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[linuxjm/LDP_man-pages.git] / draft / man5 / hosts.5

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.\" Copyright (c) 2000 Manoj Srivastava <srivasta@debian.org>
.\"
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.\" Minor polishing, aeb
.\" Modified, 2002-06-16, Mike Coleman
.\"
.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 2000-2002 Yuichi SATO
.\"         all rights reserved.
.\" Translated Sun Sep 24 05:53:22 JST 2000
.\"         by Yuichi SATO <ysato444@yahoo.co.jp>
.\" Updated & Modified Sat Aug 31 05:49:00 JST 2002 by Yuichi SATO
.\"
.TH HOSTS 5 2002-06-16 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.\"O .SH NAME
.SH ̾Á°
.\"O hosts \- static table lookup for hostnames
hosts \- ¥Û¥¹¥È̾¤ÎÀÅŪ¤Ê¥ë¥Ã¥¯¥¢¥Ã¥×¥Æ¡¼¥Ö¥ë
.\"O .SH SYNOPSIS
.SH ½ñ¼°
.B /etc/hosts
.\"O .SH DESCRIPTION
.SH ÀâÌÀ
.\"O This manual page describes the format of the
.\"O .I /etc/hosts
.\"O file.
.\"O This file is a simple text file that associates IP addresses
.\"O with hostnames, one line per IP address.
.\"O For each host a single
.\"O line should be present with the following information:
¤³¤Î¥Þ¥Ë¥å¥¢¥ë¥Ú¡¼¥¸¤Ï¡¢
.I /etc/hosts
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Î¥Õ¥©¡¼¥Þ¥Ã¥È¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æµ­½Ò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¤³¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ï´Êñ¤Ê¥Æ¥­¥¹¥È¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ç¡¢1 ¹Ô¤Ë 1 ¤Ä¤Î IP ¥¢¥É¥ì¥¹¤¬¤¢¤ê¡¢
IP ¥¢¥É¥ì¥¹¤È¥Û¥¹¥È̾¤ò´ØÏ¢¤Å¤±¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
³Æ¥Û¥¹¥È¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¡¢¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ê¾ðÊó¤¬ 1 ¹Ô¤ÇÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¡£
.RS
.PP
.\"O IP_address canonical_hostname [aliases...]
IP¥¢¥É¥ì¥¹ Àµ¼°¤Ê¥Û¥¹¥È̾ [¥¨¥¤¥ê¥¢¥¹...]
.RE
.PP
.\"O Fields of the entry are separated by any number of blanks and/or
.\"O tab characters.
.\"O Text from a "#" character until the end of the line is
.\"O a comment, and is ignored.
.\"O Host names may contain only alphanumeric
.\"O characters, minus signs ("\-"), and periods (".").
.\"O They must begin with an
.\"O alphabetic character and end with an alphanumeric character.
.\"O Optional aliases provide for name changes, alternate spellings,
.\"O shorter hostnames, or generic hostnames (for example,
.\"O .IR localhost ).
¥¨¥ó¥È¥ê¤Î¥Õ¥£¡¼¥ë¥É¤Ï¡¢¶õÇò¤Þ¤¿¤Ï¥¿¥Ö (Ê£¿ô¤Ç¤â²Ä) ¤Ç¶èÀÚ¤é¤ì¤ë¡£
"#" ʸ»ú¤«¤é¹ÔËö¤Þ¤Ç¤Î¥Æ¥­¥¹¥È¤Ï¥³¥á¥ó¥È¤È¤·¤Æ̵»ë¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
¥Û¥¹¥È̾¤Ï±Ñ¿ô»ú¡¦¥Þ¥¤¥Ê¥¹µ­¹æ ("\-")¡¦¥Ô¥ê¥ª¥É (".") ¤ò´Þ¤à¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£
¥Û¥¹¥È̾¤Ï±Ñʸ»ú (alphabetic character) ¤Ç»Ï¤Þ¤Ã¤Æ¡¢
±Ñ¿ô»ú (alphanumeric characte) ¤Ç½ª¤ï¤é¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£
¥¨¥¤¥ê¥¢¥¹¤Ï¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢Ì¾Á°¤ÎÊѹ¹¡¢Ê̤Υ¹¥Ú¥ë¡¢
û¤¤¥Û¥¹¥È̾¡¢°ìÈÌŪ¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¥Û¥¹¥È̾ (Î㤨¤Ð
.IR localhost )
¤Ê¤É¤Î¤¿¤á¤ËÍÑ°Õ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
.PP
.\"O The Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) Server implements the
.\"O Internet name server for UNIX systems.
