1 .\" Copyright (c) 2002 Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl>
3 .\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
4 .\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
5 .\" preserved on all copies.
7 .\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
8 .\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
9 .\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
10 .\" permission notice identical to this one.
12 .\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
13 .\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no
14 .\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
15 .\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not
16 .\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
17 .\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
20 .\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
21 .\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
23 .\" 2007-10-23 mtk Added intro paragraph about section, plus a paragraph
24 .\" about exit status values.
26 .\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 2002 Akihiro MOTOKI, all rights reserved.
27 .\" Translated Mon Mar 5 2003 by Akihiro MOTOKI <amotoki@dd.iij4u.or.jp>
29 .\"WORD introduction ¾Ò²ð
32 .TH INTRO 1 2007-11-15 "Linux" "Linux User's Manual"
34 .\"O intro \- Introduction to user commands
36 intro \- ¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Î¾Ò²ð
39 .\"O Section 1 of the manual describes user commands and tools,
40 .\"O for example, file manipulation tools, shells, compilers,
41 .\"O web browsers, file and image viewers and editors, and so on.
42 ¥Þ¥Ë¥å¥¢¥ë¤Î 1 ¾Ï¤Ï¡¢¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤ä¥Ä¡¼¥ë¤ÎÀâÌÀ¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤ÆÀâÌÀ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
43 Î㤨¤Ð¡¢¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ëÁàºî¥Ä¡¼¥ë¡¢¥·¥§¥ë¡¢¥³¥ó¥Ñ¥¤¥é¡¢¥¦¥§¥Ö¥Ö¥é¥¦¥¶¡¢
44 ¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ä¥¤¥á¡¼¥¸¤Î¥Ó¥å¡¼¥¢¤ä¥¨¥Ç¥£¥¿¡¢¤Ê¤É¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
46 .\"O All commands yield a status value on termination.
47 .\"O This value can be tested (e.g., in most shells the variable
49 .\"O contains the status of the last executed command)
50 .\"O to see whether the command completed successfully.
51 .\"O A zero exit status is conventionally used to indicate success,
52 .\"O and a nonzero status means that the command was unsuccessful.
53 .\"O (Details of the exit status can be found in
55 .\"O A nonzero exit status can be in the range 1 to 255, and some commands
56 .\"O use different nonzero status values to indicate the reason why the
58 ¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤Î¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ï½ªÎ»»þ¤Ë¥¹¥Æ¡¼¥¿¥¹ÃͤòÊÖ¤¹¡£
59 ¤³¤ÎÃͤò¸¡ºº¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ç (Î㤨¤Ð¡¢¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤Î¥·¥§¥ë¤Ç¤ÏÊÑ¿ô
61 ¤ËºÇ¸å¤Ë¼Â¹Ô¤·¤¿¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Î¥¹¥Æ¡¼¥¿¥¹¤¬ÊÝ»ý¤µ¤ì¤ë)¡¢
62 ¤½¤Î¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤¬À®¸ù¤·¤Æ´°Î»¤·¤¿¤«¤É¤¦¤«¤òÃΤ뤳¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£
63 ÅÁÅýŪ¤Ë¡¢½ªÎ»¥¹¥Æ¡¼¥¿¥¹ 0 ¤ÏÀ®¸ù¤ò¼¨¤¹¤Î¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¡¢Èó 0 ¤ÎÃͤÏ
64 ¤½¤Î¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤¬À®¸ù¤·¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¤³¤È¤ò¼¨¤¹
65 (½ªÎ»¥¹¥Æ¡¼¥¿¥¹¤Î¾ÜºÙ¤Ï
68 Èó 0 ¤Î½ªÎ»¥¹¥Æ¡¼¥¿¥¹¤Ï 1 ¤«¤é 255 ¤ÎÈϰϤÎÃͤò¤È¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¡¢
69 ¤¤¤¯¤Ä¤«¤Î¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ç¤Ï¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤¬¼ºÇÔ¤·¤¿Íýͳ¤ò¼¨¤¹¤¿¤á¤Ë
70 Ê£¿ô¤ÎÈó 0 ¤Î¥¹¥Æ¡¼¥¿¥¹Ãͤ¬»ÈÍѤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
73 .\"O Linux is a flavor of UNIX, and as a first approximation
74 .\"O all user commands under UNIX work precisely the same under
75 .\"O Linux (and FreeBSD and lots of other UNIX-like systems).
