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[bytom/vapor.git] / vendor / github.com / golang / protobuf / proto / all_test.go
diff --git a/vendor/github.com/golang/protobuf/proto/all_test.go b/vendor/github.com/golang/protobuf/proto/all_test.go
new file mode 100644 (file)
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@@ -0,0 +1,2278 @@
+// Go support for Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
+//
+// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors.  All rights reserved.
+// https://github.com/golang/protobuf
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+package proto_test
+
+import (
+       "bytes"
+       "encoding/json"
+       "errors"
+       "fmt"
+       "math"
+       "math/rand"
+       "reflect"
+       "runtime/debug"
+       "strings"
+       "testing"
+       "time"
+
+       . "github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
+       . "github.com/golang/protobuf/proto/testdata"
+)
+
+var globalO *Buffer
+
+func old() *Buffer {
+       if globalO == nil {
+               globalO = NewBuffer(nil)
+       }
+       globalO.Reset()
+       return globalO
+}
+
+func equalbytes(b1, b2 []byte, t *testing.T) {
+       if len(b1) != len(b2) {
+               t.Errorf("wrong lengths: 2*%d != %d", len(b1), len(b2))
+               return
+       }
+       for i := 0; i < len(b1); i++ {
+               if b1[i] != b2[i] {
+                       t.Errorf("bad byte[%d]:%x %x: %s %s", i, b1[i], b2[i], b1, b2)
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func initGoTestField() *GoTestField {
+       f := new(GoTestField)
+       f.Label = String("label")
+       f.Type = String("type")
+       return f
+}
+
+// These are all structurally equivalent but the tag numbers differ.
+// (It's remarkable that required, optional, and repeated all have
+// 8 letters.)
+func initGoTest_RequiredGroup() *GoTest_RequiredGroup {
+       return &GoTest_RequiredGroup{
+               RequiredField: String("required"),
+       }
+}
+
+func initGoTest_OptionalGroup() *GoTest_OptionalGroup {
+       return &GoTest_OptionalGroup{
+               RequiredField: String("optional"),
+       }
+}
+
+func initGoTest_RepeatedGroup() *GoTest_RepeatedGroup {
+       return &GoTest_RepeatedGroup{
+               RequiredField: String("repeated"),
+       }
+}
+
+func initGoTest(setdefaults bool) *GoTest {
+       pb := new(GoTest)
+       if setdefaults {
+               pb.F_BoolDefaulted = Bool(Default_GoTest_F_BoolDefaulted)
+               pb.F_Int32Defaulted = Int32(Default_GoTest_F_Int32Defaulted)
+               pb.F_Int64Defaulted = Int64(Default_GoTest_F_Int64Defaulted)
+               pb.F_Fixed32Defaulted = Uint32(Default_GoTest_F_Fixed32Defaulted)
+               pb.F_Fixed64Defaulted = Uint64(Default_GoTest_F_Fixed64Defaulted)
+               pb.F_Uint32Defaulted = Uint32(Default_GoTest_F_Uint32Defaulted)
+               pb.F_Uint64Defaulted = Uint64(Default_GoTest_F_Uint64Defaulted)
+               pb.F_FloatDefaulted = Float32(Default_GoTest_F_FloatDefaulted)
+               pb.F_DoubleDefaulted = Float64(Default_GoTest_F_DoubleDefaulted)
+               pb.F_StringDefaulted = String(Default_GoTest_F_StringDefaulted)
+               pb.F_BytesDefaulted = Default_GoTest_F_BytesDefaulted
+               pb.F_Sint32Defaulted = Int32(Default_GoTest_F_Sint32Defaulted)
+               pb.F_Sint64Defaulted = Int64(Default_GoTest_F_Sint64Defaulted)
+       }
+
+       pb.Kind = GoTest_TIME.Enum()
+       pb.RequiredField = initGoTestField()
+       pb.F_BoolRequired = Bool(true)
+       pb.F_Int32Required = Int32(3)
+       pb.F_Int64Required = Int64(6)
+       pb.F_Fixed32Required = Uint32(32)
+       pb.F_Fixed64Required = Uint64(64)
+       pb.F_Uint32Required = Uint32(3232)
+       pb.F_Uint64Required = Uint64(6464)
+       pb.F_FloatRequired = Float32(3232)
+       pb.F_DoubleRequired = Float64(6464)
+       pb.F_StringRequired = String("string")
+       pb.F_BytesRequired = []byte("bytes")
+       pb.F_Sint32Required = Int32(-32)
+       pb.F_Sint64Required = Int64(-64)
+       pb.Requiredgroup = initGoTest_RequiredGroup()
+
+       return pb
+}
+
+func fail(msg string, b *bytes.Buffer, s string, t *testing.T) {
+       data := b.Bytes()
+       ld := len(data)
+       ls := len(s) / 2
+
+       fmt.Printf("fail %s ld=%d ls=%d\n", msg, ld, ls)
+
+       // find the interesting spot - n
+       n := ls
+       if ld < ls {
+               n = ld
+       }
+       j := 0
+       for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+               bs := hex(s[j])*16 + hex(s[j+1])
+               j += 2
+               if data[i] == bs {
+                       continue
+               }
+               n = i
+               break
+       }
+       l := n - 10
+       if l < 0 {
+               l = 0
+       }
+       h := n + 10
+
+       // find the interesting spot - n
+       fmt.Printf("is[%d]:", l)
+       for i := l; i < h; i++ {
+               if i >= ld {
+                       fmt.Printf(" --")
+                       continue
+               }
+               fmt.Printf(" %.2x", data[i])
+       }
+       fmt.Printf("\n")
+
+       fmt.Printf("sb[%d]:", l)
+       for i := l; i < h; i++ {
+               if i >= ls {
+                       fmt.Printf(" --")
+                       continue
+               }
+               bs := hex(s[j])*16 + hex(s[j+1])
+               j += 2
+               fmt.Printf(" %.2x", bs)
+       }
+       fmt.Printf("\n")
+
+       t.Fail()
+
+       //      t.Errorf("%s: \ngood: %s\nbad: %x", msg, s, b.Bytes())
+       // Print the output in a partially-decoded format; can
+       // be helpful when updating the test.  It produces the output
+       // that is pasted, with minor edits, into the argument to verify().
+       //      data := b.Bytes()
+       //      nesting := 0
+       //      for b.Len() > 0 {
+       //              start := len(data) - b.Len()
+       //              var u uint64
+       //              u, err := DecodeVarint(b)
+       //              if err != nil {
+       //                      fmt.Printf("decode error on varint:", err)
+       //                      return
+       //              }
+       //              wire := u & 0x7
+       //              tag := u >> 3
+       //              switch wire {
+       //              case WireVarint:
+       //                      v, err := DecodeVarint(b)
+       //                      if err != nil {
+       //                              fmt.Printf("decode error on varint:", err)
+       //                              return
+       //                      }
+       //                      fmt.Printf("\t\t\"%x\"  // field %d, encoding %d, value %d\n",
+       //                              data[start:len(data)-b.Len()], tag, wire, v)
+       //              case WireFixed32:
+       //                      v, err := DecodeFixed32(b)
+       //                      if err != nil {
+       //                              fmt.Printf("decode error on fixed32:", err)
+       //                              return
+       //                      }
+       //                      fmt.Printf("\t\t\"%x\"  // field %d, encoding %d, value %d\n",
+       //                              data[start:len(data)-b.Len()], tag, wire, v)
+       //              case WireFixed64:
+       //                      v, err := DecodeFixed64(b)
+       //                      if err != nil {
+       //                              fmt.Printf("decode error on fixed64:", err)
+       //                              return
+       //                      }
+       //                      fmt.Printf("\t\t\"%x\"  // field %d, encoding %d, value %d\n",
+       //                              data[start:len(data)-b.Len()], tag, wire, v)
+       //              case WireBytes:
+       //                      nb, err := DecodeVarint(b)
+       //                      if err != nil {
+       //                              fmt.Printf("decode error on bytes:", err)
+       //                              return
+       //                      }
+       //                      after_tag := len(data) - b.Len()
+       //                      str := make([]byte, nb)
+       //                      _, err = b.Read(str)
+       //                      if err != nil {
+       //                              fmt.Printf("decode error on bytes:", err)
+       //                              return
+       //                      }
+       //                      fmt.Printf("\t\t\"%x\" \"%x\"  // field %d, encoding %d (FIELD)\n",
+       //                              data[start:after_tag], str, tag, wire)
+       //              case WireStartGroup:
+       //                      nesting++
+       //                      fmt.Printf("\t\t\"%x\"\t\t// start group field %d level %d\n",
+       //                              data[start:len(data)-b.Len()], tag, nesting)
+       //              case WireEndGroup:
+       //                      fmt.Printf("\t\t\"%x\"\t\t// end group field %d level %d\n",
+       //                              data[start:len(data)-b.Len()], tag, nesting)
+       //                      nesting--
+       //              default:
+       //                      fmt.Printf("unrecognized wire type %d\n", wire)
+       //                      return
+       //              }
+       //      }
+}
+
+func hex(c uint8) uint8 {
+       if '0' <= c && c <= '9' {
+               return c - '0'
+       }
+       if 'a' <= c && c <= 'f' {
+               return 10 + c - 'a'
+       }
+       if 'A' <= c && c <= 'F' {
+               return 10 + c - 'A'
+       }
+       return 0
+}
+
+func equal(b []byte, s string, t *testing.T) bool {
+       if 2*len(b) != len(s) {
+               //              fail(fmt.Sprintf("wrong lengths: 2*%d != %d", len(b), len(s)), b, s, t)
+               fmt.Printf("wrong lengths: 2*%d != %d\n", len(b), len(s))
+               return false
+       }
+       for i, j := 0, 0; i < len(b); i, j = i+1, j+2 {
+               x := hex(s[j])*16 + hex(s[j+1])
+               if b[i] != x {
+                       //                      fail(fmt.Sprintf("bad byte[%d]:%x %x", i, b[i], x), b, s, t)
+                       fmt.Printf("bad byte[%d]:%x %x", i, b[i], x)
+                       return false
+               }
+       }
+       return true
+}
+
+func overify(t *testing.T, pb *GoTest, expected string) {
+       o := old()
+       err := o.Marshal(pb)
+       if err != nil {
+               fmt.Printf("overify marshal-1 err = %v", err)
+               o.DebugPrint("", o.Bytes())
+               t.Fatalf("expected = %s", expected)
+       }
+       if !equal(o.Bytes(), expected, t) {
+               o.DebugPrint("overify neq 1", o.Bytes())
+               t.Fatalf("expected = %s", expected)
+       }
+
+       // Now test Unmarshal by recreating the original buffer.
+       pbd := new(GoTest)
+       err = o.Unmarshal(pbd)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("overify unmarshal err = %v", err)
+               o.DebugPrint("", o.Bytes())
+               t.Fatalf("string = %s", expected)
+       }
+       o.Reset()
+       err = o.Marshal(pbd)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Errorf("overify marshal-2 err = %v", err)
+               o.DebugPrint("", o.Bytes())
+               t.Fatalf("string = %s", expected)
+       }
+       if !equal(o.Bytes(), expected, t) {
+               o.DebugPrint("overify neq 2", o.Bytes())
+               t.Fatalf("string = %s", expected)
+       }
+}
+
+// Simple tests for numeric encode/decode primitives (varint, etc.)
