ""
+"struct seccomp_data {\n"
+" int nr; /* System call number */\n"
+" __u32 arch; /* AUDIT_ARCH_* value\n"
+" (see E<lt>linux/audit.hE<gt>) */\n"
+" __u64 instruction_pointer; /* CPU instruction pointer */\n"
+" __u64 args[6]; /* Up to 6 system call arguments */\n"
+"};\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:166
-msgid "Number of messages currently on the message queue."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:234
+msgid ""
+"A seccomp filter returns a 32-bit value consisting of two parts: the most "
+"significant 16 bits (corresponding to the mask defined by the constant "
+"B<SECCOMP_RET_ACTION>) contain one of the \"action\" values listed below; "
+"the least significant 16-bits (defined by the constant B<SECCOMP_RET_DATA>) "
+"are \"data\" to be associated with this return value."
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:166
-#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<msg_qbytes>"
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:242
+msgid ""
+"If multiple filters exist, they are all executed, in reverse order of their "
+"addition to the filter tree (i.e., the most recently installed filter is "
+"executed first). The return value for the evaluation of a given system call "
+"is the first-seen B<SECCOMP_RET_ACTION> value of highest precedence (along "
+"with its accompanying data) returned by execution of all of the filters."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:170
-msgid "Maximum number of bytes of message text allowed on the message queue."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:245
+msgid ""
+"In decreasing order of precedence, the values that may be returned by a "
+"seccomp filter are:"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:170
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:245
#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<msg_lspid>"
+msgid "B<SECCOMP_RET_KILL>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:175
-msgid "ID of the process that performed the last B<msgsnd>(2) system call."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:254
+msgid ""
+"This value results in the process exiting immediately without executing the "
+"system call. The process terminates as though killed by a B<SIGSYS> signal "
+"(I<not> B<SIGKILL>)."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:175
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:254
#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<msg_lrpid>"
+msgid "B<SECCOMP_RET_TRAP>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:180
-msgid "ID of the process that performed the last B<msgrcv>(2) system call."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:264
+msgid ""
+"This value results in the kernel sending a B<SIGSYS> signal to the "
+"triggering process without executing the system call. Various fields will "
+"be set in the I<siginfo_t> structure (see B<sigaction>(2)) associated with "
+"signal:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:180
-#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<msg_stime>"
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:269
+msgid "I<si_signo> will contain B<SIGSYS>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:185
-msgid "Time of the last B<msgsnd>(2) system call."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:272
+msgid "I<si_call_addr> will show the address of the system call instruction."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:277
+msgid "I<si_syscall> and I<si_arch> will indicate which system call was attempted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:281
+msgid "I<si_code> will contain B<SYS_SECCOMP>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:286
+msgid ""
+"I<si_errno> will contain the B<SECCOMP_RET_DATA> portion of the filter "
+"return value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:295
+msgid ""
+"The program counter will be as though the system call happened (i.e., it "
+"will not point to the system call instruction). The return value register "
+"will contain an architecture-dependent value; if resuming execution, set it "
+"to something appropriate for the system call. (The architecture dependency "
+"is because replacing it with B<ENOSYS> could overwrite some useful "
+"information.)"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:185
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:295
#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<msg_rtime>"
+msgid "B<SECCOMP_RET_ERRNO>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:190
-msgid "Time of the last B<msgrcv>(2) system call."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:302
+msgid ""
+"This value results in the B<SECCOMP_RET_DATA> portion of the filter's return "
+"value being passed to user space as the I<errno> value without executing the "
+"system call."
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:190
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:302
#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<msg_ctime>"
+msgid "B<SECCOMP_RET_TRACE>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:196
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:312
msgid ""
-"Time of the last system call that changed a member of the I<msqid_ds> "
-"structure."