76 Linux ¤Ï UNIX ¤Î°ì¼ï¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢Â绨ÇĤˤ¤¤¨¤Ð¡¢
77 UNIX ¾å¤Î¥æ¡¼¥¶¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ï¤¹¤Ù¤Æ Linux ¾å¤Ç¤âÁ´¤¯Æ±¤¸Æ°ºî¤ò¤¹¤ë
78 (FreeBSD ¤ä¾¤Î¤Î¿¤¯¤Î UNIX É÷¤Î¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ç¤âƱÍͤǤ¢¤ë)¡£
80 .\"O Under Linux there are GUIs (graphical user interfaces), where you
81 .\"O can point and click and drag, and hopefully get work done without
82 .\"O first reading lots of documentation.
83 .\"O The traditional UNIX environment
84 .\"O is a CLI (command line interface), where you type commands to
85 .\"O tell the computer what to do.
86 .\"O That is faster and more powerful,
87 .\"O but requires finding out what the commands are.
88 .\"O Below a bare minimum, to get started.
89 Linux ¤Ë¤Ï GUI (¥°¥é¥Õ¥£¥«¥ë¡¦¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¦¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¡¼¥¹) ¤¬ÍÑ°Õ¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢
90 ²¿¤«¤ò¥Ý¥¤¥ó¥È¤·¤¿¤ê¡¢¥¯¥ê¥Ã¥¯¤·¤¿¤ê¡¢¥É¥é¥Ã¥°¤·¤¿¤ê¤Ç¤¡¢¤¦¤Þ¤¯¤¤¤±¤Ð
91 ºÇ½é¤Ë¤¿¤¯¤µ¤ó¤Îʸ½ñ¤òÆɤޤʤ¯¤Æ¤âÌÜŪ¤Îºî¶È¤¬¤Ç¤¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¤³¤È¤â¤¢¤ë¡£
92 ÅÁÅýŪ¤Ê UNIX ´Ä¶¤Ï CLI (¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¡¦¥é¥¤¥ó¡¦¥¤¥ó¥¿¥Õ¥§¡¼¥¹) ¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢
93 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤òÂǤÁ¹þ¤ó¤Ç¡¢¥³¥ó¥Ô¥å¡¼¥¿¤Ë²¿¤ò¤¹¤Ù¤¤«¶µ¤¨¤Æ¤ä¤ë¡£
94 CLI ¤Ï GUI ¤è¤ê¤â®¤¯¶¯ÎϤÀ¤¬¡¢¤É¤Î¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤¬²¿¤ò¤¹¤ë¤Î¤«ÃΤäƤ¤¤ëɬÍ×
95 ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£CLI ¤ò»È¤¤»Ï¤á¤ë¤¿¤á¤ËɬÍ׺Ǿ®¸Â¤Î¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤ò°Ê²¼¤Ë½Ò¤Ù¤ë¡£
98 .\"O In order to start working, you probably first have to login,
99 .\"O that is, give your username and password.
106 .\"O (command interpreter) for you.
107 .\"O In case of a graphical login, you get a screen with menus or icons
108 .\"O and a mouse click will start a shell in a window.
111 ºî¶È¤ò³«»Ï¤¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¤Þ¤¹ºÇ½é¤Ë¥í¥°¥¤¥ó¤·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¤À¤í¤¦¡£
112 ¤¹¤Ê¤ï¤Á¡¢¥æ¡¼¥¶Ì¾¤È¥Ñ¥¹¥ï¡¼¥É¤òÆþÎϤ·¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£¾Ü¤·¤¯¤Ï
116 ¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤Ï (¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¡¦¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥×¥ê¥¿¤Ç¤¢¤ë)
118 ¤òµ¯Æ°¤¹¤ë¡£¥°¥é¥Õ¥£¥«¥ë¡¦¥í¥°¥¤¥ó¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ï¡¢¥á¥Ë¥å¡¼¤ä¥¢¥¤¥³¥ó¤¬¤¢¤ë
119 ¥¹¥¯¥ê¡¼¥ó¤¬É½¼¨¤µ¤ì¡¢¥Þ¥¦¥¹¤ò¥¯¥ê¥Ã¥¯¤¹¤ë¤È¥¦¥£¥ó¥É¥¦¤¬³«¤¤¤Æ
120 ¥·¥§¥ë¤¬µ¯Æ°¤µ¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤À¤í¤¦¡£¾Ü¤·¤¯¤Ï
125 .\"O One types commands to the
127 .\"O the command interpreter.