+func TestNumericPrimitives(t *testing.T) {
+       for i := uint64(0); i < 1e6; i += 111 {
+               o := old()
+               if o.EncodeVarint(i) != nil {
+                       t.Error("EncodeVarint")
+                       break
+               }
+               x, e := o.DecodeVarint()
+               if e != nil {
+                       t.Fatal("DecodeVarint")
+               }
+               if x != i {
+                       t.Fatal("varint decode fail:", i, x)
+               }
+
+               o = old()
+               if o.EncodeFixed32(i) != nil {
+                       t.Fatal("encFixed32")
+               }
+               x, e = o.DecodeFixed32()
+               if e != nil {
+                       t.Fatal("decFixed32")
+               }
+               if x != i {
+                       t.Fatal("fixed32 decode fail:", i, x)
+               }
+
+               o = old()
+               if o.EncodeFixed64(i*1234567) != nil {
+                       t.Error("encFixed64")
+                       break
+               }
+               x, e = o.DecodeFixed64()
+               if e != nil {
+                       t.Error("decFixed64")
+                       break
+               }
+               if x != i*1234567 {
+                       t.Error("fixed64 decode fail:", i*1234567, x)
+                       break
+               }
+
+               o = old()
+               i32 := int32(i - 12345)
+               if o.EncodeZigzag32(uint64(i32)) != nil {
+                       t.Fatal("EncodeZigzag32")
+               }
+               x, e = o.DecodeZigzag32()
+               if e != nil {
+                       t.Fatal("DecodeZigzag32")
+               }
+               if x != uint64(uint32(i32)) {
+                       t.Fatal("zigzag32 decode fail:", i32, x)
+               }
+
+               o = old()
+               i64 := int64(i - 12345)
+               if o.EncodeZigzag64(uint64(i64)) != nil {
+                       t.Fatal("EncodeZigzag64")
+               }
+               x, e = o.DecodeZigzag64()
+               if e != nil {
+                       t.Fatal("DecodeZigzag64")
+               }
+               if x != uint64(i64) {
+                       t.Fatal("zigzag64 decode fail:", i64, x)
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+// fakeMarshaler is a simple struct implementing Marshaler and Message interfaces.
+type fakeMarshaler struct {
+       b   []byte
+       err error
+}
+
+func (f *fakeMarshaler) Marshal() ([]byte, error) { return f.b, f.err }
+func (f *fakeMarshaler) String() string           { return fmt.Sprintf("Bytes: %v Error: %v", f.b, f.err) }
+func (f *fakeMarshaler) ProtoMessage()            {}
+func (f *fakeMarshaler) Reset()                   {}
+
+type msgWithFakeMarshaler struct {
+       M *fakeMarshaler `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=fake"`
+}
+
+func (m *msgWithFakeMarshaler) String() string { return CompactTextString(m) }
+func (m *msgWithFakeMarshaler) ProtoMessage()  {}
+func (m *msgWithFakeMarshaler) Reset()         {}
+
+// Simple tests for proto messages that implement the Marshaler interface.
+func TestMarshalerEncoding(t *testing.T) {
+       tests := []struct {
+               name    string
+               m       Message
+               want    []byte
+               errType reflect.Type
+       }{
+               {
+                       name: "Marshaler that fails",
+                       m: &fakeMarshaler{
+                               err: errors.New("some marshal err"),
+                               b:   []byte{5, 6, 7},
+                       },
+                       // Since the Marshal method returned bytes, they should be written to the
+                       // buffer.  (For efficiency, we assume that Marshal implementations are
+                       // always correct w.r.t. RequiredNotSetError and output.)
+                       want:    []byte{5, 6, 7},
+                       errType: reflect.TypeOf(errors.New("some marshal err")),
+               },
+               {
+                       name: "Marshaler that fails with RequiredNotSetError",
+                       m: &msgWithFakeMarshaler{
+                               M: &fakeMarshaler{
+                                       err: &RequiredNotSetError{},
+                                       b:   []byte{5, 6, 7},
+                               },
+                       },
+                       // Since there's an error that can be continued after,
+                       // the buffer should be written.
+                       want: []byte{
+                               10, 3, // for &msgWithFakeMarshaler
+                               5, 6, 7, // for &fakeMarshaler
+                       },
+                       errType: reflect.TypeOf(&RequiredNotSetError{}),
+               },
+               {
+                       name: "Marshaler that succeeds",
+                       m: &fakeMarshaler{
+                               b: []byte{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 127, 255},
+                       },
+                       want: []byte{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 127, 255},
+               },
+       }
+       for _, test := range tests {
+               b := NewBuffer(nil)
+               err := b.Marshal(test.m)
+               if reflect.TypeOf(err) != test.errType {
+                       t.Errorf("%s: got err %T(%v) wanted %T", test.name, err, err, test.errType)
+               }
+               if !reflect.DeepEqual(test.want, b.Bytes()) {
+                       t.Errorf("%s: got bytes %v wanted %v", test.name, b.Bytes(), test.want)
+               }
+               if size := Size(test.m); size != len(b.Bytes()) {
+                       t.Errorf("%s: Size(_) = %v, but marshaled to %v bytes", test.name, size, len(b.Bytes()))
+               }
+
+               m, mErr := Marshal(test.m)
+               if !bytes.Equal(b.Bytes(), m) {
+                       t.Errorf("%s: Marshal returned %v, but (*Buffer).Marshal wrote %v", test.name, m, b.Bytes())
+               }
+               if !reflect.DeepEqual(err, mErr) {
+                       t.Errorf("%s: Marshal err = %q, but (*Buffer).Marshal returned %q",
+                               test.name, fmt.Sprint(mErr), fmt.Sprint(err))
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+// Simple tests for bytes
+func TestBytesPrimitives(t *testing.T) {
+       o := old()
+       bytes := []byte{'n', 'o', 'w', ' ', 'i', 's', ' ', 't', 'h', 'e', ' ', 't', 'i', 'm', 'e'}
+       if o.EncodeRawBytes(bytes) != nil {
+               t.Error("EncodeRawBytes")
+       }
+       decb, e := o.DecodeRawBytes(false)
+       if e != nil {
+               t.Error("DecodeRawBytes")
+       }
+       equalbytes(bytes, decb, t)
+}
+
+// Simple tests for strings
+func TestStringPrimitives(t *testing.T) {
+       o := old()
+       s := "now is the time"
+       if o.EncodeStringBytes(s) != nil {
+               t.Error("enc_string")
+       }
+       decs, e := o.DecodeStringBytes()
+       if e != nil {
+               t.Error("dec_string")
+       }
+       if s != decs {
+               t.Error("string encode/decode fail:", s, decs)
+       }
+}
+
+// Do we catch the "required bit not set" case?
+func TestRequiredBit(t *testing.T) {
+       o := old()
+       pb := new(GoTest)
+       err := o.Marshal(pb)
+       if err == nil {
+               t.Error("did not catch missing required fields")
+       } else if strings.Index(err.Error(), "Kind") < 0 {
+               t.Error("wrong error type:", err)
+       }
+}
+
+// Check that all fields are nil.
+// Clearly silly, and a residue from a more interesting test with an earlier,
+// different initialization property, but it once caught a compiler bug so
+// it lives.
+func checkInitialized(pb *GoTest, t *testing.T) {
+       if pb.F_BoolDefaulted != nil {
+               t.Error("New or Reset did not set boolean:", *pb.F_BoolDefaulted)
+       }
+       if pb.F_Int32Defaulted != nil {
+               t.Error("New or Reset did not set int32:", *pb.F_Int32Defaulted)
+       }
+       if pb.F_Int64Defaulted != nil {
+               t.Error("New or Reset did not set int64:", *pb.F_Int64Defaulted)
+       }
+       if pb.F_Fixed32Defaulted != nil {
+               t.Error("New or Reset did not set fixed32:", *pb.F_Fixed32Defaulted)
+       }
+       if pb.F_Fixed64Defaulted != nil {
+               t.Error("New or Reset did not set fixed64:", *pb.F_Fixed64Defaulted)
+       }
+       if pb.F_Uint32Defaulted != nil {
+               t.Error("New or Reset did not set uint32:", *pb.F_Uint32Defaulted)
+       }
+       if pb.F_Uint64Defaulted != nil {
+               t.Error("New or Reset did not set uint64:", *pb.F_Uint64Defaulted)
+       }
+       if pb.F_FloatDefaulted != nil {
+               t.Error("New or Reset did not set float:", *pb.F_FloatDefaulted)
+       }
+       if pb.F_DoubleDefaulted != nil {
+               t.Error("New or Reset did not set double:", *pb.F_DoubleDefaulted)
+       }
+       if pb.F_StringDefaulted != nil {
+               t.Error("New or Reset did not set string:", *pb.F_StringDefaulted)
+       }
+       if pb.F_BytesDefaulted != nil {
+               t.Error("New or Reset did not set bytes:", string(pb.F_BytesDefaulted))
+       }
+       if pb.F_Sint32Defaulted != nil {
+               t.Error("New or Reset did not set int32:", *pb.F_Sint32Defaulted)
+       }
+       if pb.F_Sint64Defaulted != nil {
+               t.Error("New or Reset did not set int64:", *pb.F_Sint64Defaulted)
+       }
+}
+
+// Does Reset() reset?
+func TestReset(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := initGoTest(true)
+       // muck with some values
+       pb.F_BoolDefaulted = Bool(false)
+       pb.F_Int32Defaulted = Int32(237)
+       pb.F_Int64Defaulted = Int64(12346)
+       pb.F_Fixed32Defaulted = Uint32(32000)
+       pb.F_Fixed64Defaulted = Uint64(666)
+       pb.F_Uint32Defaulted = Uint32(323232)
+       pb.F_Uint64Defaulted = nil
+       pb.F_FloatDefaulted = nil
+       pb.F_DoubleDefaulted = Float64(0)
+       pb.F_StringDefaulted = String("gotcha")
+       pb.F_BytesDefaulted = []byte("asdfasdf")
+       pb.F_Sint32Defaulted = Int32(123)
+       pb.F_Sint64Defaulted = Int64(789)
+       pb.Reset()
+       checkInitialized(pb, t)
+}
+
+// All required fields set, no defaults provided.