+"When returned, this value will cause the kernel to attempt to notify a "
+"B<ptrace>(2)-based tracer prior to executing the system call. If there is "
+"no tracer present, the system call is not executed and returns a failure "
+"status with I<errno> set to B<ENOSYS>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: SS
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:196
-#, no-wrap
-msgid "Semaphore sets"
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:323
+msgid ""
+"A tracer will be notified if it requests B<PTRACE_O_TRACESECCOMP> using "
+"I<ptrace(PTRACE_SETOPTIONS)>. The tracer will be notified of a "
+"B<PTRACE_EVENT_SECCOMP> and the B<SECCOMP_RET_DATA> portion of the filter's "
+"return value will be available to the tracer via B<PTRACE_GETEVENTMSG>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:204
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:330
msgid ""
-"A semaphore set is uniquely identified by a positive integer (its I<semid>) "
-"and has an associated data structure of type I<struct semid_ds>, defined in "
-"I<E<lt>sys/sem.hE<gt>>, containing the following members:"
+"The tracer can skip the system call by changing the system call number to "
+"-1. Alternatively, the tracer can change the system call requested by "
+"changing the system call to a valid system call number. If the tracer asks "
+"to skip the system call, then the system call will appear to return the "
+"value that the tracer puts in the return value register."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:213
-#, no-wrap
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:339
msgid ""
-"struct semid_ds {\n"
-" struct ipc_perm sem_perm;\n"
-" time_t sem_otime; /* last operation time */\n"
-" time_t sem_ctime; /* last change time */\n"
-" unsigned long sem_nsems; /* count of sems in set */\n"
-"};\n"
+"The seccomp check will not be run again after the tracer is notified. (This "
+"means that seccomp-based sandboxes B<must not> allow use of "
+"B<ptrace>(2)\\(emeven of other sandboxed processes\\(emwithout extreme care; "
+"ptracers can use this mechanism to escape from the seccomp sandbox.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: TP
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:339
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "B<SECCOMP_RET_ALLOW>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:342
+msgid "This value results in the system call being executed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:358
+msgid ""
+"On success, B<seccomp>() returns 0. On error, if "
+"B<SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_TSYNC> was used, the return value is the ID of the "
+"thread that caused the synchronization failure. (This ID is a kernel thread "
+"ID of the type returned by B<clone>(2) and B<gettid>(2).) On other errors, "
+"-1 is returned, and I<errno> is set to indicate the cause of the error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:361
+msgid "B<seccomp>() can fail for the following reasons:"
msgstr ""
#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:215
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:361
#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<sem_perm>"
+msgid "B<EACCESS>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:220
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:369
msgid ""
-"I<ipc_perm> structure that specifies the access permissions on the semaphore "
-"set."
+"The caller did not have the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability, or had not set "
+"I<no_new_privs> before using B<SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:220
-#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<sem_otime>"
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:373
+msgid "I<args> was not a valid address."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:225
-msgid "Time of last B<semop>(2) system call."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:380
+msgid "I<operation> is unknown; or I<flags> are invalid for the given I<operation>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:225
-#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<sem_ctime>"
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:387
+msgid ""
+"I<operation> included B<BPF_ABS>, but the specified offset was not aligned "
+"to a 32-bit boundary or exceeded I<sizeof(struct\\ seccomp_data)>."
msgstr ""
+#. See kernel/seccomp.c::seccomp_may_assign_mode() in 3.18 sources
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:231
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:393
msgid ""
-"Time of last B<semctl>(2) system call that changed a member of the above "
-"structure or of one semaphore belonging to the set."
+"A secure computing mode has already been set, and I<operation> differs from "
+"the existing setting."
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:231
-#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<sem_nsems>"
+#. See stub kernel/seccomp.c::seccomp_set_mode_filter() in 3.18 sources
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:402
+msgid ""
+"I<operation> specified B<SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER>, but the kernel was not "
+"built with B<CONFIG_SECCOMP_FILTER> enabled."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:239
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:413
msgid ""
-"Number of semaphores in the set. Each semaphore of the set is referenced by "
-"a nonnegative integer ranging from B<0> to I<sem_nsems-1>."
+"I<operation> specified B<SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER>, but the filter program "
+"pointed to by I<args> was not valid or the length of the filter program was "
+"zero or exceeded B<BPF_MAXINSNS> (4096) instructions. B<EINVAL>"
msgstr ""
+#. ENOMEM in kernel/seccomp.c::seccomp_attach_filter() in 3.18 sources
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:243
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:426
msgid ""
-"A semaphore is a data structure of type I<struct sem> containing the "
-"following members:"
+"The total length of all filter programs attached to the calling thread would "
+"exceed B<MAX_INSNS_PER_PATH> (32768) instructions. Note that for the "
+"purposes of calculating this limit, each already existing filter program "
+"incurs an overhead penalty of 4 instructions."
msgstr ""
-#. unsigned short semncnt; /* nr awaiting semval to increase */
-#. unsigned short semzcnt; /* nr awaiting semval = 0 */
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:252
-#, no-wrap
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:430
msgid ""
-"struct sem {\n"
-" int semval; /* semaphore value */\n"
-" int sempid; /* PID for last operation */\n"
-"};\n"
+"Another thread caused a failure during thread sync, but its ID could not be "
+"determined."