128 .\"O It is not built-in, but is just a program
129 .\"O and you can change your shell.
130 .\"O Everybody has her own favorite one.
131 .\"O The standard one is called
133 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ï¡¢¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¡¦¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥×¥ê¥¿¤Ç¤¢¤ë
137 ¤Ï¡¢ÁȤ߹þ¤ß¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯ÉáÄÌ¤Î¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¹¥¤ß¤Î¤â¤Î¤ËÊѹ¹¤¹¤ë
138 ¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£³Æ¿Í¤Ë¤Ï¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¹¥¤ß¤Î¥·¥§¥ë¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£É¸½à¤Î¥·¥§¥ë¤Ï
154 .\"O A session might go like
155 ¥»¥Ã¥·¥ç¥ó¤ÎÎã¤ò°Ê²¼¤Ë¼¨¤¹¡£
159 .BI "knuth login: " aeb
160 .BI "Password: " ********
162 Tue Aug 6 23:50:44 CEST 2002
176 drwxrwxr\-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin
177 \-rw\-rw\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel
181 .BI "% " "cp tel tel2"
184 drwxr\-xr\-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin
185 \-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel
186 \-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2
187 .BI "% " "mv tel tel1"
190 drwxr\-xr\-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin
191 \-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel1
192 \-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2
193 .BI "% " "diff tel1 tel2"
195 .BI "% " "grep maja tel2"
201 .\"O and here typing Control-D ended the session.
202 ¤³¤³¤Ç Control-D ¤òÂǤĤȥ»¥Ã¥·¥ç¥ó¤¬½ªÎ»¤¹¤ë¡£
205 .\"O here was the command prompt \(em it is the shell's way of indicating
206 .\"O that it is ready for the next command.
207 .\"O The prompt can be customized
208 .\"O in lots of ways, and one might include stuff like username,
209 .\"O machine name, current directory, time, etc.
210 .\"O An assignment PS1="What next, master? "
211 .\"O would change the prompt as indicated.
214 ¤Ï¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¡¦¥×¥í¥ó¥×¥È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¡¦¥×¥í¥ó¥×¥È¤Ï¥·¥§¥ëÆÈÆäΤä¤êÊý¤Ç¡¢
215 ¥·¥§¥ë¤¬¼¡¤Î¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤ò¼õ¤±ÉÕ¤±¤é¤ì¤ë¾õÂ֤ˤʤäƤ¤¤ë¤³¤È¤ò¼¨¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
216 ¥×¥í¥ó¥×¥È¤Ï¡¢½ÀÆð¤Ë¥«¥¹¥¿¥Þ¥¤¥º
217 ¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¡¢¥æ¡¼¥¶Ì¾¡¢¥Þ¥·¥ó̾¡¢¥«¥ì¥ó¥È¡¦¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¡¢»þ¹ï¤Ê¤É¤ò
218 ¥×¥í¥ó¥×¥È¤Ë´Þ¤á¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£
219 PS1="What next, master? " ¤ÈÀßÄꤹ¤ë¤È¡¢
220 ¥×¥í¥ó¥×¥È¤Ï¤½¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÊѹ¹¤µ¤ì¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡£
222 .\"O We see that there are commands
224 .\"O (that gives date and time), and
226 .\"O (that gives a calendar).
229 ¤È¤¤¤¦ÆüÉդȻþ¹ï¤òɽ¼¨¤¹¤ë¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤ä¡¢
231 ¤È¤¤¤¦¥«¥ì¥ó¥À¤òɽ¼¨¤¹¤ë¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤â¤¢¤ë¡£
235 .\"O lists the contents of the current directory \(em it tells you what
239 .\"O option it gives a long listing,
240 .\"O that includes the owner and size and date of the file, and the
241 .\"O permissions people have for reading and/or changing the file.