+func TestEncodeDecode1(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := initGoTest(false)
+       overify(t, pb,
+               "0807"+ // field 1, encoding 0, value 7
+                       "220d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 4, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
+                       "5001"+ // field 10, encoding 0, value 1
+                       "5803"+ // field 11, encoding 0, value 3
+                       "6006"+ // field 12, encoding 0, value 6
+                       "6d20000000"+ // field 13, encoding 5, value 0x20
+                       "714000000000000000"+ // field 14, encoding 1, value 0x40
+                       "78a019"+ // field 15, encoding 0, value 0xca0 = 3232
+                       "8001c032"+ // field 16, encoding 0, value 0x1940 = 6464
+                       "8d0100004a45"+ // field 17, encoding 5, value 3232.0
+                       "9101000000000040b940"+ // field 18, encoding 1, value 6464.0
+                       "9a0106"+"737472696e67"+ // field 19, encoding 2, string "string"
+                       "b304"+ // field 70, encoding 3, start group
+                       "ba0408"+"7265717569726564"+ // field 71, encoding 2, string "required"
+                       "b404"+ // field 70, encoding 4, end group
+                       "aa0605"+"6279746573"+ // field 101, encoding 2, string "bytes"
+                       "b0063f"+ // field 102, encoding 0, 0x3f zigzag32
+                       "b8067f") // field 103, encoding 0, 0x7f zigzag64
+}
+
+// All required fields set, defaults provided.
+func TestEncodeDecode2(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := initGoTest(true)
+       overify(t, pb,
+               "0807"+ // field 1, encoding 0, value 7
+                       "220d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 4, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
+                       "5001"+ // field 10, encoding 0, value 1
+                       "5803"+ // field 11, encoding 0, value 3
+                       "6006"+ // field 12, encoding 0, value 6
+                       "6d20000000"+ // field 13, encoding 5, value 32
+                       "714000000000000000"+ // field 14, encoding 1, value 64
+                       "78a019"+ // field 15, encoding 0, value 3232
+                       "8001c032"+ // field 16, encoding 0, value 6464
+                       "8d0100004a45"+ // field 17, encoding 5, value 3232.0
+                       "9101000000000040b940"+ // field 18, encoding 1, value 6464.0
+                       "9a0106"+"737472696e67"+ // field 19, encoding 2 string "string"
+                       "c00201"+ // field 40, encoding 0, value 1
+                       "c80220"+ // field 41, encoding 0, value 32
+                       "d00240"+ // field 42, encoding 0, value 64
+                       "dd0240010000"+ // field 43, encoding 5, value 320
+                       "e1028002000000000000"+ // field 44, encoding 1, value 640
+                       "e8028019"+ // field 45, encoding 0, value 3200
+                       "f0028032"+ // field 46, encoding 0, value 6400
+                       "fd02e0659948"+ // field 47, encoding 5, value 314159.0
+                       "81030000000050971041"+ // field 48, encoding 1, value 271828.0
+                       "8a0310"+"68656c6c6f2c2022776f726c6421220a"+ // field 49, encoding 2 string "hello, \"world!\"\n"
+                       "b304"+ // start group field 70 level 1
+                       "ba0408"+"7265717569726564"+ // field 71, encoding 2, string "required"
+                       "b404"+ // end group field 70 level 1
+                       "aa0605"+"6279746573"+ // field 101, encoding 2 string "bytes"
+                       "b0063f"+ // field 102, encoding 0, 0x3f zigzag32
+                       "b8067f"+ // field 103, encoding 0, 0x7f zigzag64
+                       "8a1907"+"4269676e6f7365"+ // field 401, encoding 2, string "Bignose"
+                       "90193f"+ // field 402, encoding 0, value 63
+                       "98197f") // field 403, encoding 0, value 127
+
+}
+
+// All default fields set to their default value by hand
+func TestEncodeDecode3(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := initGoTest(false)
+       pb.F_BoolDefaulted = Bool(true)
+       pb.F_Int32Defaulted = Int32(32)
+       pb.F_Int64Defaulted = Int64(64)
+       pb.F_Fixed32Defaulted = Uint32(320)
+       pb.F_Fixed64Defaulted = Uint64(640)
+       pb.F_Uint32Defaulted = Uint32(3200)
+       pb.F_Uint64Defaulted = Uint64(6400)
+       pb.F_FloatDefaulted = Float32(314159)
+       pb.F_DoubleDefaulted = Float64(271828)
+       pb.F_StringDefaulted = String("hello, \"world!\"\n")
+       pb.F_BytesDefaulted = []byte("Bignose")
+       pb.F_Sint32Defaulted = Int32(-32)
+       pb.F_Sint64Defaulted = Int64(-64)
+
+       overify(t, pb,
+               "0807"+ // field 1, encoding 0, value 7
+                       "220d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 4, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
+                       "5001"+ // field 10, encoding 0, value 1
+                       "5803"+ // field 11, encoding 0, value 3
+                       "6006"+ // field 12, encoding 0, value 6
+                       "6d20000000"+ // field 13, encoding 5, value 32
+                       "714000000000000000"+ // field 14, encoding 1, value 64
+                       "78a019"+ // field 15, encoding 0, value 3232
+                       "8001c032"+ // field 16, encoding 0, value 6464
+                       "8d0100004a45"+ // field 17, encoding 5, value 3232.0
+                       "9101000000000040b940"+ // field 18, encoding 1, value 6464.0
+                       "9a0106"+"737472696e67"+ // field 19, encoding 2 string "string"
+                       "c00201"+ // field 40, encoding 0, value 1
+                       "c80220"+ // field 41, encoding 0, value 32
+                       "d00240"+ // field 42, encoding 0, value 64
+                       "dd0240010000"+ // field 43, encoding 5, value 320
+                       "e1028002000000000000"+ // field 44, encoding 1, value 640
+                       "e8028019"+ // field 45, encoding 0, value 3200
+                       "f0028032"+ // field 46, encoding 0, value 6400
+                       "fd02e0659948"+ // field 47, encoding 5, value 314159.0
+                       "81030000000050971041"+ // field 48, encoding 1, value 271828.0
+                       "8a0310"+"68656c6c6f2c2022776f726c6421220a"+ // field 49, encoding 2 string "hello, \"world!\"\n"
+                       "b304"+ // start group field 70 level 1
+                       "ba0408"+"7265717569726564"+ // field 71, encoding 2, string "required"
+                       "b404"+ // end group field 70 level 1
+                       "aa0605"+"6279746573"+ // field 101, encoding 2 string "bytes"
+                       "b0063f"+ // field 102, encoding 0, 0x3f zigzag32
+                       "b8067f"+ // field 103, encoding 0, 0x7f zigzag64
+                       "8a1907"+"4269676e6f7365"+ // field 401, encoding 2, string "Bignose"
+                       "90193f"+ // field 402, encoding 0, value 63
+                       "98197f") // field 403, encoding 0, value 127
+
+}
+
+// All required fields set, defaults provided, all non-defaulted optional fields have values.
+func TestEncodeDecode4(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := initGoTest(true)
+       pb.Table = String("hello")
+       pb.Param = Int32(7)
+       pb.OptionalField = initGoTestField()
+       pb.F_BoolOptional = Bool(true)
+       pb.F_Int32Optional = Int32(32)
+       pb.F_Int64Optional = Int64(64)
+       pb.F_Fixed32Optional = Uint32(3232)
+       pb.F_Fixed64Optional = Uint64(6464)
+       pb.F_Uint32Optional = Uint32(323232)
+       pb.F_Uint64Optional = Uint64(646464)
+       pb.F_FloatOptional = Float32(32.)
+       pb.F_DoubleOptional = Float64(64.)
+       pb.F_StringOptional = String("hello")
+       pb.F_BytesOptional = []byte("Bignose")
+       pb.F_Sint32Optional = Int32(-32)
+       pb.F_Sint64Optional = Int64(-64)
+       pb.Optionalgroup = initGoTest_OptionalGroup()
+
+       overify(t, pb,
+               "0807"+ // field 1, encoding 0, value 7
+                       "1205"+"68656c6c6f"+ // field 2, encoding 2, string "hello"
+                       "1807"+ // field 3, encoding 0, value 7
+                       "220d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 4, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
+                       "320d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 6, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
+                       "5001"+ // field 10, encoding 0, value 1
+                       "5803"+ // field 11, encoding 0, value 3
+                       "6006"+ // field 12, encoding 0, value 6
+                       "6d20000000"+ // field 13, encoding 5, value 32
+                       "714000000000000000"+ // field 14, encoding 1, value 64
+                       "78a019"+ // field 15, encoding 0, value 3232
+                       "8001c032"+ // field 16, encoding 0, value 6464
+                       "8d0100004a45"+ // field 17, encoding 5, value 3232.0
+                       "9101000000000040b940"+ // field 18, encoding 1, value 6464.0
+                       "9a0106"+"737472696e67"+ // field 19, encoding 2 string "string"
+                       "f00101"+ // field 30, encoding 0, value 1
+                       "f80120"+ // field 31, encoding 0, value 32
+                       "800240"+ // field 32, encoding 0, value 64
+                       "8d02a00c0000"+ // field 33, encoding 5, value 3232
+                       "91024019000000000000"+ // field 34, encoding 1, value 6464
+                       "9802a0dd13"+ // field 35, encoding 0, value 323232
+                       "a002c0ba27"+ // field 36, encoding 0, value 646464
+                       "ad0200000042"+ // field 37, encoding 5, value 32.0
+                       "b1020000000000005040"+ // field 38, encoding 1, value 64.0
+                       "ba0205"+"68656c6c6f"+ // field 39, encoding 2, string "hello"
+                       "c00201"+ // field 40, encoding 0, value 1
+                       "c80220"+ // field 41, encoding 0, value 32
+                       "d00240"+ // field 42, encoding 0, value 64
+                       "dd0240010000"+ // field 43, encoding 5, value 320
+                       "e1028002000000000000"+ // field 44, encoding 1, value 640
+                       "e8028019"+ // field 45, encoding 0, value 3200
+                       "f0028032"+ // field 46, encoding 0, value 6400
+                       "fd02e0659948"+ // field 47, encoding 5, value 314159.0
+                       "81030000000050971041"+ // field 48, encoding 1, value 271828.0
+                       "8a0310"+"68656c6c6f2c2022776f726c6421220a"+ // field 49, encoding 2 string "hello, \"world!\"\n"
+                       "b304"+ // start group field 70 level 1
+                       "ba0408"+"7265717569726564"+ // field 71, encoding 2, string "required"
+                       "b404"+ // end group field 70 level 1
+                       "d305"+ // start group field 90 level 1
+                       "da0508"+"6f7074696f6e616c"+ // field 91, encoding 2, string "optional"
+                       "d405"+ // end group field 90 level 1
+                       "aa0605"+"6279746573"+ // field 101, encoding 2 string "bytes"
+                       "b0063f"+ // field 102, encoding 0, 0x3f zigzag32
+                       "b8067f"+ // field 103, encoding 0, 0x7f zigzag64
+                       "ea1207"+"4269676e6f7365"+ // field 301, encoding 2, string "Bignose"
+                       "f0123f"+ // field 302, encoding 0, value 63
+                       "f8127f"+ // field 303, encoding 0, value 127
+                       "8a1907"+"4269676e6f7365"+ // field 401, encoding 2, string "Bignose"
+                       "90193f"+ // field 402, encoding 0, value 63
+                       "98197f") // field 403, encoding 0, value 127
+
+}
+
+// All required fields set, defaults provided, all repeated fields given two values.