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:254
-#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<semval>"
+#. FIXME . Add glibc version
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:435
+msgid "The B<seccomp>() system call first appeared in Linux 3.17."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:257
-msgid "Semaphore value: a nonnegative integer."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:439
+msgid "The B<seccomp>() system call is a nonstandard Linux extension."
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:257
-#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<sempid>"
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:446
+msgid ""
+"The I<Seccomp> field of the I</proc/[pid]/status> file provides a method of "
+"viewing the seccomp mode of a process; see B<proc>(5)."
msgstr ""
-#. .TP
-#. .I semncnt
-#. Number of processes suspended awaiting for
-#. .I semval
-#. to increase.
-#. .TP
-#. .I semznt
-#. Number of processes suspended awaiting for
-#. .I semval
-#. to become zero.
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:271
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:453
msgid ""
-"ID of the last process that performed a semaphore operation on this "
-"semaphore."
+"B<seccomp>() provides a superset of the functionality provided by the "
+"B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_SECCOMP> operation (which does not support I<flags>)."
msgstr ""
#. type: SS
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:271
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:453
#, no-wrap
-msgid "Shared memory segments"
+msgid "Seccomp-specific BPF details"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:279
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:455
+msgid "Note the following BPF details specific to seccomp filters:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:463
msgid ""
-"A shared memory segment is uniquely identified by a positive integer (its "
-"I<shmid>) and has an associated data structure of type I<struct shmid_ds>, "
-"defined in I<E<lt>sys/shm.hE<gt>>, containing the following members:"
+"The B<BPF_H> and B<BPF_B> size modifiers are not supported: all operations "
+"must load and store (4-byte) words (B<BPF_W>)."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:292
-#, no-wrap
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:469
msgid ""
-"struct shmid_ds {\n"
-" struct ipc_perm shm_perm;\n"
-" size_t shm_segsz; /* size of segment */\n"
-" pid_t shm_cpid; /* PID of creator */\n"
-" pid_t shm_lpid; /* PID, last operation */\n"
-" shmatt_t shm_nattch; /* no. of current attaches */\n"
-" time_t shm_atime; /* time of last attach */\n"
-" time_t shm_dtime; /* time of last detach */\n"
-" time_t shm_ctime; /* time of last change */\n"
-"};\n"
+"To access the contents of the I<seccomp_data> buffer, use the B<BPF_ABS> "
+"addressing mode modifier."
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:294
-#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<shm_perm>"
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:476
+msgid ""
+"The B<BPF_LEN> addressing mode modifier yields an immediate mode operand "
+"whose value is the size of the I<seccomp_data> buffer."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:299
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:482
msgid ""
-"I<ipc_perm> structure that specifies the access permissions on the shared "
-"memory segment."
+"The program below accepts four or more arguments. The first three arguments "
+"are a system call number, a numeric architecture identifier, and an error "
+"number. The program uses these values to construct a BPF filter that is "
+"used at run time to perform the following checks:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:299
+#. type: IP
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:482
#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<shm_segsz>"
+msgid "[1]"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:302
-msgid "Size in bytes of the shared memory segment."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:486
+msgid ""
+"If the program is not running on the specified architecture, the BPF filter "
+"causes system calls to fail with the error B<ENOSYS>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:302
+#. type: IP
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:486
#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<shm_cpid>"
+msgid "[2]"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:305
-msgid "ID of the process that created the shared memory segment."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:491
+msgid ""
+"If the program attempts to execute the system call with the specified "
+"number, the BPF filter causes the system call to fail, with I<errno> being "
+"set to the specified error number."
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:305
-#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<shm_lpid>"
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:500
+msgid ""
+"The remaining command-line arguments specify the pathname and additional "
+"arguments of a program that the example program should attempt to execute "
+"using B<execve>(3) (a library function that employs the B<execve>(2) "
+"system call). Some example runs of the program are shown below."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:312
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:504
msgid ""
-"ID of the last process that executed a B<shmat>(2) or B<shmdt>(2) system "
-"call."