242 .\"O For example, the file "tel" here is 37 bytes long, owned by aeb
243 .\"O and the owner can read and write it, others can only read it.
244 .\"O Owner and permissions can be changed by the commands
249 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ï¥«¥ì¥ó¥È¡¦¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤ÎÆâÍƤò¥ê¥¹¥Èɽ¼¨¤¹¤ë¡¢¤Ä¤Þ¤ê
250 ¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥êÆâ¤Ë¤É¤ó¤Ê¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬¤¢¤ë¤«¤ò¶µ¤¨¤Æ¤¯¤ì¤ë¡£
252 ¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤ò¤Ä¤±¤Æ¼Â¹Ô¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢¾ÜºÙɽ¼¨¤¬¹Ô¤ï¤ì¡¢
253 ¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Î½êͼԡ¢¥µ¥¤¥º¡¢ÆüÉդʤɤ¬É½¼¨¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
254 ¾å¤ÎÎã¤Ç¤Ï¡¢"tel" ¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ï¡¢¥µ¥¤¥º¤¬ 37 ¥Ð¥¤¥È¤Ç¡¢½êÍ¼Ô¤Ï aeb ¤Ç¡¢
255 ½êͼԤÏÆɤ߽ñ¤¤¬¤Ç¤¡¢Â¾¤Î¿Í¤ÏÆɤ߽Ф·¤À¤±¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Ê¬¤«¤ë¡£
256 ¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Î½êͼԤȸ¢¸Â (permission) ¤Ï¡¢¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì
260 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤ÇÊѹ¹¤Ç¤¤ë¡£
264 .\"O will show the contents of a file.
265 .\"O (The name is from "concatenate and print": all files given as
266 .\"O parameters are concatenated and sent to "standard output", here
267 .\"O the terminal screen.)
269 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ï¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ÎÆâÍƤòɽ¼¨¤¹¤ë¡£
270 (¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É̾¤Ï "concatenate and print" (Ï¢·ë¤·¤Æ°õ»ú¤¹¤ë) ¤ËͳÍ褷¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
271 °ú¿ô¤È¤·¤ÆÍ¿¤¨¤é¤ì¤¿Á´¤Æ¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤ÎÆâÍƤ¬Ï¢·ë¤µ¤ì¡¢¡Öɸ½à½ÐÎÏ¡×
272 ¤ËÁ÷¤é¤ì¤ë¡£¾å¤ÎÎã¤Ç¤Ï¡¢É¸½à½ÐÎϤÏüËö¤Î¥¹¥¯¥ê¡¼¥ó¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£)
276 .\"O (from "copy") will copy a file.
277 .\"O On the other hand, the command
279 .\"O (from "move") only renames it.
281 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ï¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Î¥³¥Ô¡¼¤ò¹Ô¤¦ (¤½¤Î̾Á°¤Ï "copy" ¤ËͳÍ褹¤ë)¡£
284 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ïñ½ã¤Ë¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë̾¤ÎÊѹ¹¤ò¹Ô¤¦
285 (¤½¤Î̾Á°¤Ï "move" ¤ËͳÍ褹¤ë)¡£
289 .\"O lists the differences between two files.
290 .\"O Here there was no output because there were no differences.
292 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ï 2 ¤Ä¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Î°ã¤¤¤òɽ¼¨¤¹¤ë¡£
293 ¾å¤ÎÎã¤Ç¤Ï¡¢Æó¤Ä¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ë°ã¤¤¤¬¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ç¡¢²¿¤â½ÐÎϤµ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¡£
297 .\"O (from "remove") deletes the file, and be careful! it is gone.
298 .\"O No wastepaper basket or anything.
299 .\"O Deleted means lost.
301 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ï¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤òºï½ü¤¹¤ë¡£¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¤Î¤Ç
302 Ãí°Õ¤·¤Æ»ÈÍѤ¹¤ë¤³¤È! ¥´¥ßÈ¢¤ËÁêÅö¤¹¤ë¤â¤Î¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢
303 ºï½ü¤Ï¤½¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬´°Á´¤Ë¼º¤ï¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤ò°ÕÌ£¤¹¤ë¡£
307 .\"O (from "g/re/p") finds occurrences of a string in one or more files.