+func TestEncodeDecode5(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := initGoTest(true)
+       pb.RepeatedField = []*GoTestField{initGoTestField(), initGoTestField()}
+       pb.F_BoolRepeated = []bool{false, true}
+       pb.F_Int32Repeated = []int32{32, 33}
+       pb.F_Int64Repeated = []int64{64, 65}
+       pb.F_Fixed32Repeated = []uint32{3232, 3333}
+       pb.F_Fixed64Repeated = []uint64{6464, 6565}
+       pb.F_Uint32Repeated = []uint32{323232, 333333}
+       pb.F_Uint64Repeated = []uint64{646464, 656565}
+       pb.F_FloatRepeated = []float32{32., 33.}
+       pb.F_DoubleRepeated = []float64{64., 65.}
+       pb.F_StringRepeated = []string{"hello", "sailor"}
+       pb.F_BytesRepeated = [][]byte{[]byte("big"), []byte("nose")}
+       pb.F_Sint32Repeated = []int32{32, -32}
+       pb.F_Sint64Repeated = []int64{64, -64}
+       pb.Repeatedgroup = []*GoTest_RepeatedGroup{initGoTest_RepeatedGroup(), initGoTest_RepeatedGroup()}
+
+       overify(t, pb,
+               "0807"+ // field 1, encoding 0, value 7
+                       "220d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 4, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
+                       "2a0d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 5, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
+                       "2a0d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 5, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
+                       "5001"+ // field 10, encoding 0, value 1
+                       "5803"+ // field 11, encoding 0, value 3
+                       "6006"+ // field 12, encoding 0, value 6
+                       "6d20000000"+ // field 13, encoding 5, value 32
+                       "714000000000000000"+ // field 14, encoding 1, value 64
+                       "78a019"+ // field 15, encoding 0, value 3232
+                       "8001c032"+ // field 16, encoding 0, value 6464
+                       "8d0100004a45"+ // field 17, encoding 5, value 3232.0
+                       "9101000000000040b940"+ // field 18, encoding 1, value 6464.0
+                       "9a0106"+"737472696e67"+ // field 19, encoding 2 string "string"
+                       "a00100"+ // field 20, encoding 0, value 0
+                       "a00101"+ // field 20, encoding 0, value 1
+                       "a80120"+ // field 21, encoding 0, value 32
+                       "a80121"+ // field 21, encoding 0, value 33
+                       "b00140"+ // field 22, encoding 0, value 64
+                       "b00141"+ // field 22, encoding 0, value 65
+                       "bd01a00c0000"+ // field 23, encoding 5, value 3232
+                       "bd01050d0000"+ // field 23, encoding 5, value 3333
+                       "c1014019000000000000"+ // field 24, encoding 1, value 6464
+                       "c101a519000000000000"+ // field 24, encoding 1, value 6565
+                       "c801a0dd13"+ // field 25, encoding 0, value 323232
+                       "c80195ac14"+ // field 25, encoding 0, value 333333
+                       "d001c0ba27"+ // field 26, encoding 0, value 646464
+                       "d001b58928"+ // field 26, encoding 0, value 656565
+                       "dd0100000042"+ // field 27, encoding 5, value 32.0
+                       "dd0100000442"+ // field 27, encoding 5, value 33.0
+                       "e1010000000000005040"+ // field 28, encoding 1, value 64.0
+                       "e1010000000000405040"+ // field 28, encoding 1, value 65.0
+                       "ea0105"+"68656c6c6f"+ // field 29, encoding 2, string "hello"
+                       "ea0106"+"7361696c6f72"+ // field 29, encoding 2, string "sailor"
+                       "c00201"+ // field 40, encoding 0, value 1
+                       "c80220"+ // field 41, encoding 0, value 32
+                       "d00240"+ // field 42, encoding 0, value 64
+                       "dd0240010000"+ // field 43, encoding 5, value 320
+                       "e1028002000000000000"+ // field 44, encoding 1, value 640
+                       "e8028019"+ // field 45, encoding 0, value 3200
+                       "f0028032"+ // field 46, encoding 0, value 6400
+                       "fd02e0659948"+ // field 47, encoding 5, value 314159.0
+                       "81030000000050971041"+ // field 48, encoding 1, value 271828.0
+                       "8a0310"+"68656c6c6f2c2022776f726c6421220a"+ // field 49, encoding 2 string "hello, \"world!\"\n"
+                       "b304"+ // start group field 70 level 1
+                       "ba0408"+"7265717569726564"+ // field 71, encoding 2, string "required"
+                       "b404"+ // end group field 70 level 1
+                       "8305"+ // start group field 80 level 1
+                       "8a0508"+"7265706561746564"+ // field 81, encoding 2, string "repeated"
+                       "8405"+ // end group field 80 level 1
+                       "8305"+ // start group field 80 level 1
+                       "8a0508"+"7265706561746564"+ // field 81, encoding 2, string "repeated"
+                       "8405"+ // end group field 80 level 1
+                       "aa0605"+"6279746573"+ // field 101, encoding 2 string "bytes"
+                       "b0063f"+ // field 102, encoding 0, 0x3f zigzag32
+                       "b8067f"+ // field 103, encoding 0, 0x7f zigzag64
+                       "ca0c03"+"626967"+ // field 201, encoding 2, string "big"
+                       "ca0c04"+"6e6f7365"+ // field 201, encoding 2, string "nose"
+                       "d00c40"+ // field 202, encoding 0, value 32
+                       "d00c3f"+ // field 202, encoding 0, value -32
+                       "d80c8001"+ // field 203, encoding 0, value 64
+                       "d80c7f"+ // field 203, encoding 0, value -64
+                       "8a1907"+"4269676e6f7365"+ // field 401, encoding 2, string "Bignose"
+                       "90193f"+ // field 402, encoding 0, value 63
+                       "98197f") // field 403, encoding 0, value 127
+
+}
+
+// All required fields set, all packed repeated fields given two values.
+func TestEncodeDecode6(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := initGoTest(false)
+       pb.F_BoolRepeatedPacked = []bool{false, true}
+       pb.F_Int32RepeatedPacked = []int32{32, 33}
+       pb.F_Int64RepeatedPacked = []int64{64, 65}
+       pb.F_Fixed32RepeatedPacked = []uint32{3232, 3333}
+       pb.F_Fixed64RepeatedPacked = []uint64{6464, 6565}
+       pb.F_Uint32RepeatedPacked = []uint32{323232, 333333}
+       pb.F_Uint64RepeatedPacked = []uint64{646464, 656565}
+       pb.F_FloatRepeatedPacked = []float32{32., 33.}
+       pb.F_DoubleRepeatedPacked = []float64{64., 65.}
+       pb.F_Sint32RepeatedPacked = []int32{32, -32}
+       pb.F_Sint64RepeatedPacked = []int64{64, -64}
+
+       overify(t, pb,
+               "0807"+ // field 1, encoding 0, value 7
+                       "220d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 4, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
+                       "5001"+ // field 10, encoding 0, value 1
+                       "5803"+ // field 11, encoding 0, value 3
+                       "6006"+ // field 12, encoding 0, value 6
+                       "6d20000000"+ // field 13, encoding 5, value 32
+                       "714000000000000000"+ // field 14, encoding 1, value 64
+                       "78a019"+ // field 15, encoding 0, value 3232
+                       "8001c032"+ // field 16, encoding 0, value 6464
+                       "8d0100004a45"+ // field 17, encoding 5, value 3232.0
+                       "9101000000000040b940"+ // field 18, encoding 1, value 6464.0
+                       "9a0106"+"737472696e67"+ // field 19, encoding 2 string "string"
+                       "9203020001"+ // field 50, encoding 2, 2 bytes, value 0, value 1
+                       "9a03022021"+ // field 51, encoding 2, 2 bytes, value 32, value 33
+                       "a203024041"+ // field 52, encoding 2, 2 bytes, value 64, value 65
+                       "aa0308"+ // field 53, encoding 2, 8 bytes
+                       "a00c0000050d0000"+ // value 3232, value 3333
+                       "b20310"+ // field 54, encoding 2, 16 bytes
+                       "4019000000000000a519000000000000"+ // value 6464, value 6565
+                       "ba0306"+ // field 55, encoding 2, 6 bytes
+                       "a0dd1395ac14"+ // value 323232, value 333333
+                       "c20306"+ // field 56, encoding 2, 6 bytes
+                       "c0ba27b58928"+ // value 646464, value 656565
+                       "ca0308"+ // field 57, encoding 2, 8 bytes
+                       "0000004200000442"+ // value 32.0, value 33.0
+                       "d20310"+ // field 58, encoding 2, 16 bytes
+                       "00000000000050400000000000405040"+ // value 64.0, value 65.0
+                       "b304"+ // start group field 70 level 1
+                       "ba0408"+"7265717569726564"+ // field 71, encoding 2, string "required"
+                       "b404"+ // end group field 70 level 1
+                       "aa0605"+"6279746573"+ // field 101, encoding 2 string "bytes"
+                       "b0063f"+ // field 102, encoding 0, 0x3f zigzag32
+                       "b8067f"+ // field 103, encoding 0, 0x7f zigzag64
+                       "b21f02"+ // field 502, encoding 2, 2 bytes
+                       "403f"+ // value 32, value -32
+                       "ba1f03"+ // field 503, encoding 2, 3 bytes
+                       "80017f") // value 64, value -64
+}
+
+// Test that we can encode empty bytes fields.
+func TestEncodeDecodeBytes1(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := initGoTest(false)
+
+       // Create our bytes
+       pb.F_BytesRequired = []byte{}
+       pb.F_BytesRepeated = [][]byte{{}}
+       pb.F_BytesOptional = []byte{}
+
+       d, err := Marshal(pb)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Error(err)
+       }
+
+       pbd := new(GoTest)
+       if err := Unmarshal(d, pbd); err != nil {
+               t.Error(err)
+       }
+
+       if pbd.F_BytesRequired == nil || len(pbd.F_BytesRequired) != 0 {
+               t.Error("required empty bytes field is incorrect")
+       }
+       if pbd.F_BytesRepeated == nil || len(pbd.F_BytesRepeated) == 1 && pbd.F_BytesRepeated[0] == nil {
+               t.Error("repeated empty bytes field is incorrect")
+       }
+       if pbd.F_BytesOptional == nil || len(pbd.F_BytesOptional) != 0 {
+               t.Error("optional empty bytes field is incorrect")
+       }
+}
+
+// Test that we encode nil-valued fields of a repeated bytes field correctly.
+// Since entries in a repeated field cannot be nil, nil must mean empty value.
+func TestEncodeDecodeBytes2(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := initGoTest(false)
+
+       // Create our bytes
+       pb.F_BytesRepeated = [][]byte{nil}
+
+       d, err := Marshal(pb)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Error(err)
+       }
+
+       pbd := new(GoTest)
+       if err := Unmarshal(d, pbd); err != nil {
+               t.Error(err)
+       }
+
+       if len(pbd.F_BytesRepeated) != 1 || pbd.F_BytesRepeated[0] == nil {
+               t.Error("Unexpected value for repeated bytes field")
+       }
+}
+
+// All required fields set, defaults provided, all repeated fields given two values.
+func TestSkippingUnrecognizedFields(t *testing.T) {
+       o := old()
+       pb := initGoTestField()
+
+       // Marshal it normally.
