1 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2 # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4 # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
9 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
10 "POT-Creation-Date: 2012-03-22 04:26+0900\n"
11 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
12 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
13 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
16 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
17 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
19 #. Copyright (C) 2011, Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
20 #. Written by Stephen M. Cameron <scameron@beardog.cce.hp.com>
21 #. Licensed under GNU General Public License version 2 (GPLv2)
23 #. shorthand for double quote that works everywhere.
25 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:6 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:6
31 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:7
37 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:7 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:7
43 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:7 build/C/man4/console.4:10 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:21 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:39 build/C/man5/core.5:23 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:24 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:26 build/C/man4/fd.4:27 build/C/man7/fifo.7:10 build/C/man4/full.4:26 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:24 build/C/man4/hd.4:28 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:7 build/C/man4/initrd.4:34 build/C/man4/lp.4:26 build/C/man3/makedev.3:24 build/C/man4/mem.4:25 build/C/man2/mknod.2:13 build/C/man4/mouse.4:25 build/C/man4/msr.4:24 build/C/man4/null.4:25 build/C/man7/pipe.7:25 build/C/man4/ram.4:25 build/C/man4/random.4:17 build/C/man4/sd.4:24 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:25 build/C/man4/st.4:23 build/C/man2/syslog.2:29 build/C/man3/syslog.3:34 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:25 build/C/man7/uri.7:47 build/C/man4/vcs.4:28 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:11
49 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:7 build/C/man4/console.4:10 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:21 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:39 build/C/man5/core.5:23 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:24 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:26 build/C/man4/fd.4:27 build/C/man7/fifo.7:10 build/C/man4/full.4:26 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:24 build/C/man4/hd.4:28 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:7 build/C/man4/initrd.4:34 build/C/man4/lp.4:26 build/C/man3/makedev.3:24 build/C/man4/mem.4:25 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:27 build/C/man2/mknod.2:13 build/C/man4/mouse.4:25 build/C/man4/msr.4:24 build/C/man4/null.4:25 build/C/man7/pipe.7:25 build/C/man4/ram.4:25 build/C/man4/random.4:17 build/C/man4/sd.4:24 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:23 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:25 build/C/man4/st.4:23 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:41 build/C/man2/syslog.2:29 build/C/man3/syslog.3:34 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:25 build/C/man7/uri.7:47 build/C/man4/vcs.4:28 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:11
51 msgid "Linux Programmer's Manual"
55 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:8 build/C/man4/console.4:11 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:22 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:40 build/C/man5/core.5:24 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:25 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:27 build/C/man4/fd.4:28 build/C/man7/fifo.7:11 build/C/man4/full.4:27 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:25 build/C/man4/hd.4:29 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:8 build/C/man4/initrd.4:35 build/C/man4/lp.4:27 build/C/man3/makedev.3:25 build/C/man4/mem.4:26 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:28 build/C/man2/mknod.2:14 build/C/man4/mouse.4:26 build/C/man4/msr.4:25 build/C/man4/null.4:26 build/C/man7/pipe.7:26 build/C/man4/ram.4:26 build/C/man4/random.4:18 build/C/man4/sd.4:25 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:24 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:26 build/C/man4/st.4:24 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:42 build/C/man2/syslog.2:30 build/C/man3/syslog.3:35 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:26 build/C/man7/uri.7:48 build/C/man4/vcs.4:29 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:12
61 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:10
62 msgid "cciss - HP Smart Array block driver"
66 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:10 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:29 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:27 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:10 build/C/man4/lp.4:29 build/C/man3/makedev.3:27 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:30 build/C/man2/mknod.2:16 build/C/man4/sd.4:27 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:26 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:28 build/C/man4/st.4:26 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:44 build/C/man2/syslog.2:33 build/C/man3/syslog.3:37 build/C/man7/uri.7:50 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:14
72 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:13
74 msgid "modprobe cciss [ cciss_allow_hpsa=1 ]\n"
78 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:14 build/C/man4/console.4:13 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:24 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:42 build/C/man5/core.5:26 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:27 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:45 build/C/man4/fd.4:131 build/C/man7/fifo.7:13 build/C/man4/full.4:37 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:35 build/C/man4/hd.4:31 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:14 build/C/man4/initrd.4:70 build/C/man4/lp.4:42 build/C/man3/makedev.3:38 build/C/man4/mem.4:28 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:37 build/C/man2/mknod.2:38 build/C/man4/mouse.4:32 build/C/man4/msr.4:27 build/C/man4/null.4:28 build/C/man7/pipe.7:28 build/C/man4/ram.4:28 build/C/man4/random.4:20 build/C/man4/sd.4:69 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:32 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:60 build/C/man4/st.4:35 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:54 build/C/man2/syslog.2:44 build/C/man3/syslog.3:57 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:28 build/C/man7/uri.7:70 build/C/man4/vcs.4:31 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:16
84 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:17
85 msgid "B<cciss> is a block driver for older HP Smart Array RAID controllers."
89 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:17 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:17 build/C/man4/initrd.4:179
95 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:26
97 "I<cciss_allow_hpsa=1>: This option prevents the B<cciss> driver from "
98 "attempting to drive any controllers that the B<hpsa>(4) driver is capable "
99 "of controlling, which is to say, the B<cciss> driver is restricted by this "
100 "option to the following controllers:"
104 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:45
107 " Smart Array 5300\n"
110 " Smart Array 5312\n"
113 " Smart Array 6400\n"
114 " Smart Array 6400 EM\n"
116 " Smart Array P600\n"
117 " Smart Array P400i\n"
118 " Smart Array E200i\n"
119 " Smart Array E200\n"
120 " Smart Array E200i\n"
121 " Smart Array E200i\n"
122 " Smart Array E200i\n"
123 " Smart Array E500\n"
127 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:46 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:36
129 msgid "Supported Hardware"
133 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:50
134 msgid "The B<cciss> driver supports the following Smart Array boards:"
138 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:76
141 " Smart Array 5300\n"
144 " Smart Array 5312\n"
147 " Smart Array 6400\n"
148 " Smart Array 6400 U320 Expansion Module\n"
150 " Smart Array P600\n"
151 " Smart Array P800\n"
152 " Smart Array E400\n"
153 " Smart Array P400i\n"
154 " Smart Array E200\n"
155 " Smart Array E200i\n"
156 " Smart Array E500\n"
157 " Smart Array P700m\n"
158 " Smart Array P212\n"
159 " Smart Array P410\n"
160 " Smart Array P410i\n"
161 " Smart Array P411\n"
162 " Smart Array P812\n"
163 " Smart Array P712m\n"
164 " Smart Array P711m\n"
168 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:77 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:53
170 msgid "Configuration Details"
174 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:86 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:61
176 "To configure HP Smart Array controllers, use the HP Array Configuration "
177 "Utility (either B<hpacuxe>(8) or B<hpacucli>(8)) or the Offline ROM-based "
178 "Configuration Utility (ORCA) run from the Smart Array's option ROM at boot "
183 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:86 build/C/man4/console.4:73 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:109 build/C/man4/fd.4:194 build/C/man4/full.4:49 build/C/man4/hd.4:94 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:61 build/C/man4/initrd.4:417 build/C/man4/lp.4:113 build/C/man4/mem.4:75 build/C/man4/mouse.4:148 build/C/man4/null.4:45 build/C/man4/ram.4:38 build/C/man4/random.4:209 build/C/man4/sd.4:130 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:578 build/C/man4/st.4:878 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:44 build/C/man4/vcs.4:80
189 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:87 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:62
195 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:89
196 msgid "The device naming scheme is as follows:"
200 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:92
202 msgid "Major numbers:\n"
206 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:101
220 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:103
222 msgid "Minor numbers:\n"
226 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:110
229 " b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0\n"
230 " |----+----| |----+----|\n"
232 " | +-------- Partition ID (0=wholedev, 1-15 partition)\n"
234 " +-------------------- Logical Volume number\n"
238 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:112
240 msgid "The device naming scheme is:\n"
244 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:117
247 " /dev/cciss/c0d0 Controller 0, disk 0, whole device\n"
248 " /dev/cciss/c0d0p1 Controller 0, disk 0, partition 1\n"
249 " /dev/cciss/c0d0p2 Controller 0, disk 0, partition 2\n"
250 " /dev/cciss/c0d0p3 Controller 0, disk 0, partition 3\n"
254 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:122
257 " /dev/cciss/c1d1 Controller 1, disk 1, whole device\n"
258 " /dev/cciss/c1d1p1 Controller 1, disk 1, partition 1\n"
259 " /dev/cciss/c1d1p2 Controller 1, disk 1, partition 2\n"
260 " /dev/cciss/c1d1p3 Controller 1, disk 1, partition 3\n"
264 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:124
266 msgid "Files in /proc"
270 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:130
272 "The files I</proc/driver/cciss/cciss[0-9]+> contain information about the "
273 "configuration of each controller. For example:"
277 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:150
280 " $ B<cd /proc/driver/cciss>\n"
283 " -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 2010-09-10 10:38 cciss0\n"
284 " -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 2010-09-10 10:38 cciss1\n"
285 " -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 2010-09-10 10:38 cciss2\n"
287 " cciss2: HP Smart Array P800 Controller\n"
288 " Board ID: 0x3223103c\n"
289 " Firmware Version: 7.14\n"
291 " Logical drives: 1\n"
292 " Current Q depth: 0\n"
293 " Current # commands on controller: 0\n"
294 " Max Q depth since init: 1\n"
295 " Max # commands on controller since init: 2\n"
296 " Max SG entries since init: 32\n"
297 " Sequential access devices: 0\n"
301 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:152
303 msgid " cciss/c2d0: 36.38GB RAID 0\n"
307 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:154
309 msgid "Files in /sys"
313 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:155
315 msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/model>"
319 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:161
321 "Displays the SCSI INQUIRY page 0 model for logical drive I<Y> of controller "
326 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:161
328 msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/rev>"
332 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:167
334 "Displays the SCSI INQUIRY page 0 revision for logical drive I<Y> of "
339 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:167
341 msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/unique_id>"
345 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:173
347 "Displays the SCSI INQUIRY page 83 serial number for logical drive I<Y> of "
352 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:173
354 msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/vendor>"
358 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:179
360 "Displays the SCSI INQUIRY page 0 vendor for logical drive I<Y> of controller "
365 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:179
367 msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/block:cciss!cXdY>"
371 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:183
372 msgid "A symbolic link to I</sys/block/cciss!cXdY>."
376 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:183
378 msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/rescan>"
382 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:187
384 "When this file is written to, the driver rescans the controller to discover "
385 "any new, removed, or modified logical drives."
389 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:187
391 msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/resettable>"
395 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:196
397 "A value of 1 displayed in this file indicates that the \"reset_devices=1\" "
398 "kernel parameter (used by B<kdump>) is honored by this controller. A value "
399 "of 0 indicates that the \"reset_devices=1\" kernel parameter will not be "
400 "honored. Some models of Smart Array are not able to honor this parameter."
404 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:196
406 msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/lunid>"
410 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:202
412 "Displays the 8-byte LUN ID used to address logical drive I<Y> of controller "
417 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:202
419 msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/raid_level>"
423 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:208
424 msgid "Displays the RAID level of logical drive I<Y> of controller I<X>."
428 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:208
430 msgid "I</sys/bus/pci/devices/E<lt>devE<gt>/ccissX/cXdY/usage_count>"
434 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:214
436 "Displays the usage count (number of opens) of logical drive I<Y> of "
441 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:214
443 msgid "SCSI tape drive and medium changer support"
447 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:225
449 "SCSI sequential access devices and medium changer devices are supported and "
450 "appropriate device nodes are automatically created (e.g., I</dev/st0>, "
451 "I</dev/st1>, etc.; see B<st>(4) for more details.) You must enable \"SCSI "
452 "tape drive support for Smart Array 5xxx\" and \"SCSI support\" in your "
453 "kernel configuration to be able to use SCSI tape drives with your Smart "
454 "Array 5xxx controller."
458 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:242
460 "Additionally, note that the driver will not engage the SCSI core at init "
461 "time. The driver must be directed to dynamically engage the SCSI core via "
462 "the /proc file-system entry, which the \"block\" side of the driver creates "
463 "as I</proc/driver/cciss/cciss*> at runtime. This is because at driver init "
464 "time, the SCSI core may not yet be initialized (because the driver is a "
465 "block driver) and attempting to register it with the SCSI core in such a "
466 "case would cause a hang. This is best done via an initialization script "
467 "(typically in I</etc/init.d>, but could vary depending on distribution). "
472 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:248
475 " for x in /proc/driver/cciss/cciss[0-9]*\n"
477 " echo \"engage scsi\" E<gt> $x\n"
482 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:252
484 "Once the SCSI core is engaged by the driver, it cannot be disengaged (except "
485 "by unloading the driver, if it happens to be linked as a module.)"
489 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:256
491 "Note also that if no sequential access devices or medium changers are "
492 "detected, the SCSI core will not be engaged by the action of the above "
497 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:257
499 msgid "Hot plug support for SCSI tape drives"
503 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:266
505 "Hot plugging of SCSI tape drives is supported, with some caveats. The "
506 "B<cciss> driver must be informed that changes to the SCSI bus have been "
507 "made. This may be done via the /proc file system. For example:"
511 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:268
513 msgid " echo \"rescan\" E<gt> /proc/scsi/cciss0/1\n"
517 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:270
518 msgid "This causes the driver to:"
522 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:271 build/C/man4/initrd.4:96 build/C/man4/initrd.4:322 build/C/man4/initrd.4:429 build/C/man4/st.4:891 build/C/man7/uri.7:528
528 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:274
530 "query the adapter about changes to the physical SCSI buses and/or fibre "
531 "channel arbitrated loop, and"
535 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:274 build/C/man4/initrd.4:100 build/C/man4/initrd.4:330 build/C/man4/initrd.4:440 build/C/man4/st.4:911 build/C/man7/uri.7:532
541 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:277
543 "make note of any new or removed sequential access devices or medium "
548 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:284
550 "The driver will output messages indicating which devices have been added or "
551 "removed and the controller, bus, target and lun used to address each "
552 "device. The driver then notifies the SCSI midlayer of these changes."
556 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:289
558 "Note that the naming convention of the /proc file-system entries contains a "
559 "number in addition to the driver name (e.g., \"cciss0\" instead of just "
560 "\"cciss\", which you might expect)."
564 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:307
566 "Note: I<Only> sequential access devices and medium changers are presented as "
567 "SCSI devices to the SCSI midlayer by the B<cciss> driver. Specifically, "
568 "physical SCSI disk drives are I<not> presented to the SCSI midlayer. The "
569 "only disk devices that are presented to the kernel are logical drives that "
570 "the array controller constructs from regions on the physical drives. The "
571 "logical drives are presented to the block layer (not to the SCSI midlayer). "
572 "It is important for the driver to prevent the kernel from accessing the "
573 "physical drives directlyi, since these drives are used by the array "
574 "controller to construct the logical drives."
578 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:307
580 msgid "SCSI error handling for tape drives and medium changers"
584 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:315
586 "The Linux SCSI midlayer provides an error-handling protocol that is "
587 "initiated whenever a SCSI command fails to complete within a certain amount "
588 "of time (which can vary depending on the command). The B<cciss> driver "
589 "participates in this protocol to some extent. The normal protocol is a "
594 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:315 build/C/man4/cciss.4:317 build/C/man4/cciss.4:319 build/C/man4/cciss.4:321 build/C/man5/core.5:47 build/C/man5/core.5:59 build/C/man5/core.5:63 build/C/man5/core.5:67 build/C/man5/core.5:70 build/C/man5/core.5:83 build/C/man5/core.5:86 build/C/man5/core.5:183 build/C/man5/core.5:187 build/C/man5/core.5:190 build/C/man5/core.5:194
600 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:317
601 msgid "First, the device is told to abort the command."
605 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:319
606 msgid "If that doesn't work, the device is reset."
610 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:321
611 msgid "If that doesn't work, the SCSI bus is reset."
615 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:323
616 msgid "If that doesn't work the host bus adapter is reset."
620 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:341
622 "The B<cciss> driver is a block driver as well as a SCSI driver and only the "
623 "tape drives and medium changers are presented to the SCSI midlayer "
624 "Furthermore, unlike more straightforward SCSI drivers, disk I/O continues "
625 "through the block side during the SCSI error-recovery process Therefore, the "
626 "B<cciss> driver implements only the first two of these actions, aborting the "
627 "command, and resetting the device. Note also that most tape drives will not "
628 "oblige in aborting commands, and sometimes it appears they will not even "
629 "obey a reset command, though in most circumstances they will. If the "
630 "command cannot be aborted and the device cannot be reset, the device will be "
635 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:349
637 "In the event that the error-handling code is triggered and a tape drive is "
638 "successfully reset or the tardy command is successfully aborted, the tape "
639 "drive may still not allow I/O to continue until some command is issued that "
640 "positions the tape to a known position. Typically you must rewind the tape "
641 "(by issuing I<mt -f /dev/st0 rewind> for example) before I/O can proceed "
642 "again to a tape drive that was reset."
646 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:349 build/C/man4/console.4:77 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:638 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:613 build/C/man5/core.5:385 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:87 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:114 build/C/man4/fd.4:213 build/C/man7/fifo.7:62 build/C/man4/full.4:51 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:75 build/C/man4/hd.4:96 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:177 build/C/man4/initrd.4:473 build/C/man4/lp.4:122 build/C/man3/makedev.3:79 build/C/man4/mem.4:81 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:102 build/C/man2/mknod.2:204 build/C/man4/mouse.4:152 build/C/man4/msr.4:53 build/C/man4/null.4:52 build/C/man7/pipe.7:232 build/C/man4/ram.4:40 build/C/man4/random.4:216 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:70 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:602 build/C/man4/st.4:952 build/C/man2/syslog.2:268 build/C/man3/syslog.3:308 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:46 build/C/man7/uri.7:699 build/C/man4/vcs.4:150 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:131
652 #. Don Brace, Steve Cameron, Chase Maupin, Mike Miller, Michael Ni,
653 #. Charles White, Francis Wiran
654 #. and probably some other people.
656 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:363
658 "B<cciss_vol_status>(8), B<hpsa>(4), B<hpacucli>(8), B<hpacuxe>(8), "
659 "I<http://cciss.sf.net>, and the Linux kernel source files "
660 "I<Documentation/blockdev/cciss.txt> and "
661 "I<Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci-devices-cciss>"
665 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:363 build/C/man4/console.4:94 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:642 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:639 build/C/man5/core.5:396 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:94 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:119 build/C/man4/fd.4:221 build/C/man7/fifo.7:71 build/C/man4/full.4:55 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:77 build/C/man4/hd.4:101 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:192 build/C/man4/initrd.4:484 build/C/man4/lp.4:128 build/C/man3/makedev.3:82 build/C/man4/mem.4:85 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:112 build/C/man2/mknod.2:218 build/C/man4/mouse.4:155 build/C/man4/msr.4:57 build/C/man4/null.4:56 build/C/man7/pipe.7:244 build/C/man4/ram.4:44 build/C/man4/random.4:220 build/C/man4/sd.4:136 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:74 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:606 build/C/man4/st.4:962 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:310 build/C/man2/syslog.2:271 build/C/man3/syslog.3:313 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:53 build/C/man7/uri.7:707 build/C/man4/vcs.4:155 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:138
671 #: build/C/man4/cciss.4:370 build/C/man4/console.4:101 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:649 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:646 build/C/man5/core.5:403 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:101 build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:126 build/C/man4/fd.4:228 build/C/man7/fifo.7:78 build/C/man4/full.4:62 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:84 build/C/man4/hd.4:108 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:199 build/C/man4/initrd.4:491 build/C/man4/lp.4:135 build/C/man3/makedev.3:89 build/C/man4/mem.4:92 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:119 build/C/man2/mknod.2:225 build/C/man4/mouse.4:162 build/C/man4/msr.4:64 build/C/man4/null.4:63 build/C/man7/pipe.7:251 build/C/man4/ram.4:51 build/C/man4/random.4:227 build/C/man4/sd.4:143 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:81 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:613 build/C/man4/st.4:969 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:317 build/C/man2/syslog.2:278 build/C/man3/syslog.3:320 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:60 build/C/man7/uri.7:714 build/C/man4/vcs.4:162 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:145
673 "This page is part of release 3.37 of the Linux I<man-pages> project. A "
674 "description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be "
675 "found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/."
679 #: build/C/man4/console.4:10
685 #: build/C/man4/console.4:10
691 #: build/C/man4/console.4:13
692 msgid "console - console terminal and virtual consoles"
696 #: build/C/man4/console.4:24
698 "A Linux system has up to 63 I<virtual consoles> (character devices with "
699 "major number 4 and minor number 1 to 63), usually called I</dev/tty>I<n> "
700 "with 1 \\(E<lt>= I<n> \\(E<lt>= 63. The current console is also addressed "
701 "by I</dev/console> or I</dev/tty0>, the character device with major number 4 "
702 "and minor number 0. The device files /dev/* are usually created using the "
703 "script MAKEDEV, or using B<mknod>(1), usually with mode 0622 and owner "
708 #: build/C/man4/console.4:30
710 "Before kernel version 1.1.54 the number of virtual consoles was compiled "
711 "into the kernel (in tty.h: #define NR_CONSOLES 8) and could be changed by "
712 "editing and recompiling. Since version 1.1.54 virtual consoles are created "
713 "on the fly, as soon as they are needed."
717 #: build/C/man4/console.4:48
719 "Common ways to start a process on a console are: (a) tell B<init>(8) (in "
720 "B<inittab>(5)) to start a B<mingetty>(8) (or B<agetty>(8)) on the "
721 "console; (b) ask B<openvt>(1) to start a process on the console; (c) start "
722 "X\\(emit will find the first unused console, and display its output there. "
723 "(There is also the ancient B<doshell>(8).)"
727 #: build/C/man4/console.4:59
729 "Common ways to switch consoles are: (a) use Alt+FI<n> or Ctrl+Alt+FI<n> to "
730 "switch to console I<n>; AltGr+FI<n> might bring you to console I<n>+12 [here "
731 "Alt and AltGr refer to the left and right Alt keys, respectively]; (b) use "
732 "Alt+RightArrow or Alt+LeftArrow to cycle through the presently allocated "
733 "consoles; (c) use the program B<chvt>(1). (The key mapping is user "
734 "settable, see B<loadkeys>(1); the above mentioned key combinations are "
735 "according to the default settings.)"
739 #: build/C/man4/console.4:65
741 "The command B<deallocvt>(1) (formerly B<disalloc>) will free the memory "
742 "taken by the screen buffers for consoles that no longer have any associated "
747 #: build/C/man4/console.4:65
753 #: build/C/man4/console.4:73
755 "Consoles carry a lot of state. I hope to document that some other time. "
756 "The most important fact is that the consoles simulate vt100 terminals. In "
757 "particular, a console is reset to the initial state by printing the two "
758 "characters ESC c. All escape sequences can be found in B<console_codes>(4)."
762 #: build/C/man4/console.4:75
763 msgid "I</dev/console>"
767 #: build/C/man4/console.4:77
772 #: build/C/man4/console.4:94
774 "B<chvt>(1), B<deallocvt>(1), B<loadkeys>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<openvt>(1), "
775 "B<console_codes>(4), B<console_ioctl>(4), B<tty>(4), B<ttyS>(4), "
776 "B<charsets>(7), B<agetty>(8), B<init>(8), B<mapscrn>(8), B<mingetty>(8), "
777 "B<resizecons>(8), B<setfont>(8)"
781 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:21
783 msgid "CONSOLE_CODES"
787 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:21
793 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:24
794 msgid "console_codes - Linux console escape and control sequences"
798 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:31
800 "The Linux console implements a large subset of the VT102 and ECMA-48/ISO "
801 "6429/ANSI X3.64 terminal controls, plus certain private-mode sequences for "
802 "changing the color palette, character-set mapping, etc. In the tabular "
803 "descriptions below, the second column gives ECMA-48 or DEC mnemonics (the "
804 "latter if prefixed with DEC) for the given function. Sequences without a "
805 "mnemonic are neither ECMA-48 nor VT102."
809 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:36
811 "After all the normal output processing has been done, and a stream of "
812 "characters arrives at the console driver for actual printing, the first "
813 "thing that happens is a translation from the code used for processing to the "
814 "code used for printing."
818 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:42
820 "If the console is in UTF-8 mode, then the incoming bytes are first assembled "
821 "into 16-bit Unicode codes. Otherwise each byte is transformed according to "
822 "the current mapping table (which translates it to a Unicode value). See the "
823 "B<Character Sets> section below for discussion."
827 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:48
829 "In the normal case, the Unicode value is converted to a font index, and this "
830 "is stored in video memory, so that the corresponding glyph (as found in "
831 "video ROM) appears on the screen. Note that the use of Unicode (and the "
832 "design of the PC hardware) allows us to use 512 different glyphs "
837 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:55
839 "If the current Unicode value is a control character, or we are currently "
840 "processing an escape sequence, the value will treated specially. Instead of "
841 "being turned into a font index and rendered as a glyph, it may trigger "
842 "cursor movement or other control functions. See the B<Linux Console "
843 "Controls> section below for discussion."
847 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:67
849 "It is generally not good practice to hard-wire terminal controls into "
850 "programs. Linux supports a B<terminfo>(5) database of terminal "
851 "capabilities. Rather than emitting console escape sequences by hand, you "
852 "will almost always want to use a terminfo-aware screen library or utility "
853 "such as B<ncurses>(3), B<tput>(1), or B<reset>(1)."
857 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:67
859 msgid "Linux Console Controls"
863 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:71
865 "This section describes all the control characters and escape sequences that "
866 "invoke special functions (i.e., anything other than writing a glyph at the "
867 "current cursor location) on the Linux console."
871 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:73
872 msgid "B<Control characters>"
876 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:84
878 "A character is a control character if (before transformation according to "
879 "the mapping table) it has one of the 14 codes 00 (NUL), 07 (BEL), 08 (BS), "
880 "09 (HT), 0a (LF), 0b (VT), 0c (FF), 0d (CR), 0e (SO), 0f (SI), 18 (CAN), 1a "
881 "(SUB), 1b (ESC), 7f (DEL). One can set a \"display control characters\" "
882 "mode (see below), and allow 07, 09, 0b, 18, 1a, 7f to be displayed as "
883 "glyphs. On the other hand, in UTF-8 mode all codes 00-1f are regarded as "
884 "control characters, regardless of any \"display control characters\" mode."
888 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:93
890 "If we have a control character, it is acted upon immediately and then "
891 "discarded (even in the middle of an escape sequence) and the escape "
892 "sequence continues with the next character. (However, ESC starts a new "
893 "escape sequence, possibly aborting a previous unfinished one, and CAN and "
894 "SUB abort any escape sequence.) The recognized control characters are BEL, "
895 "BS, HT, LF, VT, FF, CR, SO, SI, CAN, SUB, ESC, DEL, CSI. They do what one "
900 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:95
901 msgid "BEL (0x07, B<^G>) beeps;"
905 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:98
907 "BS (0x08, B<^H>) backspaces one column (but not past the beginning of the "
912 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:101
914 "HT (0x09, B<^I>) goes to the next tab stop or to the end of the line if "
915 "there is no earlier tab stop;"
919 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:105
921 "LF (0x0A, B<^J>), VT (0x0B, B<^K>) and FF (0x0C, B<^L>) all give a linefeed, "
922 "and if LF/NL (new-line mode) is set also a carriage return;"
926 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:107
927 msgid "CR (0x0D, B<^M>) gives a carriage return;"
931 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:109
932 msgid "SO (0x0E, B<^N>) activates the G1 character set;"
936 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:111
937 msgid "SI (0x0F, B<^O>) activates the G0 character set;"
941 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:113
942 msgid "CAN (0x18, B<^X>) and SUB (0x1A, B<^Z>) interrupt escape sequences;"
946 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:115
947 msgid "ESC (0x1B, B<^[>) starts an escape sequence;"
951 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:117
952 msgid "DEL (0x7F) is ignored;"
956 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:119
957 msgid "CSI (0x9B) is equivalent to ESC [."
961 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:121
962 msgid "B<ESC- but not CSI-sequences>"
966 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:123
968 msgid "ESC c\tRIS\tReset.\n"
972 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:124
974 msgid "ESC D\tIND\tLinefeed.\n"
978 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:125
980 msgid "ESC E\tNEL\tNewline.\n"
984 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:126
986 msgid "ESC H\tHTS\tSet tab stop at current column.\n"
990 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:127
992 msgid "ESC M\tRI\tReverse linefeed.\n"
996 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:128
998 msgid "ESC Z\tDECID\tT{\n"
1002 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:129
1004 msgid "DEC private identification. The kernel\n"
1008 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:130
1010 msgid "returns the string ESC [ ? 6 c, claiming\n"
1014 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:131
1016 msgid "that it is a VT102.\n"
1020 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:132 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:136 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:161 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:241 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:247 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:251 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:258
1026 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:133
1028 msgid "ESC 7\tDECSC\tT{\n"
1032 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:134
1034 msgid "Save current state (cursor coordinates,\n"
1038 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:135
1040 msgid "attributes, character sets pointed at by G0, G1).\n"
1044 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:137
1046 msgid "ESC 8\tDECRC\tRestore state most recently saved by ESC 7.\n"
1050 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:138
1052 msgid "ESC [\tCSI\tControl sequence introducer\n"
1056 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:139
1058 msgid "ESC %\t\tStart sequence selecting character set\n"
1062 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:140
1064 msgid "ESC % @\t\t\\0\\0\\0Select default (ISO 646 / ISO 8859-1)\n"
1068 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:141
1070 msgid "ESC % G\t\t\\0\\0\\0Select UTF-8\n"
1074 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:142
1076 msgid "ESC % 8\t\t\\0\\0\\0Select UTF-8 (obsolete)\n"
1080 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:143
1082 msgid "ESC # 8\tDECALN\tDEC screen alignment test - fill screen with E's.\n"
1086 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:144
1088 msgid "ESC (\t\tStart sequence defining G0 character set\n"
1092 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:145
1094 msgid "ESC ( B\t\t\\0\\0\\0Select default (ISO 8859-1 mapping)\n"
1098 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:146
1100 msgid "ESC ( 0\t\t\\0\\0\\0Select VT100 graphics mapping\n"
1104 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:147
1106 msgid "ESC ( U\t\t\\0\\0\\0Select null mapping - straight to character ROM\n"
1110 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:148
1112 msgid "ESC ( K\t\t\\0\\0\\0Select user mapping - the map that is loaded by\n"
1116 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:149
1118 msgid "\t\t\\0\\0\\0the utility B<mapscrn>(8).\n"
1122 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:150
1124 msgid "ESC )\t\tStart sequence defining G1\n"
1128 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:151
1130 msgid "\t\t(followed by one of B, 0, U, K, as above).\n"
1134 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:152
1136 msgid "ESC E<gt>\tDECPNM\tSet numeric keypad mode\n"
1140 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:153
1142 msgid "ESC =\tDECPAM\tSet application keypad mode\n"
1146 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:154
1148 msgid "ESC ]\tOSC\tT{\n"
1152 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:155
1154 msgid "(Should be: Operating system command)\n"
1158 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:156
1160 msgid "ESC ] P I<nrrggbb>: set palette, with parameter\n"
1164 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:157
1166 msgid "given in 7 hexadecimal digits after the final P :-(.\n"
1170 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:158
1172 msgid "Here I<n> is the color (0-15), and I<rrggbb> indicates\n"
1176 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:159
1178 msgid "the red/green/blue values (0-255).\n"
1182 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:160
1184 msgid "ESC ] R: reset palette\n"
1188 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:165
1189 msgid "B<ECMA-48 CSI sequences>"
1193 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:171
1195 "CSI (or ESC [) is followed by a sequence of parameters, at most NPAR (16), "
1196 "that are decimal numbers separated by semicolons. An empty or absent "
1197 "parameter is taken to be 0. The sequence of parameters may be preceded by a "
1198 "single question mark."
1202 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:175
1204 "However, after CSI [ (or ESC [ [) a single character is read and this entire "
1205 "sequence is ignored. (The idea is to ignore an echoed function key.)"
1209 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:177
1210 msgid "The action of a CSI sequence is determined by its final character."
1214 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:179
1216 msgid "@\tICH\tInsert the indicated # of blank characters.\n"
1220 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:180
1222 msgid "A\tCUU\tMove cursor up the indicated # of rows.\n"
1226 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:181
1228 msgid "B\tCUD\tMove cursor down the indicated # of rows.\n"
1232 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:182
1234 msgid "C\tCUF\tMove cursor right the indicated # of columns.\n"
1238 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:183
1240 msgid "D\tCUB\tMove cursor left the indicated # of columns.\n"
1244 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:184
1246 msgid "E\tCNL\tMove cursor down the indicated # of rows, to column 1.\n"
1250 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:185
1252 msgid "F\tCPL\tMove cursor up the indicated # of rows, to column 1.\n"
1256 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:186
1258 msgid "G\tCHA\tMove cursor to indicated column in current row.\n"
1262 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:187
1264 msgid "H\tCUP\tMove cursor to the indicated row, column (origin at 1,1).\n"
1268 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:188
1270 msgid "J\tED\tErase display (default: from cursor to end of display).\n"
1274 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:189
1276 msgid "\t\tESC [ 1 J: erase from start to cursor.\n"
1280 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:190
1282 msgid "\t\tESC [ 2 J: erase whole display.\n"
1286 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:191
1288 msgid "\t\tESC [ 3 J: erase whole display including scroll-back\n"
1292 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:192
1294 msgid "\t\t buffer (since Linux 3.0).\n"
1297 #. ESC [ 3 J: commit f8df13e0a901fe55631fed66562369b4dba40f8b
1299 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:194
1301 msgid "K\tEL\tErase line (default: from cursor to end of line).\n"
1305 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:195
1307 msgid "\t\tESC [ 1 K: erase from start of line to cursor.\n"
1311 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:196
1313 msgid "\t\tESC [ 2 K: erase whole line.\n"
1317 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:197
1319 msgid "L\tIL\tInsert the indicated # of blank lines.\n"
1323 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:198
1325 msgid "M\tDL\tDelete the indicated # of lines.\n"
1329 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:199
1331 msgid "P\tDCH\tDelete the indicated # of characters on the current line.\n"
1335 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:200
1337 msgid "X\tECH\tErase the indicated # of characters on the current line.\n"
1341 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:201
1343 msgid "a\tHPR\tMove cursor right the indicated # of columns.\n"
1347 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:202
1349 msgid "c\tDA\tAnswer ESC [ ? 6 c: \"I am a VT102\".\n"
1353 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:203
1355 msgid "d\tVPA\tMove cursor to the indicated row, current column.\n"
1359 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:204
1361 msgid "e\tVPR\tMove cursor down the indicated # of rows.\n"
1365 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:205
1367 msgid "f\tHVP\tMove cursor to the indicated row, column.\n"
1371 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:206
1373 msgid "g\tTBC\tWithout parameter: clear tab stop at the current position.\n"
1377 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:207
1379 msgid "\t\tESC [ 3 g: delete all tab stops.\n"
1383 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:208
1385 msgid "h\tSM\tSet Mode (see below).\n"
1389 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:209
1391 msgid "l\tRM\tReset Mode (see below).\n"
1395 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:210
1397 msgid "m\tSGR\tSet attributes (see below).\n"
1401 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:211
1403 msgid "n\tDSR\tStatus report (see below).\n"
1407 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:212
1409 msgid "q\tDECLL\tSet keyboard LEDs.\n"
1413 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:213
1415 msgid "\t\tESC [ 0 q: clear all LEDs\n"
1419 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:214
1421 msgid "\t\tESC [ 1 q: set Scroll Lock LED\n"
1425 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:215
1427 msgid "\t\tESC [ 2 q: set Num Lock LED\n"
1431 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:216
1433 msgid "\t\tESC [ 3 q: set Caps Lock LED\n"
1437 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:217
1439 msgid "r\tDECSTBM\tSet scrolling region; parameters are top and bottom row.\n"
1443 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:218
1445 msgid "s\t?\tSave cursor location.\n"
1449 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:219
1451 msgid "u\t?\tRestore cursor location.\n"
1455 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:220
1457 msgid "\\`\tHPA\tMove cursor to indicated column in current row.\n"
1461 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:224
1462 msgid "B<ECMA-48 Set Graphics Rendition>"
1466 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:231
1468 "The ECMA-48 SGR sequence ESC [ I<parameters> m sets display attributes. "
1469 "Several attributes can be set in the same sequence, separated by "
1470 "semicolons. An empty parameter (between semicolons or string initiator or "
1471 "terminator) is interpreted as a zero."
1475 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:233
1477 msgid "param\tresult\n"
1481 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:234
1483 msgid "0\treset all attributes to their defaults\n"
1487 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:235
1489 msgid "1\tset bold\n"
1493 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:236
1495 msgid "2\tset half-bright (simulated with color on a color display)\n"
1499 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:237
1505 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:238
1507 msgid "set underscore (simulated with color on a color display)\n"
1511 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:239
1513 msgid "(the colors used to simulate dim or underline are set\n"
1517 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:240
1519 msgid "using ESC ] ...)\n"
1523 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:242
1525 msgid "5\tset blink\n"
1529 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:243
1531 msgid "7\tset reverse video\n"
1535 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:244
1541 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:245
1543 msgid "reset selected mapping, display control flag,\n"
1547 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:246
1549 msgid "and toggle meta flag (ECMA-48 says \"primary font\").\n"
1553 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:248
1559 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:249 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:253
1561 msgid "select null mapping, set display control flag,\n"
1565 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:250
1567 msgid "reset toggle meta flag (ECMA-48 says \"first alternate font\").\n"
1571 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:252
1577 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:254
1579 msgid "set toggle meta flag (ECMA-48 says \"second alternate font\").\n"
1583 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:255
1585 msgid "The toggle meta flag\n"
1589 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:256
1591 msgid "causes the high bit of a byte to be toggled\n"
1595 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:257
1597 msgid "before the mapping table translation is done.\n"
1601 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:259
1603 msgid "21\tset normal intensity (ECMA-48 says \"doubly underlined\")\n"
1607 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:260
1609 msgid "22\tset normal intensity\n"
1613 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:261
1615 msgid "24\tunderline off\n"
1619 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:262
1621 msgid "25\tblink off\n"
1625 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:263
1627 msgid "27\treverse video off\n"
1631 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:264
1633 msgid "30\tset black foreground\n"
1637 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:265
1639 msgid "31\tset red foreground\n"
1643 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:266
1645 msgid "32\tset green foreground\n"
1649 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:267
1651 msgid "33\tset brown foreground\n"
1655 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:268
1657 msgid "34\tset blue foreground\n"
1661 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:269
1663 msgid "35\tset magenta foreground\n"
1667 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:270
1669 msgid "36\tset cyan foreground\n"
1673 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:271
1675 msgid "37\tset white foreground\n"
1679 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:272
1681 msgid "38\tset underscore on, set default foreground color\n"
1685 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:273
1687 msgid "39\tset underscore off, set default foreground color\n"
1691 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:274
1693 msgid "40\tset black background\n"
1697 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:275
1699 msgid "41\tset red background\n"
1703 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:276
1705 msgid "42\tset green background\n"
1709 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:277
1711 msgid "43\tset brown background\n"
1715 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:278
1717 msgid "44\tset blue background\n"
1721 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:279
1723 msgid "45\tset magenta background\n"
1727 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:280
1729 msgid "46\tset cyan background\n"
1733 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:281
1735 msgid "47\tset white background\n"
1739 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:282
1741 msgid "49\tset default background color\n"
1745 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:286
1746 msgid "B<ECMA-48 Mode Switches>"
1750 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:286
1756 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:289
1757 msgid "DECCRM (default off): Display control chars."