308 .\"O Here it finds Maja's telephone number.
310 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ï¡¢»ØÄꤵ¤ì¤¿Ê¸»úÎó¤ò°ì¤Ä°Ê¾å¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤«¤éõ¤¹
311 (¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É̾¤Ï "g/re/p" ¤ËͳÍ褷¤Æ¤¤¤ë)¡£
312 ¾å¤ÎÎã¤Ç¤Ï¡¢Maja ¤ÎÅÅÏÃÈֹ椬¸«¤Ä¤«¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
313 .\"O .SS "Pathnames and the current directory"
314 .SS ¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾¤È¥«¥ì¥ó¥È¡¦¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê
315 .\"O Files live in a large tree, the file hierarchy.
318 .\"O describing the path from the root of the tree (which is called /)
320 .\"O For example, such a full pathname might be /home/aeb/tel.
321 .\"O Always using full pathnames would be inconvenient, and the name
322 .\"O of a file in the current directory may be abbreviated by only giving
323 .\"O the last component.
324 .\"O That is why "/home/aeb/tel" can be abbreviated
325 .\"O to "tel" when the current directory is "/home/aeb".
326 ¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ï¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë³¬ÁؤȤ¤¤¦Â礤ÊÌÚ¤ÎÃæ¤Ë¤¢¤ë¡£¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Ë¤Ï
327 .I "¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾ (pathname)"
328 ¤¬¤¢¤ê¡¢¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾¤Ï (/ ¤È¸Æ¤Ð¤ì¤ë) Ìڤꬤ«¤é¤Î·ÐÏ©¤ò¼¨¤¹¤â¤Î¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
329 ¾å¤ÎÎã¤Ç¤Ï¡¢´°Á´¤Ê¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾¤Ï /home/aeb/tel ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£
330 ¤¤¤Ä¤â´°Á´¤Ê¥Ñ¥¹Ì¾¤ò»È¤¦¤Î¤ÏÉÔÊؤʤΤǡ¢¥«¥ì¥ó¥È¡¦¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤Ë¤¢¤ë
331 ¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë̾¤Ï¡¢¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë̾¤ÎºÇ¸å¤ÎÉôʬ¤À¤±¤Ë¾Êά¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£
332 ¤·¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¡¢¥«¥ì¥ó¥È¡¦¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤¬ "/home/aeb" ¤Î»þ¤Ï¡¢ "/home/aeb/tel"
333 ¤ò "tel" ¤Ë¾Êά¤·¤Æ½ñ¤¯¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£
337 .\"O prints the current directory.
339 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ï¥«¥ì¥ó¥È¡¦¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤òɽ¼¨¤¹¤ë¡£
343 .\"O changes the current directory.
344 .\"O Try "cd /" and "pwd" and "cd" and "pwd".
346 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ï¥«¥ì¥ó¥È¡¦¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤òÊѹ¹¤¹¤ë¡£
347 "cd /"¡¢"pwd"¡¢"cd"¡¢"pwd" ¤È½ç¤Ë¼Â¹Ô¤·¤Æ¤ß¤ë¤È¤è¤¤¡£
348 .\"O .SS "Directories"
352 .\"O makes a new directory.
354 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ï¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤ò¿·µ¬¤ËºîÀ®¤¹¤ë¡£
358 .\"O removes a directory if it is empty, and complains otherwise.
360 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ï¶õ¤Ç¤¢¤ì¤Ð¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤òºï½ü¤·¡¢
361 ¶õ¤Ç¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¥¨¥é¡¼¥á¥Ã¥»¡¼¥¸¤òɽ¼¨¤¹¤ë¡£
365 .\"O (with a rather baroque syntax) will find files with given name
366 .\"O or other properties.
367 .\"O For example, "find . \-name tel" would find
368 .\"O the file "tel" starting in the present directory (which is called ".").