+       o.Marshal(pb)
+
+       // Now new a GoSkipTest record.
+       skip := &GoSkipTest{
+               SkipInt32:   Int32(32),
+               SkipFixed32: Uint32(3232),
+               SkipFixed64: Uint64(6464),
+               SkipString:  String("skipper"),
+               Skipgroup: &GoSkipTest_SkipGroup{
+                       GroupInt32:  Int32(75),
+                       GroupString: String("wxyz"),
+               },
+       }
+
+       // Marshal it into same buffer.
+       o.Marshal(skip)
+
+       pbd := new(GoTestField)
+       o.Unmarshal(pbd)
+
+       // The __unrecognized field should be a marshaling of GoSkipTest
+       skipd := new(GoSkipTest)
+
+       o.SetBuf(pbd.XXX_unrecognized)
+       o.Unmarshal(skipd)
+
+       if *skipd.SkipInt32 != *skip.SkipInt32 {
+               t.Error("skip int32", skipd.SkipInt32)
+       }
+       if *skipd.SkipFixed32 != *skip.SkipFixed32 {
+               t.Error("skip fixed32", skipd.SkipFixed32)
+       }
+       if *skipd.SkipFixed64 != *skip.SkipFixed64 {
+               t.Error("skip fixed64", skipd.SkipFixed64)
+       }
+       if *skipd.SkipString != *skip.SkipString {
+               t.Error("skip string", *skipd.SkipString)
+       }
+       if *skipd.Skipgroup.GroupInt32 != *skip.Skipgroup.GroupInt32 {
+               t.Error("skip group int32", skipd.Skipgroup.GroupInt32)
+       }
+       if *skipd.Skipgroup.GroupString != *skip.Skipgroup.GroupString {
+               t.Error("skip group string", *skipd.Skipgroup.GroupString)
+       }
+}
+
+// Check that unrecognized fields of a submessage are preserved.
+func TestSubmessageUnrecognizedFields(t *testing.T) {
+       nm := &NewMessage{
+               Nested: &NewMessage_Nested{
+                       Name:      String("Nigel"),
+                       FoodGroup: String("carbs"),
+               },
+       }
+       b, err := Marshal(nm)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Marshal of NewMessage: %v", err)
+       }
+
+       // Unmarshal into an OldMessage.
+       om := new(OldMessage)
+       if err := Unmarshal(b, om); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Unmarshal to OldMessage: %v", err)
+       }
+       exp := &OldMessage{
+               Nested: &OldMessage_Nested{
+                       Name: String("Nigel"),
+                       // normal protocol buffer users should not do this
+                       XXX_unrecognized: []byte("\x12\x05carbs"),
+               },
+       }
+       if !Equal(om, exp) {
+               t.Errorf("om = %v, want %v", om, exp)
+       }
+
+       // Clone the OldMessage.
+       om = Clone(om).(*OldMessage)
+       if !Equal(om, exp) {
+               t.Errorf("Clone(om) = %v, want %v", om, exp)
+       }
+
+       // Marshal the OldMessage, then unmarshal it into an empty NewMessage.
+       if b, err = Marshal(om); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Marshal of OldMessage: %v", err)
+       }
+       t.Logf("Marshal(%v) -> %q", om, b)
+       nm2 := new(NewMessage)
+       if err := Unmarshal(b, nm2); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Unmarshal to NewMessage: %v", err)
+       }
+       if !Equal(nm, nm2) {
+               t.Errorf("NewMessage round-trip: %v => %v", nm, nm2)
+       }
+}
+
+// Check that an int32 field can be upgraded to an int64 field.
+func TestNegativeInt32(t *testing.T) {
+       om := &OldMessage{
+               Num: Int32(-1),
+       }
+       b, err := Marshal(om)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Marshal of OldMessage: %v", err)
+       }
+
+       // Check the size. It should be 11 bytes;
+       // 1 for the field/wire type, and 10 for the negative number.
+       if len(b) != 11 {
+               t.Errorf("%v marshaled as %q, wanted 11 bytes", om, b)
+       }
+
+       // Unmarshal into a NewMessage.
+       nm := new(NewMessage)
+       if err := Unmarshal(b, nm); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Unmarshal to NewMessage: %v", err)
+       }
+       want := &NewMessage{
+               Num: Int64(-1),
+       }
+       if !Equal(nm, want) {
+               t.Errorf("nm = %v, want %v", nm, want)
+       }
+}
+
+// Check that we can grow an array (repeated field) to have many elements.
+// This test doesn't depend only on our encoding; for variety, it makes sure
+// we create, encode, and decode the correct contents explicitly.  It's therefore
+// a bit messier.
+// This test also uses (and hence tests) the Marshal/Unmarshal functions
+// instead of the methods.
+func TestBigRepeated(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := initGoTest(true)
+
+       // Create the arrays
+       const N = 50 // Internally the library starts much smaller.
+       pb.Repeatedgroup = make([]*GoTest_RepeatedGroup, N)
+       pb.F_Sint64Repeated = make([]int64, N)
+       pb.F_Sint32Repeated = make([]int32, N)
+       pb.F_BytesRepeated = make([][]byte, N)
+       pb.F_StringRepeated = make([]string, N)
+       pb.F_DoubleRepeated = make([]float64, N)
+       pb.F_FloatRepeated = make([]float32, N)
+       pb.F_Uint64Repeated = make([]uint64, N)
+       pb.F_Uint32Repeated = make([]uint32, N)
+       pb.F_Fixed64Repeated = make([]uint64, N)
+       pb.F_Fixed32Repeated = make([]uint32, N)
+       pb.F_Int64Repeated = make([]int64, N)
+       pb.F_Int32Repeated = make([]int32, N)
+       pb.F_BoolRepeated = make([]bool, N)
+       pb.RepeatedField = make([]*GoTestField, N)
+
+       // Fill in the arrays with checkable values.
+       igtf := initGoTestField()
+       igtrg := initGoTest_RepeatedGroup()
+       for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
+               pb.Repeatedgroup[i] = igtrg
+               pb.F_Sint64Repeated[i] = int64(i)
+               pb.F_Sint32Repeated[i] = int32(i)
+               s := fmt.Sprint(i)
+               pb.F_BytesRepeated[i] = []byte(s)
+               pb.F_StringRepeated[i] = s
+               pb.F_DoubleRepeated[i] = float64(i)
+               pb.F_FloatRepeated[i] = float32(i)
+               pb.F_Uint64Repeated[i] = uint64(i)
+               pb.F_Uint32Repeated[i] = uint32(i)
+               pb.F_Fixed64Repeated[i] = uint64(i)
+               pb.F_Fixed32Repeated[i] = uint32(i)
+               pb.F_Int64Repeated[i] = int64(i)
+               pb.F_Int32Repeated[i] = int32(i)
+               pb.F_BoolRepeated[i] = i%2 == 0
+               pb.RepeatedField[i] = igtf
+       }
+
+       // Marshal.
+       buf, _ := Marshal(pb)
+
+       // Now test Unmarshal by recreating the original buffer.
+       pbd := new(GoTest)
+       Unmarshal(buf, pbd)
+
+       // Check the checkable values
+       for i := uint64(0); i < N; i++ {
+               if pbd.Repeatedgroup[i] == nil { // TODO: more checking?
+                       t.Error("pbd.Repeatedgroup bad")
+               }
+               var x uint64
+               x = uint64(pbd.F_Sint64Repeated[i])
+               if x != i {
+                       t.Error("pbd.F_Sint64Repeated bad", x, i)
+               }
+               x = uint64(pbd.F_Sint32Repeated[i])
+               if x != i {
+                       t.Error("pbd.F_Sint32Repeated bad", x, i)
+               }
+               s := fmt.Sprint(i)
+               equalbytes(pbd.F_BytesRepeated[i], []byte(s), t)
+               if pbd.F_StringRepeated[i] != s {
+                       t.Error("pbd.F_Sint32Repeated bad", pbd.F_StringRepeated[i], i)
+               }
+               x = uint64(pbd.F_DoubleRepeated[i])
+               if x != i {
+                       t.Error("pbd.F_DoubleRepeated bad", x, i)
+               }
+               x = uint64(pbd.F_FloatRepeated[i])
+               if x != i {
+                       t.Error("pbd.F_FloatRepeated bad", x, i)
+               }
+               x = pbd.F_Uint64Repeated[i]
+               if x != i {
+                       t.Error("pbd.F_Uint64Repeated bad", x, i)
+               }
+               x = uint64(pbd.F_Uint32Repeated[i])
+               if x != i {
+                       t.Error("pbd.F_Uint32Repeated bad", x, i)
+               }
+               x = pbd.F_Fixed64Repeated[i]
+               if x != i {
+                       t.Error("pbd.F_Fixed64Repeated bad", x, i)
+               }
+               x = uint64(pbd.F_Fixed32Repeated[i])
+               if x != i {
+                       t.Error("pbd.F_Fixed32Repeated bad", x, i)
+               }
+               x = uint64(pbd.F_Int64Repeated[i])
+               if x != i {
+                       t.Error("pbd.F_Int64Repeated bad", x, i)
+               }
+               x = uint64(pbd.F_Int32Repeated[i])
+               if x != i {
+                       t.Error("pbd.F_Int32Repeated bad", x, i)
+               }
+               if pbd.F_BoolRepeated[i] != (i%2 == 0) {
+                       t.Error("pbd.F_BoolRepeated bad", x, i)
+               }
+               if pbd.RepeatedField[i] == nil { // TODO: more checking?
+                       t.Error("pbd.RepeatedField bad")
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+// Verify we give a useful message when decoding to the wrong structure type.
+func TestTypeMismatch(t *testing.T) {
+       pb1 := initGoTest(true)
+
+       // Marshal
+       o := old()
+       o.Marshal(pb1)
+
+       // Now Unmarshal it to the wrong type.
+       pb2 := initGoTestField()
+       err := o.Unmarshal(pb2)
+       if err == nil {
+               t.Error("expected error, got no error")
+       } else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "bad wiretype") {
+               t.Error("expected bad wiretype error, got", err)
+       }
+}
+
+func encodeDecode(t *testing.T, in, out Message, msg string) {
+       buf, err := Marshal(in)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("failed marshaling %v: %v", msg, err)
+       }
+       if err := Unmarshal(buf, out); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("failed unmarshaling %v: %v", msg, err)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestPackedNonPackedDecoderSwitching(t *testing.T) {
+       np, p := new(NonPackedTest), new(PackedTest)
+
+       // non-packed -> packed
+       np.A = []int32{0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5}
+       encodeDecode(t, np, p, "non-packed -> packed")
+       if !reflect.DeepEqual(np.A, p.B) {
+               t.Errorf("failed non-packed -> packed; np.A=%+v, p.B=%+v", np.A, p.B)
+       }
+
+       // packed -> non-packed
+       np.Reset()
+       p.B = []int32{3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9}
+       encodeDecode(t, p, np, "packed -> non-packed")
+       if !reflect.DeepEqual(p.B, np.A) {
+               t.Errorf("failed packed -> non-packed; p.B=%+v, np.A=%+v", p.B, np.A)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestProto1RepeatedGroup(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := &MessageList{
+               Message: []*MessageList_Message{
+                       {
+                               Name:  String("blah"),
+                               Count: Int32(7),
+                       },
+                       // NOTE: pb.Message[1] is a nil
+                       nil,
+               },
+       }
+
+       o := old()
+       err := o.Marshal(pb)
+       if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "repeated field Message has nil") {
+               t.Fatalf("unexpected or no error when marshaling: %v", err)
+       }
+}
+
+// Test that enums work.  Checks for a bug introduced by making enums
+// named types instead of int32: newInt32FromUint64 would crash with
+// a type mismatch in reflect.PointTo.