1761 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:289
1767 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:292
1768 msgid "DECIM (default off): Set insert mode."
1772 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:292
1778 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:296
1779 msgid "LF/NL (default off): Automatically follow echo of LF, VT or FF with CR."
1783 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:299
1784 msgid "B<ECMA-48 Status Report Commands>"
1788 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:299
1794 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:302
1795 msgid "Device status report (DSR): Answer is ESC [ 0 n (Terminal OK)."
1799 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:302
1805 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:307
1807 "Cursor position report (CPR): Answer is ESC [ I<y> ; I<x> R, where I<x,y> is "
1808 "the cursor location."
1812 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:309
1813 msgid "B<DEC Private Mode (DECSET/DECRST) sequences>"
1817 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:315
1819 "These are not described in ECMA-48. We list the Set Mode sequences; the "
1820 "Reset Mode sequences are obtained by replacing the final \\(aqh\\(aq by "
1825 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:315
1831 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:319
1833 "DECCKM (default off): When set, the cursor keys send an ESC O prefix, rather "
1838 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:319
1844 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:326
1846 "DECCOLM (default off = 80 columns): 80/132 col mode switch. The driver "
1847 "sources note that this alone does not suffice; some user-mode utility such "
1848 "as B<resizecons>(8) has to change the hardware registers on the console "
1853 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:326
1859 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:329
1860 msgid "DECSCNM (default off): Set reverse-video mode."
1864 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:329
1870 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:333
1872 "DECOM (default off): When set, cursor addressing is relative to the upper "
1873 "left corner of the scrolling region."
1877 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:333
1883 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:339
1885 "DECAWM (default on): Set autowrap on. In this mode, a graphic character "
1886 "emitted after column 80 (or column 132 of DECCOLM is on) forces a wrap to "
1887 "the beginning of the following line first."
1891 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:339
1897 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:342
1898 msgid "DECARM (default on): Set keyboard autorepeat on."
1902 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:342
1908 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:346
1910 "X10 Mouse Reporting (default off): Set reporting mode to 1 (or reset to "
1915 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:346
1917 msgid "ESC [ ? 25 h"
1921 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:349
1922 msgid "DECTECM (default on): Make cursor visible."
1926 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:349
1928 msgid "ESC [ ? 1000 h"
1932 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:354
1934 "X11 Mouse Reporting (default off): Set reporting mode to 2 (or reset to "
1939 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:356
1940 msgid "B<Linux Console Private CSI Sequences>"
1944 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:363
1946 "The following sequences are neither ECMA-48 nor native VT102. They are "
1947 "native to the Linux console driver. Colors are in SGR parameters: 0 = "
1948 "black, 1 = red, 2 = green, 3 = brown, 4 = blue, 5 = magenta, 6 = cyan, 7 = "
1953 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:365
1955 msgid "ESC [ 1 ; I<n> ]\tSet color I<n> as the underline color\n"
1959 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:366
1961 msgid "ESC [ 2 ; I<n> ]\tSet color I<n> as the dim color\n"
1965 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:367
1967 msgid "ESC [ 8 ] \tMake the current color pair the default attributes.\n"
1971 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:368
1973 msgid "ESC [ 9 ; I<n> ]\tSet screen blank timeout to I<n> minutes.\n"
1977 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:369
1979 msgid "ESC [ 10 ; I<n> ]\tSet bell frequency in Hz.\n"
1983 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:370
1985 msgid "ESC [ 11 ; I<n> ]\tSet bell duration in msec.\n"
1989 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:371
1991 msgid "ESC [ 12 ; I<n> ]\tBring specified console to the front.\n"
1995 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:372
1997 msgid "ESC [ 13 ] \tUnblank the screen.\n"
2001 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:373
2003 msgid "ESC [ 14 ; I<n> ] \tSet the VESA powerdown interval in minutes.\n"
2007 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:375
2009 msgid "Character Sets"
2013 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:380
2015 "The kernel knows about 4 translations of bytes into console-screen symbols. "
2016 "The four tables are: a) Latin1 -E<gt> PC, b) VT100 graphics -E<gt> PC, c) PC "
2017 "-E<gt> PC, d) user-defined."
2021 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:386
2023 "There are two character sets, called G0 and G1, and one of them is the "
2024 "current character set. (Initially G0.) Typing B<^N> causes G1 to become "
2025 "current, B<^O> causes G0 to become current."
2029 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:394
2031 "These variables G0 and G1 point at a translation table, and can be changed "
2032 "by the user. Initially they point at tables a) and b), respectively. The "
2033 "sequences ESC ( B and ESC ( 0 and ESC ( U and ESC ( K cause G0 to point at "
2034 "translation table a), b), c) and d), respectively. The sequences ESC ) B "
2035 "and ESC ) 0 and ESC ) U and ESC ) K cause G1 to point at translation table "
2036 "a), b), c) and d), respectively."
2040 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:404
2042 "The sequence ESC c causes a terminal reset, which is what you want if the "
2043 "screen is all garbled. The oft-advised \"echo ^V^O\" will only make G0 "
2044 "current, but there is no guarantee that G0 points at table a). In some "
2045 "distributions there is a program B<reset>(1) that just does \"echo ^[c\". "
2046 "If your terminfo entry for the console is correct (and has an entry "
2047 "rs1=\\eEc), then \"tput reset\" will also work."
2051 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:412
2053 "The user-defined mapping table can be set using B<mapscrn>(8). The result "
2054 "of the mapping is that if a symbol c is printed, the symbol s = map[c] is "
2055 "sent to the video memory. The bitmap that corresponds to s is found in the "
2056 "character ROM, and can be changed using B<setfont>(8)."
2060 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:412
2062 msgid "Mouse Tracking"
2066 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:424
2068 "The mouse tracking facility is intended to return B<xterm>(1)-compatible "
2069 "mouse status reports. Because the console driver has no way to know the "
2070 "device or type of the mouse, these reports are returned in the console input "
2071 "stream only when the virtual terminal driver receives a mouse update ioctl. "
2072 "These ioctls must be generated by a mouse-aware user-mode application such "
2073 "as the B<gpm>(8) daemon."
2077 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:430
2079 "The mouse tracking escape sequences generated by B<xterm>(1) encode numeric "
2080 "parameters in a single character as I<value>+040. For example, \\(aq!\\(aq "
2081 "is 1. The screen coordinate system is 1-based."
2085 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:440
2087 "The X10 compatibility mode sends an escape sequence on button press encoding "
2088 "the location and the mouse button pressed. It is enabled by sending ESC [ ? "
2089 "9 h and disabled with ESC [ ? 9 l. On button press, B<xterm>(1) sends ESC [ "
2090 "M I<bxy> (6 characters). Here I<b> is button-1, and I<x> and I<y> are the x "
2091 "and y coordinates of the mouse when the button was pressed. This is the "
2092 "same code the kernel also produces."
2096 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:455
2098 "Normal tracking mode (not implemented in Linux 2.0.24) sends an escape "
2099 "sequence on both button press and release. Modifier information is also "
2100 "sent. It is enabled by sending ESC [ ? 1000 h and disabled with ESC [ ? "
2101 "1000 l. On button press or release, B<xterm>(1) sends ESC [ M I<bxy>. The "
2102 "low two bits of I<b> encode button information: 0=MB1 pressed, 1=MB2 "
2103 "pressed, 2=MB3 pressed, 3=release. The upper bits encode what modifiers "
2104 "were down when the button was pressed and are added together: 4=Shift, "
2105 "8=Meta, 16=Control. Again I<x> and I<y> are the x and y coordinates of the "
2106 "mouse event. The upper left corner is (1,1)."
2110 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:455
2112 msgid "Comparisons With Other Terminals"
2116 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:462
2118 "Many different terminal types are described, like the Linux console, as "
2119 "being \"VT100-compatible\". Here we discuss differences between the Linux "
2120 "console and the two most important others, the DEC VT102 and B<xterm>(1)."
2124 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:464
2125 msgid "B<Control-character handling>"
2129 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:466
2130 msgid "The VT102 also recognized the following control characters:"
2134 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:468
2135 msgid "NUL (0x00) was ignored;"
2139 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:470
2140 msgid "ENQ (0x05) triggered an answerback message;"
2144 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:472
2145 msgid "DC1 (0x11, B<^Q>, XON) resumed transmission;"
2149 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:475
2151 "DC3 (0x13, B<^S>, XOFF) caused VT100 to ignore (and stop transmitting) all "
2152 "codes except XOFF and XON."
2156 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:477
2157 msgid "VT100-like DC1/DC3 processing may be enabled by the tty driver."
2161 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:483
2163 "The B<xterm>(1) program (in VT100 mode) recognizes the control characters "
2164 "BEL, BS, HT, LF, VT, FF, CR, SO, SI, ESC."
2168 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:485
2169 msgid "B<Escape sequences>"
2173 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:487
2174 msgid "VT100 console sequences not implemented on the Linux console:"
2178 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:489
2180 msgid "ESC N\tSS2\tSingle shift 2. (Select G2 character set for the next\n"
2184 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:490 build/C/man4/console_codes.4:492
2186 msgid "\t\tcharacter only.)\n"
2190 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:491
2192 msgid "ESC O\tSS3\tSingle shift 3. (Select G3 character set for the next\n"
2196 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:493
2198 msgid "ESC P\tDCS\tDevice control string (ended by ESC \\e)\n"
2202 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:494
2204 msgid "ESC X\tSOS\tStart of string.\n"
2208 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:495
2210 msgid "ESC ^\tPM\tPrivacy message (ended by ESC \\e)\n"
2214 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:496
2216 msgid "ESC \\e\tST\tString terminator\n"
2220 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:497
2222 msgid "ESC * ...\t\tDesignate G2 character set\n"
2226 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:498
2228 msgid "ESC + ...\t\tDesignate G3 character set\n"
2232 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:511
2234 "The program B<xterm>(1) (in VT100 mode) recognizes ESC c, ESC # 8, ESC "
2235 "E<gt>, ESC =, ESC D, ESC E, ESC H, ESC M, ESC N, ESC O, ESC P ... ESC \\e, "
2236 "ESC Z (it answers ESC [ ? 1 ; 2 c, \"I am a VT100 with advanced video "
2237 "option\") and ESC ^ ... ESC \\e with the same meanings as indicated above. "
2238 "It accepts ESC (, ESC ), ESC *, ESC + followed by 0, A, B for the DEC "
2239 "special character and line drawing set, UK, and US-ASCII, respectively."
2243 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:515
2245 "The user can configure B<xterm>(1) to respond to VT220-specific control "
2246 "sequences, and it will identify itself as a VT52, VT100, and up depending on "
2247 "the way it is configured and initialized."
2251 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:520
2253 "It accepts ESC ] (OSC) for the setting of certain resources. In addition to "
2254 "the ECMA-48 string terminator (ST), B<xterm>(1) accepts a BEL to terminate "
2255 "an OSC string. These are a few of the OSC control sequences recognized by "
2260 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:522
2262 msgid "ESC ] 0 ; I<txt> ST\tSet icon name and window title to I<txt>.\n"
2266 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:523
2268 msgid "ESC ] 1 ; I<txt> ST\tSet icon name to I<txt>.\n"
2272 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:524
2274 msgid "ESC ] 2 ; I<txt> ST\tSet window title to I<txt>.\n"
2278 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:525
2280 msgid "ESC ] 4 ; I<num>; I<txt> ST\tSet ANSI color I<num> to I<txt>.\n"
2284 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:526
2286 msgid "ESC ] 10 ; I<txt> ST\tSet dynamic text color to I<txt>.\n"
2290 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:527
2292 msgid "ESC ] 4 6 ; I<name> ST\tChange log file to I<name> (normally disabled\n"
2296 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:528
2298 msgid "\tby a compile-time option)\n"
2302 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:529
2304 msgid "ESC ] 5 0 ; I<fn> ST\tSet font to I<fn>.\n"
2308 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:534
2310 "It recognizes the following with slightly modified meaning (saving more "
2311 "state, behaving closer to VT100/VT220):"
2315 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:536
2317 msgid "ESC 7 DECSC\tSave cursor\n"
2321 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:537
2323 msgid "ESC 8 DECRC\tRestore cursor\n"
2327 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:541
2328 msgid "It also recognizes"
2332 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:543
2334 msgid "ESC F\t\tCursor to lower left corner of screen (if enabled by\n"
2338 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:544
2340 msgid "\t\tB<xterm>(1)'s B<hpLowerleftBugCompat> resource)\n"
2344 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:545
2346 msgid "ESC l\t\tMemory lock (per HP terminals).\n"
2350 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:546
2352 msgid "\t\tLocks memory above the cursor.\n"
2356 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:547
2358 msgid "ESC m\t\tMemory unlock (per HP terminals).\n"
2362 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:548
2364 msgid "ESC n\tLS2\tInvoke the G2 character set.\n"
2368 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:549
2370 msgid "ESC o\tLS3\tInvoke the G3 character set.\n"
2374 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:550
2376 msgid "ESC |\tLS3R\tInvoke the G3 character set as GR.\n"
2380 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:551
2382 msgid "ESC }\tLS2R\tInvoke the G2 character set as GR.\n"
2386 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:552
2388 msgid "ESC ~\tLS1R\tInvoke the G1 character set as GR.\n"
2392 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:558
2394 "It also recognizes ESC % and provides a more complete UTF-8 implementation "
2395 "than Linux console."
2399 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:560
2400 msgid "B<CSI Sequences>"
2404 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:574
2406 "Old versions of B<xterm>(1), for example, from X11R5, interpret the blink "
2407 "SGR as a bold SGR. Later versions which implemented ANSI colors, for "
2408 "example, XFree86 3.1.2A in 1995, improved this by allowing the blink "
2409 "attribute to be displayed as a color. Modern versions of xterm implement "
2410 "blink SGR as blinking text and still allow colored text as an alternate "
2411 "rendering of SGRs. Stock X11R6 versions did not recognize the color-setting "
2412 "SGRs until the X11R6.8 release, which incorporated XFree86 xterm. All "
2413 "ECMA-48 CSI sequences recognized by Linux are also recognized by I<xterm>, "
2414 "however B<xterm>(1) implements several ECMA-48 and DEC control sequences not "
2415 "recognized by Linux."
2419 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:588
2421 "The B<xterm>(1) program recognizes all of the DEC Private Mode sequences "
2422 "listed above, but none of the Linux private-mode sequences. For discussion "
2423 "of B<xterm>(1)'s own private-mode sequences, refer to the I<Xterm Control "
2424 "Sequences> document by Edward Moy, Stephen Gildea, and Thomas E. Dickey "
2425 "available with the X distribution. That document, though terse, is much "
2426 "longer than this manual page. For a chronological overview,"
2430 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:591
2431 msgid "http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.log.html"
2435 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:594
2436 msgid "details changes to xterm."
2440 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:596
2441 msgid "The I<vttest> program"
2445 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:599
2446 msgid "http://invisible-island.net/vttest/"
2450 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:604
2452 "demonstrates many of these control sequences. The B<xterm>(1) source "
2453 "distribution also contains sample scripts which exercise other features."
2457 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:604 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:591 build/C/man5/core.5:276 build/C/man4/cpuid.4:60 build/C/man4/fd.4:196 build/C/man7/fifo.7:51 build/C/man4/initrd.4:428 build/C/man3/makedev.3:70 build/C/man2/mknod.2:177 build/C/man4/msr.4:45 build/C/man4/null.4:49 build/C/man4/st.4:890 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:220 build/C/man2/syslog.2:260 build/C/man3/syslog.3:289 build/C/man7/uri.7:585
2463 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:607
2464 msgid "ESC 8 (DECRC) is not able to restore the character set changed with ESC %."
2468 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:607 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:596 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:256 build/C/man7/uri.7:666
2474 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:610
2475 msgid "In 2.0.23, CSI is broken, and NUL is not ignored inside escape sequences."
2479 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:619
2481 "Some older kernel versions (after 2.0) interpret 8-bit control sequences. "
2482 "These \"C1 controls\" use codes between 128 and 159 to replace ESC [, ESC ] "
2483 "and similar two-byte control sequence initiators. There are fragments of "
2484 "that in modern kernels (either overlooked or broken by changes to support "
2485 "UTF-8), but the implementation is incomplete and should be regarded as "
2490 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:634
2492 "Linux \"private mode\" sequences do not follow the rules in ECMA-48 for "
2493 "private mode control sequences. In particular, those ending with ] do not "
2494 "use a standard terminating character. The OSC (set palette) sequence is a "
2495 "greater problem, since B<xterm>(1) may interpret this as a control sequence "
2496 "which requires a string terminator (ST). Unlike the B<setterm>(1) sequences "
2497 "which will be ignored (since they are invalid control sequences), the "
2498 "palette sequence will make B<xterm>(1) appear to hang (though pressing the "
2499 "return-key will fix that). To accommodate applications which have been "
2500 "hardcoded to use Linux control sequences, set the B<xterm>(1) resource "
2501 "B<brokenLinuxOSC> to true."
2505 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:638
2507 "An older version of this document implied that Linux recognizes the ECMA-48 "
2508 "control sequence for invisible text. It is ignored."
2512 #: build/C/man4/console_codes.4:642
2513 msgid "B<console>(4), B<console_ioctl>(4), B<charsets>(7)"
2517 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:39
2519 msgid "CONSOLE_IOCTL"
2523 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:39
2529 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:42
2530 msgid "console_ioctl - ioctl's for console terminal and virtual consoles"
2534 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:47
2536 "The following Linux-specific B<ioctl>(2) requests are supported. Each "
2537 "requires a third argument, assumed here to be I<argp>."
2541 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:47
2547 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:52
2549 "Get state of LEDs. I<argp> points to a I<char>. The lower three bits of "
2550 "I<*argp> are set to the state of the LEDs, as follows:"
2554 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:56
2557 " LED_CAP 0x04 caps lock led\n"
2558 " LEC_NUM 0x02 num lock led\n"
2559 " LED_SCR 0x01 scroll lock led\n"
2563 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:56
2569 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:63
2571 "Set the LEDs. The LEDs are set to correspond to the lower three bits of "
2572 "I<argp>. However, if a higher order bit is set, the LEDs revert to normal: "
2573 "displaying the state of the keyboard functions of caps lock, num lock, and "
2578 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:70
2580 "Before 1.1.54, the LEDs just reflected the state of the corresponding "
2581 "keyboard flags, and KDGETLED/KDSETLED would also change the keyboard flags. "
2582 "Since 1.1.54 the leds can be made to display arbitrary information, but by "
2583 "default they display the keyboard flags. The following two ioctl's are used "
2584 "to access the keyboard flags."
2588 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:70
2594 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:77
2596 "Get keyboard flags CapsLock, NumLock, ScrollLock (not lights). I<argp> "
2597 "points to a char which is set to the flag state. The low order three bits "
2598 "(mask 0x7) get the current flag state, and the low order bits of the next "
2599 "nibble (mask 0x70) get the default flag state. (Since 1.1.54.)"
2603 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:77
2609 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:84
2611 "Set keyboard flags CapsLock, NumLock, ScrollLock (not lights). I<argp> has "
2612 "the desired flag state. The low order three bits (mask 0x7) have the flag "
2613 "state, and the low order bits of the next nibble (mask 0x70) have the "
2614 "default flag state. (Since 1.1.54.)"
2618 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:84
2620 msgid "B<KDGKBTYPE>"
2624 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:87
2625 msgid "Get keyboard type. This returns the value KB_101, defined as 0x02."
2629 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:87
2635 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:90
2636 msgid "Add I/O port as valid. Equivalent to I<ioperm(arg,1,1)>."
2640 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:90
2646 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:93
2647 msgid "Delete I/O port as valid. Equivalent to I<ioperm(arg,1,0)>."
2651 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:93
2657 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:96
2659 "Enable I/O to video board. Equivalent to I<ioperm(0x3b4, 0x3df-0x3b4+1, "
2664 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:96
2666 msgid "B<KDDISABIO>"
2670 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:99
2672 "Disable I/O to video board. Equivalent to I<ioperm(0x3b4, 0x3df-0x3b4+1, "
2677 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:99
2679 msgid "B<KDSETMODE>"
2683 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:102
2684 msgid "Set text/graphics mode. I<argp> is one of these:"
2688 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:105
2692 " KD_GRAPHICS 0x01\n"
2696 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:105
2698 msgid "B<KDGETMODE>"
2702 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:109
2704 "Get text/graphics mode. I<argp> points to a I<long> which is set to one of "
2709 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:109
2715 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:118
2717 "Generate tone of specified length. The lower 16 bits of I<argp> specify the "
2718 "period in clock cycles, and the upper 16 bits give the duration in msec. If "
2719 "the duration is zero, the sound is turned off. Control returns "
2720 "immediately. For example, I<argp> = (125E<lt>E<lt>16) + 0x637 would specify "
2721 "the beep normally associated with a ctrl-G. (Thus since 0.99pl1; broken in "
2726 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:118
2728 msgid "B<KIOCSOUND>"
2732 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:125
2734 "Start or stop sound generation. The lower 16 bits of I<argp> specify the "
2735 "period in clock cycles (that is, I<argp> = 1193180/frequency). I<argp> = 0 "
2736 "turns sound off. In either case, control returns immediately."
2740 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:125
2746 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:130
2748 "Get the current default color map from kernel. I<argp> points to a 48-byte "
2749 "array. (Since 1.3.3.)"
2753 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:130
2759 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:141
2761 "Change the default text-mode color map. I<argp> points to a 48-byte array "
2762 "which contains, in order, the Red, Green, and Blue values for the 16 "
2763 "available screen colors: 0 is off, and 255 is full intensity. The default "
2764 "colors are, in order: black, dark red, dark green, brown, dark blue, dark "
2765 "purple, dark cyan, light grey, dark grey, bright red, bright green, yellow, "
2766 "bright blue, bright purple, bright cyan and white. (Since 1.3.3.)"
2770 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:141
2776 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:147
2778 "Gets 256-character screen font in expanded form. I<argp> points to an 8192 "
2779 "byte array. Fails with error code B<EINVAL> if the currently loaded font is "
2780 "a 512-character font, or if the console is not in text mode."
2784 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:147
2786 msgid "B<GIO_FONTX>"
2790 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:160
2792 "Gets screen font and associated information. I<argp> points to a I<struct "
2793 "consolefontdesc> (see B<PIO_FONTX>). On call, the I<charcount> field should "
2794 "be set to the maximum number of characters that would fit in the buffer "
2795 "pointed to by I<chardata>. On return, the I<charcount> and I<charheight> "
2796 "are filled with the respective data for the currently loaded font, and the "
2797 "I<chardata> array contains the font data if the initial value of "
2798 "I<charcount> indicated enough space was available; otherwise the buffer is "
2799 "untouched and I<errno> is set to B<ENOMEM>. (Since 1.3.1.)"
2803 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:160
2809 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:169
2811 "Sets 256-character screen font. Load font into the EGA/VGA character "
2812 "generator. I<argp> points to a 8192 byte map, with 32 bytes per character. "
2813 "Only first I<N> of them are used for an 8xI<N> font (0 E<lt> I<N> E<lt>= "
2814 "32). This call also invalidates the Unicode mapping."
2818 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:169
2820 msgid "B<PIO_FONTX>"
2824 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:173
2825 msgid "Sets screen font and associated rendering information. I<argp> points to a"
2829 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:184
2832 "struct consolefontdesc {\n"
2833 " unsigned short charcount; /* characters in font\n"
2834 " (256 or 512) */\n"
2835 " unsigned short charheight; /* scan lines per\n"
2836 " character (1-32) */\n"
2837 " char *chardata; /* font data in\n"
2838 " expanded form */\n"
2843 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:191
2845 "If necessary, the screen will be appropriately resized, and B<SIGWINCH> sent "
2846 "to the appropriate processes. This call also invalidates the Unicode "
2847 "mapping. (Since 1.3.1.)"
2851 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:191
2853 msgid "B<PIO_FONTRESET>"
2857 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:197
2859 "Resets the screen font, size and Unicode mapping to the bootup defaults. "
2860 "I<argp> is unused, but should be set to NULL to ensure compatibility with "
2861 "future versions of Linux. (Since 1.3.28.)"
2865 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:197
2867 msgid "B<GIO_SCRNMAP>"
2871 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:204
2873 "Get screen mapping from kernel. I<argp> points to an area of size E_TABSZ, "
2874 "which is loaded with the font positions used to display each character. "
2875 "This call is likely to return useless information if the currently loaded "
2876 "font is more than 256 characters."
2880 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:204
2882 msgid "B<GIO_UNISCRNMAP>"
2886 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:212
2888 "Get full Unicode screen mapping from kernel. I<argp> points to an area of "
2889 "size E_TABSZ*sizeof(unsigned short), which is loaded with the Unicodes each "
2890 "character represent. A special set of Unicodes, starting at U+F000, are "
2891 "used to represent \"direct to font\" mappings. (Since 1.3.1.)"
2895 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:212
2897 msgid "B<PIO_SCRNMAP>"
2901 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:217
2903 "Loads the \"user definable\" (fourth) table in the kernel which maps bytes "
2904 "into console screen symbols. I<argp> points to an area of size E_TABSZ."
2908 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:217
2910 msgid "B<PIO_UNISCRNMAP>"
2914 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:224
2916 "Loads the \"user definable\" (fourth) table in the kernel which maps bytes "
2917 "into Unicodes, which are then translated into screen symbols according to "
2918 "the currently loaded Unicode-to-font map. Special Unicodes starting at "
2919 "U+F000 can be used to map directly to the font symbols. (Since 1.3.1.)"
2923 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:224
2925 msgid "B<GIO_UNIMAP>"
2929 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:227
2930 msgid "Get Unicode-to-font mapping from kernel. I<argp> points to a"
2934 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:234
2937 "struct unimapdesc {\n"
2938 " unsigned short entry_ct;\n"
2939 " struct unipair *entries;\n"
2944 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:238
2945 msgid "where I<entries> points to an array of"
2949 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:245
2952 "struct unipair {\n"
2953 " unsigned short unicode;\n"
2954 " unsigned short fontpos;\n"
2959 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:249 build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:269
2960 msgid "(Since 1.1.92.)"
2964 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:249
2966 msgid "B<PIO_UNIMAP>"
2970 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:254
2973 "Put unicode-to-font mapping in kernel.\n"
2974 " I<argp> points to a\n"
2975 "I<struct unimapdesc>.\n"
2980 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:254
2982 msgid "B<PIO_UNIMAPCLR>"
2986 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:257
2987 msgid "Clear table, possibly advise hash algorithm. I<argp> points to a"
2991 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:265
2994 "struct unimapinit {\n"
2995 " unsigned short advised_hashsize; /* 0 if no opinion */\n"
2996 " unsigned short advised_hashstep; /* 0 if no opinion */\n"
2997 " unsigned short advised_hashlevel; /* 0 if no opinion */\n"
3002 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:269
3004 msgid "B<KDGKBMODE>"
3008 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:273
3010 "Gets current keyboard mode. I<argp> points to a I<long> which is set to one "
3015 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:278
3020 " K_MEDIUMRAW 0x02\n"
3025 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:278
3027 msgid "B<KDSKBMODE>"
3031 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:281
3033 "Sets current keyboard mode. I<argp> is a I<long> equal to one of the above "
3038 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:281
3040 msgid "B<KDGKBMETA>"
3044 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:285
3046 "Gets meta key handling mode. I<argp> points to a I<long> which is set to "
3051 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:288
3054 " K_METABIT 0x03 set high order bit\n"
3055 " K_ESCPREFIX 0x04 escape prefix\n"
3059 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:288
3061 msgid "B<KDSKBMETA>"
3065 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:291
3067 "Sets meta key handling mode. I<argp> is a I<long> equal to one of the above "
3072 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:291
3078 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:294
3080 "Gets one entry in key translation table (keycode to action code). I<argp> "
3085 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:302
3088 "struct kbentry {\n"
3089 " unsigned char kb_table;\n"
3090 " unsigned char kb_index;\n"
3091 " unsigned short kb_value;\n"
3096 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:311
3098 "with the first two members filled in: I<kb_table> selects the key table (0 "
3099 "E<lt>= I<kb_table> E<lt> MAX_NR_KEYMAPS), and I<kb_index> is the keycode (0 "
3100 "E<lt>= I<kb_index> E<lt> NR_KEYS). I<kb_value> is set to the corresponding "
3101 "action code, or K_HOLE if there is no such key, or K_NOSUCHMAP if "
3102 "I<kb_table> is invalid."
3106 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:311
3112 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:315
3113 msgid "Sets one entry in translation table. I<argp> points to a I<struct kbentry>."
3117 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:315
3119 msgid "B<KDGKBSENT>"
3123 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:318
3124 msgid "Gets one function key string. I<argp> points to a"
3128 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:325
3131 "struct kbsentry {\n"
3132 " unsigned char kb_func;\n"
3133 " unsigned char kb_string[512];\n"
3138 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:330
3140 "I<kb_string> is set to the (null-terminated) string corresponding to the "
3141 "I<kb_func>th function key action code."
3145 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:330
3147 msgid "B<KDSKBSENT>"
3151 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:334
3152 msgid "Sets one function key string entry. I<argp> points to a I<struct kbsentry>."
3156 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:334
3158 msgid "B<KDGKBDIACR>"
3162 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:337
3163 msgid "Read kernel accent table. I<argp> points to a"
3167 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:344
3170 "struct kbdiacrs {\n"
3171 " unsigned int kb_cnt;\n"
3172 " struct kbdiacr kbdiacr[256];\n"
3177 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:349
3178 msgid "where I<kb_cnt> is the number of entries in the array, each of which is a"
3182 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:357
3185 "struct kbdiacr {\n"
3186 " unsigned char diacr;\n"
3187 " unsigned char base;\n"
3188 " unsigned char result;\n"
3193 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:359
3195 msgid "B<KDGETKEYCODE>"
3199 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:362
3200 msgid "Read kernel keycode table entry (scan code to keycode). I<argp> points to a"
3204 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:369
3207 "struct kbkeycode {\n"
3208 " unsigned int scancode;\n"
3209 " unsigned int keycode;\n"
3214 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:376
3216 "I<keycode> is set to correspond to the given I<scancode>. (89 E<lt>= "
3217 "I<scancode> E<lt>= 255 only. For 1 E<lt>= I<scancode> E<lt>= 88, "
3218 "I<keycode>==I<scancode>.) (Since 1.1.63.)"
3222 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:376
3224 msgid "B<KDSETKEYCODE>"
3228 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:381
3230 "Write kernel keycode table entry. I<argp> points to a I<struct kbkeycode>. "
3235 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:381
3237 msgid "B<KDSIGACCEPT>"
3241 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:386
3243 "The calling process indicates its willingness to accept the signal I<argp> "
3244 "when it is generated by pressing an appropriate key combination. (1 E<lt>= "
3245 "I<argp> E<lt>= NSIG). (See spawn_console() in "
3246 "linux/drivers/char/keyboard.c.)"
3250 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:386
3252 msgid "B<VT_OPENQRY>"
3256 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:390
3258 "Returns the first available (non-opened) console. I<argp> points to an "
3259 "I<int> which is set to the number of the vt (1 E<lt>= I<*argp> E<lt>= "
3264 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:390
3266 msgid "B<VT_GETMODE>"
3270 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:393
3271 msgid "Get mode of active vt. I<argp> points to a"
3275 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:403
3278 "struct vt_mode {\n"
3279 " char mode; /* vt mode */\n"
3280 " char waitv; /* if set, hang on writes if not active */\n"
3281 " short relsig; /* signal to raise on release req */\n"
3282 " short acqsig; /* signal to raise on acquisition */\n"
3283 " short frsig; /* unused (set to 0) */\n"
3288 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:408
3290 "which is set to the mode of the active vt. I<mode> is set to one of these "
3295 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:412
3298 " VT_AUTO auto vt switching\n"
3299 " VT_PROCESS process controls switching\n"
3300 " VT_ACKACQ acknowledge switch\n"
3304 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:412
3306 msgid "B<VT_SETMODE>"
3310 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:416
3311 msgid "Set mode of active vt. I<argp> points to a I<struct vt_mode>."
3315 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:416
3317 msgid "B<VT_GETSTATE>"
3321 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:419
3322 msgid "Get global vt state info. I<argp> points to a"
3326 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:427
3329 "struct vt_stat {\n"
3330 " unsigned short v_active; /* active vt */\n"
3331 " unsigned short v_signal; /* signal to send */\n"
3332 " unsigned short v_state; /* vt bit mask */\n"
3337 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:432
3339 "For each vt in use, the corresponding bit in the I<v_state> member is set. "
3340 "(Kernels 1.0 through 1.1.92.)"
3344 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:432
3346 msgid "B<VT_RELDISP>"
3350 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:434
3351 msgid "Release a display."
3355 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:434
3357 msgid "B<VT_ACTIVATE>"
3361 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:436
3362 msgid "Switch to vt I<argp> (1 E<lt>= I<argp> E<lt>= MAX_NR_CONSOLES)."
3366 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:436
3368 msgid "B<VT_WAITACTIVE>"
3372 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:438
3373 msgid "Wait until vt I<argp> has been activated."
3377 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:438
3379 msgid "B<VT_DISALLOCATE>"
3383 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:441
3384 msgid "Deallocate the memory associated with vt I<argp>. (Since 1.1.54.)"
3388 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:441
3390 msgid "B<VT_RESIZE>"
3394 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:444
3395 msgid "Set the kernel's idea of screensize. I<argp> points to a"
3399 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:452
3402 "struct vt_sizes {\n"
3403 " unsigned short v_rows; /* # rows */\n"
3404 " unsigned short v_cols; /* # columns */\n"
3405 " unsigned short v_scrollsize; /* no longer used */\n"
3410 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:459
3412 "Note that this does not change the videomode. See B<resizecons>(8). (Since "
3417 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:459
3419 msgid "B<VT_RESIZEX>"
3423 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:462
3424 msgid "Set the kernel's idea of various screen parameters. I<argp> points to a"
3428 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:477
3431 "struct vt_consize {\n"
3432 " unsigned short v_rows; /* number of rows */\n"
3433 " unsigned short v_cols; /* number of columns */\n"
3434 " unsigned short v_vlin; /* number of pixel rows\n"
3436 " unsigned short v_clin; /* number of pixel rows\n"
3437 " per character */\n"
3438 " unsigned short v_vcol; /* number of pixel columns\n"
3440 " unsigned short v_ccol; /* number of pixel columns\n"
3441 " per character */\n"
3446 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:486
3448 "Any parameter may be set to zero, indicating \"no change\", but if multiple "
3449 "parameters are set, they must be self-consistent. Note that this does not "
3450 "change the videomode. See B<resizecons>(8). (Since 1.3.3.)"
3454 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:490
3456 "The action of the following ioctls depends on the first byte in the struct "
3457 "pointed to by I<argp>, referred to here as the I<subcode>. These are legal "
3458 "only for the superuser or the owner of the current tty."
3462 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:490
3464 msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=0>"
3468 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:494
3470 "Dump the screen. Disappeared in 1.1.92. (With kernel 1.1.92 or later, read "
3471 "from /dev/vcsN or /dev/vcsaN instead.)"
3475 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:494
3477 msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=1>"
3481 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:497
3482 msgid "Get task information. Disappeared in 1.1.92."
3486 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:497
3488 msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=2>"
3492 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:500
3493 msgid "Set selection. I<argp> points to a"
3497 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:508
3502 " short xs, ys, xe, ye;\n"
3503 " short sel_mode;\n"
3508 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:520
3510 "I<xs> and I<ys> are the starting column and row. I<xe> and I<ye> are the "
3511 "ending column and row. (Upper left corner is row=column=1.) I<sel_mode> is "
3512 "0 for character-by-character selection, 1 for word-by-word selection, or 2 "
3513 "for line-by-line selection. The indicated screen characters are highlighted "
3514 "and saved in the static array sel_buffer in devices/char/console.c."
3518 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:520
3520 msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=3>"
3524 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:524
3526 "Paste selection. The characters in the selection buffer are written to "
3531 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:524
3533 msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=4>"
3537 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:526
3538 msgid "Unblank the screen."
3542 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:526
3544 msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=5>"
3548 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:530
3550 "Sets contents of a 256-bit look up table defining characters in a \"word\", "
3551 "for word-by-word selection. (Since 1.1.32.)"
3555 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:530
3557 msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=6>"
3561 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:534
3563 "I<argp> points to a char which is set to the value of the kernel variable "
3564 "I<shift_state>. (Since 1.1.32.)"
3568 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:534
3570 msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=7>"
3574 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:538
3576 "I<argp> points to a char which is set to the value of the kernel variable "
3577 "I<report_mouse>. (Since 1.1.33.)"
3581 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:538
3583 msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=8>"
3587 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:543
3589 "Dump screen width and height, cursor position, and all the "
3590 "character-attribute pairs. (Kernels 1.1.67 through 1.1.91 only. With "
3591 "kernel 1.1.92 or later, read from /dev/vcsa* instead.)"
3595 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:543
3597 msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=9>"
3601 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:548
3603 "Restore screen width and height, cursor position, and all the "
3604 "character-attribute pairs. (Kernels 1.1.67 through 1.1.91 only. With "
3605 "kernel 1.1.92 or later, write to /dev/vcsa* instead.)"
3609 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:548
3611 msgid "B<TIOCLINUX, subcode=10>"
3615 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:553
3617 "Handles the Power Saving feature of the new generation of monitors. VESA "
3618 "screen blanking mode is set to I<argp>[1], which governs what screen "
3623 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:555
3625 msgid " I<0>: Screen blanking is disabled.\n"
3629 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:562
3632 " I<1>: The current video adapter\n"
3633 "register settings are saved, then the controller is programmed to turn off\n"
3634 "the vertical synchronization pulses.\n"
3635 "This puts the monitor into \"standby\" mode.\n"
3636 "If your monitor has an Off_Mode timer, then\n"
3637 "it will eventually power down by itself.\n"
3641 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:571
3644 " I<2>: The current\n"
3645 "settings are saved, then both the vertical and horizontal\n"
3646 "synchronization pulses are turned off.\n"
3647 "This puts the monitor into \"off\" mode.\n"
3648 "If your monitor has no Off_Mode timer,\n"
3649 "or if you want your monitor to power down immediately when the\n"
3650 "blank_timer times out, then you choose this option.\n"
3651 "(I<Caution:> Powering down frequently will damage the monitor.)\n"
3655 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:573
3656 msgid "(Since 1.1.76.)"