.\"O It augments or replaces the
.\"O .I /etc/hosts
.\"O file or hostname lookup, and frees a host from relying on
.\"O .I /etc/hosts
.\"O being up to date and complete.
Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) ¥µ¡¼¥Ð¤Ï¡¢
UNIX ¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Î¤¿¤á¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥Í¥Ã¥È¥Í¡¼¥à¥µ¡¼¥Ð¤ò¼ÂÁõ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¢
.I /etc/hosts
¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ä¥Û¥¹¥È̾¥ë¥Ã¥¯¥¢¥Ã¥×¤ò³ÈÄ¥¤·¤¿¤êÃÖ¤­´¹¤¨¤¿¤ê¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
¤³¤ì¤Ë¤è¤ê³Æ¥Û¥¹¥È¤Ï
.I /etc/hosts
¤òºÇ¿·¤«¤Ä´°Á´¤ËÊݤ¿¤Ê¤¯¤Æ¤â¤è¤¯¤Ê¤ë¡£
.PP
.\"O In modern systems, even though the host table has been superseded by
.\"O DNS, it is still widely used for:
¥Û¥¹¥È¥Æ¡¼¥Ö¥ë¤Ï¡¢DNS ¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤ÆÂå¤ï¤é¤ì¤¿¤Ë¤â¤«¤«¤ï¤é¤º¡¢
¸½ºß¤Î¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ¼¡¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÍÑÅӤǹ­¤¯»È¤ï¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
.TP
.\"O .B bootstrapping
.B ¥Ö¡¼¥È»þ
.\"O Most systems have a small host table containing the name and address
.\"O information for important hosts on the local network.
.\"O This is useful
.\"O when DNS is not running, for example during system bootup.
ÂçÉôʬ¤Î¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ï¡¢¥í¡¼¥«¥ë¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ½ÅÍפʥۥ¹¥È¤Î
̾Á°¤È¥¢¥É¥ì¥¹¤¬´Þ¤Þ¤ì¤¿¾®¤µ¤Ê¥Û¥¹¥È¥Æ¡¼¥Ö¥ë¤ò»ý¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¢¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Î¥Ö¡¼¥È»þ¤Ê¤É¤Î DNS ¤¬²ÔƯ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤È¤­¤ËÌòΩ¤Ä¡£
.TP
.B NIS
.\"O Sites that use NIS use the host table as input to the NIS host
.\"O database.
.\"O Even though NIS can be used with DNS, most NIS sites still
.\"O use the host table with an entry for all local hosts as a backup.
NIS ¤ò»ÈÍѤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¥µ¥¤¥È¤Ï¡¢¥Û¥¹¥È¥Æ¡¼¥Ö¥ë¤ò
NIS ¥Û¥¹¥È¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥Ù¡¼¥¹¤ÎÆþÎϤȤ·¤ÆÍѤ¤¤ë¡£
NIS ¤ò DNS ¤È¶¦¤Ë»ÈÍѤǤ­¤ë¤Ë¤â¤«¤«¤ï¤é¤º¡¢
ÂçÉôʬ¤Î NIS ¥µ¥¤¥È¤Ï̤¤À¤Ë¡¢
Á´¤Æ¤Î¥í¡¼¥«¥ë¥Û¥¹¥È¤Î¥¨¥ó¥È¥ê¤ò¤â¤Ä¥Û¥¹¥È¥Æ¡¼¥Ö¥ë¤ò
¥Ð¥Ã¥¯¥¢¥Ã¥×¤È¤·¤Æ»ÈÍѤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
.TP
.\"O .B isolated nodes
.B ³ÖÀ䤵¤ì¤¿¥Î¡¼¥É
.\"O Very small sites that are isolated from the network use the host table
.\"O instead of DNS.
.\"O If the local information rarely changes, and the
.\"O network is not connected to the Internet, DNS offers little
.\"O advantage.
¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯¤«¤é³ÖÀ䤵¤ì¤¿Èó¾ï¤Ë¾®¤µ¤Ê¥µ¥¤¥È¤Ï¡¢
DNS ¤ÎÂå¤ï¤ê¤Ë¥Û¥¹¥È¥Æ¡¼¥Ö¥ë¤ò»ÈÍѤ·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
¥í¡¼¥«¥ë¾ðÊ󤬵©¤Ë¤·¤«Êѹ¹¤µ¤ì¤º¡¢
¥Í¥Ã¥È¥ï¡¼¥¯¤¬¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥Í¥Ã¥È¤ÈÀܳ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¾ì¹ç¡¢
DNS ¤Ë¤½¤ì¤Û¤É¤ÎÍøÅÀ¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£
.\"O .SH FILES
.SH ¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë
.I /etc/hosts
.\"O .SH NOTES
.SH Ãí°Õ
.\"O Modifications to this file normally take effect immediately,
.\"O except in cases where the file is cached by applications.