369 .\"O And "find / \-name tel" would do the same, but starting at the root
371 .\"O Large searches on a multi-GB disk will be time-consuming,
372 .\"O and it may be better to use
375 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ï¡¢»ØÄꤵ¤ì¤¿Ì¾Á°¤ä¤½¤Î¾¤Î°À¤ò»ý¤Ä¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤òõ¤¹
376 (½ñ¼°¤Ï¤«¤Ê¤êÊѤï¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë)¡£Î㤨¤Ð¡¢"find . \-name tel" ¤ò¼Â¹Ô¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢
377 "tel" ¤È¤¤¤¦Ì¾Á°¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤Î¸¡º÷¤ò¥«¥ì¥ó¥È¡¦¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤«¤é³«»Ï¤¹¤ë¡£
378 (¥«¥ì¥ó¥È¡¦¥Ç¥£¥ì¥¯¥È¥ê¤Ï "." ¤Çɽ¤¹)¡£"find / \-name tel" ¤È¤·¤Æ¤â
379 Ʊ¤¸¤³¤È¤ò¹Ô¤¦¤¬¡¢¸¡º÷¤ÏÌڤκ¬ (/) ¤«¤é³«»Ï¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
380 ¿ô GB ¤Î¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¤ËÂФ·¤Æ¸¡º÷¤ò¤«¤±¤ë¤È»þ´Ö¤¬¤«¤«¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¢
383 ¤ò»È¤Ã¤¿Êý¤¬¤¤¤¤¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£
384 .\"O .SS "Disks and Filesystems"
385 .SS ¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¤È¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à
388 .\"O will attach the file system found on some disk (or floppy, or CDROM or so)
389 .\"O to the big file system hierarchy.
392 .\"O detaches it again.
395 .\"O will tell you how much of your disk is still free.
397 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ï¡¢(¥Õ¥í¥Ã¥Ô¡¼¤ä CDROM ¤Ê¤É¤Î) ¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¾å¤Î¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤ò
398 Â礤ʥե¡¥¤¥ë¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à³¬ÁؤËÀܳ¤¹¤ë¡£µÕ¤Ë
400 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤ÏÀÚ¤êÎ¥¤·¤ò¹Ô¤¦¡£
402 ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤ò¼Â¹Ô¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢¥Ç¥£¥¹¥¯¤Î̤»ÈÍÑÎ̤¬¤É¤ÎÄøÅÙ¤«¤òɽ¼¨¤¹¤ë¡£
405 .\"O On a UNIX system many user and system processes run simultaneously.
406 .\"O The one you are talking to runs in the
407 .\"O .IR foreground ,
408 .\"O the others in the
409 .\"O .IR background .
410 UNIX ¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¤Ç¤Ï¡¢Â¿¤¯¤Î¥æ¡¼¥¶¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤È¥·¥¹¥Æ¥à¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤¬Æ±»þ¤Ë¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
411 ÂÐÏÃŪ¤Ë¼Â¹Ô¤Ç¤¤ë¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤Ï
413 ¤Ç¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢¤½¤¦¤Ç¤Ê¤¤¤â¤Î¤Ï
418 .\"O will show you which processes are active and what numbers these
422 ¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¢¤É¤Î¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤¬¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤ä¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤¬»ý¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ëÈÖ¹æ
423 (¥×¥í¥»¥¹ÈÖ¹æ) ¤òɽ¼¨¤Ç¤¤ë¡£
426 .\"O allows you to get rid of them.
427 .\"O Without option this is a friendly
428 .\"O request: please go away.
429 .\"O And "kill \-9" followed by the number
430 .\"O of the process is an immediate kill.
433 ¤ò»È¤¦¤³¤È¤Ç¡¢¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤ò¼è¤ê½ü¤¯¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£
434 ¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ê¤·¤Ç¼Â¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤ë¤È¡¢¡Ö¤¤¤Ê¤¯¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ²¼¤µ¤¤¡×¤È¤¤¤¦¤ä¤µ¤·¤¤Í×µá
435 ¤ò¹Ô¤¦¡£"kill \-9" ¤Ë³¤±¤Æ¥×¥í¥»¥¹ÈÖ¹æ¤ò»ØÄꤹ¤ë¤È¡¢»ØÄꤷ¤¿¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤ò
437 .\"O Foreground processes can often be killed by typing Control-C.
438 foreground ¥×¥í¥»¥¹¤Ï¿¤¯¤Î¾ì¹ç Control-C ¤ò¥¿¥¤¥×¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤Ç
440 .\"O .SS "Getting information"
442 .\"O There are thousands of commands, each with many options.