3660 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:573 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:61 build/C/man2/mknod.2:100 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:61 build/C/man4/st.4:826 build/C/man2/syslog.2:203
3662 msgid "RETURN VALUE"
3666 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:576
3667 msgid "On success, 0 is returned. On error -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set."
3671 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:576 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:67 build/C/man2/mknod.2:105 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:63 build/C/man2/syslog.2:219
3677 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:578
3678 msgid "I<errno> may take on these values:"
3682 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:578
3688 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:581
3689 msgid "The file descriptor is invalid."
3693 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:581
3699 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:585
3701 "The file descriptor is not associated with a character special device, or "
3702 "the specified request does not apply to it."
3706 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:585 build/C/man2/mknod.2:124 build/C/man4/st.4:841 build/C/man2/syslog.2:220
3712 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:588
3713 msgid "The file descriptor or I<argp> is invalid."
3717 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:588 build/C/man2/mknod.2:154 build/C/man2/syslog.2:244
3723 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:591
3724 msgid "Insufficient permission."
3728 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:602
3730 "B<Warning>: Do not regard this man page as documentation of the Linux "
3731 "console ioctl's. This is provided for the curious only, as an alternative "
3732 "to reading the source. Ioctl's are undocumented Linux internals, liable to "
3733 "be changed without warning. (And indeed, this page more or less describes "
3734 "the situation as of kernel version 1.1.94; there are many minor and "
3735 "not-so-minor differences with earlier versions.)"
3739 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:607
3741 "Very often, ioctl's are introduced for communication between the kernel and "
3742 "one particular well-known program (fdisk, hdparm, setserial, tunelp, "
3743 "loadkeys, selection, setfont, etc.), and their behavior will be changed when "
3744 "required by this particular program."
3748 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:611
3750 "Programs using these ioctl's will not be portable to other versions of UNIX, "
3751 "will not work on older versions of Linux, and will not work on future "
3752 "versions of Linux."
3756 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:613
3757 msgid "Use POSIX functions."
3761 #: build/C/man4/console_ioctl.4:639
3763 "B<dumpkeys>(1), B<kbd_mode>(1), B<loadkeys>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<setleds>(1), "
3764 "B<setmetamode>(1), B<execve>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<ioperm>(2), B<termios>(3), "
3765 "B<console>(4), B<console_codes>(4), B<mt>(4), B<sd>(4), B<tty>(4), "
3766 "B<tty_ioctl>(4), B<ttyS>(4), B<vcs>(4), B<vcsa>(4), B<charsets>(7), "
3767 "B<mapscrn>(8), B<resizecons>(8), B<setfont>(8), I</usr/include/linux/kd.h>, "
3768 "I</usr/include/linux/vt.h>"
3772 #: build/C/man5/core.5:23
3778 #: build/C/man5/core.5:23
3784 #: build/C/man5/core.5:26
3785 msgid "core - core dump file"
3789 #: build/C/man5/core.5:37
3791 "The default action of certain signals is to cause a process to terminate and "
3792 "produce a I<core dump file>, a disk file containing an image of the "
3793 "process's memory at the time of termination. This image can be used in a "
3794 "debugger (e.g., B<gdb>(1)) to inspect the state of the program at the time "
3795 "that it terminated. A list of the signals which cause a process to dump "
3796 "core can be found in B<signal>(7)."
3800 #: build/C/man5/core.5:44
3802 "A process can set its soft B<RLIMIT_CORE> resource limit to place an upper "
3803 "limit on the size of the core dump file that will be produced if it receives "
3804 "a \"core dump\" signal; see B<getrlimit>(2) for details."
3808 #: build/C/man5/core.5:47
3809 msgid "There are various circumstances in which a core dump file is not produced:"
3813 #: build/C/man5/core.5:59
3815 "The process does not have permission to write the core file. (By default "
3816 "the core file is called I<core>, and is created in the current working "
3817 "directory. See below for details on naming.) Writing the core file will "
3818 "fail if the directory in which it is to be created is nonwritable, or if a "
3819 "file with the same name exists and is not writable or is not a regular file "
3820 "(e.g., it is a directory or a symbolic link)."
3824 #: build/C/man5/core.5:63
3826 "A (writable, regular) file with the same name as would be used for the core "
3827 "dump already exists, but there is more than one hard link to that file."
3831 #: build/C/man5/core.5:67
3833 "The file system where the core dump file would be created is full; or has "
3834 "run out of inodes; or is mounted read-only; or the user has reached their "
3835 "quota for the file system."
3839 #: build/C/man5/core.5:70
3840 msgid "The directory in which the core dump file is to be created does not exist."
3844 #: build/C/man5/core.5:83
3846 "The B<RLIMIT_CORE> (core file size) or B<RLIMIT_FSIZE> (file size) resource "
3847 "limits for the process are set to zero; see B<getrlimit>(2) and the "
3848 "documentation of the shell's I<ulimit> command (I<limit> in B<csh>(1))."
3852 #: build/C/man5/core.5:86
3854 "The binary being executed by the process does not have read permission "
3858 #. FIXME . Perhaps relocate discussion of /proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable
3859 #. and PR_SET_DUMPABLE to this page?
3861 #: build/C/man5/core.5:99
3863 "The process is executing a set-user-ID (set-group-ID) program that is owned "
3864 "by a user (group) other than the real user (group) ID of the process. "
3865 "(However, see the description of the B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_DUMPABLE> "
3866 "operation, and the description of the I</proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable> file in "
3871 #: build/C/man5/core.5:99
3873 msgid "Naming of core dump files"
3877 #: build/C/man5/core.5:108
3879 "By default, a core dump file is named I<core>, but the "
3880 "I</proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern> file (since Linux 2.6 and 2.4.21) can be "
3881 "set to define a template that is used to name core dump files. The template "
3882 "can contain % specifiers which are substituted by the following values when "
3883 "a core file is created:"
3887 #: build/C/man5/core.5:111
3893 #: build/C/man5/core.5:114
3894 msgid "a single % character"
3898 #: build/C/man5/core.5:114
3904 #: build/C/man5/core.5:117
3905 msgid "PID of dumped process"
3909 #: build/C/man5/core.5:117
3915 #: build/C/man5/core.5:120
3916 msgid "(numeric) real UID of dumped process"
3920 #: build/C/man5/core.5:120
3926 #: build/C/man5/core.5:123
3927 msgid "(numeric) real GID of dumped process"
3931 #: build/C/man5/core.5:123
3937 #: build/C/man5/core.5:126
3938 msgid "number of signal causing dump"
3942 #: build/C/man5/core.5:126
3948 #: build/C/man5/core.5:130
3950 "time of dump, expressed as seconds since the Epoch, 1970-01-01 00:00:00 "
3955 #: build/C/man5/core.5:130
3961 #: build/C/man5/core.5:133
3962 msgid "hostname (same as I<nodename> returned by B<uname>(2))"
3966 #: build/C/man5/core.5:133
3972 #: build/C/man5/core.5:136
3973 msgid "executable filename (without path prefix)"
3977 #: build/C/man5/core.5:136
3983 #: build/C/man5/core.5:140
3985 "pathname of executable, with slashes (\\(aq/\\(aq) replaced by exclamation "
3986 "marks (\\(aq!\\(aq)."
3990 #: build/C/man5/core.5:140
3996 #: build/C/man5/core.5:143
3997 msgid "core file size soft resource limit of crashing process (since Linux 2.6.24)"
4001 #: build/C/man5/core.5:162
4003 "A single % at the end of the template is dropped from the core filename, as "
4004 "is the combination of a % followed by any character other than those listed "
4005 "above. All other characters in the template become a literal part of the "
4006 "core filename. The template may include \\(aq/\\(aq characters, which are "
4007 "interpreted as delimiters for directory names. The maximum size of the "
4008 "resulting core filename is 128 bytes (64 bytes in kernels before 2.6.19). "
4009 "The default value in this file is \"core\". For backward compatibility, if "
4010 "I</proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern> does not include \"%p\" and "
4011 "I</proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid> (see below) is nonzero, then .PID will be "
4012 "appended to the core filename."
4016 #: build/C/man5/core.5:173
4018 "Since version 2.4, Linux has also provided a more primitive method of "
4019 "controlling the name of the core dump file. If the "
4020 "I</proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid> file contains the value 0, then a core "
4021 "dump file is simply named I<core>. If this file contains a nonzero value, "
4022 "then the core dump file includes the process ID in a name of the form "
4027 #: build/C/man5/core.5:173
4029 msgid "Piping core dumps to a program"
4033 #: build/C/man5/core.5:183
4035 "Since kernel 2.6.19, Linux supports an alternate syntax for the "
4036 "I</proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern> file. If the first character of this file "
4037 "is a pipe symbol (B<|>), then the remainder of the line is interpreted as a "
4038 "program to be executed. Instead of being written to a disk file, the core "
4039 "dump is given as standard input to the program. Note the following points:"
4043 #: build/C/man5/core.5:187
4045 "The program must be specified using an absolute pathname (or a pathname "
4046 "relative to the root directory, I</>), and must immediately follow the '|' "
4051 #: build/C/man5/core.5:190
4052 msgid "The process created to run the program runs as user and group I<root>."
4056 #: build/C/man5/core.5:194
4058 "Command-line arguments can be supplied to the program (since kernel 2.6.24), "
4059 "delimited by white space (up to a total line length of 128 bytes)."
4063 #: build/C/man5/core.5:200
4065 "The command-line arguments can include any of the % specifiers listed "
4066 "above. For example, to pass the PID of the process that is being dumped, "
4067 "specify I<%p> in an argument."
4071 #: build/C/man5/core.5:200
4073 msgid "Controlling which mappings are written to the core dump"
4077 #: build/C/man5/core.5:206
4079 "Since kernel 2.6.23, the Linux-specific I</proc/PID/coredump_filter> file "
4080 "can be used to control which memory segments are written to the core dump "
4081 "file in the event that a core dump is performed for the process with the "
4082 "corresponding process ID."
4086 #: build/C/man5/core.5:212
4088 "The value in the file is a bit mask of memory mapping types (see "
4089 "B<mmap>(2)). If a bit is set in the mask, then memory mappings of the "
4090 "corresponding type are dumped; otherwise they are not dumped. The bits in "
4091 "this file have the following meanings:"
4095 #: build/C/man5/core.5:215
4101 #: build/C/man5/core.5:218
4102 msgid "Dump anonymous private mappings."
4106 #: build/C/man5/core.5:218
4112 #: build/C/man5/core.5:221
4113 msgid "Dump anonymous shared mappings."
4117 #: build/C/man5/core.5:221
4123 #: build/C/man5/core.5:224
4124 msgid "Dump file-backed private mappings."
4128 #: build/C/man5/core.5:224
4133 #. file-backed shared mappings of course also update the underlying
4136 #: build/C/man5/core.5:229
4137 msgid "Dump file-backed shared mappings."
4141 #: build/C/man5/core.5:229
4143 msgid "bit 4 (since Linux 2.6.24)"
4147 #: build/C/man5/core.5:232
4148 msgid "Dump ELF headers."
4152 #: build/C/man5/core.5:232
4154 msgid "bit 5 (since Linux 2.6.28)"
4158 #: build/C/man5/core.5:235
4159 msgid "Dump private huge pages."
4163 #: build/C/man5/core.5:235
4165 msgid "bit 6 (since Linux 2.6.28)"
4169 #: build/C/man5/core.5:238
4170 msgid "Dump shared huge pages."
4174 #: build/C/man5/core.5:246
4176 "By default, the following bits are set: 0, 1, 4 (if the "
4177 "B<CONFIG_CORE_DUMP_DEFAULT_ELF_HEADERS> kernel configuration option is "
4178 "enabled), and 5. The value of this file is displayed in hexadecimal. (The "
4179 "default value is thus displayed as 33.)"
4183 #: build/C/man5/core.5:251
4185 "Memory-mapped I/O pages such as frame buffer are never dumped, and virtual "
4186 "DSO pages are always dumped, regardless of the I<coredump_filter> value."
4190 #: build/C/man5/core.5:261
4192 "A child process created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's "
4193 "I<coredump_filter> value; the I<coredump_filter> value is preserved across "
4198 #: build/C/man5/core.5:265
4200 "It can be useful to set I<coredump_filter> in the parent shell before "
4201 "running a program, for example:"
4205 #: build/C/man5/core.5:270
4208 "$B< echo 0x7 E<gt> /proc/self/coredump_filter>\n"
4209 "$B< ./some_program>\n"
4213 #: build/C/man5/core.5:276
4215 "This file is only provided if the kernel was built with the "
4216 "B<CONFIG_ELF_CORE> configuration option."
4220 #: build/C/man5/core.5:281
4222 "The B<gdb>(1) I<gcore> command can be used to obtain a core dump of a "
4226 #. Always including the PID in the name of the core file made
4227 #. sense for LinuxThreads, where each thread had a unique PID,
4228 #. but doesn't seem to serve any purpose with NPTL, where all the
4229 #. threads in a process share the same PID (as POSIX.1 requires).
4230 #. Probably the behavior is maintained so that applications using
4231 #. LinuxThreads continue appending the PID (the kernel has no easy
4232 #. way of telling which threading implementation the userspace
4233 #. application is using). -- mtk, April 2006
4235 #: build/C/man5/core.5:301
4237 "If a multithreaded process (or, more precisely, a process that shares its "
4238 "memory with another process by being created with the B<CLONE_VM> flag of "
4239 "B<clone>(2)) dumps core, then the process ID is always appended to the core "
4240 "filename, unless the process ID was already included elsewhere in the "
4241 "filename via a %p specification in I</proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern>. (This "
4242 "is primarily useful when employing the LinuxThreads implementation, where "
4243 "each thread of a process has a different PID.)"
4247 #: build/C/man5/core.5:301 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:50 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:272 build/C/man4/vcs.4:88
4253 #: build/C/man5/core.5:309
4255 "The program below can be used to demonstrate the use of the pipe syntax in "
4256 "the I</proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern> file. The following shell session "
4257 "demonstrates the use of this program (compiled to create an executable named "
4258 "I<core_pattern_pipe_test>):"
4262 #: build/C/man5/core.5:330
4265 "$B< cc -o core_pattern_pipe_test core_pattern_pipe_test.c>\n"
4268 "#B< echo \"|$PWD/core_pattern_pipe_test %p UID=%u GID=%g sig=%s\" E<gt> "
4270 "B</proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern>\n"
4273 "B<^\\e> # type control-backslash\n"
4274 "Quit (core dumped)\n"
4275 "$B< cat core.info>\n"
4277 "argc[0]=E<lt>/home/mtk/core_pattern_pipe_testE<gt>\n"
4278 "argc[1]=E<lt>20575E<gt>\n"
4279 "argc[2]=E<lt>UID=1000E<gt>\n"
4280 "argc[3]=E<lt>GID=100E<gt>\n"
4281 "argc[4]=E<lt>sig=3E<gt>\n"
4282 "Total bytes in core dump: 282624\n"
4286 #: build/C/man5/core.5:332 build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:60
4288 msgid "Program source"
4292 #: build/C/man5/core.5:336
4294 msgid "/* core_pattern_pipe_test.c */\n"
4298 #: build/C/man5/core.5:344
4301 "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n"
4302 "#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>\n"
4303 "#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>\n"
4304 "#include E<lt>limits.hE<gt>\n"
4305 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4306 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4307 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
4311 #: build/C/man5/core.5:346
4313 msgid "#define BUF_SIZE 1024\n"
4317 #: build/C/man5/core.5:355
4321 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4325 " char buf[BUF_SIZE];\n"
4327 " char cwd[PATH_MAX];\n"
4331 #: build/C/man5/core.5:358
4334 " /* Change our current working directory to that of the\n"
4335 " crashing process */\n"
4339 #: build/C/man5/core.5:361
4342 " snprintf(cwd, PATH_MAX, \"/proc/%s/cwd\", argv[1]);\n"
4347 #: build/C/man5/core.5:363
4349 msgid " /* Write output to file \"core.info\" in that directory */\n"
4353 #: build/C/man5/core.5:367
4356 " fp = fopen(\"core.info\", \"w+\");\n"
4357 " if (fp == NULL)\n"
4358 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4362 #: build/C/man5/core.5:370
4365 " /* Display command-line arguments given to core_pattern\n"
4366 " pipe program */\n"
4370 #: build/C/man5/core.5:374
4373 " fprintf(fp, \"argc=%d\\en\", argc);\n"
4374 " for (j = 0; j E<lt> argc; j++)\n"
4375 " fprintf(fp, \"argc[%d]=E<lt>%sE<gt>\\en\", j, argv[j]);\n"
4379 #: build/C/man5/core.5:376
4381 msgid " /* Count bytes in standard input (the core dump) */\n"
4385 #: build/C/man5/core.5:381
4389 " while ((nread = read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, BUF_SIZE)) E<gt> 0)\n"
4391 " fprintf(fp, \"Total bytes in core dump: %d\\en\", tot);\n"
4395 #: build/C/man5/core.5:384
4398 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
4403 #: build/C/man5/core.5:396
4405 "B<bash>(1), B<gdb>(1), B<getrlimit>(2), B<mmap>(2), B<prctl>(2), "
4406 "B<sigaction>(2), B<elf>(5), B<proc>(5), B<pthreads>(7), B<signal>(7)"
4410 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:24
4416 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:24 build/C/man4/msr.4:24
4422 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:27
4423 msgid "cpuid - x86 CPUID access device"
4427 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:29
4428 msgid "CPUID provides an interface for querying information about the x86 CPU."
4432 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:36
4434 "This device is accessed by B<lseek (2)> or B<pread (2)> to the appropriate "
4435 "CPUID level and reading in chunks of 16 bytes. A larger read size means "
4436 "multiple reads of consecutive levels."
4440 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:45
4442 "The lower 32 bits of the file position is used as the incoming I<%eax>, and "
4443 "the upper 32 bits of the file position as the incoming I<%ecx>, the latter "
4444 "intended for \"counting\" I<eax> levels like I<eax=4>."
4448 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:55
4450 "This driver uses I</dev/cpu/CPUNUM/cpuid>, where I<CPUNUM> is the minor "
4451 "number, and on an SMP box will direct the access to CPU I<CPUNUM> as listed "
4452 "in I</proc/cpuinfo>."
4456 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:60
4458 "This file is protected so that it can only be read by the user I<root>, or "
4459 "members of the group I<root>."
4463 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:65
4465 "The CPUID instruction can be directly executed by a program using inline "
4466 "assembler. However this device allows convenient access to all CPUs without "
4467 "changing process affinity."
4471 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:74
4473 "Most of the information in I<cpuid> is reported by the kernel in cooked form "
4474 "either in I</proc/cpuinfo> or through subdirectories in "
4475 "I</sys/devices/system/cpu>. Direct CPUID access through this device should "
4476 "only be used in exceptional cases."
4480 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:80
4482 "The I<cpuid> driver is not auto-loaded. On modular kernels you might need "
4483 "to use the following command to load it explicitly before use:"
4487 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:82
4489 msgid " $ I<modprobe cpuid>\n"
4493 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:85
4495 "There is no support for CPUID functions that require additional input "
4500 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:87
4501 msgid "Very old x86 CPUs don't support CPUID."
4505 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:91
4507 "Intel Corporation, Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's "
4508 "Manual Volume 2A: Instruction Set Reference, A-M, 3-180 CPUID reference."
4512 #: build/C/man4/cpuid.4:94
4514 "Intel Corporation, Intel Processor Identification and the CPUID Instruction, "
4515 "Application note 485."
4519 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:26
4525 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:26
4531 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:29
4532 msgid "dsp56k - DSP56001 interface device"
4536 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:32
4538 msgid "#include E<lt>asm/dsp56k.hE<gt>\n"
4542 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:35
4545 "B<ssize_t read(int >I<fd>B<, void *>I<data>B<, size_t >I<length>B<);>\n"
4546 "B<ssize_t write(int >I<fd>B<, void *>I<data>B<, size_t >I<length>B<);>\n"
4550 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:41
4553 "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, DSP56K_UPLOAD, struct dsp56k_upload "
4554 "*>I<program>B<);>\n"
4555 "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, DSP56K_SET_TX_WSIZE, int >I<wsize>B<);>\n"
4556 "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, DSP56K_SET_RX_WSIZE, int >I<wsize>B<);>\n"
4557 "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, DSP56K_HOST_FLAGS, struct dsp56k_host_flags "
4559 "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, DSP56K_HOST_CMD, int >I<cmd>B<);>\n"
4563 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:42 build/C/man4/fd.4:30 build/C/man4/full.4:29 build/C/man4/initrd.4:37 build/C/man4/lp.4:31 build/C/man4/mouse.4:28 build/C/man4/sd.4:32
4565 msgid "CONFIGURATION"
4569 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:45
4571 "The dsp56k device is a character device with major number 55 and minor "
4576 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:51
4578 "The Motorola DSP56001 is a fully programmable 24-bit digital signal "
4579 "processor found in Atari Falcon030-compatible computers. The I<dsp56k> "
4580 "special file is used to control the DSP56001, and to send and receive data "
4581 "using the bidirectional handshaked host port."
4585 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:61
4587 "To send a data stream to the signal processor, use B<write>(2) to the "
4588 "device, and B<read>(2) to receive processed data. The data can be sent or "
4589 "received in 8, 16, 24, or 32-bit quantities on the host side, but will "
4590 "always be seen as 24-bit quantities in the DSP56001."
4594 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:66
4595 msgid "The following B<ioctl>(2) calls are used to control the I<dsp56k> device:"
4599 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:66
4601 msgid "B<DSP56K_UPLOAD>"
4605 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:73
4607 "resets the DSP56001 and uploads a program. The third B<ioctl>(2) argument "
4608 "must be a pointer to a I<struct dsp56k_binary> with members I<bin> pointing "
4609 "to a DSP56001 binary program, and I<len> set to the length of the program, "
4610 "counted in 24-bit words."
4614 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:73
4616 msgid "B<DSP56K_SET_TX_WSIZE>"
4620 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:81
4622 "sets the transmit word size. Allowed values are in the range 1 to 4, and is "
4623 "the number of bytes that will be sent at a time to the DSP56001. These data "
4624 "quantities will either be padded with zero bytes, or truncated to fit the "
4625 "native 24-bit data format of the DSP56001."
4629 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:81
4631 msgid "B<DSP56K_SET_RX_WSIZE>"
4635 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:88
4637 "sets the receive word size. Allowed values are in the range 1 to 4, and is "
4638 "the number of bytes that will be received at a time from the DSP56001. "
4639 "These data quantities will either truncated, or padded with a null byte "
4640 "(\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) to fit the native 24-bit data format of the DSP56001."
4644 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:88
4646 msgid "B<DSP56K_HOST_FLAGS>"
4650 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:95
4652 "read and write the host flags. The host flags are four general-purpose bits "
4653 "that can be read by both the hosting computer and the DSP56001. Bits 0 and "
4654 "1 can be written by the host, and bits 2 and 3 can be written by the "
4659 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:105
4661 "To access the host flags, the third B<ioctl>(2) argument must be a pointer "
4662 "to a I<struct dsp56k_host_flags>. If bit 0 or 1 is set in the I<dir> "
4663 "member, the corresponding bit in I<out> will be written to the host flags. "
4664 "The state of all host flags will be returned in the lower four bits of the "
4669 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:105
4671 msgid "B<DSP56K_HOST_CMD>"
4675 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:109
4677 "sends a host command. Allowed values are in the range 0 to 31, and is a "
4678 "user-defined command handled by the program running in the DSP56001."
4682 #. Fredrik Noring <noring@nocrew.org>, lars brinkhoff <lars@nocrew.org>,
4683 #. Tomas Berndtsson <tomas@nocrew.org>.
4685 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:114
4690 #: build/C/man4/dsp56k.4:119
4692 "I<linux/include/asm-m68k/dsp56k.h>, I<linux/drivers/char/dsp56k.c>, "
4693 "I<http://dsp56k.nocrew.org/>, DSP56000/DSP56001 Digital Signal Processor "
4698 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:27
4704 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:27 build/C/man4/random.4:17
4710 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:30
4711 msgid "fd - floppy disk device"
4715 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:47
4717 "Floppy drives are block devices with major number 2. Typically they are "
4718 "owned by I<root.floppy> (i.e., user root, group floppy) and have either mode "
4719 "0660 (access checking via group membership) or mode 0666 (everybody has "
4720 "access). The minor numbers encode the device type, drive number, and "
4721 "controller number. For each device type (that is, combination of density "
4722 "and track count) there is a base minor number. To this base number, add "
4723 "the drive's number on its controller and 128 if the drive is on the "
4724 "secondary controller. In the following device tables, I<n> represents the "
4729 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:54
4731 "B<Warning: If you use formats with more tracks than supported by your drive, "
4732 "you may cause it mechanical damage.> Trying once if more tracks than the "
4733 "usual 40/80 are supported should not damage it, but no warranty is given for "
4734 "that. If you are not sure, don't create device entries for those formats, "
4735 "so as to prevent their usage."
4739 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:57
4741 "Drive-independent device files which automatically detect the media format "
4746 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:59
4748 msgid "Name\tBase minor #\n"
4752 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:60 build/C/man4/fd.4:68 build/C/man4/fd.4:76 build/C/man4/fd.4:93 build/C/man4/fd.4:105 build/C/man4/fd.4:124
4758 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:61
4760 msgid "B<fd>I<n>\t0\n"
4764 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:65
4765 msgid "5.25 inch double density device files:"
4769 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:67 build/C/man4/fd.4:75 build/C/man4/fd.4:92 build/C/man4/fd.4:104 build/C/man4/fd.4:123
4771 msgid "Name\tCapac.\tCyl.\tSect.\tHeads\tBase minor #\n"
4775 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:69
4777 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<d360>\t360K\t40\t9\t2\t4\n"
4781 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:73
4782 msgid "5.25 inch high density device files:"
4786 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:77
4788 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h360>\t360K\t40\t9\t2\t20\n"
4792 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:78
4794 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h410>\t410K\t41\t10\t2\t48\n"
4798 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:79
4800 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h420>\t420K\t42\t10\t2\t64\n"
4804 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:80
4806 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h720>\t720K\t80\t9\t2\t24\n"
4810 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:81
4812 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h880>\t880K\t80\t11\t2\t80\n"
4816 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:82
4818 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h1200>\t1200K\t80\t15\t2\t8\n"
4822 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:83
4824 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h1440>\t1440K\t80\t18\t2\t40\n"
4828 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:84
4830 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h1476>\t1476K\t82\t18\t2\t56\n"
4834 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:85
4836 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h1494>\t1494K\t83\t18\t2\t72\n"
4840 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:86
4842 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<h1600>\t1600K\t80\t20\t2\t92\n"
4846 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:90
4847 msgid "3.5 inch double density device files:"
4851 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:94
4853 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<D360>\t360K\t80\t9\t1\t12\n"
4857 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:95
4859 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<D720>\t720K\t80\t9\t2\t16\n"
4863 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:96
4865 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<D800>\t800K\t80\t10\t2\t120\n"
4869 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:97
4871 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<D1040>\t1040K\t80\t13\t2\t84\n"
4875 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:98
4877 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<D1120>\t1120K\t80\t14\t2\t88\n"
4881 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:102
4882 msgid "3.5 inch high density device files:"
4886 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:106
4888 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H360>\t360K\t40\t9\t2\t12\n"
4892 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:107
4894 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H720>\t720K\t80\t9\t2\t16\n"
4898 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:108
4900 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H820>\t820K\t82\t10\t2\t52\n"
4904 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:109
4906 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H830>\t830K\t83\t10\t2\t68\n"
4910 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:110
4912 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1440>\t1440K\t80\t18\t2\t28\n"
4916 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:111
4918 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1600>\t1600K\t80\t20\t2\t124\n"
4922 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:112
4924 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1680>\t1680K\t80\t21\t2\t44\n"
4928 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:113
4930 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1722>\t1722K\t82\t21\t2\t60\n"
4934 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:114
4936 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1743>\t1743K\t83\t21\t2\t76\n"
4940 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:115
4942 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1760>\t1760K\t80\t22\t2\t96\n"
4946 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:116
4948 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1840>\t1840K\t80\t23\t2\t116\n"
4952 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:117
4954 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<H1920>\t1920K\t80\t24\t2\t100\n"
4958 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:121
4959 msgid "3.5 inch extra density device files:"
4963 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:125
4965 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<E2880>\t2880K\t80\t36\t2\t32\n"
4969 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:126
4971 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<CompaQ>\t2880K\t80\t36\t2\t36\n"
4975 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:127
4977 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<E3200>\t3200K\t80\t40\t2\t104\n"
4981 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:128
4983 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<E3520>\t3520K\t80\t44\t2\t108\n"
4987 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:129
4989 msgid "B<fd>I<n>B<E3840>\t3840K\t80\t48\t2\t112\n"
4993 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:136
4995 "B<fd> special files access the floppy disk drives in raw mode. The "
4996 "following B<ioctl>(2) calls are supported by B<fd> devices:"
5000 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:136
5006 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:138
5007 msgid "clears the media information of a drive (geometry of disk in drive)."
5011 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:138
5017 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:142
5019 "sets the media information of a drive. The media information will be lost "
5020 "when the media is changed."
5024 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:142
5030 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:148
5032 "sets the media information of a drive (geometry of disk in drive). The "
5033 "media information will not be lost when the media is changed. This will "
5034 "disable autodetection. In order to reenable autodetection, you have to "
5035 "issue an B<FDCLRPRM>."
5039 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:148 build/C/man4/fd.4:160
5041 msgid "B<FDGETDRVTYP>"
5045 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:153
5047 "returns the type of a drive (name parameter). For formats which work in "
5048 "several drive types, B<FDGETDRVTYP> returns a name which is appropriate for "
5049 "the oldest drive type which supports this format."
5053 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:153
5059 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:155
5060 msgid "invalidates the buffer cache for the given drive."
5064 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:155 build/C/man4/fd.4:158
5066 msgid "B<FDSETMAXERRS>"
5070 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:158
5072 "sets the error thresholds for reporting errors, aborting the operation, "
5073 "recalibrating, resetting, and reading sector by sector."
5077 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:160
5078 msgid "gets the current error thresholds."
5082 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:162
5083 msgid "gets the internal name of the drive."
5087 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:162
5089 msgid "B<FDWERRORCLR>"
5093 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:164
5094 msgid "clears the write error statistics."
5098 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:164
5100 msgid "B<FDWERRORGET>"
5104 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:171
5106 "reads the write error statistics. These include the total number of write "
5107 "errors, the location and disk of the first write error, and the location and "
5108 "disk of the last write error. Disks are identified by a generation number "
5109 "which is incremented at (almost) each disk change."
5113 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:171
5115 msgid "B<FDTWADDLE>"
5119 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:175
5121 "Switch the drive motor off for a few microseconds. This might be needed in "
5122 "order to access a disk whose sectors are too close together."
5126 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:175
5128 msgid "B<FDSETDRVPRM>"
5132 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:177
5133 msgid "sets various drive parameters."
5137 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:177
5139 msgid "B<FDGETDRVPRM>"
5143 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:179
5144 msgid "reads these parameters back."
5148 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:179
5150 msgid "B<FDGETDRVSTAT>"
5154 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:181
5155 msgid "gets the cached drive state (disk changed, write protected et al.)"
5159 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:181
5161 msgid "B<FDPOLLDRVSTAT>"
5165 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:183
5166 msgid "polls the drive and return its state."
5170 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:183
5172 msgid "B<FDGETFDCSTAT>"
5176 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:185
5177 msgid "gets the floppy controller state."
5181 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:185
5187 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:187
5188 msgid "resets the floppy controller under certain conditions."
5192 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:187
5198 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:189
5199 msgid "sends a raw command to the floppy controller."
5203 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:194
5205 "For more precise information, consult also the I<E<lt>linux/fd.hE<gt>> and "
5206 "I<E<lt>linux/fdreg.hE<gt>> include files, as well as the B<floppycontrol>(1) "
5211 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:196
5216 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:202
5218 "The various formats permit reading and writing many types of disks. "
5219 "However, if a floppy is formatted with an inter-sector gap that is too "
5220 "small, performance may drop, to the point of needing a few seconds to access "
5221 "an entire track. To prevent this, use interleaved formats."
5225 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:206
5227 "It is not possible to read floppies which are formatted using GCR (group "
5228 "code recording), which is used by Apple II and Macintosh computers (800k "
5233 #. Alain Knaff (Alain.Knaff@imag.fr), David Niemi
5234 #. (niemidc@clark.net), Bill Broadhurst (bbroad@netcom.com).
5236 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:213
5238 "Reading floppies which are hard sectored (one hole per sector, with the "
5239 "index hole being a little skewed) is not supported. This used to be common "
5240 "with older 8-inch floppies."
5244 #: build/C/man4/fd.4:221
5246 "B<chown>(1), B<floppycontrol>(1), B<getfdprm>(1), B<mknod>(1), "
5247 "B<superformat>(1), B<mount>(8), B<setfdprm>(8)"
5251 #: build/C/man7/fifo.7:10
5257 #: build/C/man7/fifo.7:10
5263 #: build/C/man7/fifo.7:13
5264 msgid "fifo - first-in first-out special file, named pipe"
5268 #: build/C/man7/fifo.7:25
5270 "A FIFO special file (a named pipe) is similar to a pipe, except that it is "
5271 "accessed as part of the file system. It can be opened by multiple processes "
5272 "for reading or writing. When processes are exchanging data via the FIFO, "
5273 "the kernel passes all data internally without writing it to the file "
5274 "system. Thus, the FIFO special file has no contents on the file system; the "
5275 "file system entry merely serves as a reference point so that processes can "
5276 "access the pipe using a name in the file system."
5280 #: build/C/man7/fifo.7:32
5282 "The kernel maintains exactly one pipe object for each FIFO special file that "
5283 "is opened by at least one process. The FIFO must be opened on both ends "
5284 "(reading and writing) before data can be passed. Normally, opening the "
5285 "FIFO blocks until the other end is opened also."
5289 #: build/C/man7/fifo.7:41
5291 "A process can open a FIFO in nonblocking mode. In this case, opening for "
5292 "read only will succeed even if no-one has opened on the write side yet, "
5293 "opening for write only will fail with B<ENXIO> (no such device or address) "
5294 "unless the other end has already been opened."
5298 #: build/C/man7/fifo.7:51
5300 "Under Linux, opening a FIFO for read and write will succeed both in blocking "
5301 "and nonblocking mode. POSIX leaves this behavior undefined. This can be "
5302 "used to open a FIFO for writing while there are no readers available. A "
5303 "process that uses both ends of the connection in order to communicate with "
5304 "itself should be very careful to avoid deadlocks."
5308 #: build/C/man7/fifo.7:56
5310 "When a process tries to write to a FIFO that is not opened for read on the "
5311 "other side, the process is sent a B<SIGPIPE> signal."
5315 #: build/C/man7/fifo.7:62
5317 "FIFO special files can be created by B<mkfifo>(3), and are indicated by I<ls "
5318 "-l> with the file type \\(aqp\\(aq."
5322 #: build/C/man7/fifo.7:71
5324 "B<mkfifo>(1), B<open>(2), B<pipe>(2), B<sigaction>(2), B<signal>(2), "
5325 "B<socketpair>(2), B<mkfifo>(3), B<pipe>(7)"
5329 #: build/C/man4/full.4:26
5335 #: build/C/man4/full.4:26
5341 #: build/C/man4/full.4:29
5342 msgid "full - always full device"
5346 #: build/C/man4/full.4:32
5348 "If your system does not have I</dev/full> created already, it can be created "
5349 "with the following commands:"
5353 #: build/C/man4/full.4:36
5356 " mknod -m 666 /dev/full c 1 7\n"
5357 " chown root:root /dev/full\n"
5361 #: build/C/man4/full.4:40
5362 msgid "File I</dev/full> has major device number 1 and minor device number 7."
5366 #: build/C/man4/full.4:45
5368 "Writes to the I</dev/full> device will fail with an B<ENOSPC> error. This "
5369 "can be used to test how a program handles disk-full errors."
5373 #: build/C/man4/full.4:47
5374 msgid "Reads from the I</dev/full> device will return \\e0 characters."
5378 #: build/C/man4/full.4:49
5379 msgid "Seeks on I</dev/full> will always succeed."
5383 #: build/C/man4/full.4:51
5388 #: build/C/man4/full.4:55
5389 msgid "B<mknod>(1), B<null>(4), B<zero>(4)"
5393 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:24
5395 msgid "GNU_GET_LIBC_VERSION"
5399 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:24 build/C/man3/makedev.3:24
5405 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:27
5406 msgid "gnu_get_libc_version, gnu_get_libc_release - get glibc version and release"
5410 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:31
5413 "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
5414 "B<#include E<lt>gnu/libc-version.hE<gt>>\n"
5418 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:34
5421 "B<const char *gnu_get_libc_version(void);>\n"
5422 "B<const char *gnu_get_libc_release(void);>\n"
5426 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:39
5428 "The function B<gnu_get_libc_version>() returns a string that identifies the "
5429 "glibc version available on the system."
5433 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:46
5435 "The function B<gnu_get_libc_release>() returns a string indicates the "
5436 "release status of the glibc version available on the system. This will be a "
5437 "string such as I<stable>."
5441 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:46 build/C/man4/vcs.4:86
5447 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:48
5448 msgid "These functions first appeared in glibc in version 2.1."
5452 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:48 build/C/man3/makedev.3:61 build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:100 build/C/man2/mknod.2:172 build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:67 build/C/man3/stdarg.3:210 build/C/man2/syslog.2:257 build/C/man3/syslog.3:245 build/C/man7/uri.7:579
5454 msgid "CONFORMING TO"
5458 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:50
5459 msgid "These functions are glibc-specific."
5463 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:52
5464 msgid "When run, the program below will produce output such as the following:"
5468 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:58
5472 "GNU libc version: 2.8\n"
5473 "GNU libc release: stable\n"
5477 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:66
5480 "#include E<lt>gnu/libc-version.hE<gt>\n"
5481 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
5482 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
5486 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:74
5490 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
5492 " printf(\"GNU libc version: %s\\en\", gnu_get_libc_version());\n"
5493 " printf(\"GNU libc release: %s\\en\", gnu_get_libc_release());\n"
5494 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
5499 #: build/C/man3/gnu_get_libc_version.3:77
5500 msgid "B<confstr>(3)"
5504 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:28
5510 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:28 build/C/man4/sd.4:24
5516 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:31
5517 msgid "hd - MFM/IDE hard disk devices"
5521 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:38
5523 "The B<hd*> devices are block devices to access MFM/IDE hard disk drives in "
5524 "raw mode. The master drive on the primary IDE controller (major device "
5525 "number 3) is B<hda>; the slave drive is B<hdb>. The master drive of the "
5526 "second controller (major device number 22) is B<hdc> and the slave B<hdd>."