¤³¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ø¤ÎÊѹ¹¤ÏÄ̾魯¤°¤ËÈ¿±Ç¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£Ã¢¤·¡¢¥¢¥×¥ê¥±¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó
¤Ë¤è¤ê¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ÎÆâÍƤ¬¥­¥ã¥Ã¥·¥å¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¤Ï¤³¤Î¸Â¤ê¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£
.\"O .SS "Historical Notes"
.SS Îò»ËŪ¤Ê·Ð°Þ
.\"O RFC\ 952 gave the original format for the host table, though it has
.\"O since changed.
¥Û¥¹¥È¥Æ¡¼¥Ö¥ë¤Î¥Õ¥©¡¼¥Þ¥Ã¥È¤Ï¤½¤Î¸åÊѹ¹¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤¬¡¢
¸µ¡¹¤Î¥Õ¥©¡¼¥Þ¥Ã¥È¤Ï RFC\ 952 ¤Ë¤Ïµ­ºÜ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£

.\"O Before the advent of DNS, the host table was the only way of resolving
.\"O hostnames on the fledgling Internet.
.\"O Indeed, this file could be
.\"O created from the official host data base maintained at the Network
.\"O Information Control Center (NIC), though local changes were often
.\"O required to bring it up to date regarding unofficial aliases and/or
.\"O unknown hosts.
.\"O The NIC no longer maintains the hosts.txt files,
.\"O though looking around at the time of writing (circa 2000), there are
.\"O historical hosts.txt files on the WWW.
.\"O I just found three, from 92,
.\"O 94, and 95.
DNS ¤ÎÅоì°ÊÁ°¡¢¥Û¥¹¥È¥Æ¡¼¥Ö¥ë¤Ï¡¢¶î¤±½Ð¤·¤¿¤Ð¤«¤ê¤Î¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥Í¥Ã¥È¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë
¥Û¥¹¥È̾²ò·è¤ÎÍ£°ì¤ÎÊýË¡¤Ç¤¢¤Ã¤¿¡£
¼ÂºÝ¡¢¤³¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ï Network Information Control Center (NIC) ¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ
´ÉÍý¤µ¤ì¤ë¸ø¼°¥Û¥¹¥È¥Ç¡¼¥¿¥Ù¡¼¥¹¤«¤éºîÀ®¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤­¤¿¡£
¤·¤«¤·¡¢Èó¸ø¼°¤Ê¥¨¥¤¥ê¥¢¥¹¤äÉÔÌÀ¤Ê¥Û¥¹¥È¤ò°·¤¨¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢
ºÇ¿·¤ËÊݤĤ¿¤á¤Î¥í¡¼¥«¥ë¤ÊÊѹ¹¤¬ÉÑÈˤËɬÍפȤµ¤ì¤¿¡£
NIC ¤Ï´û¤Ë hosts.txt ¤ò´ÉÍý¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¢
¤³¤ì¤ò½ñ¤¤¤Æ¤¤¤ë (2000 ǯº¢¤Î) »þÅÀ¤ÇÄ´¤Ù¤Æ¤ß¤ë¤È¡¢
WWW ¾å¤ËÎò»ËŪ¤Ê hosts.txt ¤¬Â¸ºß¤¹¤ë¡£
92, 94, 95 ǯ¤Î¤â¤Î¤¬¸«¤Ä¤«¤Ã¤¿¡£
.\"O .SH EXAMPLE
.SH Îã
.nf
127.0.0.1       localhost
192.168.1.10    foo.mydomain.org       foo
192.168.1.13    bar.mydomain.org       bar
146.82.138.7    master.debian.org      master
209.237.226.90  www.opensource.org
.fi
.\"O .SH "SEE ALSO"
.SH ´ØÏ¢¹àÌÜ
.BR hostname (1),
.BR resolver (3),
.BR resolver (5),
.BR hostname (7),
.BR named (8),
Internet RFC\ 952
.\"O .\" .SH AUTHOR
.\" .SH Ãø¼Ô
.\"O .\" This manual page was written by Manoj Srivastava <srivasta@debian.org>,
.\"O .\" for the Debian GNU/Linux system.
.\" ¤³¤Î¥Þ¥Ë¥å¥¢¥ë¥Ú¡¼¥¸¤Ï¡¢Debian GNU/Linux ¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Î¤¿¤á¤Ë
.\" Manoj Srivastava <srivasta@debian.org> ¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æ½ñ¤«¤ì¤¿¡£