+"First, we display the architecture that we are running on (x86-64) and then "
+"construct a shell function that looks up system call numbers on this "
+"architecture:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:312
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:513
#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<shm_nattch>"
+msgid ""
+"$ B<uname -m>\n"
+"x86_64\n"
+"$ B<syscall_nr() {\n"
+" cat /usr/src/linux/arch/x86/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl | \\e\n"
+" awk '$2 != \"x32\" && $3 == \"'$1'\" { print $1 }'\n"
+"}>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:315
-msgid "Number of current alive attaches for this shared memory segment."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:520
+msgid ""
+"When the BPF filter rejects a system call (case [2] above), it causes the "
+"system call to fail with the error number specified on the command line. In "
+"the experiments shown here, we'll use error number 99:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:315
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:525
#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<shm_atime>"
+msgid ""
+"$ B<errno 99>\n"
+"EADDRNOTAVAIL 99 Cannot assign requested address\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:320
-msgid "Time of the last B<shmat>(2) system call."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:533
+msgid ""
+"In the following example, we attempt to run the command B<whoami>(1), but "
+"the BPF filter rejects the B<execve>(2) system call, so that the command is "
+"not even executed:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:320
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:544
#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<shm_dtime>"
+msgid ""
+"$ B<syscall_nr execve>\n"
+"59\n"
+"$ B<./a.out>\n"
+"Usage: ./a.out E<lt>syscall_nrE<gt> E<lt>archE<gt> E<lt>errnoE<gt> "
+"E<lt>progE<gt> [E<lt>argsE<gt>]\n"
+"Hint for E<lt>archE<gt>: AUDIT_ARCH_I386: 0x40000003\n"
+" AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64: 0xC000003E\n"
+"$ B<./a.out 59 0xC000003E 99 /bin/whoami>\n"
+"execv: Cannot assign requested address\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:325
-msgid "Time of the last B<shmdt>(2) system call."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:552
+msgid ""
+"In the next example, the BPF filter rejects the B<write>(2) system call, so "
+"that, although it is successfully started, the B<whoami>(1) command is not "
+"able to write output:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:325
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:558
#, no-wrap
-msgid "I<shm_ctime>"
+msgid ""
+"$ B<syscall_nr write>\n"
+"1\n"
+"$ B<./a.out 1 0xC000003E 99 /bin/whoami>\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:331
-msgid "Time of the last B<shmctl>(2) system call that changed I<shmid_ds>."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:565
+msgid ""
+"In the final example, the BPF filter rejects a system call that is not used "
+"by the B<whoami>(1) command, so it is able to successfully execute and "
+"produce output:"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man7/svipc.7:348
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:572
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"B<ipcmk>(1), B<ipcrm>(1), B<ipcs>(1), B<ipc>(2), B<msgctl>(2), B<msgget>(2), "
-"B<msgrcv>(2), B<msgsnd>(2), B<semctl>(2), B<semget>(2), B<semop>(2), "
-"B<shmat>(2), B<shmctl>(2), B<shmdt>(2), B<shmget>(2), B<ftok>(3)"
+"$ B<syscall_nr preadv>\n"
+"295\n"
+"$ B<./a.out 295 0xC000003E 99 /bin/whoami>\n"
+"cecilia\n"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:27
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:586
#, no-wrap
-msgid "ULIMIT"
+msgid ""
+"#include E<lt>errno.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>stddef.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>linux/audit.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>linux/filter.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>linux/seccomp.hE<gt>\n"
+"#include E<lt>sys/prctl.hE<gt>\n"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TH
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:27
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:595
#, no-wrap
-msgid "2008-08-06"
+msgid ""
+"static int\n"
+"install_filter(int syscall_nr, int t_arch, int f_errno)\n"
+"{\n"
+" struct sock_filter filter[] = {\n"
+" /* [0] Load architecture from 'seccomp_data' buffer into\n"
+" accumulator */\n"
+" BPF_STMT(BPF_LD | BPF_W | BPF_ABS,\n"
+" (offsetof(struct seccomp_data, arch))),\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:30
-msgid "ulimit - get and set user limits"
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:599
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" /* [1] Jump forward 4 instructions if architecture does not\n"
+" match 't_arch' */\n"
+" BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K, t_arch, 0, 4),\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:32
-msgid "B<#include E<lt>ulimit.hE<gt>>"
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:604
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" /* [2] Load system call number from 'seccomp_data' buffer into\n"
+" accumulator */\n"
+" BPF_STMT(BPF_LD | BPF_W | BPF_ABS,\n"
+" (offsetof(struct seccomp_data, nr))),\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:34
-msgid "B<long ulimit(int >I<cmd>B<, long >I<newlimit>B<);>"
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:608
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" /* [3] Jump forward 1 instruction if system call number\n"
+" does not match 'syscall_nr' */\n"
+" BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K, syscall_nr, 0, 1),\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:46
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:613
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"Warning: This routine is obsolete. Use B<getrlimit>(2), B<setrlimit>(2), "
-"and B<sysconf>(3) instead. For the shell command B<ulimit>(), see "
-"B<bash>(1)."