5530 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:62
5532 "General IDE block device names have the form B<hd>I<X>, or B<hd>I<XP>, where "
5533 "I<X> is a letter denoting the physical drive, and I<P> is a number denoting "
5534 "the partition on that physical drive. The first form, B<hd>I<X,> is used to "
5535 "address the whole drive. Partition numbers are assigned in the order the "
5536 "partitions are discovered, and only nonempty, nonextended partitions get a "
5537 "number. However, partition numbers 1-4 are given to the four partitions "
5538 "described in the MBR (the \"primary\" partitions), regardless of whether "
5539 "they are unused or extended. Thus, the first logical partition will be "
5540 "B<hd>I<X>B<5>\\&. Both DOS-type partitioning and BSD-disklabel partitioning "
5541 "are supported. You can have at most 63 partitions on an IDE disk."
5545 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:68
5547 "For example, I</dev/hda> refers to all of the first IDE drive in the system; "
5548 "and I</dev/hdb3> refers to the third DOS \"primary\" partition on the second "
5553 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:70 build/C/man4/ttyS.4:32
5554 msgid "They are typically created by:"
5558 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:73
5559 msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hda b 3 0"
5563 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:75
5564 msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hda1 b 3 1"
5568 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:77
5569 msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hda2 b 3 2"
5573 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:79 build/C/man4/hd.4:89
5578 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:81
5579 msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hda8 b 3 8"
5583 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:83
5584 msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb b 3 64"
5588 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:85
5589 msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb1 b 3 65"
5593 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:87
5594 msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb2 b 3 66"
5598 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:91
5599 msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb8 b 3 72"
5603 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:93
5604 msgid "chown root:disk /dev/hd*"
5608 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:96
5613 #: build/C/man4/hd.4:101
5614 msgid "B<chown>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<sd>(4), B<mount>(8)"
5618 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:7
5624 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:10
5625 msgid "hpsa - HP Smart Array SCSI driver"
5629 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:13
5631 msgid "modprobe hpsa [ hpsa_allow_any=1 ]\n"
5635 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:17
5636 msgid "B<hpsa> is a SCSI driver for HP Smart Array RAID controllers."
5640 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:36
5642 "I<hpsa_allow_any=1>: This option allows the driver to attempt to operate on "
5643 "any HP Smart Array hardware RAID controller, even if it is not explicitly "
5644 "known to the driver. This allows newer hardware to work with older "
5645 "drivers. Typically this is used to allow installation of operating systems "
5646 "from media that predates the RAID controller, though it may also be used to "
5647 "enable B<hpsa> to drive older controllers that would normally be handled by "
5648 "the B<cciss>(4) driver. These older boards have not been tested and are "
5649 "not supported with B<hpsa>, and B<cciss>(4) should still be used for these."
5653 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:40
5654 msgid "The B<hpsa> driver supports the following Smart Array boards:"
5658 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:51
5661 " Smart Array P700M\n"
5662 " Smart Array P212\n"
5663 " Smart Array P410\n"
5664 " Smart Array P410i\n"
5665 " Smart Array P411\n"
5666 " Smart Array P812\n"
5667 " Smart Array P712m\n"
5668 " Smart Array P711m\n"
5669 " StorageWorks P1210m\n"
5673 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:76
5675 "Logical drives are accessed via the SCSI disk driver (B<sd>(4)), tape drives "
5676 "via the SCSI tape driver (B<st>(4)), and the RAID controller via the SCSI "
5677 "generic driver (B<sg>(4)), with device nodes named I</dev/sd*,> I</dev/st*>, "
5678 "and I</dev/sg*>, respectively."
5682 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:76
5684 msgid "HPSA-Specific Host Attribute Files in /sys"
5688 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:77
5690 msgid "I</sys/class/scsi_host/host*/rescan>"
5694 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:91
5696 "This is a write-only attribute. Writing to this attribute will cause the "
5697 "driver to scan for new, changed, or removed devices (e.g. hot-plugged tape "
5698 "drives, or newly configured or deleted logical drives, etc.) and notify the "
5699 "SCSI midlayer of any changes detected. Normally a rescan is triggered "
5700 "automatically by HP's Array Configuration Utility (either the GUI or the "
5701 "command-line variety); thus, for logical drive changes, the user should not "
5702 "normally have to use this attribute. This attribute may be useful when hot "
5703 "plugging devices like tape drives, or entire storage boxes containing "
5704 "pre-configured logical drives."
5708 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:91
5710 msgid "I</sys/class/scsi_host/host*/firmware_revision>"
5714 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:94
5715 msgid "This attribute contains the firmware version of the Smart Array."
5719 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:96
5720 msgid "For example:"
5724 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:101
5727 " # B<cd /sys/class/scsi_host/host4>\n"
5728 " # B<cat firmware_revision>\n"
5733 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:103
5735 msgid "HPSA-Specific Disk Attribute Files in /sys"
5739 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:104
5741 msgid "I</sys/class/scsi_disk/c:b:t:l/device/unique_id>"
5745 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:107
5746 msgid "This attribute contains a 32 hex-digit unique ID for each logical drive."
5750 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:110 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:121 build/C/man4/hpsa.4:135
5752 msgid "For example:\n"
5756 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:114
5759 " # B<cd /sys/class/scsi_disk/4:0:0:0/device>\n"
5760 " # B<cat unique_id>\n"
5761 " 600508B1001044395355323037570F77\n"
5765 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:115
5767 msgid "I</sys/class/scsi_disk/c:b:t:l/device/raid_level>"
5771 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:118
5772 msgid "This attribute contains the RAID level of each logical drive."
5776 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:125
5779 " # B<cd /sys/class/scsi_disk/4:0:0:0/device>\n"
5780 " # B<cat raid_level>\n"
5785 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:126
5787 msgid "I</sys/class/scsi_disk/c:b:t:l/device/lunid>"
5791 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:132
5793 "This attribute contains the 16 hex-digit (8 byte) LUN ID by which a logical "
5794 "drive or physical device can be addressed. I<c>:I<b>:I<t>:I<l> are the "
5795 "controller, bus, target and lun of the device."
5799 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:139
5802 " # B<cd /sys/class/scsi_disk/4:0:0:0/device>\n"
5804 " 0x0000004000000000\n"
5808 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:140
5810 msgid "Supported ioctl() operations"
5814 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:152
5816 "For compatibility with applications written for the B<cciss>(4) driver, "
5817 "many, but not all of the ioctls supported by the B<cciss>(4) driver are "
5818 "also supported by the B<hpsa> driver. The data structures used by these "
5819 "ioctls are described in the kernel source file "
5820 "I<include/linux/cciss_ioctl.h>."
5824 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:152
5826 msgid "B<CCISS_DEREGDISK>, B<CCISS_REGNEWDISK>, B<CCISS_REGNEWD>"
5830 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:158
5832 "These three ioctls all do exactly the same thing, which is to cause the "
5833 "driver to rescan for new devices. This does exactly the same thing as "
5834 "writing to the hpsa-specific host \"rescan\" attribute."
5838 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:158
5840 msgid "B<CCISS_GETPCIINFO>"
5844 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:161
5846 "Returns PCI domain, bus, device and function and \"board ID\" (PCI subsystem "
5851 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:161
5853 msgid "B<CCISS_GETDRIVVER>"
5857 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:164
5858 msgid "Returns driver version in three bytes encoded as:"
5862 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:167
5865 " (major_version E<lt>E<lt> 16) | (minor_version E<lt>E<lt> 8) |\n"
5866 " (subminor_version)\n"
5870 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:167
5872 msgid "B<CCISS_PASSTHRU>, B<CCISS_BIG_PASSTHRU>"
5876 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:177
5878 "Allows \"BMIC\" and \"CISS\" commands to be passed through to the Smart "
5879 "Array. These are used extensively by the HP Array Configuration Utility, "
5880 "SNMP storage agents, etc. See I<cciss_vol_status> at I<http://cciss.sf.net> "
5881 "for some examples."
5885 #. Don Brace, Steve Cameron, Tom Lawler, Mike Miller, Scott Teel
5886 #. and probably some other people.
5888 #: build/C/man4/hpsa.4:192
5890 "B<cciss>(4), B<sd>(4), B<st>(4), B<cciss_vol_status>(8), B<hpacucli>(8), "
5891 "B<hpacuxe>(8), I<http://cciss.sf.net>, and the Linux kernel source files "
5892 "I<Documentation/scsi/hpsa.txt> and "
5893 "I<Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-pci-devices-cciss>"
5897 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:34
5903 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:34 build/C/man4/st.4:23
5909 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:37
5910 msgid "initrd - boot loader initialized RAM disk"
5914 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:50
5916 "The I</dev/initrd> is a read-only block device assigned major number 1 and "
5917 "minor number 250. Typically I</dev/initrd> is owned by I<root.disk> with "
5918 "mode 0400 (read access by root only). If the Linux system does not have "
5919 "I</dev/initrd> already created, it can be created with the following "
5924 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:55
5928 " mknod -m 400 /dev/initrd b 1 250\n"
5929 " chown root:disk /dev/initrd>\n"
5934 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:70
5936 "Also, support for both \"RAM disk\" and \"Initial RAM disk\" (e.g. "
5937 "B<CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM=y> and B<CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD=y>) must be compiled "
5938 "directly into the Linux kernel to use I</dev/initrd>. When using "
5939 "I</dev/initrd>, the RAM disk driver cannot be loaded as a module."
5943 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:79
5945 "The special file I</dev/initrd> is a read-only block device. This device is "
5946 "a RAM disk that is initialized (e.g., loaded) by the boot loader before the "
5947 "kernel is started. The kernel then can use I</dev/initrd>'s contents for a "
5948 "two-phase system boot-up."
5952 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:92
5954 "In the first boot-up phase, the kernel starts up and mounts an initial root "
5955 "file-system from the contents of I</dev/initrd> (e.g., RAM disk initialized "
5956 "by the boot loader). In the second phase, additional drivers or other "
5957 "modules are loaded from the initial root device's contents. After loading "
5958 "the additional modules, a new root file system (i.e., the normal root file "
5959 "system) is mounted from a different device."
5963 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:92
5965 msgid "Boot-up Operation"
5969 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:96
5970 msgid "When booting up with B<initrd>, the system boots as follows:"
5974 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:100
5976 "The boot loader loads the kernel program and I</dev/initrd>'s contents into "
5981 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:108
5983 "On kernel startup, the kernel uncompresses and copies the contents of the "
5984 "device I</dev/initrd> onto device I</dev/ram0> and then frees the memory "
5985 "used by I</dev/initrd>."
5989 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:108 build/C/man4/initrd.4:338 build/C/man4/initrd.4:457 build/C/man4/st.4:918
5995 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:112
5997 "The kernel then read-write mounts the device I</dev/ram0> as the initial "
6002 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:112 build/C/man4/initrd.4:342 build/C/man4/st.4:925
6008 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:117
6010 "If the indicated normal root file system is also the initial root "
6011 "file-system (e.g. I</dev/ram0>) then the kernel skips to the last step for "
6012 "the usual boot sequence."
6016 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:117 build/C/man4/initrd.4:348 build/C/man4/st.4:930
6022 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:129
6024 "If the executable file I</linuxrc> is present in the initial root "
6025 "file-system, I</linuxrc> is executed with UID 0. (The file I</linuxrc> must "
6026 "have executable permission. The file I</linuxrc> can be any valid "
6027 "executable, including a shell script.)"
6031 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:129 build/C/man4/initrd.4:357
6037 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:141
6039 "If I</linuxrc> is not executed or when I</linuxrc> terminates, the normal "
6040 "root file system is mounted. (If I</linuxrc> exits with any file-systems "
6041 "mounted on the initial root file-system, then the behavior of the kernel is "
6042 "B<UNSPECIFIED>. See the NOTES section for the current kernel behavior.)"
6046 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:141 build/C/man4/initrd.4:359
6052 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:172
6054 "If the normal root file system has a directory I</initrd>, the device "
6055 "I</dev/ram0> is moved from I</> to I</initrd>. Otherwise if the directory "
6056 "I</initrd> does not exist, the device I</dev/ram0> is unmounted. (When "
6057 "moved from I</> to I</initrd>, I</dev/ram0> is not unmounted and therefore "
6058 "processes can remain running from I</dev/ram0>. If directory I</initrd> "
6059 "does not exist on the normal root file system and any processes remain "
6060 "running from I</dev/ram0> when I</linuxrc> exits, the behavior of the kernel "
6061 "is B<UNSPECIFIED>. See the NOTES section for the current kernel behavior.)"
6065 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:172 build/C/man4/initrd.4:362
6071 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:179
6073 "The usual boot sequence (e.g., invocation of I</sbin/init>) is performed on "
6074 "the normal root file system."
6078 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:183
6080 "The following boot loader options, when used with B<initrd>, affect the "
6081 "kernel's boot-up operation:"
6085 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:183
6087 msgid "B<initrd=>I<filename>"
6091 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:198
6093 "Specifies the file to load as the contents of I</dev/initrd>. For "
6094 "B<LOADLIN> this is a command-line option. For B<LILO> you have to use this "
6095 "command in the B<LILO> configuration file I</etc/lilo.config>. The filename "
6096 "specified with this option will typically be a gzipped file-system image."
6100 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:198
6106 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:213
6108 "This boot option disables the two-phase boot-up operation. The kernel "
6109 "performs the usual boot sequence as if I</dev/initrd> was not initialized. "
6110 "With this option, any contents of I</dev/initrd> loaded into memory by the "
6111 "boot loader contents are preserved. This option permits the contents of "
6112 "I</dev/initrd> to be any data and need not be limited to a file system "
6113 "image. However, device I</dev/initrd> is read-only and can be read only one "
6114 "time after system startup."
6118 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:213
6120 msgid "B<root=>I<device-name>"
6124 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:231
6126 "Specifies the device to be used as the normal root file system. For "
6127 "B<LOADLIN> this is a command-line option. For B<LILO> this is a boot time "
6128 "option or can be used as an option line in the B<LILO> configuration file "
6129 "I</etc/lilo.config>. The device specified by the this option must be a "
6130 "mountable device having a suitable root file-system."
6134 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:231
6136 msgid "Changing the Normal Root File System"
6140 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:251
6142 "By default, the kernel's settings (e.g., set in the kernel file with "
6143 "B<rdev>(8) or compiled into the kernel file), or the boot loader option "
6144 "setting is used for the normal root file systems. For an NFS-mounted normal "
6145 "root file system, one has to use the B<nfs_root_name> and B<nfs_root_addrs> "
6146 "boot options to give the NFS settings. For more information on NFS-mounted "
6147 "root see the kernel documentation file "
6148 "B<Documentation/filesystems/nfsroot.txt>. For more information on setting "
6149 "the root file system see also the B<LILO> and B<LOADLIN> documentation."
6153 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:283
6155 "It is also possible for the I</linuxrc> executable to change the normal root "
6156 "device. For I</linuxrc> to change the normal root device, I</proc> must be "
6157 "mounted. After mounting I</proc>, I</linuxrc> changes the normal root "
6158 "device by writing into the proc files I</proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev>, "
6159 "I</proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-name>, and I</proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-addrs>. "
6160 "For a physical root device, the root device is changed by having I</linuxrc> "
6161 "write the new root file system device number into "
6162 "I</proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev>. For an NFS root file system, the root "
6163 "device is changed by having I</linuxrc> write the NFS setting into files "
6164 "I</proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-name> and I</proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-addrs> and "
6165 "then writing 0xff (e.g., the pseudo-NFS-device number) into file "
6166 "I</proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev>. For example, the following shell command "
6167 "line would change the normal root device to I</dev/hdb1>:"
6171 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:286
6173 msgid " echo 0x365 E<gt>/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev\n"
6177 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:293
6179 "For an NFS example, the following shell command lines would change the "
6180 "normal root device to the NFS directory I</var/nfsroot> on a local networked "
6181 "NFS server with IP number 193.8.232.7 for a system with IP number "
6182 "193.8.232.2 and named \"idefix\":"
6186 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:299
6189 " echo /var/nfsroot E<gt>/proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-name\n"
6190 " echo 193.8.232.2:193.8.232.7::255.255.255.0:idefix \\e\n"
6191 " E<gt>/proc/sys/kernel/nfs-root-addrs\n"
6192 " echo 255 E<gt>/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev\n"
6195 #. FIXME the manual page should describe the pivot_root mechanism.
6197 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:316
6199 "B<Note>: The use of I</proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev> to change the root "
6200 "file system is obsolete. See the kernel source file "
6201 "I<Documentation/initrd.txt> as well as B<pivot_root>(2) and "
6202 "B<pivot_root>(8) for information on the modern method of changing the root "
6207 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:316 build/C/man4/random.4:52 build/C/man7/uri.7:108
6213 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:320
6215 "The main motivation for implementing B<initrd> was to allow for modular "
6216 "kernel configuration at system installation."
6220 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:322
6221 msgid "A possible system installation scenario is as follows:"
6225 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:330
6227 "The loader program boots from floppy or other media with a minimal kernel "
6228 "(e.g., support for I</dev/ram>, I</dev/initrd>, and the ext2 file-system) "
6229 "and loads I</dev/initrd> with a gzipped version of the initial file-system."
6233 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:338
6235 "The executable I</linuxrc> determines what is needed to (1) mount the normal "
6236 "root file-system (i.e., device type, device drivers, file system) and (2) "
6237 "the distribution media (e.g., CD-ROM, network, tape, ...). This can be done "
6238 "by asking the user, by auto-probing, or by using a hybrid approach."
6242 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:342
6244 "The executable I</linuxrc> loads the necessary modules from the initial root "
6249 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:348
6251 "The executable I</linuxrc> creates and populates the root file system. (At "
6252 "this stage the normal root file system does not have to be a completed "
6257 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:357
6259 "The executable I</linuxrc> sets I</proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev>, unmount "
6260 "I</proc>, the normal root file system and any other file systems it has "
6261 "mounted, and then terminates."
6265 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:359
6266 msgid "The kernel then mounts the normal root file system."
6270 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:362
6272 "Now that the file system is accessible and intact, the boot loader can be "
6277 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:371
6279 "The boot loader is configured to load into I</dev/initrd> a file system with "
6280 "the set of modules that was used to bring up the system. (e.g., Device "
6281 "I</dev/ram0> can be modified, then unmounted, and finally, the image is "
6282 "written from I</dev/ram0> to a file.)"
6286 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:371
6292 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:374
6294 "The system is now bootable and additional installation tasks can be "
6299 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:380
6301 "The key role of I</dev/initrd> in the above is to reuse the configuration "
6302 "data during normal system operation without requiring initial kernel "
6303 "selection, a large generic kernel or, recompiling the kernel."
6307 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:393
6309 "A second scenario is for installations where Linux runs on systems with "
6310 "different hardware configurations in a single administrative network. In "
6311 "such cases, it may be desirable to use only a small set of kernels (ideally "
6312 "only one) and to keep the system-specific part of configuration information "
6313 "as small as possible. In this case, create a common file with all needed "
6314 "modules. Then, only the I</linuxrc> file or a file executed by I</linuxrc> "
6315 "would be different."
6319 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:400
6321 "A third scenario is more convenient recovery disks. Because information "
6322 "like the location of the root file-system partition is not needed at boot "
6323 "time, the system loaded from I</dev/initrd> can use a dialog and/or "
6324 "auto-detection followed by a possible sanity check."
6328 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:417
6330 "Last but not least, Linux distributions on CD-ROM may use B<initrd> for easy "
6331 "installation from the CD-ROM. The distribution can use B<LOADLIN> to "
6332 "directly load I</dev/initrd> from CD-ROM without the need of any floppies. "
6333 "The distribution could also use a B<LILO> boot floppy and then bootstrap a "
6334 "bigger RAM disk via I</dev/initrd> from the CD-ROM."
6338 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:419
6339 msgid "I</dev/initrd>"
6343 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:421
6344 msgid "I</dev/ram0>"
6348 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:423
6353 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:428
6358 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:440
6360 "With the current kernel, any file systems that remain mounted when "
6361 "I</dev/ram0> is moved from I</> to I</initrd> continue to be accessible. "
6362 "However, the I</proc/mounts> entries are not updated."
6366 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:457
6368 "With the current kernel, if directory I</initrd> does not exist, then "
6369 "I</dev/ram0> will B<not> be fully unmounted if I</dev/ram0> is used by any "
6370 "process or has any file-system mounted on it. If I</dev/ram0> is B<not> "
6371 "fully unmounted, then I</dev/ram0> will remain in memory."
6378 #. The kernel code for device
6380 #. was written by Werner Almesberger <almesber@lrc.epfl.ch> and
6381 #. Hans Lermen <lermen@elserv.ffm.fgan.de>.
6384 #. was added to the baseline Linux kernel in development version 1.3.73.
6386 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:473
6388 "Users of I</dev/initrd> should not depend on the behavior give in the above "
6389 "notes. The behavior may change in future versions of the Linux kernel."
6393 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:479
6394 msgid "B<chown>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<ram>(4), B<freeramdisk>(8), B<rdev>(8)"
6398 #: build/C/man4/initrd.4:484
6400 "The documentation file I<initrd.txt> in the kernel source package, the LILO "
6401 "documentation, the LOADLIN documentation, the SYSLINUX documentation."
6405 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:26
6411 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:26
6417 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:29
6418 msgid "lp - line printer devices"
6422 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:31
6423 msgid "B<#include E<lt>linux/lp.hE<gt>>"
6427 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:42
6429 "B<lp>[0\\(en2] are character devices for the parallel line printers; they "
6430 "have major number 6 and minor number 0\\(en2. The minor numbers correspond "
6431 "to the printer port base addresses 0x03bc, 0x0378 and 0x0278. Usually they "
6432 "have mode 220 and are owned by root and group lp. You can use printer ports "
6433 "either with polling or with interrupts. Interrupts are recommended when "
6434 "high traffic is expected, for example, for laser printers. For usual dot "
6435 "matrix printers polling will usually be enough. The default is polling."
6439 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:46
6440 msgid "The following B<ioctl>(2) calls are supported:"
6444 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:46
6446 msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPTIME, int >I<arg>B<)>"
6450 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:54
6452 "Sets the amount of time that the driver sleeps before rechecking the printer "
6453 "when the printer's buffer appears to be filled to I<arg>. If you have a "
6454 "fast printer, decrease this number; if you have a slow printer then increase "
6455 "it. This is in hundredths of a second, the default 2 being 0.02 seconds. "
6456 "It only influences the polling driver."
6460 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:54
6462 msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPCHAR, int >I<arg>B<)>"
6466 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:62
6468 "Sets the maximum number of busy-wait iterations which the polling driver "
6469 "does while waiting for the printer to get ready for receiving a character to "
6470 "I<arg>. If printing is too slow, increase this number; if the system gets "
6471 "too slow, decrease this number. The default is 1000. It only influences "
6472 "the polling driver."
6476 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:62
6478 msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPABORT, int >I<arg>B<)>"
6482 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:66
6484 "If I<arg> is 0, the printer driver will retry on errors, otherwise it will "
6485 "abort. The default is 0."
6489 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:66
6491 msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPABORTOPEN, int >I<arg>B<)>"
6495 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:71
6497 "If I<arg> is 0, B<open>(2) will be aborted on error, otherwise error will "
6498 "be ignored. The default is to ignore it."
6502 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:71
6504 msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPCAREFUL, int >I<arg>B<)>"
6508 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:75
6510 "If I<arg> is 0, then the out-of-paper, offline and error signals are "
6511 "required to be false on all writes, otherwise they are ignored. The default "
6512 "is to ignore them."
6516 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:75
6518 msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPWAIT, int >I<arg>B<)>"
6522 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:85
6524 "Sets the number of busy waiting iterations to wait before strobing the "
6525 "printer to accept a just-written character, and the number of iterations to "
6526 "wait before turning the strobe off again, to I<arg>. The specification says "
6527 "this time should be 0.5 microseconds, but experience has shown the delay "
6528 "caused by the code is already enough. For that reason, the default value is "
6529 "0. This is used for both the polling and the interrupt driver."
6533 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:85
6535 msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPSETIRQ, int >I<arg>B<)>"
6539 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:94
6541 "This B<ioctl>(2) requires superuser privileges. It takes an I<int> "
6542 "containing the new IRQ as argument. As a side effect, the printer will be "
6543 "reset. When I<arg> is 0, the polling driver will be used, which is also "
6548 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:94
6550 msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPGETIRQ, int *>I<arg>B<)>"
6554 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:96
6555 msgid "Stores the currently used IRQ in I<arg>."
6559 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:96
6561 msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPGETSTATUS, int *>I<arg>B<)>"
6565 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:99
6567 "Stores the value of the status port in I<arg>. The bits have the following "
6572 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:101
6574 msgid "LP_PBUSY\tinverted busy input, active high\n"
6578 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:102
6580 msgid "LP_PACK\tunchanged acknowledge input, active low\n"
6584 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:103
6586 msgid "LP_POUTPA\tunchanged out-of-paper input, active high\n"
6590 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:104
6592 msgid "LP_PSELECD\tunchanged selected input, active high\n"
6596 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:105
6598 msgid "LP_PERRORP\tunchanged error input, active low\n"
6602 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:110
6604 "Refer to your printer manual for the meaning of the signals. Note that "
6605 "undocumented bits may also be set, depending on your printer."
6609 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:110
6611 msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, LPRESET)>"
6615 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:113
6616 msgid "Resets the printer. No argument is used."
6620 #. The printer driver was originally written by Jim Weigand and Linus
6622 #. It was further improved by Michael K.\& Johnson.
6623 #. The interrupt code was written by Nigel Gamble.
6624 #. Alan Cox modularized it.
6625 #. LPCAREFUL, LPABORT, LPGETSTATUS were added by Chris Metcalf.
6627 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:122
6632 #: build/C/man4/lp.4:128
6633 msgid "B<chmod>(1), B<chown>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<lpcntl>(8), B<tunelp>(8)"
6637 #: build/C/man3/makedev.3:24
6643 #: build/C/man3/makedev.3:27
6644 msgid "makedev, major, minor - manage a device number"
6648 #: build/C/man3/makedev.3:31
6651 "B<#define _BSD_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
6652 "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
6656 #: build/C/man3/makedev.3:33
6658 msgid "B<dev_t makedev(int >I<maj>B<, int >I<min>B<);>\n"
6662 #: build/C/man3/makedev.3:36
6665 "B<int major(dev_t >I<dev>B<);>\n"
6666 "B<int minor(dev_t >I<dev>B<);>\n"
6670 #: build/C/man3/makedev.3:44
6672 "A device ID consists of two parts: a major ID, identifying the class of the "
6673 "device, and a minor ID, identifying a specific instance of a device in that "
6674 "class. A device ID is represented using the type I<dev_t>."
6678 #: build/C/man3/makedev.3:51
6680 "Given major and minor device IDs, B<makedev>() combines these to produce a "
6681 "device ID, returned as the function result. This device ID can be given to "
6682 "B<mknod>(2), for example."
6686 #: build/C/man3/makedev.3:61
6688 "The B<major>() and B<minor>() functions perform the converse task: given a "
6689 "device ID, they return, respectively, the major and minor components. These "
6690 "macros can be useful to, for example, decompose the device IDs in the "
6691 "structure returned by B<stat>(2)."
6694 #. The BSDs, HP-UX, Solaris, AIX, Irix
6696 #: build/C/man3/makedev.3:70
6698 "The B<makedev>(), B<major>(), and B<minor>() functions are not specified in "
6699 "POSIX.1, but are present on many other systems."
6703 #: build/C/man3/makedev.3:79
6705 "These interfaces are defined as macros. Since glibc 2.3.3, they have been "
6706 "aliases for three GNU-specific functions: B<gnu_dev_makedev>(), "
6707 "B<gnu_dev_major>(), and B<gnu_dev_minor>(). The latter names are exported, "
6708 "but the traditional names are more portable."
6712 #: build/C/man3/makedev.3:82
6713 msgid "B<mknod>(2), B<stat>(2)"
6717 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:25
6723 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:25 build/C/man4/ram.4:25
6729 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:28
6730 msgid "mem, kmem, port - system memory, kernel memory and system ports"
6734 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:32
6736 "B<mem> is a character device file that is an image of the main memory of the "
6737 "computer. It may be used, for example, to examine (and even patch) the "
6742 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:37
6744 "Byte addresses in B<mem> are interpreted as physical memory addresses. "
6745 "References to nonexistent locations cause errors to be returned."
6749 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:40
6751 "Examining and patching is likely to lead to unexpected results when "
6752 "read-only or write-only bits are present."
6756 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:42 build/C/man4/mem.4:57 build/C/man4/mem.4:69 build/C/man4/ram.4:32
6757 msgid "It is typically created by:"
6761 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:45
6762 msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/mem c 1 1"
6766 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:47
6767 msgid "chown root:kmem /dev/mem"
6771 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:55
6773 "The file B<kmem> is the same as B<mem>, except that the kernel virtual "
6774 "memory rather than physical memory is accessed."
6778 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:60
6779 msgid "mknod -m 640 /dev/kmem c 1 2"
6783 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:62
6784 msgid "chown root:kmem /dev/kmem"
6788 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:67
6789 msgid "B<port> is similar to B<mem>, but the I/O ports are accessed."
6793 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:72
6794 msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/port c 1 4"
6798 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:74
6799 msgid "chown root:mem /dev/port"
6803 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:77
6808 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:79
6809 msgid "I</dev/kmem>"
6813 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:81
6814 msgid "I</dev/port>"
6818 #: build/C/man4/mem.4:85
6819 msgid "B<chown>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<ioperm>(2)"
6823 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:27
6829 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:27
6835 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:27
6841 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:30
6842 msgid "mkfifo - make a FIFO special file (a named pipe)"
6846 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:34
6849 "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
6850 "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
6854 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:36
6856 msgid "B<int mkfifo(const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<);>\n"
6860 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:44
6862 "B<mkfifo>() makes a FIFO special file with name I<pathname>. I<mode> "
6863 "specifies the FIFO's permissions. It is modified by the process's B<umask> "
6864 "in the usual way: the permissions of the created file are B<(>I<mode>B< & "
6869 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:51
6871 "A FIFO special file is similar to a pipe, except that it is created in a "
6872 "different way. Instead of being an anonymous communications channel, a FIFO "
6873 "special file is entered into the file system by calling B<mkfifo>()."
6877 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:61
6879 "Once you have created a FIFO special file in this way, any process can open "
6880 "it for reading or writing, in the same way as an ordinary file. However, it "
6881 "has to be open at both ends simultaneously before you can proceed to do any "
6882 "input or output operations on it. Opening a FIFO for reading normally "
6883 "blocks until some other process opens the same FIFO for writing, and vice "
6884 "versa. See B<fifo>(7) for nonblocking handling of FIFO special files."
6888 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:67
6890 "On success B<mkfifo>() returns 0. In the case of an error, -1 is returned "
6891 "(in which case, I<errno> is set appropriately)."
6895 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:68 build/C/man2/mknod.2:106 build/C/man4/st.4:828
6901 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:72
6903 "One of the directories in I<pathname> did not allow search (execute) "
6908 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:72 build/C/man2/mknod.2:114
6914 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:78 build/C/man2/mknod.2:121
6916 "I<pathname> already exists. This includes the case where I<pathname> is a "
6917 "symbolic link, dangling or not."
6921 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:78 build/C/man2/mknod.2:133
6923 msgid "B<ENAMETOOLONG>"
6927 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:86
6929 "Either the total length of I<pathname> is greater than B<PATH_MAX>, or an "
6930 "individual filename component has a length greater than B<NAME_MAX>. In the "
6931 "GNU system, there is no imposed limit on overall filename length, but some "
6932 "file systems may place limits on the length of a component."
6936 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:86 build/C/man2/mknod.2:136
6942 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:90 build/C/man2/mknod.2:141
6944 "A directory component in I<pathname> does not exist or is a dangling "
6949 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:90 build/C/man2/mknod.2:144 build/C/man4/st.4:856
6955 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:93
6956 msgid "The directory or file system has no room for the new file."
6960 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:93 build/C/man2/mknod.2:149
6966 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:97 build/C/man2/mknod.2:154
6967 msgid "A component used as a directory in I<pathname> is not, in fact, a directory."
6971 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:97 build/C/man2/mknod.2:168 build/C/man4/st.4:871
6977 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:100
6978 msgid "I<pathname> refers to a read-only file system."
6982 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:102
6983 msgid "POSIX.1-2001."
6987 #: build/C/man3/mkfifo.3:112
6989 "B<mkfifo>(1), B<close>(2), B<open>(2), B<read>(2), B<stat>(2), B<umask>(2), "
6990 "B<write>(2), B<mkfifoat>(3), B<fifo>(7)"
6994 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:13
7000 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:13
7006 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:16
7007 msgid "mknod - create a special or ordinary file"
7011 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:22
7014 "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
7015 "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
7016 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>>\n"
7017 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
7021 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:24
7024 "B<int mknod(const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<, dev_t "
7029 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:29 build/C/man3/syslog.3:53
7030 msgid "Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see B<feature_test_macros>(7)):"
7034 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:32
7039 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:36
7041 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
7042 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
7046 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:48
7048 "The system call B<mknod>() creates a file system node (file, device special "
7049 "file or named pipe) named I<pathname>, with attributes specified by I<mode> "
7054 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:55
7056 "The I<mode> argument specifies both the permissions to use and the type of "
7057 "node to be created. It should be a combination (using bitwise OR) of one of "
7058 "the file types listed below and the permissions for the new node."
7062 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:60
7064 "The permissions are modified by the process's I<umask> in the usual way: the "
7065 "permissions of the created node are I<(mode & ~umask)>."
7068 #. (S_IFSOCK since Linux 1.2.4)
7070 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:74
7072 "The file type must be one of B<S_IFREG>, B<S_IFCHR>, B<S_IFBLK>, B<S_IFIFO> "
7073 "or B<S_IFSOCK> to specify a regular file (which will be created empty), "
7074 "character special file, block special file, FIFO (named pipe), or UNIX "
7075 "domain socket, respectively. (Zero file type is equivalent to type "
7080 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:87
7082 "If the file type is B<S_IFCHR> or B<S_IFBLK> then I<dev> specifies the major "
7083 "and minor numbers of the newly created device special file (B<makedev>(3) "
7084 "may be useful to build the value for I<dev>); otherwise it is ignored."
7088 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:93
7090 "If I<pathname> already exists, or is a symbolic link, this call fails with "
7091 "an B<EEXIST> error."
7095 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:100
7097 "The newly created node will be owned by the effective user ID of the "
7098 "process. If the directory containing the node has the set-group-ID bit set, "
7099 "or if the file system is mounted with BSD group semantics, the new node will "
7100 "inherit the group ownership from its parent directory; otherwise it will be "
7101 "owned by the effective group ID of the process."
7105 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:105
7107 "B<mknod>() returns zero on success, or -1 if an error occurred (in which "
7108 "case, I<errno> is set appropriately)."
7112 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:114
7114 "The parent directory does not allow write permission to the process, or one "
7115 "of the directories in the path prefix of I<pathname> did not allow search "
7116 "permission. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
7120 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:121 build/C/man4/st.4:837
7126 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:124
7127 msgid "I<pathname> points outside your accessible address space."
7131 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:129
7133 "I<mode> requested creation of something other than a regular file, device "
7134 "special file, FIFO or socket."
7138 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:129
7144 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:133
7145 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<pathname>."
7149 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:136
7150 msgid "I<pathname> was too long."
7154 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:141 build/C/man4/st.4:849
7160 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:144
7161 msgid "Insufficient kernel memory was available."
7165 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:149
7166 msgid "The device containing I<pathname> has no room for the new node."
7169 #. For UNIX domain sockets and regular files, EPERM is only returned in
7170 #. Linux 2.2 and earlier; in Linux 2.4 and later, unprivileged can
7171 #. use mknod() to make these files.
7173 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:168
7175 "I<mode> requested creation of something other than a regular file, FIFO "
7176 "(named pipe), or UNIX domain socket, and the caller is not privileged "
7177 "(Linux: does not have the B<CAP_MKNOD> capability); also returned if the "
7178 "file system containing I<pathname> does not support the type of node "
7183 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:172
7184 msgid "I<pathname> refers to a file on a read-only file system."
7187 #. The Linux version differs from the SVr4 version in that it
7188 #. does not require root permission to create pipes, also in that no
7189 #. EMULTIHOP, ENOLINK, or EINTR error is documented.
7191 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:177
7192 msgid "SVr4, 4.4BSD, POSIX.1-2001 (but see below)."
7196 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:195
7198 "POSIX.1-2001 says: \"The only portable use of B<mknod>() is to create a "
7199 "FIFO-special file. If I<mode> is not B<S_IFIFO> or I<dev> is not 0, the "
7200 "behavior of B<mknod>() is unspecified.\" However, nowadays one should never "
7201 "use B<mknod>() for this purpose; one should use B<mkfifo>(3), a function "
7202 "especially defined for this purpose."
7205 #. and one should make UNIX domain sockets with socket(2) and bind(2).
7207 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:200
7209 "Under Linux, this call cannot be used to create directories. One should "
7210 "make directories with B<mkdir>(2)."
7214 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:204
7216 "There are many infelicities in the protocol underlying NFS. Some of these "
7217 "affect B<mknod>()."
7221 #: build/C/man2/mknod.2:218
7223 "B<chmod>(2), B<chown>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<mkdir>(2), B<mknodat>(2), "
7224 "B<mount>(2), B<socket>(2), B<stat>(2), B<umask>(2), B<unlink>(2), "
7225 "B<makedev>(3), B<mkfifo>(3), B<path_resolution>(7)"
7229 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:25
7235 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:25
7241 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:28
7242 msgid "mouse - serial mouse interface"
7246 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:32
7248 "Serial mice are connected to a serial RS232/V24 dialout line, see B<ttyS>(4) "
7249 "for a description."
7253 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:33
7255 msgid "Introduction"
7259 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:35
7260 msgid "The pinout of the usual 9 pin plug as used for serial mice is:"
7264 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:38
7266 msgid "pin\tname\tused for\n"
7270 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:39
7272 msgid "2\tRX\tData\n"
7276 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:40
7278 msgid "3\tTX\t-12 V, Imax = 10 mA\n"
7282 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:41
7284 msgid "4\tDTR\t+12 V, Imax = 10 mA\n"
7288 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:42
7290 msgid "7\tRTS\t+12 V, Imax = 10 mA\n"
7294 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:43
7296 msgid "5\tGND\tGround\n"
7300 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:47
7301 msgid "This is the specification, in fact 9 V suffices with most mice."
7305 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:53
7307 "The mouse driver can recognize a mouse by dropping RTS to low and raising it "
7308 "again. About 14 ms later the mouse will send 0x4D (\\(aqM\\(aq) on the data "
7309 "line. After a further 63 ms, a Microsoft-compatible 3-button mouse will "
7310 "send 0x33 (\\(aq3\\(aq)."