+func TestEnum(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := new(GoEnum)
+       pb.Foo = FOO_FOO1.Enum()
+       o := old()
+       if err := o.Marshal(pb); err != nil {
+               t.Fatal("error encoding enum:", err)
+       }
+       pb1 := new(GoEnum)
+       if err := o.Unmarshal(pb1); err != nil {
+               t.Fatal("error decoding enum:", err)
+       }
+       if *pb1.Foo != FOO_FOO1 {
+               t.Error("expected 7 but got ", *pb1.Foo)
+       }
+}
+
+// Enum types have String methods. Check that enum fields can be printed.
+// We don't care what the value actually is, just as long as it doesn't crash.
+func TestPrintingNilEnumFields(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := new(GoEnum)
+       _ = fmt.Sprintf("%+v", pb)
+}
+
+// Verify that absent required fields cause Marshal/Unmarshal to return errors.
+func TestRequiredFieldEnforcement(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := new(GoTestField)
+       _, err := Marshal(pb)
+       if err == nil {
+               t.Error("marshal: expected error, got nil")
+       } else if _, ok := err.(*RequiredNotSetError); !ok || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Label") {
+               t.Errorf("marshal: bad error type: %v", err)
+       }
+
+       // A slightly sneaky, yet valid, proto. It encodes the same required field twice,
+       // so simply counting the required fields is insufficient.
+       // field 1, encoding 2, value "hi"
+       buf := []byte("\x0A\x02hi\x0A\x02hi")
+       err = Unmarshal(buf, pb)
+       if err == nil {
+               t.Error("unmarshal: expected error, got nil")
+       } else if _, ok := err.(*RequiredNotSetError); !ok || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "{Unknown}") {
+               t.Errorf("unmarshal: bad error type: %v", err)
+       }
+}
+
+// Verify that absent required fields in groups cause Marshal/Unmarshal to return errors.
+func TestRequiredFieldEnforcementGroups(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := &GoTestRequiredGroupField{Group: &GoTestRequiredGroupField_Group{}}
+       if _, err := Marshal(pb); err == nil {
+               t.Error("marshal: expected error, got nil")
+       } else if _, ok := err.(*RequiredNotSetError); !ok || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Group.Field") {
+               t.Errorf("marshal: bad error type: %v", err)
+       }
+
+       buf := []byte{11, 12}
+       if err := Unmarshal(buf, pb); err == nil {
+               t.Error("unmarshal: expected error, got nil")
+       } else if _, ok := err.(*RequiredNotSetError); !ok || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Group.{Unknown}") {
+               t.Errorf("unmarshal: bad error type: %v", err)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestTypedNilMarshal(t *testing.T) {
+       // A typed nil should return ErrNil and not crash.
+       {
+               var m *GoEnum
+               if _, err := Marshal(m); err != ErrNil {
+                       t.Errorf("Marshal(%#v): got %v, want ErrNil", m, err)
+               }
+       }
+
+       {
+               m := &Communique{Union: &Communique_Msg{nil}}
+               if _, err := Marshal(m); err == nil || err == ErrNil {
+                       t.Errorf("Marshal(%#v): got %v, want errOneofHasNil", m, err)
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+// A type that implements the Marshaler interface, but is not nillable.
+type nonNillableInt uint64
+
+func (nni nonNillableInt) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+       return EncodeVarint(uint64(nni)), nil
+}
+
+type NNIMessage struct {
+       nni nonNillableInt
+}
+
+func (*NNIMessage) Reset()         {}
+func (*NNIMessage) String() string { return "" }
+func (*NNIMessage) ProtoMessage()  {}
+
+// A type that implements the Marshaler interface and is nillable.
+type nillableMessage struct {
+       x uint64
+}
+
+func (nm *nillableMessage) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+       return EncodeVarint(nm.x), nil
+}
+
+type NMMessage struct {
+       nm *nillableMessage
+}
+
+func (*NMMessage) Reset()         {}
+func (*NMMessage) String() string { return "" }
+func (*NMMessage) ProtoMessage()  {}
+
+// Verify a type that uses the Marshaler interface, but has a nil pointer.
+func TestNilMarshaler(t *testing.T) {
+       // Try a struct with a Marshaler field that is nil.
+       // It should be directly marshable.
+       nmm := new(NMMessage)
+       if _, err := Marshal(nmm); err != nil {
+               t.Error("unexpected error marshaling nmm: ", err)
+       }
+
+       // Try a struct with a Marshaler field that is not nillable.
+       nnim := new(NNIMessage)
+       nnim.nni = 7
+       var _ Marshaler = nnim.nni // verify it is truly a Marshaler
+       if _, err := Marshal(nnim); err != nil {
+               t.Error("unexpected error marshaling nnim: ", err)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestAllSetDefaults(t *testing.T) {
+       // Exercise SetDefaults with all scalar field types.
+       m := &Defaults{
+               // NaN != NaN, so override that here.
+               F_Nan: Float32(1.7),
+       }
+       expected := &Defaults{
+               F_Bool:    Bool(true),
+               F_Int32:   Int32(32),
+               F_Int64:   Int64(64),
+               F_Fixed32: Uint32(320),
+               F_Fixed64: Uint64(640),
+               F_Uint32:  Uint32(3200),
+               F_Uint64:  Uint64(6400),
+               F_Float:   Float32(314159),
+               F_Double:  Float64(271828),
+               F_String:  String(`hello, "world!"` + "\n"),
+               F_Bytes:   []byte("Bignose"),
+               F_Sint32:  Int32(-32),
+               F_Sint64:  Int64(-64),
+               F_Enum:    Defaults_GREEN.Enum(),
+               F_Pinf:    Float32(float32(math.Inf(1))),
+               F_Ninf:    Float32(float32(math.Inf(-1))),
+               F_Nan:     Float32(1.7),
+               StrZero:   String(""),
+       }
+       SetDefaults(m)
+       if !Equal(m, expected) {
+               t.Errorf("SetDefaults failed\n got %v\nwant %v", m, expected)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestSetDefaultsWithSetField(t *testing.T) {
+       // Check that a set value is not overridden.
+       m := &Defaults{
+               F_Int32: Int32(12),
+       }
+       SetDefaults(m)
+       if v := m.GetF_Int32(); v != 12 {
+               t.Errorf("m.FInt32 = %v, want 12", v)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestSetDefaultsWithSubMessage(t *testing.T) {
+       m := &OtherMessage{
+               Key: Int64(123),
+               Inner: &InnerMessage{
+                       Host: String("gopher"),
+               },
+       }
+       expected := &OtherMessage{
+               Key: Int64(123),
+               Inner: &InnerMessage{
+                       Host: String("gopher"),
+                       Port: Int32(4000),
+               },
+       }
+       SetDefaults(m)
+       if !Equal(m, expected) {
+               t.Errorf("\n got %v\nwant %v", m, expected)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestSetDefaultsWithRepeatedSubMessage(t *testing.T) {
+       m := &MyMessage{
+               RepInner: []*InnerMessage{{}},
+       }
+       expected := &MyMessage{
+               RepInner: []*InnerMessage{{
+                       Port: Int32(4000),
+               }},
+       }
+       SetDefaults(m)
+       if !Equal(m, expected) {
+               t.Errorf("\n got %v\nwant %v", m, expected)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestSetDefaultWithRepeatedNonMessage(t *testing.T) {
+       m := &MyMessage{
+               Pet: []string{"turtle", "wombat"},
+       }
+       expected := Clone(m)
+       SetDefaults(m)
+       if !Equal(m, expected) {
+               t.Errorf("\n got %v\nwant %v", m, expected)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestMaximumTagNumber(t *testing.T) {
+       m := &MaxTag{
+               LastField: String("natural goat essence"),
+       }
+       buf, err := Marshal(m)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("proto.Marshal failed: %v", err)
+       }
+       m2 := new(MaxTag)
+       if err := Unmarshal(buf, m2); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("proto.Unmarshal failed: %v", err)
+       }
+       if got, want := m2.GetLastField(), *m.LastField; got != want {
+               t.Errorf("got %q, want %q", got, want)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestJSON(t *testing.T) {
+       m := &MyMessage{
+               Count: Int32(4),
+               Pet:   []string{"bunny", "kitty"},
+               Inner: &InnerMessage{
+                       Host: String("cauchy"),
+               },
+               Bikeshed: MyMessage_GREEN.Enum(),
+       }
+       const expected = `{"count":4,"pet":["bunny","kitty"],"inner":{"host":"cauchy"},"bikeshed":1}`
+
+       b, err := json.Marshal(m)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("json.Marshal failed: %v", err)
+       }
+       s := string(b)
+       if s != expected {
+               t.Errorf("got  %s\nwant %s", s, expected)
+       }
+
+       received := new(MyMessage)
+       if err := json.Unmarshal(b, received); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("json.Unmarshal failed: %v", err)
+       }
+       if !Equal(received, m) {
+               t.Fatalf("got %s, want %s", received, m)
+       }
+
+       // Test unmarshalling of JSON with symbolic enum name.
+       const old = `{"count":4,"pet":["bunny","kitty"],"inner":{"host":"cauchy"},"bikeshed":"GREEN"}`
+       received.Reset()
+       if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(old), received); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("json.Unmarshal failed: %v", err)
+       }
+       if !Equal(received, m) {
+               t.Fatalf("got %s, want %s", received, m)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestBadWireType(t *testing.T) {
+       b := []byte{7<<3 | 6} // field 7, wire type 6
+       pb := new(OtherMessage)
+       if err := Unmarshal(b, pb); err == nil {
+               t.Errorf("Unmarshal did not fail")
+       } else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unknown wire type") {
+               t.Errorf("wrong error: %v", err)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestBytesWithInvalidLength(t *testing.T) {
+       // If a byte sequence has an invalid (negative) length, Unmarshal should not panic.
+       b := []byte{2<<3 | WireBytes, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0}
+       Unmarshal(b, new(MyMessage))
+}
+
+func TestLengthOverflow(t *testing.T) {
+       // Overflowing a length should not panic.
+       b := []byte{2<<3 | WireBytes, 1, 1, 3<<3 | WireBytes, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7f, 0x01}
+       Unmarshal(b, new(MyMessage))
+}
+
+func TestVarintOverflow(t *testing.T) {
+       // Overflowing a 64-bit length should not be allowed.