+" /* [4] Matching architecture and system call: don't execute\n"
+"\t the system call, and return 'f_errno' in 'errno' */\n"
+" BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K,\n"
+" SECCOMP_RET_ERRNO | (f_errno & SECCOMP_RET_DATA)),\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:53
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:617
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"The B<ulimit>() call will get or set some limit for the calling process. "
-"The I<cmd> argument can have one of the following values."
+" /* [5] Destination of system call number mismatch: allow other\n"
+" system calls */\n"
+" BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K, SECCOMP_RET_ALLOW),\n"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:53
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:621
#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<UL_GETFSIZE>"
+msgid ""
+" /* [6] Destination of architecture mismatch: kill process */\n"
+" BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K, SECCOMP_RET_KILL),\n"
+" };\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:56
-msgid "Return the limit on the size of a file, in units of 512 bytes."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:56
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:626
#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<UL_SETFSIZE>"
+msgid ""
+" struct sock_fprog prog = {\n"
+" .len = (unsigned short) (sizeof(filter) / sizeof(filter[0])),\n"
+" .filter = filter,\n"
+" };\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:59
-msgid "Set the limit on the size of a file."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:631
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" if (seccomp(SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER, 0, &prog)) {\n"
+" perror(\"seccomp\");\n"
+" return 1;\n"
+" }\n"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:59
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:634
#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<3>"
+msgid ""
+" return 0;\n"
+"}\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:63
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:646
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"(Not implemented for Linux.) Return the maximum possible address of the "
-"data segment."
+"int\n"
+"main(int argc, char **argv)\n"
+"{\n"
+" if (argc E<lt> 5) {\n"
+" fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: \"\n"
+" \"%s E<lt>syscall_nrE<gt> E<lt>archE<gt> E<lt>errnoE<gt> "
+"E<lt>progE<gt> [E<lt>argsE<gt>]\\en\"\n"
+" \"Hint for E<lt>archE<gt>: AUDIT_ARCH_I386: 0x%X\\en\"\n"
+" \" AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64: 0x%X\\en\"\n"
+" \"\\en\", argv[0], AUDIT_ARCH_I386, AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64);\n"
+" exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
+" }\n"
msgstr ""
-#. type: TP
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:63
+#. type: Plain text
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:651
#, no-wrap
-msgid "B<4>"
+msgid ""
+" if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0)) {\n"
+" perror(\"prctl\");\n"
+" exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
+" }\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:67
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:656
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"(Implemented but no symbolic constant provided.) Return the maximum number "
-"of files that the calling process can open."
+" if (install_filter(strtol(argv[1], NULL, 0),\n"
+" strtol(argv[2], NULL, 0),\n"
+" strtol(argv[3], NULL, 0)))\n"
+" exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:74
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:661
+#, no-wrap
msgid ""
-"On success, B<ulimit>() returns a nonnegative value. On error, -1 is "
-"returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
+" execv(argv[4], &argv[4]);\n"
+" perror(\"execv\");\n"
+" exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
+"}\n"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:78
-msgid "A unprivileged process tried to increase a limit."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:668
+msgid "B<prctl>(2), B<ptrace>(2), B<sigaction>(2), B<signal>(7), B<socket>(7)"
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:83
-msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 marks B<ulimit>() as obsolete."
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:673
+msgid ""
+"The kernel source files I<Documentation/networking/filter.txt> and "
+"I<Documentation/prctl/seccomp_filter.txt>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Plain text
-#: build/C/man3/ulimit.3:88
-msgid "B<bash>(1), B<getrlimit>(2), B<setrlimit>(2), B<sysconf>(3)"
+#: build/C/man2/seccomp.2:679
+msgid ""
+"McCanne, S. and Jacobson, V. (1992) I<The BSD Packet Filter: A New "
+"Architecture for User-level Packet Capture>, Proceedings of the USENIX "
+"Winter 1993 Conference E<.UR http://www.tcpdump.org/papers/bpf-usenix93.pdf> "
+"E<.UE>"
msgstr ""
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