7314 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:61
7316 "The relative mouse movement is sent as I<dx> (positive means right) and "
7317 "I<dy> (positive means down). Various mice can operate at different speeds. "
7318 "To select speeds, cycle through the speeds 9600, 4800, 2400 and 1200 bit/s, "
7319 "each time writing the two characters from the table below and waiting 0.1 "
7320 "seconds. The following table shows available speeds and the strings that "
7325 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:64
7327 msgid "bit/s\tstring\n"
7331 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:65
7337 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:66
7343 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:67
7349 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:68
7355 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:72
7356 msgid "The first byte of a data packet can be used to synchronization purposes."
7360 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:72
7362 msgid "Microsoft protocol"
7366 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:79
7368 "The B<Microsoft> protocol uses 1 start bit, 7 data bits, no parity and one "
7369 "stop bit at the speed of 1200 bits/sec. Data is sent to RxD in 3-byte "
7370 "packets. The I<dx> and I<dy> movements are sent as two's-complement, I<lb> "
7371 "(I<rb>) are set when the left (right) button is pressed:"
7375 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:82
7377 msgid "byte\td6\td5\td4\td3\td2\td1\td0\n"
7381 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:83
7383 msgid "1\t1\tlb\trb\tdy7\tdy6\tdx7\tdx6\n"
7387 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:84
7389 msgid "2\t0\tdx5\tdx4\tdx3\tdx2\tdx1\tdx0\n"
7393 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:85
7395 msgid "3\t0\tdy5\tdy4\tdy3\tdy2\tdy1\tdy0\n"
7399 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:87
7401 msgid "3-button Microsoft protocol"
7405 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:96
7407 "Original Microsoft mice only have two buttons. However, there are some "
7408 "three button mice which also use the Microsoft protocol. Pressing or "
7409 "releasing the middle button is reported by sending a packet with zero "
7410 "movement and no buttons pressed. (Thus, unlike for the other two buttons, "
7411 "the status of the middle button is not reported in each packet.)"
7415 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:96
7417 msgid "Logitech protocol"
7421 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:105
7423 "Logitech serial 3-button mice use a different extension of the Microsoft "
7424 "protocol: when the middle button is up, the above 3-byte packet is sent. "
7425 "When the middle button is down a 4-byte packet is sent, where the 4th byte "
7426 "has value 0x20 (or at least has the 0x20 bit set). In particular, a press "
7427 "of the middle button is reported as 0,0,0,0x20 when no other buttons are "
7432 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:105
7434 msgid "Mousesystems protocol"
7438 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:115
7440 "The B<Mousesystems> protocol uses 1 start bit, 8 data bits, no parity and "
7441 "two stop bits at the speed of 1200 bits/sec. Data is sent to RxD in 5-byte "
7442 "packets. I<dx> is sent as the sum of the two two's-complement values, I<dy> "
7443 "is send as negated sum of the two two's-complement values. I<lb> (I<mb>, "
7444 "I<rb>) are cleared when the left (middle, right) button is pressed:"
7448 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:118 build/C/man4/mouse.4:143
7450 msgid "byte\td7\td6\td5\td4\td3\td2\td1\td0\n"
7454 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:119
7456 msgid "1\t1\t0\t0\t0\t0\tlb\tmb\trb\n"
7460 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:120
7462 msgid "2\t0\tdxa6\tdxa5\tdxa4\tdxa3\tdxa2\tdxa1\tdxa0\n"
7466 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:121
7468 msgid "3\t0\tdya6\tdya5\tdya4\tdya3\tdya2\tdya1\tdya0\n"
7472 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:122
7474 msgid "4\t0\tdxb6\tdxb5\tdxb4\tdxb3\tdxb2\tdxb1\tdxb0\n"
7478 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:123
7480 msgid "5\t0\tdyb6\tdyb5\tdyb4\tdyb3\tdyb2\tdyb1\tdyb0\n"
7484 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:128
7486 "Bytes 4 and 5 describe the change that occurred since bytes 2 and 3 were "
7491 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:128
7493 msgid "Sun protocol"
7497 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:131
7499 "The B<Sun> protocol is the 3-byte version of the above 5-byte Mousesystems "
7500 "protocol: the last two bytes are not sent."
7504 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:131
7510 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:140
7512 "The B<MM> protocol uses 1 start bit, 8 data bits, odd parity and one stop "
7513 "bit at the speed of 1200 bits/sec. Data is sent to RxD in 3-byte packets. "
7514 "I<dx> and I<dy> are sent as single signed values, the sign bit indicating a "
7515 "negative value. I<lb> (I<mb>, I<rb>) are set when the left (middle, right) "
7516 "button is pressed:"
7520 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:144
7522 msgid "1\t1\t0\t0\tdxs\tdys\tlb\tmb\trb\n"
7526 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:145
7528 msgid "2\t0\tdx6\tdx5\tdx4\tdx3\tdx2\tdx1\tdx0\n"
7532 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:146
7534 msgid "3\t0\tdy6\tdy5\tdy4\tdy3\tdy2\tdy1\tdy0\n"
7538 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:149
7540 msgid "I</dev/mouse>"
7544 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:152
7545 msgid "A commonly used symlink pointing to a mouse device."
7549 #: build/C/man4/mouse.4:155
7550 msgid "B<ttyS>(4), B<gpm>(8)"
7554 #: build/C/man4/msr.4:24
7560 #: build/C/man4/msr.4:27
7561 msgid "msr - x86 CPU MSR access device"
7565 #: build/C/man4/msr.4:34
7567 "I</dev/cpu/CPUNUM/msr> provides an interface to read and write the "
7568 "model-specific registers (MSRs) of an x86 CPU. I<CPUNUM> is the number of "
7569 "the CPU to access as listed in I</proc/cpuinfo>."
7573 #: build/C/man4/msr.4:40
7575 "The register access is done by opening the file and seeking to the MSR "
7576 "number as offset in the file, and then reading or writing in chunks of 8 "
7577 "bytes. An I/O transfer of more than 8 bytes means multiple reads or writes "
7578 "of the same register."
7582 #: build/C/man4/msr.4:45
7584 "This file is protected so that it can only be read and written by the user "
7585 "I<root>, or members of the group I<root>."
7589 #: build/C/man4/msr.4:51
7591 "The I<msr> driver is not auto-loaded. On modular kernels you might need to "
7592 "use the following command to load it explicitly before use:"
7596 #: build/C/man4/msr.4:53
7598 msgid " $ I<modprobe msr>\n"
7602 #: build/C/man4/msr.4:57
7604 "Intel Corporation Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's "
7605 "Manual Volume 3B Appendix B for an overview of the Intel CPU MSRs."
7609 #: build/C/man4/null.4:25
7615 #: build/C/man4/null.4:25
7621 #: build/C/man4/null.4:28
7622 msgid "null, zero - data sink"
7626 #: build/C/man4/null.4:30
7627 msgid "Data written to a B<null> or B<zero> special file is discarded."
7631 #: build/C/man4/null.4:35
7633 "Reads from the B<null> special file always return end of file (i.e., "
7634 "B<read>(2) returns 0), whereas reads from B<zero> always return bytes "
7635 "containing zero (\\e0 characters)."
7639 #: build/C/man4/null.4:37
7640 msgid "B<null> and B<zero> are typically created by:"
7644 #: build/C/man4/null.4:40
7645 msgid "mknod -m 666 /dev/null c 1 3"
7649 #: build/C/man4/null.4:42
7650 msgid "mknod -m 666 /dev/zero c 1 5"
7654 #: build/C/man4/null.4:44
7655 msgid "chown root:root /dev/null /dev/zero"
7659 #: build/C/man4/null.4:47
7660 msgid "I</dev/null>"
7664 #: build/C/man4/null.4:49
7665 msgid "I</dev/zero>"
7669 #: build/C/man4/null.4:52
7671 "If these devices are not writable and readable for all users, many programs "
7672 "will act strangely."
7676 #: build/C/man4/null.4:56
7677 msgid "B<chown>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<full>(4)"
7681 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:25
7687 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:25
7693 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:28
7694 msgid "pipe - overview of pipes and FIFOs"
7698 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:37
7700 "Pipes and FIFOs (also known as named pipes) provide a unidirectional "
7701 "interprocess communication channel. A pipe has a I<read end> and a I<write "
7702 "end>. Data written to the write end of a pipe can be read from the read end "
7707 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:47
7709 "A pipe is created using B<pipe>(2), which creates a new pipe and returns two "
7710 "file descriptors, one referring to the read end of the pipe, the other "
7711 "referring to the write end. Pipes can be used to create a communication "
7712 "channel between related processes; see B<pipe>(2) for an example."
7716 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:66
7718 "A FIFO (short for First In First Out) has a name within the file system "
7719 "(created using B<mkfifo>(3)), and is opened using B<open>(2). Any process "
7720 "may open a FIFO, assuming the file permissions allow it. The read end is "
7721 "opened using the B<O_RDONLY> flag; the write end is opened using the "
7722 "B<O_WRONLY> flag. See B<fifo>(7) for further details. I<Note>: although "
7723 "FIFOs have a pathname in the file system, I/O on FIFOs does not involve "
7724 "operations on the underlying device (if there is one)."
7728 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:66
7730 msgid "I/O on Pipes and FIFOs"
7734 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:71
7736 "The only difference between pipes and FIFOs is the manner in which they are "
7737 "created and opened. Once these tasks have been accomplished, I/O on pipes "
7738 "and FIFOs has exactly the same semantics."
7742 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:85
7744 "If a process attempts to read from an empty pipe, then B<read>(2) will "
7745 "block until data is available. If a process attempts to write to a full "
7746 "pipe (see below), then B<write>(2) blocks until sufficient data has been "
7747 "read from the pipe to allow the write to complete. Nonblocking I/O is "
7748 "possible by using the B<fcntl>(2) B<F_SETFL> operation to enable the "
7749 "B<O_NONBLOCK> open file status flag."
7753 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:89
7755 "The communication channel provided by a pipe is a I<byte stream>: there is "
7756 "no concept of message boundaries."
7760 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:116
7762 "If all file descriptors referring to the write end of a pipe have been "
7763 "closed, then an attempt to B<read>(2) from the pipe will see end-of-file "
7764 "(B<read>(2) will return 0). If all file descriptors referring to the read "
7765 "end of a pipe have been closed, then a B<write>(2) will cause a B<SIGPIPE> "
7766 "signal to be generated for the calling process. If the calling process is "
7767 "ignoring this signal, then B<write>(2) fails with the error B<EPIPE>. An "
7768 "application that uses B<pipe>(2) and B<fork>(2) should use suitable "
7769 "B<close>(2) calls to close unnecessary duplicate file descriptors; this "
7770 "ensures that end-of-file and B<SIGPIPE>/B<EPIPE> are delivered when "
7775 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:120
7776 msgid "It is not possible to apply B<lseek>(2) to a pipe."
7780 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:120
7782 msgid "Pipe Capacity"
7786 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:132
7788 "A pipe has a limited capacity. If the pipe is full, then a B<write>(2) "
7789 "will block or fail, depending on whether the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag is set (see "
7790 "below). Different implementations have different limits for the pipe "
7791 "capacity. Applications should not rely on a particular capacity: an "
7792 "application should be designed so that a reading process consumes data as "
7793 "soon as it is available, so that a writing process does not remain blocked."
7797 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:136
7799 "In Linux versions before 2.6.11, the capacity of a pipe was the same as the "
7800 "system page size (e.g., 4096 bytes on i386). Since Linux 2.6.11, the pipe "
7801 "capacity is 65536 bytes."
7805 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:136
7811 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:158
7813 "POSIX.1-2001 says that B<write>(2)s of less than B<PIPE_BUF> bytes must be "
7814 "atomic: the output data is written to the pipe as a contiguous sequence. "
7815 "Writes of more than B<PIPE_BUF> bytes may be nonatomic: the kernel may "
7816 "interleave the data with data written by other processes. POSIX.1-2001 "
7817 "requires B<PIPE_BUF> to be at least 512 bytes. (On Linux, B<PIPE_BUF> is "
7818 "4096 bytes.) The precise semantics depend on whether the file descriptor is "
7819 "nonblocking (B<O_NONBLOCK>), whether there are multiple writers to the pipe, "
7820 "and on I<n>, the number of bytes to be written:"
7824 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:158
7826 msgid "B<O_NONBLOCK> disabled, I<n> E<lt>= B<PIPE_BUF>"
7830 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:167
7832 "All I<n> bytes are written atomically; B<write>(2) may block if there is "
7833 "not room for I<n> bytes to be written immediately"
7837 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:167
7839 msgid "B<O_NONBLOCK> enabled, I<n> E<lt>= B<PIPE_BUF>"
7843 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:181
7845 "If there is room to write I<n> bytes to the pipe, then B<write>(2) succeeds "
7846 "immediately, writing all I<n> bytes; otherwise B<write>(2) fails, with "
7847 "I<errno> set to B<EAGAIN>."
7851 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:181
7853 msgid "B<O_NONBLOCK> disabled, I<n> E<gt> B<PIPE_BUF>"
7857 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:193
7859 "The write is nonatomic: the data given to B<write>(2) may be interleaved "
7860 "with B<write>(2)s by other process; the B<write>(2) blocks until I<n> bytes "
7861 "have been written."
7865 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:193
7867 msgid "B<O_NONBLOCK> enabled, I<n> E<gt> B<PIPE_BUF>"
7871 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:208
7873 "If the pipe is full, then B<write>(2) fails, with I<errno> set to "
7874 "B<EAGAIN>. Otherwise, from 1 to I<n> bytes may be written (i.e., a "
7875 "\"partial write\" may occur; the caller should check the return value from "
7876 "B<write>(2) to see how many bytes were actually written), and these bytes "
7877 "may be interleaved with writes by other processes."
7881 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:208
7883 msgid "Open File Status Flags"
7887 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:214
7889 "The only open file status flags that can be meaningfully applied to a pipe "
7890 "or FIFO are B<O_NONBLOCK> and B<O_ASYNC>."
7894 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:226
7896 "Setting the B<O_ASYNC> flag for the read end of a pipe causes a signal "
7897 "(B<SIGIO> by default) to be generated when new input becomes available on "
7898 "the pipe (see B<fcntl>(2) for details). On Linux, B<O_ASYNC> is supported "
7899 "for pipes and FIFOs only since kernel 2.6."
7903 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:226
7905 msgid "Portability notes"
7909 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:232
7911 "On some systems (but not Linux), pipes are bidirectional: data can be "
7912 "transmitted in both directions between the pipe ends. According to "
7913 "POSIX.1-2001, pipes only need to be unidirectional. Portable applications "
7914 "should avoid reliance on bidirectional pipe semantics."
7918 #: build/C/man7/pipe.7:244
7920 "B<dup>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<open>(2), B<pipe>(2), B<poll>(2), B<select>(2), "
7921 "B<socketpair>(2), B<stat>(2), B<mkfifo>(3), B<epoll>(7), B<fifo>(7)"
7925 #: build/C/man4/ram.4:25
7931 #: build/C/man4/ram.4:28
7932 msgid "ram - ram disk device"
7936 #: build/C/man4/ram.4:30
7937 msgid "The I<ram> device is a block device to access the ram disk in raw mode."
7941 #: build/C/man4/ram.4:35
7942 msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/ram b 1 1"
7946 #: build/C/man4/ram.4:37
7947 msgid "chown root:disk /dev/ram"
7951 #: build/C/man4/ram.4:40
7956 #: build/C/man4/ram.4:44
7957 msgid "B<chown>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<mount>(8)"
7961 #: build/C/man4/random.4:17
7967 #: build/C/man4/random.4:20
7968 msgid "random, urandom - kernel random number source devices"
7972 #: build/C/man4/random.4:27
7974 "The character special files I</dev/random> and I</dev/urandom> (present "
7975 "since Linux 1.3.30) provide an interface to the kernel's random number "
7976 "generator. File I</dev/random> has major device number 1 and minor device "
7977 "number 8. File I</dev/urandom> has major device number 1 and minor device "
7982 #: build/C/man4/random.4:33
7984 "The random number generator gathers environmental noise from device drivers "
7985 "and other sources into an entropy pool. The generator also keeps an "
7986 "estimate of the number of bits of noise in the entropy pool. From this "
7987 "entropy pool random numbers are created."
7991 #: build/C/man4/random.4:41
7993 "When read, the I</dev/random> device will only return random bytes within "
7994 "the estimated number of bits of noise in the entropy pool. I</dev/random> "
7995 "should be suitable for uses that need very high quality randomness such as "
7996 "one-time pad or key generation. When the entropy pool is empty, reads from "
7997 "I</dev/random> will block until additional environmental noise is gathered."
8001 #: build/C/man4/random.4:52
8003 "A read from the I</dev/urandom> device will not block waiting for more "
8004 "entropy. As a result, if there is not sufficient entropy in the entropy "
8005 "pool, the returned values are theoretically vulnerable to a cryptographic "
8006 "attack on the algorithms used by the driver. Knowledge of how to do this is "
8007 "not available in the current unclassified literature, but it is "
8008 "theoretically possible that such an attack may exist. If this is a concern "
8009 "in your application, use I</dev/random> instead."
8013 #: build/C/man4/random.4:61
8015 "If you are unsure about whether you should use I</dev/random> or "
8016 "I</dev/urandom>, then probably you want to use the latter. As a general "
8017 "rule, I</dev/urandom> should be used for everything except long-lived "
8022 #: build/C/man4/random.4:73
8024 "If a seed file is saved across reboots as recommended below (all major Linux "
8025 "distributions have done this since 2000 at least), the output is "
8026 "cryptographically secure against attackers without local root access as soon "
8027 "as it is reloaded in the boot sequence, and perfectly adequate for network "
8028 "encryption session keys. Since reads from I</dev/random> may block, users "
8029 "will usually want to open it in nonblocking mode (or perform a read with "
8030 "timeout), and provide some sort of user notification if the desired entropy "
8031 "is not immediately available."
8035 #: build/C/man4/random.4:86
8037 "The kernel random-number generator is designed to produce a small amount of "
8038 "high-quality seed material to seed a cryptographic pseudo-random number "
8039 "generator (CPRNG). It is designed for security, not speed, and is poorly "
8040 "suited to generating large amounts of random data. Users should be very "
8041 "economical in the amount of seed material that they read from "
8042 "I</dev/urandom> (and I</dev/random>); unnecessarily reading large quantities "
8043 "of data from this device will have a negative impact on other users of the "
8048 #: build/C/man4/random.4:94
8050 "The amount of seed material required to generate a cryptographic key equals "
8051 "the effective key size of the key. For example, a 3072-bit RSA or "
8052 "Diffie-Hellman private key has an effective key size of 128 bits (it "
8053 "requires about 2^128 operations to break) so a key generator only needs 128 "
8054 "bits (16 bytes) of seed material from I</dev/random>."
8058 #: build/C/man4/random.4:103
8060 "While some safety margin above that minimum is reasonable, as a guard "
8061 "against flaws in the CPRNG algorithm, no cryptographic primitive available "
8062 "today can hope to promise more than 256 bits of security, so if any program "
8063 "reads more than 256 bits (32 bytes) from the kernel random pool per "
8064 "invocation, or per reasonable reseed interval (not less than one minute), "
8065 "that should be taken as a sign that its cryptography is I<not> skilfully "
8070 #: build/C/man4/random.4:103
8072 msgid "Configuration"
8076 #: build/C/man4/random.4:107
8078 "If your system does not have I</dev/random> and I</dev/urandom> created "
8079 "already, they can be created with the following commands:"
8083 #: build/C/man4/random.4:112
8086 " mknod -m 644 /dev/random c 1 8\n"
8087 " mknod -m 644 /dev/urandom c 1 9\n"
8088 " chown root:root /dev/random /dev/urandom\n"
8092 #: build/C/man4/random.4:122
8094 "When a Linux system starts up without much operator interaction, the entropy "
8095 "pool may be in a fairly predictable state. This reduces the actual amount "
8096 "of noise in the entropy pool below the estimate. In order to counteract "
8097 "this effect, it helps to carry entropy pool information across shut-downs "
8098 "and start-ups. To do this, add the following lines to an appropriate script "
8099 "which is run during the Linux system start-up sequence:"
8103 #: build/C/man4/random.4:137
8106 " echo \"Initializing random number generator...\"\n"
8107 " random_seed=/var/run/random-seed\n"
8108 " # Carry a random seed from start-up to start-up\n"
8109 " # Load and then save the whole entropy pool\n"
8110 " if [ -f $random_seed ]; then\n"
8111 " cat $random_seed E<gt>/dev/urandom\n"
8113 " touch $random_seed\n"
8115 " chmod 600 $random_seed\n"
8116 " poolfile=/proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize\n"
8117 " [ -r $poolfile ] && bytes=\\`cat $poolfile\\` || bytes=512\n"
8118 " dd if=/dev/urandom of=$random_seed count=1 bs=$bytes\n"
8122 #: build/C/man4/random.4:141
8124 "Also, add the following lines in an appropriate script which is run during "
8125 "the Linux system shutdown:"
8129 #: build/C/man4/random.4:152
8132 " # Carry a random seed from shut-down to start-up\n"
8133 " # Save the whole entropy pool\n"
8134 " echo \"Saving random seed...\"\n"
8135 " random_seed=/var/run/random-seed\n"
8136 " touch $random_seed\n"
8137 " chmod 600 $random_seed\n"
8138 " poolfile=/proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize\n"
8139 " [ -r $poolfile ] && bytes=\\`cat $poolfile\\` || bytes=512\n"
8140 " dd if=/dev/urandom of=$random_seed count=1 bs=$bytes\n"
8144 #: build/C/man4/random.4:153
8146 msgid "/proc Interface"
8150 #: build/C/man4/random.4:159
8152 "The files in the directory I</proc/sys/kernel/random> (present since 2.3.16) "
8153 "provide an additional interface to the I</dev/random> device."
8157 #: build/C/man4/random.4:165
8159 "The read-only file I<entropy_avail> gives the available entropy. Normally, "
8160 "this will be 4096 (bits), a full entropy pool."
8164 #: build/C/man4/random.4:170
8166 "The file I<poolsize> gives the size of the entropy pool. The semantics of "
8167 "this file vary across kernel versions:"
8171 #: build/C/man4/random.4:171
8177 #: build/C/man4/random.4:178
8179 "This file gives the size of the entropy pool in I<bytes>. Normally, this "
8180 "file will have the value 512, but it is writable, and can be changed to any "
8181 "value for which an algorithm is available. The choices are 32, 64, 128, "
8182 "256, 512, 1024, or 2048."
8186 #: build/C/man4/random.4:178
8192 #: build/C/man4/random.4:183
8194 "This file is read-only, and gives the size of the entropy pool in I<bits>. "
8195 "It contains the value 4096."
8199 #: build/C/man4/random.4:201
8201 "The file I<read_wakeup_threshold> contains the number of bits of entropy "
8202 "required for waking up processes that sleep waiting for entropy from "
8203 "I</dev/random>. The default is 64. The file I<write_wakeup_threshold> "
8204 "contains the number of bits of entropy below which we wake up processes that "
8205 "do a B<select>(2) or B<poll>(2) for write access to I</dev/random>. These "
8206 "values can be changed by writing to the files."
8210 #: build/C/man4/random.4:209
8212 "The read-only files I<uuid> and I<boot_id> contain random strings like "
8213 "6fd5a44b-35f4-4ad4-a9b9-6b9be13e1fe9. The former is generated afresh for "
8214 "each read, the latter was generated once."
8218 #: build/C/man4/random.4:211
8223 #. The kernel's random number generator was written by
8224 #. Theodore Ts'o (tytso@athena.mit.edu).
8226 #: build/C/man4/random.4:216
8227 msgid "/dev/urandom"
8231 #: build/C/man4/random.4:218
8236 #: build/C/man4/random.4:220
8237 msgid "RFC\\ 1750, \"Randomness Recommendations for Security\""
8241 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:24
8247 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:27
8248 msgid "sd - Driver for SCSI Disk Drives"
8252 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:31
8255 "B<#include E<lt>linux/hdreg.hE<gt> >/* for HDIO_GETGEO */\n"
8256 "B<#include E<lt>linux/fs.hE<gt> >/* for BLKGETSIZE and BLKRRPART "
8261 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:43
8263 "The block device name has the following form: B<sd>I<lp,> where I<l> is a "
8264 "letter denoting the physical drive, and I<p> is a number denoting the "
8265 "partition on that physical drive. Often, the partition number, I<p>, will "
8266 "be left off when the device corresponds to the whole drive."
8270 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:52
8272 "SCSI disks have a major device number of 8, and a minor device number of the "
8273 "form (16 * I<drive_number>) + I<partition_number>, where I<drive_number> is "
8274 "the number of the physical drive in order of detection, and "
8275 "I<partition_number> is as follows:"
8279 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:54
8280 msgid "partition 0 is the whole drive"
8284 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:56
8285 msgid "partitions 1-4 are the DOS \"primary\" partitions"
8289 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:58
8290 msgid "partitions 5-8 are the DOS \"extended\" (or \"logical\") partitions"
8294 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:66
8296 "For example, I</dev/sda> will have major 8, minor 0, and will refer to all "
8297 "of the first SCSI drive in the system; and I</dev/sdb3> will have major 8, "
8298 "minor 19, and will refer to the third DOS \"primary\" partition on the "
8299 "second SCSI drive in the system."
8303 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:69
8305 "At this time, only block devices are provided. Raw devices have not yet "
8310 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:73
8311 msgid "The following I<ioctl>s are provided:"
8315 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:73
8317 msgid "B<HDIO_GETGEO>"
8321 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:77
8322 msgid "Returns the BIOS disk parameters in the following structure:"
8326 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:86
8329 "struct hd_geometry {\n"
8330 " unsigned char heads;\n"
8331 " unsigned char sectors;\n"
8332 " unsigned short cylinders;\n"
8333 " unsigned long start;\n"
8338 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:92
8339 msgid "A pointer to this structure is passed as the B<ioctl>(2) parameter."
8343 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:107
8345 "The information returned in the parameter is the disk geometry of the drive "
8346 "I<as understood by DOS!> This geometry is I<not> the physical geometry of "
8347 "the drive. It is used when constructing the drive's partition table, "
8348 "however, and is needed for convenient operation of B<fdisk>(1), "
8349 "B<efdisk>(1), and B<lilo>(1). If the geometry information is not available, "
8350 "zero will be returned for all of the parameters."
8354 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:108
8356 msgid "B<BLKGETSIZE>"
8360 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:115
8362 "Returns the device size in sectors. The B<ioctl>(2) parameter should be a "
8363 "pointer to a I<long>."
8367 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:115
8369 msgid "B<BLKRRPART>"
8373 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:119
8374 msgid "Forces a reread of the SCSI disk partition tables. No parameter is needed."
8378 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:130
8380 "The B<scsi>(4) B<ioctl>(2) operations are also supported. If the "
8381 "B<ioctl>(2) parameter is required, and it is NULL, then B<ioctl>(2) will "
8382 "fail with the error B<EINVAL>."
8386 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:132
8387 msgid "/dev/sd[a-h]: the whole device"
8393 #: build/C/man4/sd.4:136
8394 msgid "/dev/sd[a-h][0-8]: individual block partitions"
8398 #: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:23
8404 #: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:23
8410 #: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:26
8411 msgid "setlogmask - set log priority mask"
8415 #: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:29
8417 msgid "B<#include E<lt>syslog.hE<gt>>\n"
8421 #: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:31
8423 msgid "B<int setlogmask(int >I<mask>B<);>\n"
8427 #: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:41
8429 "A process has a log priority mask that determines which calls to "
8430 "B<syslog>(3) may be logged. All other calls will be ignored. Logging is "
8431 "enabled for the priorities that have the corresponding bit set in I<mask>. "
8432 "The initial mask is such that logging is enabled for all priorities."
8436 #: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:47
8438 "The B<setlogmask>() function sets this logmask for the calling process, and "
8439 "returns the previous mask. If the mask argument is 0, the current logmask "
8444 #: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:61
8446 "The eight priorities are B<LOG_EMERG>, B<LOG_ALERT>, B<LOG_CRIT>, "
8447 "B<LOG_ERR>, B<LOG_WARNING>, B<LOG_NOTICE>, B<LOG_INFO>, and B<LOG_DEBUG>. "
8448 "The bit corresponding to a priority I<p> is B<LOG_MASK>(I<p>). Some systems "
8449 "also provide a macro B<LOG_UPTO>(I<p>) for the mask of all priorities in the "
8450 "above list up to and including I<p>."
8454 #: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:63
8455 msgid "This function returns the previous log priority mask."
8459 #. The glibc logmask handling was broken in versions before glibc 2.1.1.
8461 #: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:67
8466 #: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:70
8467 msgid "POSIX.1-2001. Note that the description in POSIX.1-2001 is flawed."
8471 #: build/C/man3/setlogmask.3:74
8472 msgid "B<closelog>(3), B<openlog>(3), B<syslog>(3)"
8476 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:25
8482 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:25
8488 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:28
8489 msgid "sk98lin - Marvell/SysKonnect Gigabit Ethernet driver v6.21"
8493 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:60
8495 "B<insmod sk98lin.o> [B<Speed_A=>I<i,j,...>] [B<Speed_B=>I<i,j,...>] "
8496 "[B<AutoNeg_A=>I<i,j,...>] [B<AutoNeg_B=>I<i,j,...>] [B<DupCap_A=>I<i,j,...>] "
8497 "[B<DupCap_B=>I<i,j,...>] [B<FlowCtrl_A=>I<i,j,...>] "
8498 "[B<FlowCtrl_B=>I<i,j,...>] [B<Role_A=>I<i,j,...>] [B<Role_B=>I<i,j,...>] "
8499 "[B<ConType=>I<i,j,...>] [B<Moderation=>I<i,j,...>] "
8500 "[B<IntsPerSec=>I<i,j,...>] [B<PrefPort=>I<i,j,...>] [B<RlmtMode=>I<i,j,...>]"
8504 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:69
8506 "B<sk98lin> is the Gigabit Ethernet driver for Marvell and SysKonnect network "
8507 "adapter cards. It supports SysKonnect SK-98xx/SK-95xx compliant Gigabit "
8508 "Ethernet Adapter and any Yukon compliant chipset."
8512 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:76
8514 "When loading the driver using insmod, parameters for the network adapter "
8515 "cards might be stated as a sequence of comma separated commands. If for "
8516 "instance two network adapters are installed and AutoNegotiation on Port A of "
8517 "the first adapter should be ON, but on the Port A of the second adapter "
8518 "switched OFF, one must enter:"
8522 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:78
8524 msgid " insmod sk98lin.o AutoNeg_A=On,Off\n"
8528 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:93
8530 "After B<sk98lin> is bound to one or more adapter cards and the I</proc> file "
8531 "system is mounted on your system, a dedicated statistics file will be "
8532 "created in folder I</proc/net/sk98lin> for all ports of the installed "
8533 "network adapter cards. Those files are named I<eth[x]> whereas I<x> is the "
8534 "number of the interface that has been assigned to a dedicated port by the "
8539 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:103
8541 "If loading is finished, any desired IP address can be assigned to the "
8542 "respective I<eth[x]> interface using the B<ifconfig>(8) command. This "
8543 "causes the adapter to connect to the Ethernet and to display a status "
8544 "message on the console saying \"ethx: network connection up using port y\" "
8545 "followed by the configured or detected connection parameters."
8549 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:119
8551 "The B<sk98lin> also supports large frames (also called jumbo frames). Using "
8552 "jumbo frames can improve throughput tremendously when transferring large "
8553 "amounts of data. To enable large frames, the MTU (maximum transfer unit) "
8554 "size for an interface is to be set to a high value. The default MTU size is "
8555 "1500 and can be changed up to 9000 (bytes). Setting the MTU size can be "
8556 "done when assigning the IP address to the interface or later by using the "
8557 "B<ifconfig>(8) command with the mtu parameter. If for instance eth0 needs "
8558 "an IP address and a large frame MTU size, the following two commands might "
8563 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:122
8566 " ifconfig eth0 10.1.1.1\n"
8567 " ifconfig eth0 mtu 9000\n"
8571 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:124
8572 msgid "Those two commands might even be combined into one:"
8576 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:126
8578 msgid " ifconfig eth0 10.1.1.1 mtu 9000\n"
8582 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:139
8584 "Note that large frames can only be used if permitted by your network "
8585 "infrastructure. This means, that any switch being used in your Ethernet "
8586 "must also support large frames. Quite some switches support large frames, "
8587 "but need to be configured to do so. Most of the times, their default "
8588 "setting is to support only standard frames with an MTU size of 1500 "
8589 "(bytes). In addition to the switches inside the network, all network "
8590 "adapters that are to be used must also be enabled regarding jumbo frames. "
8591 "If an adapter is not set to receive large frames it will simply drop them."
8595 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:143
8597 "Switching back to the standard Ethernet frame size can be done by using the "
8598 "B<ifconfig>(8) command again:"
8602 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:145
8604 msgid " ifconfig eth0 mtu 1500\n"
8608 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:151
8610 "The Marvell/SysKonnect Gigabit Ethernet driver for Linux is able to support "
8611 "VLAN and Link Aggregation according to IEEE standards 802.1, 802.1q, and "
8612 "802.3ad. Those features are only available after installation of open "
8613 "source modules which can be found on the Internet:"
8617 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:154
8618 msgid "I<VLAN>: http://www.candelatech.com/~greear/vlan.html"
8622 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:158
8623 msgid "I<Link> I<Aggregation>: http://www.st.rim.or.jp/~yumo"
8627 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:163
8629 "Note that Marvell/SysKonnect does not offer any support for these open "
8630 "source modules and does not take the responsibility for any kind of failures "
8631 "or problems arising when using these modules."
8635 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:163 build/C/man4/wavelan.4:32
8641 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:164
8643 msgid "B<Speed_A=>I<i,j,...>"
8647 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:182
8649 "This parameter is used to set the speed capabilities of port A of an adapter "
8650 "card. It is only valid for Yukon copper adapters. Possible values are: "
8651 "I<10>, I<100>, I<1000> or I<Auto> whereas I<Auto> is the default. Usually, "
8652 "the speed is negotiated between the two ports during link establishment. If "
8653 "this fails, a port can be forced to a specific setting with this parameter."
8657 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:182
8659 msgid "B<Speed_B=>I<i,j,...>"
8663 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:200
8665 "This parameter is used to set the speed capabilities of port B of an adapter "
8666 "card. It is only valid for Yukon copper adapters. Possible values are: "
8667 "I<10>, I<100>, I<1000> or I<Auto> whereas I<Auto> is the default. Usually, "
8668 "the speed is negotiated between the two ports during link establishment. If "
8669 "this fails, a port can be forced to a specific setting with this parameter."
8673 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:200
8675 msgid "B<AutoNeg_A=>I<i,j,...>"
8679 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:215
8681 "Enables or disables the use of autonegotiation of port A of an adapter "
8682 "card. Possible values are: I<On>, I<Off> or I<Sense> whereas I<On> is the "
8683 "default. The I<Sense> mode automatically detects whether the link partner "
8684 "supports auto-negotiation or not."
8688 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:215
8690 msgid "B<AutoNeg_B=>I<i,j,...>"
8694 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:230
8696 "Enables or disables the use of autonegotiation of port B of an adapter "
8697 "card. Possible values are: I<On>, I<Off> or I<Sense> whereas I<On> is the "
8698 "default. The I<Sense> mode automatically detects whether the link partner "
8699 "supports auto-negotiation or not."
8703 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:230
8705 msgid "B<DupCap_A=>I<i,j,...>"
8709 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:261
8711 "This parameter indicates the duplex mode to be used for port A of an adapter "
8712 "card. Possible values are: I<Half>, I<Full> or I<Both> whereas I<Both> is "
8713 "the default. This parameter is only relevant if AutoNeg_A of port A is not "
8714 "set to I<Sense>. If AutoNeg_A is set to I<On>, all three values of DupCap_A "
8715 "( I<Half>, I<Full> or I<Both>) might be stated. If AutoNeg_A is set to "
8716 "I<Off>, only DupCap_A values I<Full> and I<Half> are allowed. This DupCap_A "
8717 "parameter is useful if your link partner does not support all possible "
8718 "duplex combinations."
8722 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:261
8724 msgid "B<DupCap_B=>I<i,j,...>"
8728 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:292
8730 "This parameter indicates the duplex mode to be used for port B of an adapter "
8731 "card. Possible values are: I<Half>, I<Full> or I<Both> whereas I<Both> is "
8732 "the default. This parameter is only relevant if AutoNeg_B of port B is not "
8733 "set to I<Sense>. If AutoNeg_B is set to I<On>, all three values of DupCap_B "
8734 "( I<Half>, I<Full> or I<Both>) might be stated. If AutoNeg_B is set to "
8735 "I<Off>, only DupCap_B values I<Full> and I<Half> are allowed. This DupCap_B "
8736 "parameter is useful if your link partner does not support all possible "
8737 "duplex combinations."
8741 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:292
8743 msgid "B<FlowCtrl_A=>I<i,j,...>"
8747 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:306 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:340
8749 "This parameter can be used to set the flow control capabilities the port "
8750 "reports during auto-negotiation. Possible values are: I<Sym>, I<SymOrRem>, "
8751 "I<LocSend> or I<None> whereas I<SymOrRem> is the default. The different "
8752 "modes have the following meaning:"
8756 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:311 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:344
8761 " both link partners are allowed to send PAUSE frames\n"
8765 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:315 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:348
8769 "= SymmetricOrRemote\n"
8770 " both or only remote partner are allowed to send PAUSE frames\n"
8774 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:319 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:352
8779 " only local link partner is allowed to send PAUSE frames\n"
8783 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:323 build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:356
8788 " no link partner is allowed to send PAUSE frames\n"
8792 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:326
8793 msgid "Note that this parameter is ignored if AutoNeg_A is set to I<Off>."
8797 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:326
8799 msgid "B<FlowCtrl_B=>I<i,j,...>"
8803 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:360
8804 msgid "Note that this parameter is ignored if AutoNeg_B is set to I<Off>."
8808 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:360
8810 msgid "B<Role_A=>I<i,j,...>"
8814 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:377
8816 "This parameter is only valid for 1000Base-T adapter cards. For two "
8817 "1000Base-T ports to communicate, one must take the role of the master "
8818 "(providing timing information), while the other must be the slave. Possible "
8819 "values are: I<Auto>, I<Master> or I<Slave> whereas I<Auto> is the default. "
8820 "Usually, the role of a port is negotiated between two ports during link "
8821 "establishment, but if that fails the port A of an adapter card can be forced "
8822 "to a specific setting with this parameter."
8826 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:377
8828 msgid "B<Role_B=>I<i,j,...>"
8832 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:395
8834 "This parameter is only valid for 1000Base-T adapter cards. For two "
8835 "1000Base-T ports to communicate, one must take the role of the master "
8836 "(providing timing information), while the other must be the slave. Possible "
8837 "values are: I<Auto>, I<Master> or I<Slave> whereas I<Auto> is the default. "
8838 "Usually, the role of a port is negotiated between two ports during link "
8839 "establishment, but if that fails the port B of an adapter card can be forced "
8840 "to a specific setting with this parameter."