+       b := []byte{1<<3 | WireVarint, 0x01, 3<<3 | WireBytes, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x01}
+       if err := Unmarshal(b, new(MyMessage)); err == nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Overflowed uint64 length without error")
+       }
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalFuzz(t *testing.T) {
+       const N = 1000
+       seed := time.Now().UnixNano()
+       t.Logf("RNG seed is %d", seed)
+       rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(seed))
+       buf := make([]byte, 20)
+       for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
+               for j := range buf {
+                       buf[j] = byte(rng.Intn(256))
+               }
+               fuzzUnmarshal(t, buf)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestMergeMessages(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := &MessageList{Message: []*MessageList_Message{{Name: String("x"), Count: Int32(1)}}}
+       data, err := Marshal(pb)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
+       }
+
+       pb1 := new(MessageList)
+       if err := Unmarshal(data, pb1); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("first Unmarshal: %v", err)
+       }
+       if err := Unmarshal(data, pb1); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("second Unmarshal: %v", err)
+       }
+       if len(pb1.Message) != 1 {
+               t.Errorf("two Unmarshals produced %d Messages, want 1", len(pb1.Message))
+       }
+
+       pb2 := new(MessageList)
+       if err := UnmarshalMerge(data, pb2); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("first UnmarshalMerge: %v", err)
+       }
+       if err := UnmarshalMerge(data, pb2); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("second UnmarshalMerge: %v", err)
+       }
+       if len(pb2.Message) != 2 {
+               t.Errorf("two UnmarshalMerges produced %d Messages, want 2", len(pb2.Message))
+       }
+}
+
+func TestExtensionMarshalOrder(t *testing.T) {
+       m := &MyMessage{Count: Int(123)}
+       if err := SetExtension(m, E_Ext_More, &Ext{Data: String("alpha")}); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("SetExtension: %v", err)
+       }
+       if err := SetExtension(m, E_Ext_Text, String("aleph")); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("SetExtension: %v", err)
+       }
+       if err := SetExtension(m, E_Ext_Number, Int32(1)); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("SetExtension: %v", err)
+       }
+
+       // Serialize m several times, and check we get the same bytes each time.
+       var orig []byte
+       for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+               b, err := Marshal(m)
+               if err != nil {
+                       t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
+               }
+               if i == 0 {
+                       orig = b
+                       continue
+               }
+               if !bytes.Equal(b, orig) {
+                       t.Errorf("Bytes differ on attempt #%d", i)
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+// Many extensions, because small maps might not iterate differently on each iteration.
+var exts = []*ExtensionDesc{
+       E_X201,
+       E_X202,
+       E_X203,
+       E_X204,
+       E_X205,
+       E_X206,
+       E_X207,
+       E_X208,
+       E_X209,
+       E_X210,
+       E_X211,
+       E_X212,
+       E_X213,
+       E_X214,
+       E_X215,
+       E_X216,
+       E_X217,
+       E_X218,
+       E_X219,
+       E_X220,
+       E_X221,
+       E_X222,
+       E_X223,
+       E_X224,
+       E_X225,
+       E_X226,
+       E_X227,
+       E_X228,
+       E_X229,
+       E_X230,
+       E_X231,
+       E_X232,
+       E_X233,
+       E_X234,
+       E_X235,
+       E_X236,
+       E_X237,
+       E_X238,
+       E_X239,
+       E_X240,
+       E_X241,
+       E_X242,
+       E_X243,
+       E_X244,
+       E_X245,
+       E_X246,
+       E_X247,
+       E_X248,
+       E_X249,
+       E_X250,
+}
+
+func TestMessageSetMarshalOrder(t *testing.T) {
+       m := &MyMessageSet{}
+       for _, x := range exts {
+               if err := SetExtension(m, x, &Empty{}); err != nil {
+                       t.Fatalf("SetExtension: %v", err)
+               }
+       }
+
+       buf, err := Marshal(m)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
+       }
+
+       // Serialize m several times, and check we get the same bytes each time.
+       for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+               b1, err := Marshal(m)
+               if err != nil {
+                       t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
+               }
+               if !bytes.Equal(b1, buf) {
+                       t.Errorf("Bytes differ on re-Marshal #%d", i)
+               }
+
+               m2 := &MyMessageSet{}
+               if err := Unmarshal(buf, m2); err != nil {
+                       t.Errorf("Unmarshal: %v", err)
+               }
+               b2, err := Marshal(m2)
+               if err != nil {
+                       t.Errorf("re-Marshal: %v", err)
+               }
+               if !bytes.Equal(b2, buf) {
+                       t.Errorf("Bytes differ on round-trip #%d", i)
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalMergesMessages(t *testing.T) {
+       // If a nested message occurs twice in the input,
+       // the fields should be merged when decoding.
+       a := &OtherMessage{
+               Key: Int64(123),
+               Inner: &InnerMessage{
+                       Host: String("polhode"),
+                       Port: Int32(1234),
+               },
+       }
+       aData, err := Marshal(a)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Marshal(a): %v", err)
+       }
+       b := &OtherMessage{
+               Weight: Float32(1.2),
+               Inner: &InnerMessage{
+                       Host:      String("herpolhode"),
+                       Connected: Bool(true),
+               },
+       }
+       bData, err := Marshal(b)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Marshal(b): %v", err)
+       }
+       want := &OtherMessage{
+               Key:    Int64(123),
+               Weight: Float32(1.2),
+               Inner: &InnerMessage{
+                       Host:      String("herpolhode"),
+                       Port:      Int32(1234),
+                       Connected: Bool(true),
+               },
+       }
+       got := new(OtherMessage)
+       if err := Unmarshal(append(aData, bData...), got); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Unmarshal: %v", err)
+       }
+       if !Equal(got, want) {
+               t.Errorf("\n got %v\nwant %v", got, want)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestEncodingSizes(t *testing.T) {
+       tests := []struct {
+               m Message
+               n int
+       }{
+               {&Defaults{F_Int32: Int32(math.MaxInt32)}, 6},
+               {&Defaults{F_Int32: Int32(math.MinInt32)}, 11},
+               {&Defaults{F_Uint32: Uint32(uint32(math.MaxInt32) + 1)}, 6},
+               {&Defaults{F_Uint32: Uint32(math.MaxUint32)}, 6},
+       }
+       for _, test := range tests {
+               b, err := Marshal(test.m)
+               if err != nil {
+                       t.Errorf("Marshal(%v): %v", test.m, err)
+                       continue
+               }
+               if len(b) != test.n {
+                       t.Errorf("Marshal(%v) yielded %d bytes, want %d bytes", test.m, len(b), test.n)
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func TestRequiredNotSetError(t *testing.T) {
+       pb := initGoTest(false)
+       pb.RequiredField.Label = nil
+       pb.F_Int32Required = nil
+       pb.F_Int64Required = nil
+
+       expected := "0807" + // field 1, encoding 0, value 7
+               "2206" + "120474797065" + // field 4, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
+               "5001" + // field 10, encoding 0, value 1
+               "6d20000000" + // field 13, encoding 5, value 0x20
+               "714000000000000000" + // field 14, encoding 1, value 0x40
+               "78a019" + // field 15, encoding 0, value 0xca0 = 3232
+               "8001c032" + // field 16, encoding 0, value 0x1940 = 6464
+               "8d0100004a45" + // field 17, encoding 5, value 3232.0
+               "9101000000000040b940" + // field 18, encoding 1, value 6464.0
+               "9a0106" + "737472696e67" + // field 19, encoding 2, string "string"
+               "b304" + // field 70, encoding 3, start group
+               "ba0408" + "7265717569726564" + // field 71, encoding 2, string "required"
+               "b404" + // field 70, encoding 4, end group
+               "aa0605" + "6279746573" + // field 101, encoding 2, string "bytes"
+               "b0063f" + // field 102, encoding 0, 0x3f zigzag32
+               "b8067f" // field 103, encoding 0, 0x7f zigzag64
+
+       o := old()
+       bytes, err := Marshal(pb)
+       if _, ok := err.(*RequiredNotSetError); !ok {
+               fmt.Printf("marshal-1 err = %v, want *RequiredNotSetError", err)
+               o.DebugPrint("", bytes)
+               t.Fatalf("expected = %s", expected)
+       }
+       if strings.Index(err.Error(), "RequiredField.Label") < 0 {
+               t.Errorf("marshal-1 wrong err msg: %v", err)
+       }
+       if !equal(bytes, expected, t) {
+               o.DebugPrint("neq 1", bytes)
+               t.Fatalf("expected = %s", expected)
+       }
+
+       // Now test Unmarshal by recreating the original buffer.
+       pbd := new(GoTest)
+       err = Unmarshal(bytes, pbd)
+       if _, ok := err.(*RequiredNotSetError); !ok {
+               t.Fatalf("unmarshal err = %v, want *RequiredNotSetError", err)
+               o.DebugPrint("", bytes)
+               t.Fatalf("string = %s", expected)
+       }
+       if strings.Index(err.Error(), "RequiredField.{Unknown}") < 0 {
+               t.Errorf("unmarshal wrong err msg: %v", err)
+       }
+       bytes, err = Marshal(pbd)
+       if _, ok := err.(*RequiredNotSetError); !ok {
+               t.Errorf("marshal-2 err = %v, want *RequiredNotSetError", err)
+               o.DebugPrint("", bytes)
+               t.Fatalf("string = %s", expected)
+       }
+       if strings.Index(err.Error(), "RequiredField.Label") < 0 {
+               t.Errorf("marshal-2 wrong err msg: %v", err)
+       }
+       if !equal(bytes, expected, t) {
+               o.DebugPrint("neq 2", bytes)
+               t.Fatalf("string = %s", expected)
+       }
+}
+
+func fuzzUnmarshal(t *testing.T, data []byte) {
+       defer func() {
+               if e := recover(); e != nil {
+                       t.Errorf("These bytes caused a panic: %+v", data)
+                       t.Logf("Stack:\n%s", debug.Stack())
+                       t.FailNow()
+               }
+       }()
+
+       pb := new(MyMessage)
+       Unmarshal(data, pb)
+}
+
+func TestMapFieldMarshal(t *testing.T) {
+       m := &MessageWithMap{
+               NameMapping: map[int32]string{
+                       1: "Rob",
+                       4: "Ian",
+                       8: "Dave",
+               },
+       }
+       b, err := Marshal(m)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
+       }
+
+       // b should be the concatenation of these three byte sequences in some order.