443 Èó¾ï¤Ë¤¿¤¯¤µ¤ó¤Î¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤¬¤¢¤ê¡¢
444 ¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¤Î¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ë¤Ï¤¿¤¯¤µ¤ó¤Î¥ª¥×¥·¥ç¥ó¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
445 .\"O Traditionally commands are documented on
446 .\"O .IR "man pages" ,
447 .\"O (like this one), so that the command "man kill" will document
448 .\"O the use of the command "kill" (and "man man" document the command "man").
451 .\"O sends the text through some
455 .\"O Hit the space bar to get the next page, hit q to quit.
456 ÅÁÅýŪ¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤ÎÀâÌÀ¤Ï (¤³¤Î¥É¥¥å¥á¥ó¥È¤â¤½¤¦¤À¤¬)
458 ¤Ë½ñ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£Î㤨¤Ð "man kill" ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤ò¼Â¹Ô¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢"kill" ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Î
459 »È¤¤Êý¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëÀâÌÀ¤¬É½¼¨¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£(ƱÍÍ¤Ë "man man" ¤Ï "man" ¥³¥Þ¥ó¥É¤Ë
460 ¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤ÎÀâÌÀ¤òɽ¼¨¤¹¤ë¡£)
462 ¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤Ï¥Æ¥¥¹¥È¤ò
468 ¤¬»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Â¿¤¤¡£
469 ¼¡¤Î¥Ú¡¼¥¸¤Ë¿Ê¤à¤Ë¤Ï¥¹¥Ú¡¼¥¹¡¦¥¡¼¤ò¡¢½ªÎ»¤¹¤ë¤Ë¤Ï q ¤ò²¡¤¹¡£
471 .\"O In documentation it is customary to refer to man pages
472 .\"O by giving the name and section number, as in
474 .\"O Man pages are terse, and allow you to find quickly some forgotten
476 .\"O For newcomers an introductory text with more examples
477 .\"O and explanations is useful.
478 ¥É¥¥å¥á¥ó¥È¤Ç¤Ï¡¢Â¾¤Î man ¥Ú¡¼¥¸¤Ø¤Î»²¾È¤Ï
480 ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë̾Á°¤È¥»¥¯¥·¥ç¥óÈÖ¹æ¤Ç¼¨¤¹¤Î¤¬°ìÈÌŪ¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£
481 man ¥Ú¡¼¥¸¤Ï´Ê·é¤Ë½ñ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¢¾ÜºÙ¤ò˺¤ì¤¿¤È¤¤ËÁÇÁ᤯¾ðÊó¤ò¸«¤Ä¤±¤ë
482 ¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤¤ë¡£Îã¤äÀâÌÀ¤È¤È¤â¤ËÆþÌç¸þ¤±¤ÎµºÜ¤â¤¢¤ë¤Î¤Ç¡¢½é¤á¤Æ¤Î¿Í¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤Æ¤â
485 .\"O A lot of GNU/FSF software is provided with info files.
486 .\"O Type "info info"
487 .\"O for an introduction on the use of the program "info".
488 ¿¤¯¤Î GNU/FSF ¥½¥Õ¥È¥¦¥§¥¢¤Ë¤Ï info ¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬ÉÕ°¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£
489 "info info" ¤È¥¿¥¤¥×¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢"info" ¥×¥í¥°¥é¥à¤Î»È¤¤Êý¤Î¾Ò²ð¤¬É½¼¨¤µ¤ì¤ë¡£
491 .\"O Special topics are often treated in HOWTOs.
493 .\"O .I /usr/share/doc/howto/en
494 .\"O and use a browser if you find HTML files there.
495 Æý¸µ»ö¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤Ï HOWTO ¤Ç°·¤ï¤ì¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Â¿¤¤¡£
496 .I /usr/share/doc/howto/en
498 HTML ¥Õ¥¡¥¤¥ë¤¬¤¢¤Ã¤¿¾ì¹ç¤Ï¥Ö¥é¥¦¥¶¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æɽ¼¨¤¹¤ì¤Ð¤è¤¤¡£
500 .\" Actual examples? Separate section for each of cat, cp, ...?
501 .\" gzip, bzip2, tar, rpm