8844 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:395
8846 msgid "B<ConType=>I<i,j,...>"
8850 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:403
8852 "This parameter is a combination of all five per-port parameters within one "
8853 "single parameter. This simplifies the configuration of both ports of an "
8854 "adapter card. The different values of this variable reflect the most "
8855 "meaningful combinations of port parameters. Possible values and their "
8856 "corresponding combination of per-port parameters:"
8860 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:408
8863 "ConType | DupCap AutoNeg FlowCtrl Role Speed\n"
8864 "--------+-------------------------------------------\n"
8865 "I<Auto> | Both On SymOrRem Auto Auto\n"
8869 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:410
8871 msgid "I<100FD> | Full Off None Auto 100\n"
8875 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:412
8877 msgid "I<100HD> | Half Off None Auto 100\n"
8881 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:414
8883 msgid "I<10FD> | Full Off None Auto 10\n"
8887 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:416
8889 msgid "I<10HD> | Half Off None Auto 10\n"
8893 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:426
8895 "Stating any other port parameter together with this I<ConType> parameter "
8896 "will result in a merged configuration of those settings. This is due to the "
8897 "fact, that the per-port parameters (e.g. I<Speed_A>) have a higher "
8898 "priority than the combined variable I<ConType>."
8902 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:426
8904 msgid "B<Moderation=>I<i,j,...>"
8908 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:444
8910 "Interrupt moderation is employed to limit the maximum number of interrupts "
8911 "the driver has to serve. That is, one or more interrupts (which indicate "
8912 "any transmit or receive packet to be processed) are queued until the driver "
8913 "processes them. When queued interrupts are to be served, is determined by "
8914 "the I<IntsPerSec> parameter, which is explained later below. Possible "
8915 "moderation modes are: I<None>, I<Static> or I<Dynamic> whereas I<None> is "
8916 "the default. The different modes have the following meaning:"
8920 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:449
8922 "I<None> No interrupt moderation is applied on the adapter card. Therefore, "
8923 "each transmit or receive interrupt is served immediately as soon as it "
8924 "appears on the interrupt line of the adapter card."
8928 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:464
8930 "I<Static> Interrupt moderation is applied on the adapter card. All transmit "
8931 "and receive interrupts are queued until a complete moderation interval "
8932 "ends. If such a moderation interval ends, all queued interrupts are "
8933 "processed in one big bunch without any delay. The term I<Static> reflects "
8934 "the fact, that interrupt moderation is always enabled, regardless how much "
8935 "network load is currently passing via a particular interface. In addition, "
8936 "the duration of the moderation interval has a fixed length that never "
8937 "changes while the driver is operational."
8941 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:475
8943 "I<Dynamic> Interrupt moderation might be applied on the adapter card, "
8944 "depending on the load of the system. If the driver detects that the system "
8945 "load is too high, the driver tries to shield the system against too much "
8946 "network load by enabling interrupt moderation. If\\(emat a later "
8947 "time\\(emthe CPU utilization decreases again (or if the network load is "
8948 "negligible) the interrupt moderation will automatically be disabled."
8952 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:481
8954 "Interrupt moderation should be used when the driver has to handle one or "
8955 "more interfaces with a high network load, which\\(emas a "
8956 "consequence\\(emleads also to a high CPU utilization. When moderation is "
8957 "applied in such high network load situations, CPU load might be reduced by "
8958 "20-30% on slow computers."
8962 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:485
8964 "Note that the drawback of using interrupt moderation is an increase of the "
8965 "round-trip-time (RTT), due to the queuing and serving of interrupts at "
8966 "dedicated moderation times."
8970 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:485
8972 msgid "B<IntsPerSec=>I<i,j,...>"
8976 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:495
8978 "This parameter determines the length of any interrupt moderation interval. "
8979 "Assuming that static interrupt moderation is to be used, an I<IntsPerSec> "
8980 "parameter value of 2000 will lead to an interrupt moderation interval of 500 "
8981 "microseconds. Possible values for this parameter are in the range of "
8982 "30...40000 (interrupts per second). The default value is 2000."
8986 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:499
8988 "This parameter is only used, if either static or dynamic interrupt "
8989 "moderation is enabled on a network adapter card. This parameter is ignored "
8990 "if no moderation is applied."
8994 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:506
8996 "Note that the duration of the moderation interval is to be chosen with "
8997 "care. At first glance, selecting a very long duration (e.g., only 100 "
8998 "interrupts per second) seems to be meaningful, but the increase of "
8999 "packet-processing delay is tremendous. On the other hand, selecting a very "
9000 "short moderation time might compensate the use of any moderation being "
9005 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:506
9007 msgid "B<PrefPort=>I<i,j,...>"
9011 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:519
9013 "This parameter is used to force the preferred port to A or B (on dual-port "
9014 "network adapters). The preferred port is the one that is used if both ports "
9015 "A and B are detected as fully functional. Possible values are: I<A> or I<B> "
9016 "whereas I<A> is the default."
9020 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:519
9022 msgid "B<RlmtMode=>I<i,j,...>"
9026 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:536
9028 "RLMT monitors the status of the port. If the link of the active port fails, "
9029 "RLMT switches immediately to the standby link. The virtual link is "
9030 "maintained as long as at least one \"physical\" link is up. This parameters "
9031 "states how RLMT should monitor both ports. Possible values are: "
9032 "I<CheckLinkState>, I<CheckLocalPort>, I<CheckSeg> or I<DualNet> whereas "
9033 "I<CheckLinkState> is the default. The different modes have the following "
9038 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:541
9040 "I<CheckLinkState> Check link state only: RLMT uses the link state reported "
9041 "by the adapter hardware for each individual port to determine whether a port "
9042 "can be used for all network traffic or not."
9046 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:549
9048 "I<CheckLocalPort> In this mode, RLMT monitors the network path between the "
9049 "two ports of an adapter by regularly exchanging packets between them. This "
9050 "mode requires a network configuration in which the two ports are able to "
9051 "\"see\" each other (i.e., there must not be any router between the ports)."
9055 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:558
9057 "I<CheckSeg> Check local port and segmentation: This mode supports the same "
9058 "functions as the CheckLocalPort mode and additionally checks network "
9059 "segmentation between the ports. Therefore, this mode is only to be used if "
9060 "Gigabit Ethernet switches are installed on the network that have been "
9061 "configured to use the Spanning Tree protocol."
9065 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:569
9067 "I<DualNet> In this mode, ports A and B are used as separate devices. If you "
9068 "have a dual port adapter, port A will be configured as I<eth[x]> and port B "
9069 "as I<eth[x+1]>. Both ports can be used independently with distinct IP "
9070 "addresses. The preferred port setting is not used. RLMT is turned off."
9074 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:578
9076 "Note that RLMT modes I<CheckLocalPort> and I<CheckLinkState> are designed to "
9077 "operate in configurations where a network path between the ports on one "
9078 "adapter exists. Moreover, they are not designed to work where adapters are "
9079 "connected back-to-back."
9083 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:579
9085 msgid "I</proc/net/sk98lin/eth[x]>"
9089 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:585
9091 "The statistics file of a particular interface of an adapter card. It "
9092 "contains generic information about the adapter card plus a detailed summary "
9093 "of all transmit and receive counters."
9097 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:585
9099 msgid "I</usr/src/linux/Documentation/networking/sk98lin.txt>"
9103 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:596
9105 "This is the I<README> file of the I<sk98lin> driver. It contains a detailed "
9106 "installation HOWTO and describes all parameters of the driver. It denotes "
9107 "also common problems and provides the solution to them."
9111 #. Ralph Roesler \(em rroesler@syskonnect.de
9113 #. Mirko Lindner \(em mlindner@syskonnect.de
9115 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:602
9116 msgid "Report any bugs to linux@syskonnect.de"
9120 #: build/C/man4/sk98lin.4:606
9121 msgid "B<ifconfig>(8), B<insmod>(8), B<modprobe>(8)"
9125 #: build/C/man4/st.4:23
9131 #: build/C/man4/st.4:26
9132 msgid "st - SCSI tape device"
9136 #: build/C/man4/st.4:29
9138 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/mtio.hE<gt>>\n"
9142 #: build/C/man4/st.4:34
9145 "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<request>B< [, (void *)>I<arg3>B<]);>\n"
9146 "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, MTIOCTOP, (struct mtop *)>I<mt_cmd>B<);>\n"
9147 "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, MTIOCGET, (struct mtget *)>I<mt_status>B<);>\n"
9148 "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, MTIOCPOS, (struct mtpos *)>I<mt_pos>B<);>\n"
9152 #: build/C/man4/st.4:44
9154 "The B<st> driver provides the interface to a variety of SCSI tape devices. "
9155 "Currently, the driver takes control of all detected devices of type "
9156 "\\(lqsequential-access\\(rq. The B<st> driver uses major device number 9."
9160 #: build/C/man4/st.4:64
9162 "Each device uses eight minor device numbers. The lowermost five bits in the "
9163 "minor numbers are assigned sequentially in the order of detection. In the "
9164 "2.6 kernel, the bits above the eight lowermost bits are concatenated to the "
9165 "five lowermost bits to form the tape number. The minor numbers can be "
9166 "grouped into two sets of four numbers: the principal (auto-rewind) minor "
9167 "device numbers, I<n>, and the \\(lqno-rewind\\(rq device numbers, (I<n> + "
9168 "128). Devices opened using the principal device number will be sent a "
9169 "B<REWIND> command when they are closed. Devices opened using the "
9170 "\\(lqno-rewind\\(rq device number will not. (Note that using an auto-rewind "
9171 "device for positioning the tape with, for instance, mt does not lead to the "
9172 "desired result: the tape is rewound after the mt command and the next "
9173 "command starts from the beginning of the tape)."
9177 #: build/C/man4/st.4:78
9179 "Within each group, four minor numbers are available to define devices with "
9180 "different characteristics (block size, compression, density, etc.) When the "
9181 "system starts up, only the first device is available. The other three are "
9182 "activated when the default characteristics are defined (see below). (By "
9183 "changing compile-time constants, it is possible to change the balance "
9184 "between the maximum number of tape drives and the number of minor numbers "
9185 "for each drive. The default allocation allows control of 32 tape drives. "
9186 "For instance, it is possible to control up to 64 tape drives with two minor "
9187 "numbers for different options.)"
9191 #: build/C/man4/st.4:80
9192 msgid "Devices are typically created by:"
9196 #: build/C/man4/st.4:91
9199 "mknod -m 666 /dev/st0 c 9 0\n"
9200 "mknod -m 666 /dev/st0l c 9 32\n"
9201 "mknod -m 666 /dev/st0m c 9 64\n"
9202 "mknod -m 666 /dev/st0a c 9 96\n"
9203 "mknod -m 666 /dev/nst0 c 9 128\n"
9204 "mknod -m 666 /dev/nst0l c 9 160\n"
9205 "mknod -m 666 /dev/nst0m c 9 192\n"
9206 "mknod -m 666 /dev/nst0a c 9 224\n"
9210 #: build/C/man4/st.4:95
9211 msgid "There is no corresponding block device."
9215 #: build/C/man4/st.4:110
9217 "The driver uses an internal buffer that has to be large enough to hold at "
9218 "least one tape block. In kernels before 2.1.121, the buffer is allocated as "
9219 "one contiguous block. This limits the block size to the largest contiguous "
9220 "block of memory the kernel allocator can provide. The limit is currently "
9221 "128 kB for 32-bit architectures and 256 kB for 64-bit architectures. In "
9222 "newer kernels the driver allocates the buffer in several parts if "
9223 "necessary. By default, the maximum number of parts is 16. This means that "
9224 "the maximum block size is very large (2 MB if allocation of 16 blocks of 128 "
9229 #: build/C/man4/st.4:119
9231 "The driver's internal buffer size is determined by a compile-time constant "
9232 "which can be overridden with a kernel startup option. In addition to this, "
9233 "the driver tries to allocate a larger temporary buffer at run time if "
9234 "necessary. However, run-time allocation of large contiguous blocks of "
9235 "memory may fail and it is advisable not to rely too much on dynamic buffer "
9236 "allocation with kernels older than 2.1.121 (this applies also to "
9237 "demand-loading the driver with kerneld or kmod)."
9241 #: build/C/man4/st.4:132
9243 "The driver does not specifically support any tape drive brand or model. "
9244 "After system start-up the tape device options are defined by the drive "
9245 "firmware. For example, if the drive firmware selects fixed-block mode, the "
9246 "tape device uses fixed-block mode. The options can be changed with explicit "
9247 "B<ioctl>(2) calls and remain in effect when the device is closed and "
9248 "reopened. Setting the options affects both the auto-rewind and the "
9253 #: build/C/man4/st.4:141
9255 "Different options can be specified for the different devices within the "
9256 "subgroup of four. The options take effect when the device is opened. For "
9257 "example, the system administrator can define one device that writes in "
9258 "fixed-block mode with a certain block size, and one which writes in "
9259 "variable-block mode (if the drive supports both modes)."
9263 #: build/C/man4/st.4:164
9265 "The driver supports B<tape partitions> if they are supported by the drive. "
9266 "(Note that the tape partitions have nothing to do with disk partitions. A "
9267 "partitioned tape can be seen as several logical tapes within one medium.) "
9268 "Partition support has to be enabled with an B<ioctl>(2). The tape location "
9269 "is preserved within each partition across partition changes. The partition "
9270 "used for subsequent tape operations is selected with an B<ioctl>(2). The "
9271 "partition switch is executed together with the next tape operation in order "
9272 "to avoid unnecessary tape movement. The maximum number of partitions on a "
9273 "tape is defined by a compile-time constant (originally four). The driver "
9274 "contains an B<ioctl>(2) that can format a tape with either one or two "
9279 #: build/C/man4/st.4:169
9281 "Device I</dev/tape> is usually created as a hard or soft link to the default "
9282 "tape device on the system."
9286 #: build/C/man4/st.4:173
9288 "Starting from kernel 2.6.2, the driver exports in the sysfs directory "
9289 "I</sys/class/scsi_tape> the attached devices and some parameters assigned to "
9294 #: build/C/man4/st.4:173
9296 msgid "Data Transfer"
9300 #: build/C/man4/st.4:186
9302 "The driver supports operation in both fixed-block mode and variable-block "
9303 "mode (if supported by the drive). In fixed-block mode the drive writes "
9304 "blocks of the specified size and the block size is not dependent on the byte "
9305 "counts of the write system calls. In variable-block mode one tape block is "
9306 "written for each write call and the byte count determines the size of the "
9307 "corresponding tape block. Note that the blocks on the tape don't contain "
9308 "any information about the writing mode: when reading, the only important "
9309 "thing is to use commands that accept the block sizes on the tape."
9313 #: build/C/man4/st.4:195
9315 "In variable-block mode the read byte count does not have to match the tape "
9316 "block size exactly. If the byte count is larger than the next block on "
9317 "tape, the driver returns the data and the function returns the actual block "
9318 "size. If the block size is larger than the byte count, the requested amount "
9319 "of data from the start of the block is returned and the rest of the block is "
9324 #: build/C/man4/st.4:204
9326 "In fixed-block mode the read byte counts can be arbitrary if buffering is "
9327 "enabled, or a multiple of the tape block size if buffering is disabled. "
9328 "Kernels before 2.1.121 allow writes with arbitrary byte count if buffering "
9329 "is enabled. In all other cases (kernel before 2.1.121 with buffering "
9330 "disabled or newer kernel) the write byte count must be a multiple of the "
9335 #: build/C/man4/st.4:213
9337 "In the 2.6 kernel, the driver tries to use direct transfers between the user "
9338 "buffer and the device. If this is not possible, the driver's internal "
9339 "buffer is used. The reasons for not using direct transfers include improper "
9340 "alignment of the user buffer (default is 512 bytes but this can be changed "
9341 "by the HBA driver), one of more pages of the user buffer not reachable by "
9342 "the SCSI adapter, etc."
9346 #: build/C/man4/st.4:216
9348 "A filemark is automatically written to tape if the last tape operation "
9349 "before close was a write."
9353 #: build/C/man4/st.4:228
9355 "When a filemark is encountered while reading, the following happens. If "
9356 "there are data remaining in the buffer when the filemark is found, the "
9357 "buffered data is returned. The next read returns zero bytes. The following "
9358 "read returns data from the next file. The end of recorded data is signaled "
9359 "by returning zero bytes for two consecutive read calls. The third read "
9364 #: build/C/man4/st.4:228
9370 #: build/C/man4/st.4:239
9372 "The driver supports three B<ioctl>(2) requests. Requests not recognized by "
9373 "the B<st> driver are passed to the B<SCSI> driver. The definitions below "
9374 "are from I</usr/include/linux/mtio.h>:"
9378 #: build/C/man4/st.4:239
9380 msgid "MTIOCTOP \\(em Perform a tape operation"
9384 #: build/C/man4/st.4:247
9386 "This request takes an argument of type I<(struct mtop *)>. Not all drives "
9387 "support all operations. The driver returns an B<EIO> error if the drive "
9388 "rejects an operation."
9392 #: build/C/man4/st.4:255
9395 "/* Structure for MTIOCTOP - mag tape op command: */\n"
9397 " short mt_op; /* operations defined below */\n"
9398 " int mt_count; /* how many of them */\n"
9403 #: build/C/man4/st.4:259
9404 msgid "Magnetic Tape operations for normal tape use:"
9408 #: build/C/man4/st.4:259
9414 #: build/C/man4/st.4:264
9415 msgid "Backward space over I<mt_count> filemarks."
9419 #: build/C/man4/st.4:264
9425 #: build/C/man4/st.4:270
9427 "Backward space over I<mt_count> filemarks. Reposition the tape to the EOT "
9428 "side of the last filemark."
9432 #: build/C/man4/st.4:270
9438 #: build/C/man4/st.4:275
9439 msgid "Backward space over I<mt_count> records (tape blocks)."
9443 #: build/C/man4/st.4:275
9449 #: build/C/man4/st.4:280
9450 msgid "Backward space over I<mt_count> setmarks."
9454 #: build/C/man4/st.4:280
9456 msgid "B<MTCOMPRESSION>"
9460 #: build/C/man4/st.4:288
9462 "Enable compression of tape data within the drive if I<mt_count> is nonzero "
9463 "and disable compression if I<mt_count> is zero. This command uses the MODE "
9464 "page 15 supported by most DATs."
9468 #: build/C/man4/st.4:288
9474 #: build/C/man4/st.4:291
9475 msgid "Go to the end of the recorded media (for appending files)."
9479 #: build/C/man4/st.4:291
9485 #: build/C/man4/st.4:297
9487 "Erase tape. With 2.6 kernel, short erase (mark tape empty) is performed if "
9488 "the argument is zero. Otherwise long erase (erase all) is done."
9492 #: build/C/man4/st.4:297
9498 #: build/C/man4/st.4:302
9499 msgid "Forward space over I<mt_count> filemarks."
9503 #: build/C/man4/st.4:302
9509 #: build/C/man4/st.4:308
9511 "Forward space over I<mt_count> filemarks. Reposition the tape to the BOT "
9512 "side of the last filemark."
9516 #: build/C/man4/st.4:308
9522 #: build/C/man4/st.4:313
9523 msgid "Forward space over I<mt_count> records (tape blocks)."
9527 #: build/C/man4/st.4:313
9533 #: build/C/man4/st.4:318
9534 msgid "Forward space over I<mt_count> setmarks."
9538 #: build/C/man4/st.4:318
9544 #: build/C/man4/st.4:329
9546 "Execute the SCSI load command. A special case is available for some HP "
9547 "autoloaders. If I<mt_count> is the constant B<MT_ST_HPLOADER_OFFSET> plus a "
9548 "number, the number is sent to the drive to control the autoloader."
9552 #: build/C/man4/st.4:329
9558 #: build/C/man4/st.4:332
9559 msgid "Lock the tape drive door."
9563 #: build/C/man4/st.4:332
9569 #: build/C/man4/st.4:346
9571 "Format the tape into one or two partitions. If I<mt_count> is nonzero, it "
9572 "gives the size of the first partition and the second partition contains the "
9573 "rest of the tape. If I<mt_count> is zero, the tape is formatted into one "
9574 "partition. This command is not allowed for a drive unless the partition "
9575 "support is enabled for the drive (see B<MT_ST_CAN_PARTITIONS> below)."
9579 #: build/C/man4/st.4:346
9585 #: build/C/man4/st.4:351
9587 "No op\\(emflushes the driver's buffer as a side effect. Should be used "
9588 "before reading status with B<MTIOCGET>."
9592 #: build/C/man4/st.4:351
9598 #: build/C/man4/st.4:354
9599 msgid "Rewind and put the drive off line."
9603 #: build/C/man4/st.4:354
9609 #: build/C/man4/st.4:357
9610 msgid "Reset drive."
9614 #: build/C/man4/st.4:357
9620 #: build/C/man4/st.4:360
9621 msgid "Re-tension tape."
9625 #: build/C/man4/st.4:360
9631 #: build/C/man4/st.4:363
9636 #: build/C/man4/st.4:363
9642 #: build/C/man4/st.4:375
9644 "Seek to the tape block number specified in I<mt_count>. This operation "
9645 "requires either a SCSI-2 drive that supports the B<LOCATE> command "
9646 "(device-specific address) or a Tandberg-compatible SCSI-1 drive (Tandberg, "
9647 "Archive Viper, Wangtek, ...). The block number should be one that was "
9648 "previously returned by B<MTIOCPOS> if device-specific addresses are used."
9652 #: build/C/man4/st.4:375
9658 #: build/C/man4/st.4:380
9660 "Set the drive's block length to the value specified in I<mt_count>. A block "
9661 "length of zero sets the drive to variable block size mode."
9665 #: build/C/man4/st.4:380
9667 msgid "B<MTSETDENSITY>"
9671 #: build/C/man4/st.4:386
9673 "Set the tape density to the code in I<mt_count>. The density codes "
9674 "supported by a drive can be found from the drive documentation."
9678 #: build/C/man4/st.4:386
9680 msgid "B<MTSETPART>"
9684 #: build/C/man4/st.4:395
9686 "The active partition is switched to I<mt_count>. The partitions are "
9687 "numbered from zero. This command is not allowed for a drive unless the "
9688 "partition support is enabled for the drive (see B<MT_ST_CAN_PARTITIONS> "
9693 #: build/C/man4/st.4:395
9699 #: build/C/man4/st.4:398
9700 msgid "Execute the SCSI unload command (does not eject the tape)."
9704 #: build/C/man4/st.4:398
9710 #: build/C/man4/st.4:401
9711 msgid "Unlock the tape drive door."
9715 #: build/C/man4/st.4:401
9721 #: build/C/man4/st.4:406
9722 msgid "Write I<mt_count> filemarks."
9726 #: build/C/man4/st.4:406
9732 #: build/C/man4/st.4:411
9733 msgid "Write I<mt_count> setmarks."
9737 #: build/C/man4/st.4:413
9738 msgid "Magnetic Tape operations for setting of device options (by the superuser):"
9742 #: build/C/man4/st.4:413
9744 msgid "B<MTSETDRVBUFFER>"
9748 #: build/C/man4/st.4:422
9750 "Set various drive and driver options according to bits encoded in "
9751 "I<mt_count>. These consist of the drive's buffering mode, a set of Boolean "
9752 "driver options, the buffer write threshold, defaults for the block size and "
9753 "density, and timeouts (only in kernels 2.1 and later). A single operation "
9754 "can affect only one item in the list above (the Booleans counted as one "
9759 #: build/C/man4/st.4:426
9761 "A value having zeros in the high-order 4 bits will be used to set the "
9762 "drive's buffering mode. The buffering modes are:"
9766 #: build/C/man4/st.4:427
9772 #: build/C/man4/st.4:432
9774 "The drive will not report B<GOOD> status on write commands until the data "
9775 "blocks are actually written to the medium."
9779 #: build/C/man4/st.4:432
9785 #: build/C/man4/st.4:437
9787 "The drive may report B<GOOD> status on write commands as soon as all the "
9788 "data has been transferred to the drive's internal buffer."
9792 #: build/C/man4/st.4:437
9798 #: build/C/man4/st.4:444
9800 "The drive may report B<GOOD> status on write commands as soon as (a) all the "
9801 "data has been transferred to the drive's internal buffer, and (b) all "
9802 "buffered data from different initiators has been successfully written to the "
9807 #: build/C/man4/st.4:455
9809 "To control the write threshold the value in I<mt_count> must include the "
9810 "constant B<MT_ST_WRITE_THRESHOLD> bitwise ORed with a block count in the low "
9811 "28 bits. The block count refers to 1024-byte blocks, not the physical block "
9812 "size on the tape. The threshold cannot exceed the driver's internal buffer "
9813 "size (see DESCRIPTION, above)."
9817 #: build/C/man4/st.4:476
9819 "To set and clear the Boolean options the value in I<mt_count> must include "
9820 "one of the constants B<MT_ST_BOOLEANS>, B<MT_ST_SETBOOLEANS>, "
9821 "B<MT_ST_CLEARBOOLEANS>, or B<MT_ST_DEFBOOLEANS> bitwise ORed with whatever "
9822 "combination of the following options is desired. Using B<MT_ST_BOOLEANS> "
9823 "the options can be set to the values defined in the corresponding bits. "
9824 "With B<MT_ST_SETBOOLEANS> the options can be selectively set and with "
9825 "B<MT_ST_DEFBOOLEANS> selectively cleared."
9829 #: build/C/man4/st.4:484
9831 "The default options for a tape device are set with B<MT_ST_DEFBOOLEANS>. A "
9832 "nonactive tape device (e.g., device with minor 32 or 160) is activated when "
9833 "the default options for it are defined the first time. An activated device "
9834 "inherits from the device activated at start-up the options not set "
9839 #: build/C/man4/st.4:486
9840 msgid "The Boolean options are:"
9844 #: build/C/man4/st.4:487
9846 msgid "B<MT_ST_BUFFER_WRITES> (Default: true)"
9850 #: build/C/man4/st.4:493
9852 "Buffer all write operations in fixed-block mode. If this option is false "
9853 "and the drive uses a fixed block size, then all write operations must be for "
9854 "a multiple of the block size. This option must be set false to write "
9855 "reliable multivolume archives."
9859 #: build/C/man4/st.4:494
9861 msgid "B<MT_ST_ASYNC_WRITES> (Default: true)"
9865 #: build/C/man4/st.4:504
9867 "When this option is true, write operations return immediately without "
9868 "waiting for the data to be transferred to the drive if the data fits into "
9869 "the driver's buffer. The write threshold determines how full the buffer "
9870 "must be before a new SCSI write command is issued. Any errors reported by "
9871 "the drive will be held until the next operation. This option must be set "
9872 "false to write reliable multivolume archives."
9876 #: build/C/man4/st.4:504
9878 msgid "B<MT_ST_READ_AHEAD> (Default: true)"
9882 #: build/C/man4/st.4:510
9884 "This option causes the driver to provide read buffering and read-ahead in "
9885 "fixed-block mode. If this option is false and the drive uses a fixed block "
9886 "size, then all read operations must be for a multiple of the block size."
9890 #: build/C/man4/st.4:510
9892 msgid "B<MT_ST_TWO_FM> (Default: false)"
9896 #: build/C/man4/st.4:516
9898 "This option modifies the driver behavior when a file is closed. The normal "
9899 "action is to write a single filemark. If the option is true the driver will "
9900 "write two filemarks and backspace over the second one."
9904 #: build/C/man4/st.4:525
9906 "Note: This option should not be set true for QIC tape drives since they are "
9907 "unable to overwrite a filemark. These drives detect the end of recorded "
9908 "data by testing for blank tape rather than two consecutive filemarks. Most "
9909 "other current drives also detect the end of recorded data and using two "
9910 "filemarks is usually necessary only when interchanging tapes with some other "
9915 #: build/C/man4/st.4:525
9917 msgid "B<MT_ST_DEBUGGING> (Default: false)"
9921 #: build/C/man4/st.4:531
9923 "This option turns on various debugging messages from the driver (effective "
9924 "only if the driver was compiled with B<DEBUG> defined nonzero)."
9928 #: build/C/man4/st.4:531
9930 msgid "B<MT_ST_FAST_EOM> (Default: false)"
9934 #: build/C/man4/st.4:545
9936 "This option causes the B<MTEOM> operation to be sent directly to the drive, "
9937 "potentially speeding up the operation but causing the driver to lose track "
9938 "of the current file number normally returned by the B<MTIOCGET> request. If "
9939 "B<MT_ST_FAST_EOM> is false the driver will respond to an B<MTEOM> request by "
9940 "forward spacing over files."
9944 #: build/C/man4/st.4:545
9946 msgid "B<MT_ST_AUTO_LOCK> (Default: false)"
9950 #: build/C/man4/st.4:549
9952 "When this option is true, the drive door is locked when the device is opened "
9953 "and unlocked when it is closed."
9957 #: build/C/man4/st.4:549
9959 msgid "B<MT_ST_DEF_WRITES> (Default: false)"
9963 #: build/C/man4/st.4:566
9965 "The tape options (block size, mode, compression, etc.) may change when "
9966 "changing from one device linked to a drive to another device linked to the "
9967 "same drive depending on how the devices are defined. This option defines "
9968 "when the changes are enforced by the driver using SCSI-commands and when the "
9969 "drives auto-detection capabilities are relied upon. If this option is "
9970 "false, the driver sends the SCSI-commands immediately when the device is "
9971 "changed. If the option is true, the SCSI-commands are not sent until a "
9972 "write is requested. In this case the drive firmware is allowed to detect "
9973 "the tape structure when reading and the SCSI-commands are used only to make "
9974 "sure that a tape is written according to the correct specification."
9978 #: build/C/man4/st.4:566
9980 msgid "B<MT_ST_CAN_BSR> (Default: false)"
9984 #: build/C/man4/st.4:579
9986 "When read-ahead is used, the tape must sometimes be spaced backward to the "
9987 "correct position when the device is closed and the SCSI command to space "
9988 "backward over records is used for this purpose. Some older drives can't "
9989 "process this command reliably and this option can be used to instruct the "
9990 "driver not to use the command. The end result is that, with read-ahead and "
9991 "fixed-block mode, the tape may not be correctly positioned within a file "
9992 "when the device is closed. With 2.6 kernel, the default is true for drives "
9993 "supporting SCSI-3."
9997 #: build/C/man4/st.4:579
9999 msgid "B<MT_ST_NO_BLKLIMS> (Default: false)"
10002 #. type: Plain text
10003 #: build/C/man4/st.4:588
10005 "Some drives don't accept the B<READ BLOCK LIMITS> SCSI command. If this is "
10006 "used, the driver does not use the command. The drawback is that the driver "
10007 "can't check before sending commands if the selected block size is acceptable "
10012 #: build/C/man4/st.4:588
10014 msgid "B<MT_ST_CAN_PARTITIONS> (Default: false)"
10017 #. type: Plain text
10018 #: build/C/man4/st.4:593
10020 "This option enables support for several partitions within a tape. The "
10021 "option applies to all devices linked to a drive."
10025 #: build/C/man4/st.4:593
10027 msgid "B<MT_ST_SCSI2LOGICAL> (Default: false)"
10030 #. type: Plain text
10031 #: build/C/man4/st.4:608
10033 "This option instructs the driver to use the logical block addresses defined "
10034 "in the SCSI-2 standard when performing the seek and tell operations (both "
10035 "with B<MTSEEK> and B<MTIOCPOS> commands and when changing tape partition). "
10036 "Otherwise the device-specific addresses are used. It is highly advisable to "
10037 "set this option if the drive supports the logical addresses because they "
10038 "count also filemarks. There are some drives that only support the logical "
10043 #: build/C/man4/st.4:608
10045 msgid "B<MT_ST_SYSV> (Default: false)"
10048 #. type: Plain text
10049 #: build/C/man4/st.4:619
10051 "When this option is enabled, the tape devices use the SystemV semantics. "
10052 "Otherwise the BSD semantics are used. The most important difference between "
10053 "the semantics is what happens when a device used for reading is closed: in "
10054 "System V semantics the tape is spaced forward past the next filemark if this "
10055 "has not happened while using the device. In BSD semantics the tape position "
10060 #: build/C/man4/st.4:619
10062 msgid "B<MT_NO_WAIT> (Default: false)"
10065 #. type: Plain text
10066 #: build/C/man4/st.4:623
10068 "Enables immediate mode (i.e., don't wait for the command to finish) for some "
10069 "commands (e.g., rewind)."
10072 #. type: Plain text
10073 #: build/C/man4/st.4:625
10074 msgid "An example:"
10077 #. type: Plain text
10078 #: build/C/man4/st.4:633
10081 "struct mtop mt_cmd;\n"
10082 "mt_cmd.mt_op = MTSETDRVBUFFER;\n"
10083 "mt_cmd.mt_count = MT_ST_BOOLEANS |\n"
10084 " MT_ST_BUFFER_WRITES | MT_ST_ASYNC_WRITES;\n"
10085 "ioctl(fd, MTIOCTOP, mt_cmd);\n"
10088 #. type: Plain text
10089 #: build/C/man4/st.4:643
10091 "The default block size for a device can be set with B<MT_ST_DEF_BLKSIZE> and "
10092 "the default density code can be set with B<MT_ST_DEFDENSITY>. The values "
10093 "for the parameters are or'ed with the operation code."
10096 #. type: Plain text
10097 #: build/C/man4/st.4:660
10099 "With kernels 2.1.x and later, the timeout values can be set with the "
10100 "subcommand B<MT_ST_SET_TIMEOUT> ORed with the timeout in seconds. The long "
10101 "timeout (used for rewinds and other commands that may take a long time) can "
10102 "be set with B<MT_ST_SET_LONG_TIMEOUT>. The kernel defaults are very long to "
10103 "make sure that a successful command is not timed out with any drive. "
10104 "Because of this the driver may seem stuck even if it is only waiting for the "
10105 "timeout. These commands can be used to set more practical values for a "
10106 "specific drive. The timeouts set for one device apply for all devices "
10107 "linked to the same drive."
10110 #. type: Plain text
10111 #: build/C/man4/st.4:681
10113 "Starting from kernels 2.4.19 and 2.5.43, the driver supports a status bit "
10114 "which indicates whether the drive requests cleaning. The method used by the "
10115 "drive to return cleaning information is set using the B<MT_ST_SEL_CLN> "
10116 "subcommand. If the value is zero, the cleaning bit is always zero. If the "
10117 "value is one, the TapeAlert data defined in the SCSI-3 standard is used (not "
10118 "yet implemented). Values 2-17 are reserved. If the lowest eight bits are "
10119 "E<gt>= 18, bits from the extended sense data are used. The bits 9-16 "
10120 "specify a mask to select the bits to look at and the bits 17-23 specify the "
10121 "bit pattern to look for. If the bit pattern is zero, one or more bits under "
10122 "the mask indicate the cleaning request. If the pattern is nonzero, the "
10123 "pattern must match the masked sense data byte."
10127 #: build/C/man4/st.4:681
10129 msgid "MTIOCGET \\(em Get status"
10132 #. type: Plain text
10133 #: build/C/man4/st.4:685
10134 msgid "This request takes an argument of type I<(struct mtget *)>."
10137 #. type: Plain text
10138 #: build/C/man4/st.4:700
10141 "/* structure for MTIOCGET - mag tape get status command */\n"
10144 " long mt_resid;\n"
10145 " /* the following registers are device dependent */\n"
10146 " long mt_dsreg;\n"
10147 " long mt_gstat;\n"
10148 " long mt_erreg;\n"
10149 " /* The next two fields are not always used */\n"
10150 " daddr_t mt_fileno;\n"
10151 " daddr_t mt_blkno;\n"
10156 #: build/C/man4/st.4:702
10161 #. type: Plain text
10162 #: build/C/man4/st.4:711
10164 "The header file defines many values for I<mt_type>, but the current driver "
10165 "reports only the generic types B<MT_ISSCSI1> (Generic SCSI-1 tape) and "
10166 "B<MT_ISSCSI2> (Generic SCSI-2 tape)."
10170 #: build/C/man4/st.4:711
10172 msgid "I<mt_resid>"
10175 #. type: Plain text
10176 #: build/C/man4/st.4:713
10177 msgid "contains the current tape partition number."
10181 #: build/C/man4/st.4:713
10183 msgid "I<mt_dsreg>"
10186 #. type: Plain text
10187 #: build/C/man4/st.4:722
10189 "reports the drive's current settings for block size (in the low 24 bits) and "
10190 "density (in the high 8 bits). These fields are defined by "
10191 "B<MT_ST_BLKSIZE_SHIFT>, B<MT_ST_BLKSIZE_MASK>, B<MT_ST_DENSITY_SHIFT>, and "
10192 "B<MT_ST_DENSITY_MASK>."
10196 #: build/C/man4/st.4:722
10198 msgid "I<mt_gstat>"
10201 #. type: Plain text
10202 #: build/C/man4/st.4:725
10204 "reports generic (device independent) status information. The header file "
10205 "defines macros for testing these status bits:"
10208 #. type: Plain text
10209 #: build/C/man4/st.4:732
10211 "B<GMT_EOF>(I<x>): The tape is positioned just after a filemark (always false "
10212 "after an B<MTSEEK> operation)."
10215 #. type: Plain text
10216 #: build/C/man4/st.4:738
10218 "B<GMT_BOT>(I<x>): The tape is positioned at the beginning of the first file "
10219 "(always false after an B<MTSEEK> operation)."
10222 #. type: Plain text
10223 #: build/C/man4/st.4:741
10224 msgid "B<GMT_EOT>(I<x>): A tape operation has reached the physical End Of Tape."
10227 #. type: Plain text
10228 #: build/C/man4/st.4:747
10230 "B<GMT_SM>(I<x>): The tape is currently positioned at a setmark (always false "
10231 "after an B<MTSEEK> operation)."
10234 #. type: Plain text
10235 #: build/C/man4/st.4:750
10236 msgid "B<GMT_EOD>(I<x>): The tape is positioned at the end of recorded data."
10239 #. type: Plain text
10240 #: build/C/man4/st.4:755
10242 "B<GMT_WR_PROT>(I<x>): The drive is write-protected. For some drives this "
10243 "can also mean that the drive does not support writing on the current medium "
10247 #. type: Plain text
10248 #: build/C/man4/st.4:760
10250 "B<GMT_ONLINE>(I<x>): The last B<open>(2) found the drive with a tape in "
10251 "place and ready for operation."
10254 #. type: Plain text
10255 #: build/C/man4/st.4:764
10257 "B<GMT_D_6250>(I<x>), B<GMT_D_1600>(I<x>), B<GMT_D_800>(I<x>): This "
10258 "\\(lqgeneric\\(rq status information reports the current density setting for "
10259 "9-track \\(12\" tape drives only."
10262 #. type: Plain text
10263 #: build/C/man4/st.4:767
10264 msgid "B<GMT_DR_OPEN>(I<x>): The drive does not have a tape in place."
10267 #. type: Plain text
10268 #: build/C/man4/st.4:775
10270 "B<GMT_IM_REP_EN>(I<x>): Immediate report mode. This bit is set if there are "
10271 "no guarantees that the data has been physically written to the tape when the "
10272 "write call returns. It is set zero only when the driver does not buffer "
10273 "data and the drive is set not to buffer data."