+       parts := []string{
+               "\n\a\b\x01\x12\x03Rob",
+               "\n\a\b\x04\x12\x03Ian",
+               "\n\b\b\x08\x12\x04Dave",
+       }
+       ok := false
+       for i := range parts {
+               for j := range parts {
+                       if j == i {
+                               continue
+                       }
+                       for k := range parts {
+                               if k == i || k == j {
+                                       continue
+                               }
+                               try := parts[i] + parts[j] + parts[k]
+                               if bytes.Equal(b, []byte(try)) {
+                                       ok = true
+                                       break
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       if !ok {
+               t.Fatalf("Incorrect Marshal output.\n got %q\nwant %q (or a permutation of that)", b, parts[0]+parts[1]+parts[2])
+       }
+       t.Logf("FYI b: %q", b)
+
+       (new(Buffer)).DebugPrint("Dump of b", b)
+}
+
+func TestMapFieldRoundTrips(t *testing.T) {
+       m := &MessageWithMap{
+               NameMapping: map[int32]string{
+                       1: "Rob",
+                       4: "Ian",
+                       8: "Dave",
+               },
+               MsgMapping: map[int64]*FloatingPoint{
+                       0x7001: &FloatingPoint{F: Float64(2.0)},
+               },
+               ByteMapping: map[bool][]byte{
+                       false: []byte("that's not right!"),
+                       true:  []byte("aye, 'tis true!"),
+               },
+       }
+       b, err := Marshal(m)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
+       }
+       t.Logf("FYI b: %q", b)
+       m2 := new(MessageWithMap)
+       if err := Unmarshal(b, m2); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Unmarshal: %v", err)
+       }
+       for _, pair := range [][2]interface{}{
+               {m.NameMapping, m2.NameMapping},
+               {m.MsgMapping, m2.MsgMapping},
+               {m.ByteMapping, m2.ByteMapping},
+       } {
+               if !reflect.DeepEqual(pair[0], pair[1]) {
+                       t.Errorf("Map did not survive a round trip.\ninitial: %v\n  final: %v", pair[0], pair[1])
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func TestMapFieldWithNil(t *testing.T) {
+       m1 := &MessageWithMap{
+               MsgMapping: map[int64]*FloatingPoint{
+                       1: nil,
+               },
+       }
+       b, err := Marshal(m1)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
+       }
+       m2 := new(MessageWithMap)
+       if err := Unmarshal(b, m2); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Unmarshal: %v, got these bytes: %v", err, b)
+       }
+       if v, ok := m2.MsgMapping[1]; !ok {
+               t.Error("msg_mapping[1] not present")
+       } else if v != nil {
+               t.Errorf("msg_mapping[1] not nil: %v", v)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestMapFieldWithNilBytes(t *testing.T) {
+       m1 := &MessageWithMap{
+               ByteMapping: map[bool][]byte{
+                       false: []byte{},
+                       true:  nil,
+               },
+       }
+       n := Size(m1)
+       b, err := Marshal(m1)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
+       }
+       if n != len(b) {
+               t.Errorf("Size(m1) = %d; want len(Marshal(m1)) = %d", n, len(b))
+       }
+       m2 := new(MessageWithMap)
+       if err := Unmarshal(b, m2); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Unmarshal: %v, got these bytes: %v", err, b)
+       }
+       if v, ok := m2.ByteMapping[false]; !ok {
+               t.Error("byte_mapping[false] not present")
+       } else if len(v) != 0 {
+               t.Errorf("byte_mapping[false] not empty: %#v", v)
+       }
+       if v, ok := m2.ByteMapping[true]; !ok {
+               t.Error("byte_mapping[true] not present")
+       } else if len(v) != 0 {
+               t.Errorf("byte_mapping[true] not empty: %#v", v)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestDecodeMapFieldMissingKey(t *testing.T) {
+       b := []byte{
+               0x0A, 0x03, // message, tag 1 (name_mapping), of length 3 bytes
+               // no key
+               0x12, 0x01, 0x6D, // string value of length 1 byte, value "m"
+       }
+       got := &MessageWithMap{}
+       err := Unmarshal(b, got)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("failed to marshal map with missing key: %v", err)
+       }
+       want := &MessageWithMap{NameMapping: map[int32]string{0: "m"}}
+       if !Equal(got, want) {
+               t.Errorf("Unmarshaled map with no key was not as expected. got: %v, want %v", got, want)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestDecodeMapFieldMissingValue(t *testing.T) {
+       b := []byte{
+               0x0A, 0x02, // message, tag 1 (name_mapping), of length 2 bytes
+               0x08, 0x01, // varint key, value 1
+               // no value
+       }
+       got := &MessageWithMap{}
+       err := Unmarshal(b, got)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("failed to marshal map with missing value: %v", err)
+       }
+       want := &MessageWithMap{NameMapping: map[int32]string{1: ""}}
+       if !Equal(got, want) {
+               t.Errorf("Unmarshaled map with no value was not as expected. got: %v, want %v", got, want)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestOneof(t *testing.T) {
+       m := &Communique{}
+       b, err := Marshal(m)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Marshal of empty message with oneof: %v", err)
+       }
+       if len(b) != 0 {
+               t.Errorf("Marshal of empty message yielded too many bytes: %v", b)
+       }
+
+       m = &Communique{
+               Union: &Communique_Name{"Barry"},
+       }
+
+       // Round-trip.
+       b, err = Marshal(m)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Marshal of message with oneof: %v", err)
+       }
+       if len(b) != 7 { // name tag/wire (1) + name len (1) + name (5)
+               t.Errorf("Incorrect marshal of message with oneof: %v", b)
+       }
+       m.Reset()
+       if err := Unmarshal(b, m); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Unmarshal of message with oneof: %v", err)
+       }
+       if x, ok := m.Union.(*Communique_Name); !ok || x.Name != "Barry" {
+               t.Errorf("After round trip, Union = %+v", m.Union)
+       }
+       if name := m.GetName(); name != "Barry" {
+               t.Errorf("After round trip, GetName = %q, want %q", name, "Barry")
+       }
+
+       // Let's try with a message in the oneof.
+       m.Union = &Communique_Msg{&Strings{StringField: String("deep deep string")}}
+       b, err = Marshal(m)
+       if err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Marshal of message with oneof set to message: %v", err)
+       }
+       if len(b) != 20 { // msg tag/wire (1) + msg len (1) + msg (1 + 1 + 16)
+               t.Errorf("Incorrect marshal of message with oneof set to message: %v", b)
+       }
+       m.Reset()
+       if err := Unmarshal(b, m); err != nil {
+               t.Fatalf("Unmarshal of message with oneof set to message: %v", err)
+       }
+       ss, ok := m.Union.(*Communique_Msg)
+       if !ok || ss.Msg.GetStringField() != "deep deep string" {
+               t.Errorf("After round trip with oneof set to message, Union = %+v", m.Union)
+       }
+}
+
+func TestInefficientPackedBool(t *testing.T) {
+       // https://github.com/golang/protobuf/issues/76
+       inp := []byte{
+               0x12, 0x02, // 0x12 = 2<<3|2; 2 bytes
+               // Usually a bool should take a single byte,
+               // but it is permitted to be any varint.
+               0xb9, 0x30,
+       }
+       if err := Unmarshal(inp, new(MoreRepeated)); err != nil {
+               t.Error(err)
+       }
+}
+
+// Benchmarks
+
+func testMsg() *GoTest {
+       pb := initGoTest(true)
+       const N = 1000 // Internally the library starts much smaller.
+       pb.F_Int32Repeated = make([]int32, N)
+       pb.F_DoubleRepeated = make([]float64, N)
+       for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
+               pb.F_Int32Repeated[i] = int32(i)
+               pb.F_DoubleRepeated[i] = float64(i)
+       }
+       return pb
+}
+
+func bytesMsg() *GoTest {
+       pb := initGoTest(true)
+       buf := make([]byte, 4000)
+       for i := range buf {
+               buf[i] = byte(i)
+       }
+       pb.F_BytesDefaulted = buf
+       return pb
+}
+
+func benchmarkMarshal(b *testing.B, pb Message, marshal func(Message) ([]byte, error)) {
+       d, _ := marshal(pb)
+       b.SetBytes(int64(len(d)))
+       b.ResetTimer()
+       for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+               marshal(pb)
+       }
+}
+
+func benchmarkBufferMarshal(b *testing.B, pb Message) {
+       p := NewBuffer(nil)
+       benchmarkMarshal(b, pb, func(pb0 Message) ([]byte, error) {
+               p.Reset()
+               err := p.Marshal(pb0)
+               return p.Bytes(), err
+       })
+}
+
+func benchmarkSize(b *testing.B, pb Message) {
+       benchmarkMarshal(b, pb, func(pb0 Message) ([]byte, error) {
+               Size(pb)
+               return nil, nil
+       })
+}
+
+func newOf(pb Message) Message {
+       in := reflect.ValueOf(pb)
+       if in.IsNil() {
+               return pb
+       }
+       return reflect.New(in.Type().Elem()).Interface().(Message)
+}
+
+func benchmarkUnmarshal(b *testing.B, pb Message, unmarshal func([]byte, Message) error) {
+       d, _ := Marshal(pb)
+       b.SetBytes(int64(len(d)))
+       pbd := newOf(pb)
+
+       b.ResetTimer()
+       for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+               unmarshal(d, pbd)
+       }
+}
+
+func benchmarkBufferUnmarshal(b *testing.B, pb Message) {
+       p := NewBuffer(nil)
+       benchmarkUnmarshal(b, pb, func(d []byte, pb0 Message) error {
+               p.SetBuf(d)
+               return p.Unmarshal(pb0)
+       })
+}
+
+// Benchmark{Marshal,BufferMarshal,Size,Unmarshal,BufferUnmarshal}{,Bytes}
+
+func BenchmarkMarshal(b *testing.B) {
+       benchmarkMarshal(b, testMsg(), Marshal)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkBufferMarshal(b *testing.B) {
+       benchmarkBufferMarshal(b, testMsg())
+}
+
+func BenchmarkSize(b *testing.B) {
+       benchmarkSize(b, testMsg())
+}
+
+func BenchmarkUnmarshal(b *testing.B) {
+       benchmarkUnmarshal(b, testMsg(), Unmarshal)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkBufferUnmarshal(b *testing.B) {
+       benchmarkBufferUnmarshal(b, testMsg())
+}
+
+func BenchmarkMarshalBytes(b *testing.B) {
+       benchmarkMarshal(b, bytesMsg(), Marshal)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkBufferMarshalBytes(b *testing.B) {
+       benchmarkBufferMarshal(b, bytesMsg())
+}
+
+func BenchmarkSizeBytes(b *testing.B) {
+       benchmarkSize(b, bytesMsg())
+}
+
+func BenchmarkUnmarshalBytes(b *testing.B) {
+       benchmarkUnmarshal(b, bytesMsg(), Unmarshal)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkBufferUnmarshalBytes(b *testing.B) {
+       benchmarkBufferUnmarshal(b, bytesMsg())
+}
+
+func BenchmarkUnmarshalUnrecognizedFields(b *testing.B) {
+       b.StopTimer()
+       pb := initGoTestField()
+       skip := &GoSkipTest{
+               SkipInt32:   Int32(32),
+               SkipFixed32: Uint32(3232),
+               SkipFixed64: Uint64(6464),
+               SkipString:  String("skipper"),
+               Skipgroup: &GoSkipTest_SkipGroup{
+                       GroupInt32:  Int32(75),
+                       GroupString: String("wxyz"),
+               },
+       }
+
+       pbd := new(GoTestField)
+       p := NewBuffer(nil)
+       p.Marshal(pb)
+       p.Marshal(skip)
+       p2 := NewBuffer(nil)
+
+       b.StartTimer()
+       for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+               p2.SetBuf(p.Bytes())
+               p2.Unmarshal(pbd)
+       }
+}