10276 #. type: Plain text
10277 #: build/C/man4/st.4:779
10279 "B<GMT_CLN>(I<x>): The drive has requested cleaning. Implemented in kernels "
10280 "since 2.4.19 and 2.5.43."
10284 #: build/C/man4/st.4:780
10286 msgid "I<mt_erreg>"
10289 #. type: Plain text
10290 #: build/C/man4/st.4:790
10292 "The only field defined in I<mt_erreg> is the recovered error count in the "
10293 "low 16 bits (as defined by B<MT_ST_SOFTERR_SHIFT> and "
10294 "B<MT_ST_SOFTERR_MASK>. Due to inconsistencies in the way drives report "
10295 "recovered errors, this count is often not maintained (most drives do not by "
10296 "default report soft errors but this can be changed with a SCSI MODE SELECT "
10301 #: build/C/man4/st.4:790
10303 msgid "I<mt_fileno>"
10306 #. type: Plain text
10307 #: build/C/man4/st.4:796
10309 "reports the current file number (zero-based). This value is set to -1 when "
10310 "the file number is unknown (e.g., after B<MTBSS> or B<MTSEEK>)."
10314 #: build/C/man4/st.4:796
10316 msgid "I<mt_blkno>"
10319 #. type: Plain text
10320 #: build/C/man4/st.4:803
10322 "reports the block number (zero-based) within the current file. This value "
10323 "is set to -1 when the block number is unknown (e.g., after B<MTBSF>, "
10324 "B<MTBSS>, or B<MTSEEK>)."
10328 #: build/C/man4/st.4:803
10330 msgid "MTIOCPOS \\(em Get tape position"
10333 #. type: Plain text
10334 #: build/C/man4/st.4:817
10336 "This request takes an argument of type I<(struct mtpos *)> and reports the "
10337 "drive's notion of the current tape block number, which is not the same as "
10338 "I<mt_blkno> returned by B<MTIOCGET>. This drive must be a SCSI-2 drive that "
10339 "supports the B<READ POSITION> command (device-specific address) or a "
10340 "Tandberg-compatible SCSI-1 drive (Tandberg, Archive Viper, Wangtek, ... )."
10343 #. type: Plain text
10344 #: build/C/man4/st.4:824
10347 "/* structure for MTIOCPOS - mag tape get position command */\n"
10349 " long mt_blkno; /* current block number */\n"
10353 #. type: Plain text
10354 #: build/C/man4/st.4:833
10356 "An attempt was made to write or erase a write-protected tape. (This error "
10357 "is not detected during B<open>(2).)"
10361 #: build/C/man4/st.4:833
10366 #. type: Plain text
10367 #: build/C/man4/st.4:837
10368 msgid "The device is already in use or the driver was unable to allocate a buffer."
10371 #. type: Plain text
10372 #: build/C/man4/st.4:841
10373 msgid "The command parameters point to memory not belonging to the calling process."
10376 #. type: Plain text
10377 #: build/C/man4/st.4:846
10379 "An B<ioctl>(2) had an invalid argument, or a requested block size was "
10384 #: build/C/man4/st.4:846
10389 #. type: Plain text
10390 #: build/C/man4/st.4:849
10391 msgid "The requested operation could not be completed."
10394 #. type: Plain text
10395 #: build/C/man4/st.4:856
10397 "The byte count in B<read>(2) is smaller than the next physical block on the "
10398 "tape. (Before 2.2.18 and 2.4.0-test6 the extra bytes have been silently "
10402 #. type: Plain text
10403 #: build/C/man4/st.4:860
10405 "A write operation could not be completed because the tape reached "
10410 #: build/C/man4/st.4:860 build/C/man2/syslog.2:237
10415 #. type: Plain text
10416 #: build/C/man4/st.4:864
10417 msgid "Unknown B<ioctl>(2)."
10421 #: build/C/man4/st.4:864
10426 #. type: Plain text
10427 #: build/C/man4/st.4:867
10428 msgid "During opening, the tape device does not exist."
10432 #: build/C/man4/st.4:867
10434 msgid "B<EOVERFLOW>"
10437 #. type: Plain text
10438 #: build/C/man4/st.4:871
10440 "An attempt was made to read or write a variable-length block that is larger "
10441 "than the driver's internal buffer."
10444 #. type: Plain text
10445 #: build/C/man4/st.4:878
10447 "Open is attempted with B<O_WRONLY> or B<O_RDWR> when the tape in the drive "
10448 "is write-protected."
10452 #: build/C/man4/st.4:879
10454 msgid "I</dev/st*>"
10457 #. type: Plain text
10458 #: build/C/man4/st.4:882
10459 msgid "the auto-rewind SCSI tape devices"
10463 #: build/C/man4/st.4:882
10465 msgid "I</dev/nst*>"
10469 #. The driver has been written by Kai M\(:akisara (Kai.Makisara@metla.fi)
10470 #. starting from a driver written by Dwayne Forsyth.
10472 #. people have also contributed to the driver.
10473 #. type: Plain text
10474 #: build/C/man4/st.4:890
10475 msgid "the nonrewind SCSI tape devices"
10478 #. type: Plain text
10479 #: build/C/man4/st.4:911
10481 "When exchanging data between systems, both systems have to agree on the "
10482 "physical tape block size. The parameters of a drive after startup are often "
10483 "not the ones most operating systems use with these devices. Most systems "
10484 "use drives in variable-block mode if the drive supports that mode. This "
10485 "applies to most modern drives, including DATs, 8mm helical scan drives, "
10486 "DLTs, etc. It may be advisable to use these drives in variable-block mode "
10487 "also in Linux (i.e., use B<MTSETBLK> or B<MTSETDEFBLK> at system startup to "
10488 "set the mode), at least when exchanging data with a foreign system. The "
10489 "drawback of this is that a fairly large tape block size has to be used to "
10490 "get acceptable data transfer rates on the SCSI bus."
10493 #. type: Plain text
10494 #: build/C/man4/st.4:918
10496 "Many programs (e.g., B<tar>(1)) allow the user to specify the blocking "
10497 "factor on the command line. Note that this determines the physical block "
10498 "size on tape only in variable-block mode."
10501 #. type: Plain text
10502 #: build/C/man4/st.4:925
10504 "In order to use SCSI tape drives, the basic SCSI driver, a SCSI-adapter "
10505 "driver and the SCSI tape driver must be either configured into the kernel or "
10506 "loaded as modules. If the SCSI-tape driver is not present, the drive is "
10507 "recognized but the tape support described in this page is not available."
10510 #. type: Plain text
10511 #: build/C/man4/st.4:930
10513 "The driver writes error messages to the console/log. The SENSE codes "
10514 "written into some messages are automatically translated to text if verbose "
10515 "SCSI messages are enabled in kernel configuration."
10519 #. Copyright \(co 1995 Robert K. Nichols.
10521 #. Copyright \(co 1999-2005 Kai M\(:akisara.
10523 #. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
10524 #. manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
10525 #. preserved on all copies.
10526 #. Additional permissions are contained in the header of the source file.
10527 #. type: Plain text
10528 #: build/C/man4/st.4:952
10530 "The driver's internal buffering allows good throughput in fixed-block mode "
10531 "also with small B<read>(2) and B<write>(2) byte counts. With direct "
10532 "transfers this is not possible and may cause a surprise when moving to the "
10533 "2.6 kernel. The solution is to tell the software to use larger transfers "
10534 "(often telling it to use larger blocks). If this is not possible, direct "
10535 "transfers can be disabled."
10538 #. type: Plain text
10539 #: build/C/man4/st.4:954
10543 #. type: Plain text
10544 #: build/C/man4/st.4:962
10546 "The file I<drivers/scsi/README.st> or I<Documentation/scsi/st.txt> (kernel "
10547 "E<gt>= 2.6) in the kernel sources contains the most recent information about "
10548 "the driver and its configuration possibilities."
10552 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:41
10558 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:41
10563 #. type: Plain text
10564 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:44
10565 msgid "stdarg, va_start, va_arg, va_end, va_copy - variable argument lists"
10568 #. type: Plain text
10569 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:46 build/C/man3/syslog.3:47
10570 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdarg.hE<gt>>"
10573 #. type: Plain text
10574 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:48
10575 msgid "B<void va_start(va_list >I<ap>B<, >I<last>B<);>"
10578 #. type: Plain text
10579 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:50
10580 msgid "I<type>B< va_arg(va_list >I<ap>B<, >I<type>B<);>"
10583 #. type: Plain text
10584 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:52
10585 msgid "B<void va_end(va_list >I<ap>B<);>"
10588 #. type: Plain text
10589 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:54
10590 msgid "B<void va_copy(va_list >I<dest>B<, va_list >I<src>B<);>"
10593 #. type: Plain text
10594 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:63
10596 "A function may be called with a varying number of arguments of varying "
10597 "types. The include file I<E<lt>stdarg.hE<gt>> declares a type I<va_list> "
10598 "and defines three macros for stepping through a list of arguments whose "
10599 "number and types are not known to the called function."
10602 #. type: Plain text
10603 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:71
10605 "The called function must declare an object of type I<va_list> which is used "
10606 "by the macros B<va_start>(), B<va_arg>(), and B<va_end>()."
10610 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:71
10615 #. type: Plain text
10616 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:81
10618 "The B<va_start>() macro initializes I<ap> for subsequent use by B<va_arg>() "
10619 "and B<va_end>(), and must be called first."
10622 #. type: Plain text
10623 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:86
10625 "The argument I<last> is the name of the last argument before the variable "
10626 "argument list, that is, the last argument of which the calling function "
10630 #. type: Plain text
10631 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:91
10633 "Because the address of this argument may be used in the B<va_start>() "
10634 "macro, it should not be declared as a register variable, or as a function or "
10639 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:91
10644 #. type: Plain text
10645 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:113
10647 "The B<va_arg>() macro expands to an expression that has the type and value "
10648 "of the next argument in the call. The argument I<ap> is the I<va_list> "
10649 "I<ap> initialized by B<va_start>(). Each call to B<va_arg>() modifies "
10650 "I<ap> so that the next call returns the next argument. The argument I<type> "
10651 "is a type name specified so that the type of a pointer to an object that has "
10652 "the specified type can be obtained simply by adding a * to I<type>."
10655 #. type: Plain text
10656 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:121
10658 "The first use of the B<va_arg>() macro after that of the B<va_start>() "
10659 "macro returns the argument after I<last>. Successive invocations return the "
10660 "values of the remaining arguments."
10663 #. type: Plain text
10664 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:126
10666 "If there is no next argument, or if I<type> is not compatible with the type "
10667 "of the actual next argument (as promoted according to the default argument "
10668 "promotions), random errors will occur."
10671 #. type: Plain text
10672 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:134
10674 "If I<ap> is passed to a function that uses B<va_arg(>I<ap>B<,>I<type>B<)> "
10675 "then the value of I<ap> is undefined after the return of that function."
10679 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:134
10684 #. type: Plain text
10685 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:153
10687 "Each invocation of B<va_start>() must be matched by a corresponding "
10688 "invocation of B<va_end>() in the same function. After the call "
10689 "B<va_end(>I<ap>B<)> the variable I<ap> is undefined. Multiple traversals of "
10690 "the list, each bracketed by B<va_start>() and B<va_end>() are possible. "
10691 "B<va_end>() may be a macro or a function."
10695 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:153
10700 #. Proposal from clive@demon.net, 1997-02-28
10701 #. type: Plain text
10702 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:160
10704 "An obvious implementation would have a I<va_list> be a pointer to the stack "
10705 "frame of the variadic function. In such a setup (by far the most common) "
10706 "there seems nothing against an assignment"
10709 #. type: Plain text
10710 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:164
10712 msgid "va_list aq = ap;\n"
10715 #. type: Plain text
10716 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:169
10718 "Unfortunately, there are also systems that make it an array of pointers (of "
10719 "length 1), and there one needs"
10722 #. type: Plain text
10723 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:174
10730 #. type: Plain text
10731 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:190
10733 "Finally, on systems where arguments are passed in registers, it may be "
10734 "necessary for B<va_start>() to allocate memory, store the arguments there, "
10735 "and also an indication of which argument is next, so that B<va_arg>() can "
10736 "step through the list. Now B<va_end>() can free the allocated memory "
10737 "again. To accommodate this situation, C99 adds a macro B<va_copy>(), so "
10738 "that the above assignment can be replaced by"
10741 #. type: Plain text
10742 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:197
10746 "va_copy(aq, ap);\n"
10751 #. type: Plain text
10752 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:210
10754 "Each invocation of B<va_copy>() must be matched by a corresponding "
10755 "invocation of B<va_end>() in the same function. Some systems that do not "
10756 "supply B<va_copy>() have B<__va_copy> instead, since that was the name used "
10757 "in the draft proposal."
10760 #. type: Plain text
10761 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:220
10763 "The B<va_start>(), B<va_arg>(), and B<va_end>() macros conform to C89. C99 "
10764 "defines the B<va_copy>() macro."
10767 #. type: Plain text
10768 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:226
10770 "These macros are I<not> compatible with the historic macros they replace. A "
10771 "backward-compatible version can be found in the include file "
10772 "I<E<lt>varargs.hE<gt>>."
10775 #. type: Plain text
10776 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:228
10777 msgid "The historic setup is:"
10780 #. type: Plain text
10781 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:232
10783 msgid "#include E<lt>varargs.hE<gt>\n"
10786 #. type: Plain text
10787 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:238
10797 #. type: Plain text
10798 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:247
10804 " x = va_arg(ap, type);\n"
10811 #. type: Plain text
10812 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:256
10814 "On some systems, I<va_end> contains a closing \\(aq}\\(aq matching a "
10815 "\\(aq{\\(aq in I<va_start>, so that both macros must occur in the same "
10816 "function, and in a way that allows this."
10819 #. type: Plain text
10820 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:272
10822 "Unlike the B<varargs> macros, the B<stdarg> macros do not permit programmers "
10823 "to code a function with no fixed arguments. This problem generates work "
10824 "mainly when converting B<varargs> code to B<stdarg> code, but it also "
10825 "creates difficulties for variadic functions that wish to pass all of their "
10826 "arguments on to a function that takes a I<va_list> argument, such as "
10830 #. type: Plain text
10831 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:277
10833 "The function I<foo> takes a string of format characters and prints out the "
10834 "argument associated with each format character based on the type."
10837 #. type: Plain text
10838 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:281
10841 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
10842 "#include E<lt>stdarg.hE<gt>\n"
10845 #. type: Plain text
10846 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:288
10850 "foo(char *fmt, ...)\n"
10857 #. type: Plain text
10858 #: build/C/man3/stdarg.3:309
10861 " va_start(ap, fmt);\n"
10863 " switch (*fmt++) {\n"
10864 " case \\(aqs\\(aq: /* string */\n"
10865 " s = va_arg(ap, char *);\n"
10866 " printf(\"string %s\\en\", s);\n"
10868 " case \\(aqd\\(aq: /* int */\n"
10869 " d = va_arg(ap, int);\n"
10870 " printf(\"int %d\\en\", d);\n"
10872 " case \\(aqc\\(aq: /* char */\n"
10873 " /* need a cast here since va_arg only\n"
10874 " takes fully promoted types */\n"
10875 " c = (char) va_arg(ap, int);\n"
10876 " printf(\"char %c\\en\", c);\n"
10884 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:29 build/C/man3/syslog.3:34
10890 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:29
10895 #. type: Plain text
10896 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:33
10898 "syslog, klogctl - read and/or clear kernel message ring buffer; set "
10902 #. type: Plain text
10903 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:37
10906 "B<int syslog(int >I<type>B<, char *>I<bufp>B<, int >I<len>B<);>\n"
10907 "B</* No wrapper provided in glibc */>\n"
10910 #. type: Plain text
10911 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:39
10913 msgid "/* The glibc interface */\n"
10916 #. type: Plain text
10917 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:41
10919 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/klog.hE<gt>>\n"
10922 #. type: Plain text
10923 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:43
10925 msgid "B<int klogctl(int >I<type>B<, char *>I<bufp>B<, int >I<len>B<);>\n"
10928 #. type: Plain text
10929 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:55
10931 "If you need the C library function B<syslog>() (which talks to "
10932 "B<syslogd>(8)), then look at B<syslog>(3). The system call of this name is "
10933 "about controlling the kernel I<printk>() buffer, and the glibc wrapper "
10934 "function is called B<klogctl>()."
10937 #. type: Plain text
10938 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:58
10940 "The I<type> argument determines the action taken by this function, as "
10944 #. type: Plain text
10945 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:71
10948 " 0 -- Close the log. Currently a NOP.\n"
10949 " 1 -- Open the log. Currently a NOP.\n"
10950 " 2 -- Read from the log.\n"
10951 " 3 -- Read all messages remaining in the ring buffer.\n"
10952 " 4 -- Read and clear all messages remaining in the ring buffer\n"
10953 " 5 -- Clear ring buffer.\n"
10954 " 6 -- Disable printk to console\n"
10955 " 7 -- Enable printk to console\n"
10956 " 8 -- Set level of messages printed to console\n"
10957 " 9 -- Return number of unread characters in the log buffer\n"
10958 " 10 -- Return size of the log buffer\n"
10961 #. type: Plain text
10962 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:74
10963 msgid "Type 9 was added in Linux 2.4.10; type 10 in Linux 2.6.6."
10966 #. type: Plain text
10967 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:90
10969 "In Linux kernels before 2.6.37, only command types 3 and 10 are allowed to "
10970 "unprivileged processes. Since Linux 2.6.37, command types 3 and 10 are only "
10971 "allowed to unprivileged processes if I</proc/sys/kernel/dmesg_restrict> has "
10972 "the value 0. Before Linux 2.6.37, \"privileged\" means that the caller has "
10973 "the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability. Since Linux 2.6.37, \"privileged\" means "
10974 "that the caller has either the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability (now deprecated "
10975 "for this purpose) or the (new) B<CAP_SYSLOG> capability."
10979 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:90
10981 msgid "The kernel log buffer"
10984 #. Under "General setup" ==> "Kernel log buffer size"
10985 #. For 2.6, precisely the option seems to have appeared in 2.5.55.
10986 #. type: Plain text
10987 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:105
10989 "The kernel has a cyclic buffer of length B<LOG_BUF_LEN> in which messages "
10990 "given as arguments to the kernel function B<printk>() are stored "
10991 "(regardless of their loglevel). In early kernels, B<LOG_BUF_LEN> had the "
10992 "value 4096; from kernel 1.3.54, it was 8192; from kernel 2.1.113 it was "
10993 "16384; since 2.4.23/2.6 the value is a kernel configuration option. In "
10994 "recent kernels the size can be queried with command type 10."
10997 #. type: Plain text
10998 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:117
11000 "The call I<syslog(2,buf,len)> waits until this kernel log buffer is "
11001 "nonempty, and then reads at most I<len> bytes into the buffer I<buf>. It "
11002 "returns the number of bytes read. Bytes read from the log disappear from "
11003 "the log buffer: the information can only be read once. This is the function "
11004 "executed by the kernel when a user program reads I</proc/kmsg>."
11007 #. type: Plain text
11008 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:124
11010 "The call I<syslog(3,buf,len)> will read the last I<len> bytes from the log "
11011 "buffer (nondestructively), but will not read more than was written into the "
11012 "buffer since the last \"clear ring buffer\" command (which does not clear "
11013 "the buffer at all). It returns the number of bytes read."
11016 #. type: Plain text
11017 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:128
11019 "The call I<syslog(4,buf,len)> does precisely the same, but also executes the "
11020 "\"clear ring buffer\" command."
11023 #. type: Plain text
11024 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:137
11026 "The call I<syslog(5,dummy,dummy)> executes just the \"clear ring buffer\" "
11027 "command. (In each call where I<buf> or I<len> is shown as \"dummy\", the "
11028 "value of the argument is ignored by the call.)"
11031 #. type: Plain text
11032 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:142
11034 "The call I<syslog(6,dummy,dummy)> sets the console log level to minimum, so "
11035 "that no messages are printed to the console."
11038 #. type: Plain text
11039 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:147
11041 "The call I<syslog(7,dummy,dummy)> sets the console log level to default, so "
11042 "that messages are printed to the console."
11045 #. type: Plain text
11046 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:156
11048 "The call I<syslog(8,dummy,level)> sets the console log level to I<level>, "
11049 "which must be an integer between 1 and 8 (inclusive). See the B<loglevel> "
11050 "section for details."
11053 #. type: Plain text
11054 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:161
11056 "The call I<syslog(9,dummy,dummy)> returns the number of bytes currently "
11057 "available to be read on the kernel log buffer."
11060 #. type: Plain text
11061 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:165
11063 "The call I<syslog(10,dummy,dummy)> returns the total size of the kernel log "
11068 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:165
11070 msgid "The loglevel"
11073 #. type: Plain text
11074 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:182
11076 "The kernel routine B<printk>() will only print a message on the console, if "
11077 "it has a loglevel less than the value of the variable I<console_loglevel>. "
11078 "This variable initially has the value B<DEFAULT_CONSOLE_LOGLEVEL> (7), but "
11079 "is set to 10 if the kernel command line contains the word \"debug\", and to "
11080 "15 in case of a kernel fault (the 10 and 15 are just silly, and equivalent "
11081 "to 8). This variable is set (to a value in the range 1-8) by the call "
11082 "I<syslog(8,dummy,value)>. The calls I<syslog(type,dummy,dummy)> with "
11083 "I<type> equal to 6 or 7, set it to 1 (kernel panics only) or 7 (all except "
11084 "debugging messages), respectively."
11087 #. type: Plain text
11088 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:192
11090 "Every text line in a message has its own loglevel. This level is "
11091 "I<DEFAULT_MESSAGE_LOGLEVEL - 1> (6) unless the line starts with E<lt>dE<gt> "
11092 "where I<d> is a digit in the range 1-7, in which case the level is I<d>. "
11093 "The conventional meaning of the loglevel is defined in "
11094 "I<E<lt>linux/kernel.hE<gt>> as follows:"
11097 #. type: Plain text
11098 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:202
11101 "#define KERN_EMERG \"E<lt>0E<gt>\" /* system is unusable "
11103 "#define KERN_ALERT \"E<lt>1E<gt>\" /* action must be taken immediately "
11105 "#define KERN_CRIT \"E<lt>2E<gt>\" /* critical conditions "
11107 "#define KERN_ERR \"E<lt>3E<gt>\" /* error conditions "
11109 "#define KERN_WARNING \"E<lt>4E<gt>\" /* warning conditions "
11111 "#define KERN_NOTICE \"E<lt>5E<gt>\" /* normal but significant condition "
11113 "#define KERN_INFO \"E<lt>6E<gt>\" /* informational "
11115 "#define KERN_DEBUG \"E<lt>7E<gt>\" /* debug-level messages "
11119 #. type: Plain text
11120 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:216
11122 "For I<type> equal to 2, 3, or 4, a successful call to B<syslog>() returns "
11123 "the number of bytes read. For I<type> 9, B<syslog>() returns the number of "
11124 "bytes currently available to be read on the kernel log buffer. For I<type> "
11125 "10, B<syslog>() returns the total size of the kernel log buffer. For other "
11126 "values of I<type>, 0 is returned on success."
11129 #. type: Plain text
11130 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:219
11131 msgid "In case of error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
11134 #. type: Plain text
11135 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:237
11137 "Bad arguments (e.g., bad I<type>; or for I<type> 2, 3, or 4, I<buf> is NULL, "
11138 "or I<len> is less than zero; or for I<type> 8, the I<level> is outside the "
11142 #. type: Plain text
11143 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:244
11145 "This B<syslog>() system call is not available, because the kernel was "
11146 "compiled with the B<CONFIG_PRINTK> kernel-configuration option disabled."
11149 #. type: Plain text
11150 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:253
11152 "An attempt was made to change console_loglevel or clear the kernel message "
11153 "ring buffer by a process without sufficient privilege (more precisely: "
11154 "without the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> or B<CAP_SYSLOG> capability)."
11158 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:253
11160 msgid "B<ERESTARTSYS>"
11163 #. type: Plain text
11164 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:257
11166 "System call was interrupted by a signal; nothing was read. (This can be "
11167 "seen only during a trace.)"
11170 #. type: Plain text
11171 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:260
11173 "This system call is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs "
11174 "intended to be portable."
11177 #. type: Plain text
11178 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:268
11180 "From the very start people noted that it is unfortunate that a system call "
11181 "and a library routine of the same name are entirely different animals. In "
11182 "libc4 and libc5 the number of this call was defined by B<SYS_klog>. In "
11183 "glibc 2.0 the syscall is baptized B<klogctl>()."
11186 #. type: Plain text
11187 #: build/C/man2/syslog.2:271
11188 msgid "B<syslog>(3), B<capabilities>(7)"
11192 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:34
11197 #. type: Plain text
11198 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:37
11199 msgid "closelog, openlog, syslog, vsyslog - send messages to the system logger"
11202 #. type: Plain text
11203 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:39
11204 msgid "B<#include E<lt>syslog.hE<gt>>"
11207 #. type: Plain text
11208 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:41
11210 "B<void openlog(const char *>I<ident>B<, int >I<option>B<, int "
11211 ">I<facility>B<);>"
11214 #. type: Plain text
11215 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:43
11216 msgid "B<void syslog(int >I<priority>B<, const char *>I<format>B<, ...);>"
11219 #. type: Plain text
11220 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:45
11221 msgid "B<void closelog(void);>"
11224 #. type: Plain text
11225 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:49
11227 "B<void vsyslog(int >I<priority>B<, const char *>I<format>B<, va_list "
11231 #. type: Plain text
11232 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:57
11233 msgid "B<vsyslog>(): _BSD_SOURCE"
11236 #. type: Plain text
11237 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:63
11239 "B<closelog>() closes the descriptor being used to write to the system "
11240 "logger. The use of B<closelog>() is optional."
11243 #. type: Plain text
11244 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:92
11246 "B<openlog>() opens a connection to the system logger for a program. The "
11247 "string pointed to by I<ident> is prepended to every message, and is "
11248 "typically set to the program name. The I<option> argument specifies flags "
11249 "which control the operation of B<openlog>() and subsequent calls to "
11250 "B<syslog>(). The I<facility> argument establishes a default to be used if "
11251 "none is specified in subsequent calls to B<syslog>(). Values for I<option> "
11252 "and I<facility> are given below. The use of B<openlog>() is optional; it "
11253 "will automatically be called by B<syslog>() if necessary, in which case "
11254 "I<ident> will default to NULL."
11257 #. type: Plain text
11258 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:116
11260 "B<syslog>() generates a log message, which will be distributed by "
11261 "B<syslogd>(8). The I<priority> argument is formed by ORing the I<facility> "
11262 "and the I<level> values (explained below). The remaining arguments are a "
11263 "I<format>, as in B<printf>(3) and any arguments required by the I<format>, "
11264 "except that the two character sequence B<%m> will be replaced by the error "
11265 "message string I<strerror>(I<errno>). A trailing newline may be added if "
11269 #. type: Plain text
11270 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:125
11272 "The function B<vsyslog>() performs the same task as B<syslog>() with the "
11273 "difference that it takes a set of arguments which have been obtained using "
11274 "the B<stdarg>(3) variable argument list macros."
11277 #. type: Plain text
11278 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:128
11280 "The subsections below list the parameters used to set the values of "
11281 "I<option>,I< facility>, and I<priority>."
11285 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:128
11290 #. type: Plain text
11291 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:134
11292 msgid "The I<option> argument to B<openlog>() is an OR of any of these:"
11296 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:134
11298 msgid "B<LOG_CONS>"
11301 #. type: Plain text
11302 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:138
11304 "Write directly to system console if there is an error while sending to "
11309 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:138
11311 msgid "B<LOG_NDELAY>"
11314 #. type: Plain text
11315 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:142
11317 "Open the connection immediately (normally, the connection is opened when the "
11318 "first message is logged)."
11322 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:142
11324 msgid "B<LOG_NOWAIT>"
11327 #. type: Plain text
11328 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:148
11330 "Don't wait for child processes that may have been created while logging the "
11331 "message. (The GNU C library does not create a child process, so this option "
11332 "has no effect on Linux.)"
11336 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:148
11338 msgid "B<LOG_ODELAY>"
11341 #. type: Plain text
11342 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:156
11344 "The converse of B<LOG_NDELAY>; opening of the connection is delayed until "
11345 "B<syslog>() is called. (This is the default, and need not be specified.)"
11349 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:156
11351 msgid "B<LOG_PERROR>"
11354 #. type: Plain text
11355 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:160
11356 msgid "(Not in POSIX.1-2001.) Print to I<stderr> as well."
11360 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:160
11365 #. type: Plain text
11366 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:163
11367 msgid "Include PID with each message."
11371 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:163
11376 #. type: Plain text
11377 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:169
11379 "The I<facility> argument is used to specify what type of program is logging "
11380 "the message. This lets the configuration file specify that messages from "
11381 "different facilities will be handled differently."
11385 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:169
11387 msgid "B<LOG_AUTH>"
11390 #. type: Plain text
11391 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:174
11392 msgid "security/authorization messages (DEPRECATED Use B<LOG_AUTHPRIV> instead)"
11396 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:174
11398 msgid "B<LOG_AUTHPRIV>"
11401 #. type: Plain text
11402 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:177
11403 msgid "security/authorization messages (private)"
11407 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:177
11409 msgid "B<LOG_CRON>"
11412 #. type: Plain text
11413 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:181
11414 msgid "clock daemon (B<cron> and B<at>)"
11418 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:181
11420 msgid "B<LOG_DAEMON>"
11423 #. type: Plain text
11424 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:184
11425 msgid "system daemons without separate facility value"
11429 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:184
11434 #. type: Plain text
11435 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:187
11440 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:187
11442 msgid "B<LOG_KERN>"
11445 #. LOG_KERN has the value 0; if used as a facility, zero translates to:
11446 #. "use the default facility".
11447 #. type: Plain text
11448 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:192
11449 msgid "kernel messages (these can't be generated from user processes)"
11453 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:192
11455 msgid "B<LOG_LOCAL0> through B<LOG_LOCAL7>"
11458 #. type: Plain text
11459 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:195
11460 msgid "reserved for local use"
11464 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:195
11469 #. type: Plain text
11470 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:198
11471 msgid "line printer subsystem"
11475 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:198
11477 msgid "B<LOG_MAIL>"
11480 #. type: Plain text
11481 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:201
11482 msgid "mail subsystem"
11486 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:201
11488 msgid "B<LOG_NEWS>"
11491 #. type: Plain text
11492 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:204
11493 msgid "USENET news subsystem"
11497 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:204
11499 msgid "B<LOG_SYSLOG>"
11502 #. type: Plain text
11503 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:208
11504 msgid "messages generated internally by B<syslogd>(8)"
11508 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:208
11510 msgid "B<LOG_USER> (default)"
11513 #. type: Plain text
11514 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:211
11515 msgid "generic user-level messages"
11519 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:211
11521 msgid "B<LOG_UUCP>"
11524 #. type: Plain text
11525 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:214
11526 msgid "UUCP subsystem"
11530 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:214
11535 #. type: Plain text
11536 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:217
11538 "This determines the importance of the message. The levels are, in order of "
11539 "decreasing importance:"
11543 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:217
11545 msgid "B<LOG_EMERG>"
11548 #. type: Plain text
11549 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:220
11550 msgid "system is unusable"
11554 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:220
11556 msgid "B<LOG_ALERT>"
11559 #. type: Plain text
11560 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:223
11561 msgid "action must be taken immediately"
11565 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:223
11567 msgid "B<LOG_CRIT>"
11570 #. type: Plain text
11571 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:226
11572 msgid "critical conditions"
11576 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:226
11581 #. type: Plain text
11582 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:229
11583 msgid "error conditions"
11587 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:229
11589 msgid "B<LOG_WARNING>"
11592 #. type: Plain text
11593 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:232
11594 msgid "warning conditions"
11598 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:232
11600 msgid "B<LOG_NOTICE>"
11603 #. type: Plain text
11604 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:235
11605 msgid "normal, but significant, condition"
11609 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:235
11611 msgid "B<LOG_INFO>"
11614 #. type: Plain text
11615 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:238
11616 msgid "informational message"
11620 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:238
11622 msgid "B<LOG_DEBUG>"
11625 #. type: Plain text
11626 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:241
11627 msgid "debug-level message"
11630 #. type: Plain text
11631 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:245
11633 "The function B<setlogmask>(3) can be used to restrict logging to specified "
11640 #. function call appeared in 4.2BSD.
11641 #. 4.3BSD documents
11644 #. .BR closelog (),
11646 #. .BR setlogmask ().
11647 #. 4.3BSD-Reno also documents
11649 #. Of course early v* functions used the
11651 #. mechanism, which is not compatible with
11652 #. .IR <stdarg.h> .
11653 #. type: Plain text
11654 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:289
11656 "The functions B<openlog>(), B<closelog>(), and B<syslog>() (but not "
11657 "B<vsyslog>()) are specified in SUSv2 and POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2001 "
11658 "specifies only the B<LOG_USER> and B<LOG_LOCAL*> values for I<facility>. "
11659 "However, with the exception of B<LOG_AUTHPRIV> and B<LOG_FTP>, the other "
11660 "I<facility> values appear on most UNIX systems. The B<LOG_PERROR> value for "
11661 "I<option> is not specified by POSIX.1-2001, but is available in most "
11662 "versions of UNIX."
11665 #. type: Plain text
11666 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:301
11668 "The argument I<ident> in the call of B<openlog>() is probably stored "
11669 "as-is. Thus, if the string it points to is changed, B<syslog>() may start "
11670 "prepending the changed string, and if the string it points to ceases to "
11671 "exist, the results are undefined. Most portable is to use a string "
11675 #. type: Plain text
11676 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:304
11678 "Never pass a string with user-supplied data as a format, use the following "
11682 #. type: Plain text
11683 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:307
11685 msgid " syslog(priority, \"%s\", string);\n"
11688 #. type: Plain text
11689 #: build/C/man3/syslog.3:313
11690 msgid "B<logger>(1), B<setlogmask>(3), B<syslog.conf>(5), B<syslogd>(8)"
11694 #: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:25
11700 #: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:25
11705 #. type: Plain text
11706 #: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:28
11707 msgid "ttyS - serial terminal lines"
11710 #. type: Plain text
11711 #: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:30
11712 msgid "B<ttyS[0-3]> are character devices for the serial terminal lines."
11715 #. type: Plain text
11716 #: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:35
11717 msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS0 c 4 64 # base address 0x3f8"
11720 #. type: Plain text
11721 #: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:37
11722 msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS1 c 4 65 # base address 0x2f8"
11725 #. type: Plain text
11726 #: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:39
11727 msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS2 c 4 66 # base address 0x3e8"
11730 #. type: Plain text
11731 #: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:41
11732 msgid "mknod -m 660 /dev/ttyS3 c 4 67 # base address 0x2e8"
11735 #. type: Plain text
11736 #: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:43
11737 msgid "chown root:tty /dev/ttyS[0-3]"
11740 #. type: Plain text
11741 #: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:46
11742 msgid "/dev/ttyS[0-3]"
11745 #. type: Plain text
11746 #: build/C/man4/ttyS.4:53
11748 "B<chown>(1), B<mknod>(1), B<tty>(4), B<agetty>(8), B<mingetty>(8), "
11753 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:47
11759 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:47
11764 #. type: Plain text
11765 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:50
11766 msgid "uri, url, urn - uniform resource identifier (URI), including a URL or URN"
11769 #. type: Plain text
11770 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:54
11772 msgid "URI = [ absoluteURI | relativeURI ] [ \"#\" fragment ]\n"
11775 #. type: Plain text
11776 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:56
11778 msgid "absoluteURI = scheme \":\" ( hierarchical_part | opaque_part )\n"
11781 #. type: Plain text
11782 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:58
11784 msgid "relativeURI = ( net_path | absolute_path | relative_path ) [ \"?\" query ]\n"
11787 #. type: Plain text
11788 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:61
11791 "scheme = \"http\" | \"ftp\" | \"gopher\" | \"mailto\" | \"news\" | "
11793 " \"file\" | \"man\" | \"info\" | \"whatis\" | \"ldap\" | \"wais\" | "
11797 #. type: Plain text
11798 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:63
11800 msgid "hierarchical_part = ( net_path | absolute_path ) [ \"?\" query ]\n"
11803 #. type: Plain text
11804 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:65
11806 msgid "net_path = \"//\" authority [ absolute_path ]\n"
11809 #. type: Plain text
11810 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:67
11812 msgid "absolute_path = \"/\" path_segments\n"
11815 #. type: Plain text
11816 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:69
11818 msgid "relative_path = relative_segment [ absolute_path ]\n"
11821 #. type: Plain text
11822 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:81
11824 "A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a short string of characters "
11825 "identifying an abstract or physical resource (for example, a web page). A "
11826 "Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a URI that identifies a resource through "
11827 "its primary access mechanism (e.g., its network \"location\"), rather than "
11828 "by name or some other attribute of that resource. A Uniform Resource Name "
11829 "(URN) is a URI that must remain globally unique and persistent even when the "
11830 "resource ceases to exist or becomes unavailable."
11833 #. type: Plain text
11834 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:88
11836 "URIs are the standard way to name hypertext link destinations for tools such "
11837 "as web browsers. The string \"http://www.kernelnotes.org\" is a URL (and "
11838 "thus it is also a URI). Many people use the term URL loosely as a synonym "
11839 "for URI (though technically URLs are a subset of URIs)."
11842 #. type: Plain text
11843 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:104
11845 "URIs can be absolute or relative. An absolute identifier refers to a "
11846 "resource independent of context, while a relative identifier refers to a "
11847 "resource by describing the difference from the current context. Within a "
11848 "relative path reference, the complete path segments \".\" and \"..\" have "
11849 "special meanings: \"the current hierarchy level\" and \"the level above this "
11850 "hierarchy level\", respectively, just like they do in UNIX-like systems. A "
11851 "path segment which contains a colon character can't be used as the first "
11852 "segment of a relative URI path (e.g., \"this:that\"), because it would be "
11853 "mistaken for a scheme name; precede such segments with ./ (e.g., "
11854 "\"./this:that\"). Note that descendants of MS-DOS (e.g., Microsoft Windows) "
11855 "replace devicename colons with the vertical bar (\"|\") in URIs, so \"C:\" "
11859 #. type: Plain text
11860 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:108
11862 "A fragment identifier, if included, refers to a particular named portion "
11863 "(fragment) of a resource; text after a \\(aq#\\(aq identifies the fragment. "
11864 "A URI beginning with \\(aq#\\(aq refers to that fragment in the current "
11868 #. type: Plain text
11869 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:116
11871 "There are many different URI schemes, each with specific additional rules "
11872 "and meanings, but they are intentionally made to be as similar as possible. "
11873 "For example, many URL schemes permit the authority to be the following "
11874 "format, called here an I<ip_server> (square brackets show what's optional):"
11877 #. type: Plain text
11878 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:118
11879 msgid "I<ip_server = >[I<user> [ : I<password> ] @ ] I<host> [ : I<port>]"
11882 #. type: Plain text
11883 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:134
11885 "This format allows you to optionally insert a username, a user plus "
11886 "password, and/or a port number. The I<host> is the name of the host "
11887 "computer, either its name as determined by DNS or an IP address (numbers "
11888 "separated by periods). Thus the URI "
11889 "E<lt>http://fred:fredpassword@xyz.com:8080/E<gt> logs into a web server on "
11890 "host xyz.com as fred (using fredpassword) using port 8080. Avoid including "
11891 "a password in a URI if possible because of the many security risks of having "
11892 "a password written down. If the URL supplies a username but no password, "
11893 "and the remote server requests a password, the program interpreting the URL "
11894 "should request one from the user."
11897 #. type: Plain text
11898 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:139
11900 "Here are some of the most common schemes in use on UNIX-like systems that "
11901 "are understood by many tools. Note that many tools using URIs also have "
11902 "internal schemes or specialized schemes; see those tools' documentation for "
11903 "information on those schemes."
11906 #. type: Plain text
11907 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:141
11908 msgid "B<http - Web (HTTP) server>"
11911 #. type: Plain text
11912 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:143
11913 msgid "http://I<ip_server>/I<path>"
11916 #. type: Plain text
11917 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:145
11918 msgid "http://I<ip_server>/I<path>?I<query>"
11921 #. type: Plain text
11922 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:153
11924 "This is a URL accessing a web (HTTP) server. The default port is 80. If "
11925 "the path refers to a directory, the web server will choose what to return; "
11926 "usually if there is a file named \"index.html\" or \"index.htm\" its content "
11927 "is returned, otherwise, a list of the files in the current directory (with "
11928 "appropriate links) is generated and returned. An example is "
11929 "E<lt>http://lwn.netE<gt>."
11932 #. type: Plain text
11933 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:174
11935 "A query can be given in the archaic \"isindex\" format, consisting of a word "
11936 "or phrase and not including an equal sign (=). A query can also be in the "
11937 "longer \"GET\" format, which has one or more query entries of the form "
11938 "I<key>=I<value> separated by the ampersand character (&). Note that I<key> "
11939 "can be repeated more than once, though it's up to the web server and its "
11940 "application programs to determine if there's any meaning to that. There is "
11941 "an unfortunate interaction with HTML/XML/SGML and the GET query format; when "
11942 "such URIs with more than one key are embedded in SGML/XML documents "
11943 "(including HTML), the ampersand (&) has to be rewritten as &. Note that "
11944 "not all queries use this format; larger forms may be too long to store as a "
11945 "URI, so they use a different interaction mechanism (called POST) which does "
11946 "not include the data in the URI. See the Common Gateway Interface "
11947 "specification at E<lt>http://www.w3.org/CGIE<gt> for more information."
11950 #. type: Plain text
11951 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:176
11952 msgid "B<ftp - File Transfer Protocol (FTP)>"
11955 #. type: Plain text
11956 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:178
11957 msgid "ftp://I<ip_server>/I<path>"
11960 #. type: Plain text
11961 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:186
11963 "This is a URL accessing a file through the file transfer protocol (FTP). "
11964 "The default port (for control) is 21. If no username is included, the "
11965 "username \"anonymous\" is supplied, and in that case many clients provide as "
11966 "the password the requestor's Internet email address. An example is "
11967 "E<lt>ftp://ftp.is.co.za/rfc/rfc1808.txtE<gt>."
11970 #. type: Plain text
11971 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:188
11972 msgid "B<gopher - Gopher server>"
11975 #. type: Plain text
11976 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:190
11977 msgid "gopher://I<ip_server>/I<gophertype selector>"
11980 #. type: Plain text
11981 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:192
11982 msgid "gopher://I<ip_server>/I<gophertype selector>%09I<search>"
11985 #. type: Plain text
11986 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:194
11987 msgid "gopher://I<ip_server>/I<gophertype selector>%09I<search>%09I<gopher+_string>"
11990 #. type: Plain text
11991 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:204
11993 "The default gopher port is 70. I<gophertype> is a single-character field to "
11994 "denote the Gopher type of the resource to which the URL refers. The entire "
11995 "path may also be empty, in which case the delimiting \"/\" is also optional "
11996 "and the gophertype defaults to \"1\"."
11999 #. type: Plain text
12000 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:211
12002 "I<selector> is the Gopher selector string. In the Gopher protocol, Gopher "
12003 "selector strings are a sequence of octets which may contain any octets "
12004 "except 09 hexadecimal (US-ASCII HT or tab), 0A hexadecimal (US-ASCII "
12005 "character LF), and 0D (US-ASCII character CR)."
12008 #. type: Plain text
12009 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:213
12010 msgid "B<mailto - Email address>"
12013 #. type: Plain text
12014 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:215
12015 msgid "mailto:I<email-address>"
12018 #. type: Plain text
12019 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:223
12021 "This is an email address, usually of the form I<name>@I<hostname>. See "
12022 "B<mailaddr>(7) for more information on the correct format of an email "
12023 "address. Note that any % character must be rewritten as %25. An example is "
12024 "E<lt>mailto:dwheeler@dwheeler.comE<gt>."
12027 #. type: Plain text
12028 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:225
12029 msgid "B<news - Newsgroup or News message>"
12032 #. type: Plain text
12033 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:227
12034 msgid "news:I<newsgroup-name>"
12037 #. type: Plain text
12038 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:229
12039 msgid "news:I<message-id>"
12042 #. type: Plain text
12043 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:237
12045 "A I<newsgroup-name> is a period-delimited hierarchical name, such as "
12046 "\"comp.infosystems.www.misc\". If E<lt>newsgroup-nameE<gt> is \"*\" (as in "
12047 "E<lt>news:*E<gt>), it is used to refer to \"all available news groups\". An "
12048 "example is E<lt>news:comp.lang.adaE<gt>."
12051 #. type: Plain text
12052 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:241
12053 msgid "A I<message-id> corresponds to the Message-ID of"
12057 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:241
12059 msgid "http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1036.txt"
12062 #. type: Plain text
12063 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:243
12064 msgid "IETF RFC\\ 1036,"
12067 #. type: Plain text
12068 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:249
12070 "without the enclosing \"E<lt>\" and \"E<gt>\"; it takes the form "
12071 "I<unique>@I<full_domain_name>. A message identifier may be distinguished "
12072 "from a news group name by the presence of the \"@\" character."
12075 #. type: Plain text
12076 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:251
12077 msgid "B<telnet - Telnet login>"
12080 #. type: Plain text
12081 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:253
12082 msgid "telnet://I<ip_server>/"
12085 #. type: Plain text
12086 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:259
12088 "The Telnet URL scheme is used to designate interactive text services that "
12089 "may be accessed by the Telnet protocol. The final \"/\" character may be "
12090 "omitted. The default port is 23. An example is "
12091 "E<lt>telnet://melvyl.ucop.edu/E<gt>."
12094 #. type: Plain text
12095 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:261
12096 msgid "B<file - Normal file>"
12099 #. type: Plain text
12100 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:263
12101 msgid "file://I<ip_server>/I<path_segments>"
12104 #. type: Plain text
12105 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:265
12106 msgid "file:I<path_segments>"
12109 #. type: Plain text
12110 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:282
12112 "This represents a file or directory accessible locally. As a special case, "
12113 "I<host> can be the string \"localhost\" or the empty string; this is "
12114 "interpreted as \"the machine from which the URL is being interpreted\". If "
12115 "the path is to a directory, the viewer should display the directory's "
12116 "contents with links to each containee; not all viewers currently do this. "
12117 "KDE supports generated files through the URL E<lt>file:/cgi-binE<gt>. If "
12118 "the given file isn't found, browser writers may want to try to expand the "
12119 "filename via filename globbing (see B<glob>(7) and B<glob>(3))."
12122 #. type: Plain text
12123 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:296
12125 "The second format (e.g., E<lt>file:/etc/passwdE<gt>) is a correct format "
12126 "for referring to a local file. However, older standards did not permit this "
12127 "format, and some programs don't recognize this as a URI. A more portable "
12128 "syntax is to use an empty string as the server name, for example, "
12129 "E<lt>file:///etc/passwdE<gt>; this form does the same thing and is easily "
12130 "recognized by pattern matchers and older programs as a URI. Note that if "
12131 "you really mean to say \"start from the current location,\" don't specify "
12132 "the scheme at all; use a relative address like E<lt>../test.txtE<gt>, which "
12133 "has the side-effect of being scheme-independent. An example of this scheme "
12134 "is E<lt>file:///etc/passwdE<gt>."
12137 #. type: Plain text
12138 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:298
12139 msgid "B<man - Man page documentation>"
12142 #. type: Plain text
12143 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:300
12144 msgid "man:I<command-name>"
12147 #. type: Plain text
12148 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:302
12149 msgid "man:I<command-name>(I<section>)"
12152 #. type: Plain text
12153 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:311
12155 "This refers to local online manual (man) reference pages. The command name "
12156 "can optionally be followed by a parenthesis and section number; see "
12157 "B<man>(7) for more information on the meaning of the section numbers. This "
12158 "URI scheme is unique to UNIX-like systems (such as Linux) and is not "
12159 "currently registered by the IETF. An example is E<lt>man:ls(1)E<gt>."
12162 #. type: Plain text
12163 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:313
12164 msgid "B<info - Info page documentation>"
12167 #. type: Plain text
12168 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:315
12169 msgid "info:I<virtual-filename>"
12172 #. type: Plain text
12173 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:317
12174 msgid "info:I<virtual-filename>#I<nodename>"
12177 #. type: Plain text
12178 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:319
12179 msgid "info:(I<virtual-filename>)"
12182 #. type: Plain text
12183 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:321
12184 msgid "info:(I<virtual-filename>)I<nodename>"
12187 #. type: Plain text
12188 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:340
12190 "This scheme refers to online info reference pages (generated from texinfo "
12191 "files), a documentation format used by programs such as the GNU tools. This "
12192 "URI scheme is unique to UNIX-like systems (such as Linux) and is not "
12193 "currently registered by the IETF. As of this writing, GNOME and KDE differ "
12194 "in their URI syntax and do not accept the other's syntax. The first two "
12195 "formats are the GNOME format; in nodenames all spaces are written as "
12196 "underscores. The second two formats are the KDE format; spaces in nodenames "
12197 "must be written as spaces, even though this is forbidden by the URI "
12198 "standards. It's hoped that in the future most tools will understand all of "
12199 "these formats and will always accept underscores for spaces in nodenames. "
12200 "In both GNOME and KDE, if the form without the nodename is used the nodename "
12201 "is assumed to be \"Top\". Examples of the GNOME format are "
12202 "E<lt>info:gccE<gt> and E<lt>info:gcc#G++_and_GCCE<gt>. Examples of the KDE "
12203 "format are E<lt>info:(gcc)E<gt> and E<lt>info:(gcc)G++ and GCCE<gt>."
12206 #. type: Plain text
12207 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:342
12208 msgid "B<whatis - Documentation search>"
12211 #. type: Plain text
12212 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:344
12213 msgid "whatis:I<string>"
12216 #. type: Plain text
12217 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:352
12219 "This scheme searches the database of short (one-line) descriptions of "
12220 "commands and returns a list of descriptions containing that string. Only "
12221 "complete word matches are returned. See B<whatis>(1). This URI scheme is "
12222 "unique to UNIX-like systems (such as Linux) and is not currently registered "
12226 #. type: Plain text
12227 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:354
12228 msgid "B<ghelp - GNOME help documentation>"
12231 #. type: Plain text
12232 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:356
12233 msgid "ghelp:I<name-of-application>"
12236 #. type: Plain text
12237 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:359
12239 "This loads GNOME help for the given application. Note that not much "
12240 "documentation currently exists in this format."
12243 #. type: Plain text
12244 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:361
12245 msgid "B<ldap - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol>"
12248 #. type: Plain text
12249 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:363
12250 msgid "ldap://I<hostport>"
12253 #. type: Plain text
12254 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:365
12255 msgid "ldap://I<hostport>/"
12258 #. type: Plain text
12259 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:367
12260 msgid "ldap://I<hostport>/I<dn>"
12263 #. type: Plain text
12264 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:369
12265 msgid "ldap://I<hostport>/I<dn>?I<attributes>"
12268 #. type: Plain text
12269 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:371
12270 msgid "ldap://I<hostport>/I<dn>?I<attributes>?I<scope>"
12273 #. type: Plain text
12274 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:373
12275 msgid "ldap://I<hostport>/I<dn>?I<attributes>?I<scope>?I<filter>"
12278 #. type: Plain text
12279 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:375
12280 msgid "ldap://I<hostport>/I<dn>?I<attributes>?I<scope>?I<filter>?I<extensions>"
12283 #. type: Plain text
12284 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:381
12286 "This scheme supports queries to the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol "
12287 "(LDAP), a protocol for querying a set of servers for hierarchically "
12288 "organized information (such as people and computing resources). More "
12289 "information on the LDAP URL scheme is available in"
12293 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:381 build/C/man7/uri.7:704
12295 msgid "http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2255.txt"
12298 #. type: Plain text
12299 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:383
12300 msgid "RFC\\ 2255."
12303 #. type: Plain text
12304 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:385
12305 msgid "The components of this URL are:"
12309 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:385
12314 #. type: Plain text
12315 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:390
12317 "the LDAP server to query, written as a hostname optionally followed by a "
12318 "colon and the port number. The default LDAP port is TCP port 389. If "
12319 "empty, the client determines which the LDAP server to use."
12323 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:390
12328 #. type: Plain text
12329 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:393
12331 "the LDAP Distinguished Name, which identifies the base object of the LDAP "
12336 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:393
12338 msgid "http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2253.txt"
12341 #. type: Plain text
12342 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:395
12346 #. type: Plain text
12347 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:397
12348 msgid "section 3)."
12352 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:397
12357 #. type: Plain text
12358 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:401
12360 "a comma-separated list of attributes to be returned; see RFC\\ 2251 section "
12361 "4.1.5. If omitted, all attributes should be returned."
12365 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:401
12370 #. type: Plain text
12371 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:406
12373 "specifies the scope of the search, which can be one of \"base\" (for a base "
12374 "object search), \"one\" (for a one-level search), or \"sub\" (for a subtree "
12375 "search). If scope is omitted, \"base\" is assumed."
12379 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:406
12384 #. type: Plain text
12385 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:411
12387 "specifies the search filter (subset of entries to return). If omitted, all "
12388 "entries should be returned. See"
12392 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:411
12394 msgid "http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2254.txt"
12397 #. type: Plain text
12398 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:413
12402 #. type: Plain text
12403 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:415
12408 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:415
12413 #. type: Plain text
12414 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:421
12416 "a comma-separated list of type=value pairs, where the =value portion may be "
12417 "omitted for options not requiring it. An extension prefixed with a "
12418 "\\(aq!\\(aq is critical (must be supported to be valid), otherwise it is "
12419 "noncritical (optional)."
12422 #. type: Plain text
12423 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:425
12425 "LDAP queries are easiest to explain by example. Here's a query that asks "
12426 "ldap.itd.umich.edu for information about the University of Michigan in the "
12430 #. type: Plain text
12431 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:428
12433 msgid "ldap://ldap.itd.umich.edu/o=University%20of%20Michigan,c=US\n"
12436 #. type: Plain text
12437 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:431
12438 msgid "To just get its postal address attribute, request:"
12441 #. type: Plain text
12442 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:434
12444 msgid "ldap://ldap.itd.umich.edu/o=University%20of%20Michigan,c=US?postalAddress\n"
12447 #. type: Plain text
12448 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:438
12450 "To ask a host.com at port 6666 for information about the person with common "
12451 "name (cn) \"Babs Jensen\" at University of Michigan, request:"
12454 #. type: Plain text
12455 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:441
12457 msgid "ldap://host.com:6666/o=University%20of%20Michigan,c=US??sub?(cn=Babs%20Jensen)\n"
12460 #. type: Plain text
12461 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:444
12462 msgid "B<wais - Wide Area Information Servers>"
12465 #. type: Plain text
12466 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:446
12467 msgid "wais://I<hostport>/I<database>"
12470 #. type: Plain text
12471 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:448
12472 msgid "wais://I<hostport>/I<database>?I<search>"
12475 #. type: Plain text
12476 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:450
12477 msgid "wais://I<hostport>/I<database>/I<wtype>/I<wpath>"
12480 #. type: Plain text
12481 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:453
12482 msgid "This scheme designates a WAIS database, search, or document (see"
12486 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:453
12488 msgid "http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1625.txt"
12491 #. type: Plain text
12492 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:455
12493 msgid "IETF RFC\\ 1625"
12496 #. type: Plain text
12497 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:459
12499 "for more information on WAIS). Hostport is the hostname, optionally "
12500 "followed by a colon and port number (the default port number is 210)."
12503 #. type: Plain text
12504 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:469
12506 "The first form designates a WAIS database for searching. The second form "
12507 "designates a particular search of the WAIS database I<database>. The third "
12508 "form designates a particular document within a WAIS database to be "
12509 "retrieved. I<wtype> is the WAIS designation of the type of the object and "
12510 "I<wpath> is the WAIS document-id."
12513 #. type: Plain text
12514 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:471
12515 msgid "B<other schemes>"
12518 #. type: Plain text
12519 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:485
12521 "There are many other URI schemes. Most tools that accept URIs support a set "
12522 "of internal URIs (e.g., Mozilla has the about: scheme for internal "
12523 "information, and the GNOME help browser has the toc: scheme for various "
12524 "starting locations). There are many schemes that have been defined but are "
12525 "not as widely used at the current time (e.g., prospero). The nntp: scheme "
12526 "is deprecated in favor of the news: scheme. URNs are to be supported by the "
12527 "urn: scheme, with a hierarchical name space (e.g., urn:ietf:... would "
12528 "identify IETF documents); at this time URNs are not widely implemented. Not "
12529 "all tools support all schemes."
12533 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:485
12535 msgid "Character Encoding"
12538 #. type: Plain text
12539 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:489
12541 "URIs use a limited number of characters so that they can be typed in and "
12542 "used in a variety of situations."
12545 #. type: Plain text
12546 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:493
12548 "The following characters are reserved, that is, they may appear in a URI but "
12549 "their use is limited to their reserved purpose (conflicting data must be "
12550 "escaped before forming the URI):"
12553 #. type: Plain text
12554 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:495
12556 msgid " ; / ? : @ & = + $ ,\n"
12559 #. type: Plain text
12560 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:501
12562 "Unreserved characters may be included in a URI. Unreserved characters "
12563 "include upper and lower case English letters, decimal digits, and the "
12564 "following limited set of punctuation marks and symbols:"
12567 #. type: Plain text
12568 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:503
12570 msgid " - _ . ! ~ * ' ( )\n"
12573 #. type: Plain text
12574 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:518
12576 "All other characters must be escaped. An escaped octet is encoded as a "
12577 "character triplet, consisting of the percent character \"%\" followed by the "
12578 "two hexadecimal digits representing the octet code (you can use upper or "
12579 "lower case letters for the hexadecimal digits). For example, a blank space "
12580 "must be escaped as \"%20\", a tab character as \"%09\", and the \"&\" as "
12581 "\"%26\". Because the percent \"%\" character always has the reserved "
12582 "purpose of being the escape indicator, it must be escaped as \"%25\". It is "
12583 "common practice to escape space characters as the plus symbol (+) in query "
12584 "text; this practice isn't uniformly defined in the relevant RFCs (which "
12585 "recommend %20 instead) but any tool accepting URIs with query text should be "
12586 "prepared for them. A URI is always shown in its \"escaped\" form."
12589 #. type: Plain text
12590 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:524
12592 "Unreserved characters can be escaped without changing the semantics of the "
12593 "URI, but this should not be done unless the URI is being used in a context "
12594 "that does not allow the unescaped character to appear. For example, \"%7e\" "
12595 "is sometimes used instead of \"~\" in an HTTP URL path, but the two are "
12596 "equivalent for an HTTP URL."
12599 #. type: Plain text
12600 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:528
12602 "For URIs which must handle characters outside the US ASCII character set, "
12603 "the HTML 4.01 specification (section B.2) and IETF RFC\\ 2718 (section "
12604 "2.2.5) recommend the following approach:"
12607 #. type: Plain text
12608 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:532
12610 "translate the character sequences into UTF-8 (IETF RFC\\ 2279)\\(emsee "
12611 "B<utf-8>(7)\\(emand then"
12614 #. type: Plain text
12615 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:535
12617 "use the URI escaping mechanism, that is, use the %HH encoding for unsafe "
12622 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:535
12624 msgid "Writing a URI"
12627 #. type: Plain text
12628 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:557
12630 "When written, URIs should be placed inside double quotes (e.g., "
12631 "\"http://www.kernelnotes.org\"), enclosed in angle brackets (e.g., "
12632 "E<lt>http://lwn.netE<gt>), or placed on a line by themselves. A warning for "
12633 "those who use double-quotes: B<never> move extraneous punctuation (such as "
12634 "the period ending a sentence or the comma in a list) inside a URI, since "
12635 "this will change the value of the URI. Instead, use angle brackets instead, "
12636 "or switch to a quoting system that never includes extraneous characters "
12637 "inside quotation marks. This latter system, called the 'new' or 'logical' "
12638 "quoting system by \"Hart's Rules\" and the \"Oxford Dictionary for Writers "
12639 "and Editors\", is preferred practice in Great Britain and hackers worldwide "
12640 "(see the Jargon File's section on Hacker Writing Style, "
12641 "I<http://www.fwi.uva.nl/~mes/jargon/h/HackerWritingStyle.html>, for more "
12642 "information). Older documents suggested inserting the prefix \"URL:\" just "
12643 "before the URI, but this form has never caught on."
12646 #. type: Plain text
12647 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:579
12649 "The URI syntax was designed to be unambiguous. However, as URIs have become "
12650 "commonplace, traditional media (television, radio, newspapers, billboards, "
12651 "etc.) have increasingly used abbreviated URI references consisting of only "
12652 "the authority and path portions of the identified resource (e.g., "
12653 "E<lt>www.w3.org/AddressingE<gt>). Such references are primarily intended "
12654 "for human interpretation rather than machine, with the assumption that "
12655 "context-based heuristics are sufficient to complete the URI (e.g., hostnames "
12656 "beginning with \"www\" are likely to have a URI prefix of \"http://\" and "
12657 "hostnames beginning with \"ftp\" likely to have a prefix of \"ftp://\"). "
12658 "Many client implementations heuristically resolve these references. Such "
12659 "heuristics may change over time, particularly when new schemes are "
12660 "introduced. Since an abbreviated URI has the same syntax as a relative URL "
12661 "path, abbreviated URI references cannot be used where relative URIs are "
12662 "permitted, and can only be used when there is no defined base (such as in "
12663 "dialog boxes). Don't use abbreviated URIs as hypertext links inside a "
12664 "document; use the standard format as described here."
12667 #. type: Plain text
12668 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:585
12670 "I<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt> (IETF RFC\\ 2396), "
12671 "I<http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40> (HTML 4.0)."
12674 #. type: Plain text
12675 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:591
12677 "Any tool accepting URIs (e.g., a web browser) on a Linux system should be "
12678 "able to handle (directly or indirectly) all of the schemes described here, "
12679 "including the man: and info: schemes. Handling them by invoking some other "
12680 "program is fine and in fact encouraged."
12683 #. type: Plain text
12684 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:593
12685 msgid "Technically the fragment isn't part of the URI."
12688 #. type: Plain text
12689 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:602
12691 "For information on how to embed URIs (including URLs) in a data format, see "
12692 "documentation on that format. HTML uses the format E<lt>A "
12693 "HREF=\"I<uri>\"E<gt> I<text> E<lt>/AE<gt>. Texinfo files use the format "
12694 "@uref{I<uri>}. Man and mdoc have the recently added UR macro, or just "
12695 "include the URI in the text (viewers should be able to detect :// as part of "
12699 #. type: Plain text
12700 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:623
12702 "The GNOME and KDE desktop environments currently vary in the URIs they "
12703 "accept, in particular in their respective help browsers. To list man pages, "
12704 "GNOME uses E<lt>toc:manE<gt> while KDE uses E<lt>man:(index)E<gt>, and to "
12705 "list info pages, GNOME uses E<lt>toc:infoE<gt> while KDE uses "
12706 "E<lt>info:(dir)E<gt> (the author of this man page prefers the KDE approach "
12707 "here, though a more regular format would be even better). In general, KDE "
12708 "uses E<lt>file:/cgi-bin/E<gt> as a prefix to a set of generated files. KDE "
12709 "prefers documentation in HTML, accessed via the "
12710 "E<lt>file:/cgi-bin/helpindexE<gt>. GNOME prefers the ghelp scheme to store "
12711 "and find documentation. Neither browser handles file: references to "
12712 "directories at the time of this writing, making it difficult to refer to an "
12713 "entire directory with a browsable URI. As noted above, these environments "
12714 "differ in how they handle the info: scheme, probably the most important "
12715 "variation. It is expected that GNOME and KDE will converge to common URI "
12716 "formats, and a future version of this man page will describe the converged "
12717 "result. Efforts to aid this convergence are encouraged."
12721 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:623
12726 #. type: Plain text
12727 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:633
12729 "A URI does not in itself pose a security threat. There is no general "
12730 "guarantee that a URL, which at one time located a given resource, will "
12731 "continue to do so. Nor is there any guarantee that a URL will not locate a "
12732 "different resource at some later point in time; such a guarantee can only be "
12733 "obtained from the person(s) controlling that namespace and the resource in "
12737 #. type: Plain text
12738 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:648
12740 "It is sometimes possible to construct a URL such that an attempt to perform "
12741 "a seemingly harmless operation, such as the retrieval of an entity "
12742 "associated with the resource, will in fact cause a possibly damaging remote "
12743 "operation to occur. The unsafe URL is typically constructed by specifying a "
12744 "port number other than that reserved for the network protocol in question. "
12745 "The client unwittingly contacts a site that is in fact running a different "
12746 "protocol. The content of the URL contains instructions that, when "
12747 "interpreted according to this other protocol, cause an unexpected "
12748 "operation. An example has been the use of a gopher URL to cause an "
12749 "unintended or impersonating message to be sent via a SMTP server."
12752 #. type: Plain text
12753 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:652
12755 "Caution should be used when using any URL that specifies a port number other "
12756 "than the default for the protocol, especially when it is a number within the "
12760 #. type: Plain text
12761 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:660
12763 "Care should be taken when a URI contains escaped delimiters for a given "
12764 "protocol (for example, CR and LF characters for telnet protocols) that these "
12765 "are not unescaped before transmission. This might violate the protocol, but "
12766 "avoids the potential for such characters to be used to simulate an extra "
12767 "operation or parameter in that protocol, which might lead to an unexpected "
12768 "and possibly harmful remote operation to be performed."
12771 #. type: Plain text
12772 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:666
12774 "It is clearly unwise to use a URI that contains a password which is intended "
12775 "to be secret. In particular, the use of a password within the \"userinfo\" "
12776 "component of a URI is strongly recommended against except in those rare "
12777 "cases where the \"password\" parameter is intended to be public."
12780 #. type: Plain text
12781 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:688
12783 "Documentation may be placed in a variety of locations, so there currently "
12784 "isn't a good URI scheme for general online documentation in arbitrary "
12785 "formats. References of the form E<lt>file:///usr/doc/ZZZE<gt> don't work "
12786 "because different distributions and local installation requirements may "
12787 "place the files in different directories (it may be in /usr/doc, or "
12788 "/usr/local/doc, or /usr/share, or somewhere else). Also, the directory ZZZ "
12789 "usually changes when a version changes (though filename globbing could "
12790 "partially overcome this). Finally, using the file: scheme doesn't easily "
12791 "support people who dynamically load documentation from the Internet (instead "
12792 "of loading the files onto a local file system). A future URI scheme may be "
12793 "added (e.g., \"userdoc:\") to permit programs to include cross-references to "
12794 "more detailed documentation without having to know the exact location of "
12795 "that documentation. Alternatively, a future version of the file-system "
12796 "specification may specify file locations sufficiently so that the file: "
12797 "scheme will be able to locate documentation."
12800 #. type: Plain text
12801 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:691
12803 "Many programs and file formats don't include a way to incorporate or "
12804 "implement links using URIs."
12808 #. David A. Wheeler (dwheeler@dwheeler.com) wrote this man page.
12809 #. type: Plain text
12810 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:699
12812 "Many programs can't handle all of these different URI formats; there should "
12813 "be a standard mechanism to load an arbitrary URI that automatically detects "
12814 "the users' environment (e.g., text or graphics, desktop environment, local "
12815 "user preferences, and currently executing tools) and invokes the right tool "
12819 #. type: Plain text
12820 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:704
12821 msgid "B<lynx>(1), B<man2html>(1), B<mailaddr>(7), B<utf-8>(7),"
12824 #. type: Plain text
12825 #: build/C/man7/uri.7:706
12826 msgid "IETF RFC\\ 2255"
12830 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:28
12836 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:28
12841 #. type: Plain text
12842 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:31
12843 msgid "vcs, vcsa - virtual console memory"
12846 #. type: Plain text
12847 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:36
12849 "I</dev/vcs0> is a character device with major number 7 and minor number 0, "
12850 "usually of mode 0644 and owner root.tty. It refers to the memory of the "
12851 "currently displayed virtual console terminal."
12854 #. type: Plain text
12855 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:47
12857 "I</dev/vcs[1-63]> are character devices for virtual console terminals, they "
12858 "have major number 7 and minor number 1 to 63, usually mode 0644 and owner "
12859 "root.tty. I</dev/vcsa[0-63]> are the same, but using I<unsigned short>s (in "
12860 "host byte order) that include attributes, and prefixed with four bytes "
12861 "giving the screen dimensions and cursor position: I<lines>, I<columns>, "
12862 "I<x>, I<y>. (I<x> = I<y> = 0 at the top left corner of the screen.)"
12865 #. type: Plain text
12866 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:59
12868 "When a 512-character font is loaded, the 9th bit position can be fetched by "
12869 "applying the B<ioctl>(2) B<VT_GETHIFONTMASK> operation (available in Linux "
12870 "kernels 2.6.18 and above) on I</dev/tty[1-63]>; the value is returned in "
12871 "the I<unsigned short> pointed to by the third B<ioctl>(2) argument."
12874 #. type: Plain text
12875 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:66
12877 "These devices replace the screendump B<ioctl>(2) operations of "
12878 "B<console>(4), so the system administrator can control access using file "
12879 "system permissions."
12882 #. type: Plain text
12883 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:68
12884 msgid "The devices for the first eight virtual consoles may be created by:"
12887 #. type: Plain text
12888 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:75
12891 " for x in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8; do\n"
12892 " mknod -m 644 /dev/vcs$x c 7 $x;\n"
12893 " mknod -m 644 /dev/vcsa$x c 7 $[$x+128];\n"
12895 " chown root:tty /dev/vcs*\n"
12898 #. type: Plain text
12899 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:80
12900 msgid "No B<ioctl>(2) requests are supported."
12903 #. type: Plain text
12904 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:82
12905 msgid "/dev/vcs[0-63]"
12909 #. Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl>
12910 #. type: Plain text
12911 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:86
12912 msgid "/dev/vcsa[0-63]"
12915 #. type: Plain text
12916 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:88
12917 msgid "Introduced with version 1.1.92 of the Linux kernel."
12920 #. type: Plain text
12921 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:95
12923 "You may do a screendump on vt3 by switching to vt1 and typing I<cat "
12924 "/dev/vcs3 E<gt>foo>. Note that the output does not contain newline "
12925 "characters, so some processing may be required, like in I<fold -w 81 "
12926 "/dev/vcs3 | lpr> or (horrors) I<setterm -dump 3 -file /proc/self/fd/1>."
12929 #. type: Plain text
12930 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:97
12931 msgid "The I</dev/vcsa0> device is used for Braille support."
12934 #. type: Plain text
12935 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:101
12937 "This program displays the character and screen attributes under the cursor "
12938 "of the second virtual console, then changes the background color there:"
12941 #. type: Plain text
12942 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:109
12945 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
12946 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
12947 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
12948 "#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>\n"
12949 "#include E<lt>sys/ioctl.hE<gt>\n"
12950 "#include E<lt>linux/vt.hE<gt>\n"
12953 #. type: Plain text
12954 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:120
12961 " char *device = \"/dev/vcsa2\";\n"
12962 " char *console = \"/dev/tty2\";\n"
12963 " struct {unsigned char lines, cols, x, y;} scrn;\n"
12964 " unsigned short s;\n"
12965 " unsigned short mask;\n"
12966 " unsigned char ch, attrib;\n"
12969 #. type: Plain text
12970 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:149
12973 " fd = open(console, O_RDWR);\n"
12974 " if (fd E<lt> 0) {\n"
12975 " perror(console);\n"
12976 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
12978 " if (ioctl(fd, VT_GETHIFONTMASK, &mask) E<lt> 0) {\n"
12979 " perror(\"VT_GETHIFONTMASK\");\n"
12980 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
12982 " (void) close(fd);\n"
12983 " fd = open(device, O_RDWR);\n"
12984 " if (fd E<lt> 0) {\n"
12985 " perror(device);\n"
12986 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
12988 " (void) read(fd, &scrn, 4);\n"
12989 " (void) lseek(fd, 4 + 2*(scrn.y*scrn.cols + scrn.x), 0);\n"
12990 " (void) read(fd, &s, 2);\n"
12991 " ch = s & 0xff;\n"
12992 " if (attrib & mask)\n"
12994 " attrib = ((s & ~mask) E<gt>E<gt> 8);\n"
12995 " printf(\"ch=\\(aq%c\\(aq attrib=0x%02x\\en\", ch, attrib);\n"
12996 " attrib ^= 0x10;\n"
12997 " (void) lseek(fd, -1, 1);\n"
12998 " (void) write(fd, &attrib, 1);\n"
12999 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
13003 #. type: Plain text
13004 #: build/C/man4/vcs.4:155
13005 msgid "B<console>(4), B<tty>(4), B<ttyS>(4), B<gpm>(8)"
13009 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:11
13015 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:11
13020 #. type: Plain text
13021 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:14
13022 msgid "wavelan - AT&T GIS WaveLAN ISA device driver"
13025 #. type: Plain text
13026 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:16
13028 "B<insmod wavelan_cs.o [io=>I<B,B..>B<] [ irq=>I<I,I..>B<] "
13029 "[name=>I<N,N..>B<]>"
13032 #. type: Plain text
13033 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:32
13035 "I<wavelan> is the low-level device driver for the NCR / AT&T / Lucent "
13036 "B<WaveLAN ISA> and Digital (DEC) B<RoamAbout DS> wireless ethernet "
13037 "adapter. This driver is available as a module or might be compiled in the "
13038 "kernel. This driver supports multiple cards in both forms (up to 4) and "
13039 "allocates the next available ethernet device (eth0..eth#) for each card "
13040 "found, unless a device name is explicitly specified (see below). This "
13041 "device name will be reported in the kernel log file with the MAC address, "
13042 "NWID and frequency used by the card."
13045 #. type: Plain text
13046 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:39
13048 "This section apply to the module form (parameters passed on the B<insmod>(8) "
13049 "command line). If the driver is included in the kernel, use the "
13050 "I<ether=IRQ,IO,NAME> syntax on the kernel command line."
13054 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:39
13059 #. type: Plain text
13060 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:46
13062 "Specify the list of base address where to search for wavelan cards (setting "
13063 "by dip switch on the card). If you don't specify any io address, the driver "
13064 "will scan 0x390 and 0x3E0 addresses, which might conflict with other "
13069 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:46
13074 #. type: Plain text
13075 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:50
13077 "Set the list of irq that each wavelan card should use (the value is saved in "
13078 "permanent storage for future use)."
13082 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:50
13087 #. type: Plain text
13088 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:55
13090 "Set the list of name to be used for each wavelan cards device (name used by "
13095 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:55
13097 msgid "Wireless Extensions"
13100 #. type: Plain text
13101 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:59
13102 msgid "Use B<iwconfig>(8) to manipulate wireless extensions."
13106 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:59
13108 msgid "NWID (or domain)"
13111 #. type: Plain text
13112 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:68
13114 "Set the network ID [I<0> to I<FFFF>] or disable it [I<off>]. As the NWID is "
13115 "stored in the card Permanent Storage Area, it will be reuse at any further "
13116 "invocation of the driver."
13120 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:68
13122 msgid "Frequency & channels"
13125 #. type: Plain text
13126 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:79
13128 "For the 2.4GHz 2.00 Hardware, you are able to set the frequency by "
13129 "specifying one of the 10 defined channels (I<2.412,> I<2.422, 2.425, 2.4305, "
13130 "2.432, 2.442, 2.452, 2.460, 2.462> or I<2.484>) or directly by its value. "
13131 "The frequency is changed immediately and permanently. Frequency "
13132 "availability depends on the regulations..."
13136 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:79
13138 msgid "Statistics spy"
13141 #. type: Plain text
13142 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:83
13144 "Set a list of MAC addresses in the driver (up to 8) and get the last quality "
13145 "of link for each of those (see B<iwspy>(8))."
13149 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:83
13151 msgid "/proc/net/wireless"
13154 #. type: Plain text
13155 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:98
13157 "I<status> is the status reported by the modem. I<Link quality> reports the "
13158 "quality of the modulation on the air (direct sequence spread spectrum) [max "
13159 "= 16]. I<Level> and I<Noise> refer to the signal level and noise level [max "
13160 "= 64]. The I<crypt discarded packet> and I<misc discarded packet> counters "
13161 "are not implemented."
13165 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:98
13167 msgid "Private Ioctl"
13170 #. type: Plain text
13171 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:102
13172 msgid "You may use B<iwpriv>(8) to manipulate private ioctls."
13176 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:102
13178 msgid "Quality and Level threshold"
13181 #. type: Plain text
13182 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:105
13184 "Enable you the define the quality and level threshold used by the modem "
13185 "(packet below that level are discarded)."
13189 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:105
13194 #. type: Plain text
13195 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:112
13197 "This functionality makes it possible to set a number of signal level "
13198 "intervals and to count the number of packets received in each of those "
13199 "defined intervals. This distribution might be used to calculate the mean "
13200 "value and standard deviation of the signal level."
13204 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:112
13206 msgid "Specific Notes"
13209 #. type: Plain text
13210 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:118
13212 "This driver will fail to detect some B<non-NCR/ATT&T/Lucent> Wavelan cards. "
13213 "If this happens for you, you must look in the source code on how to add your "
13214 "card to the detection routine."
13218 #. Bruce Janson \(em bruce@cs.usyd.edu.au
13220 #. Jean Tourrilhes \(em jt@hplb.hpl.hp.com
13222 #. (and others; see source code for details)
13225 #. type: Plain text
13226 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:131
13228 "Some of the mentioned features are optional. You may enable to disable them "
13229 "by changing flags in the driver header and recompile."
13232 #. type: Plain text
13233 #: build/C/man4/wavelan.4:138
13235 "B<wavelan_cs>(4), B<ifconfig>(8), B<insmod>(8), B<iwconfig>(8), "
13236 "B<iwpriv>(8), B<iwspy>(8)"