1 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2 # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4 # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
9 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
10 "POT-Creation-Date: 2013-03-22 01:07+0900\n"
11 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
12 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
13 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
16 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
17 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
20 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17
26 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17
32 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17 build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26 build/C/man3/exit.3:25 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45
38 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17 build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/a64l.3:9 build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26 build/C/man3/cfree.3:24 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26 build/C/man3/drand48.3:30 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/exit.3:25 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:27 build/C/man3/getenv.3:33 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25 build/C/man3/malloc.3:30 build/C/man3/mblen.3:16 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:16 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28 build/C/man3/rand.3:41 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29 build/C/man3/setenv.3:37 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/system.3:30 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
40 msgid "Linux Programmer's Manual"
44 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:18 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:18 build/C/man2/_exit.2:30 build/C/man3/a64l.3:10 build/C/man3/atexit.3:34 build/C/man3/atof.3:32 build/C/man3/atoi.3:34 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:27 build/C/man3/cfree.3:25 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:27 build/C/man3/drand48.3:31 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:28 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:33 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:31 build/C/man3/exit.3:26 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:31 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:28 build/C/man3/getenv.3:34 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:35 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:26 build/C/man3/malloc.3:31 build/C/man3/mblen.3:17 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:17 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:17 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:27 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:36 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:35 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:32 build/C/man3/putenv.3:37 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:29 build/C/man3/rand.3:42 build/C/man3/random.3:34 build/C/man3/random_r.3:27 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:30 build/C/man3/setenv.3:38 build/C/man3/strtod.3:46 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:25 build/C/man3/strtol.3:32 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:34 build/C/man3/system.3:31 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:17 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:17
50 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:20
51 msgid "MB_CUR_MAX - maximum length of a multibyte character in the current locale"
55 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:20 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:20 build/C/man2/_exit.2:32 build/C/man3/a64l.3:12 build/C/man3/atexit.3:36 build/C/man3/atof.3:34 build/C/man3/atoi.3:36 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:29 build/C/man3/cfree.3:27 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:29 build/C/man3/drand48.3:34 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:32 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:35 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:33 build/C/man3/exit.3:28 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:33 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:30 build/C/man3/getenv.3:36 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:37 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:28 build/C/man3/malloc.3:33 build/C/man3/mblen.3:19 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:19 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:19 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:29 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:38 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:37 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:34 build/C/man3/putenv.3:39 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:31 build/C/man3/rand.3:44 build/C/man3/random.3:36 build/C/man3/random_r.3:30 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:32 build/C/man3/setenv.3:40 build/C/man3/strtod.3:48 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:27 build/C/man3/strtol.3:34 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:36 build/C/man3/system.3:33 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:19 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:19
61 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:23 build/C/man3/atexit.3:39 build/C/man3/atof.3:37 build/C/man3/atoi.3:39 build/C/man3/cfree.3:31 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:32 build/C/man3/drand48.3:37 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:35 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:36 build/C/man3/exit.3:31 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:36 build/C/man3/getenv.3:39 build/C/man3/malloc.3:36 build/C/man3/mblen.3:22 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:22 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:22 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:32 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:41 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:40 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:37 build/C/man3/putenv.3:42 build/C/man3/rand.3:47 build/C/man3/random.3:39 build/C/man3/random_r.3:33 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:35 build/C/man3/setenv.3:43 build/C/man3/strtol.3:37 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:39 build/C/man3/system.3:36 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:22 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:22
63 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>\n"
67 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:24 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:24 build/C/man2/_exit.2:56 build/C/man3/a64l.3:33 build/C/man3/atexit.3:42 build/C/man3/atof.3:40 build/C/man3/atoi.3:64 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:35 build/C/man3/cfree.3:52 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:43 build/C/man3/drand48.3:75 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:83 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:69 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:64 build/C/man3/exit.3:34 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:64 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:36 build/C/man3/getenv.3:52 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:44 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:50 build/C/man3/malloc.3:42 build/C/man3/mblen.3:25 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:25 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:25 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:55 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:76 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:66 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:48 build/C/man3/putenv.3:54 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:53 build/C/man3/rand.3:62 build/C/man3/random.3:64 build/C/man3/random_r.3:58 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:46 build/C/man3/setenv.3:61 build/C/man3/strtod.3:73 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:35 build/C/man3/strtol.3:59 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:62 build/C/man3/system.3:39 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:25 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:25
73 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:31
75 "The B<MB_CUR_MAX> macro defines an integer expression giving the maximum "
76 "number of bytes needed to represent a single wide character in the current "
77 "locale. It is locale dependent and therefore not a compile-time constant."
81 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:31 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:29 build/C/man2/_exit.2:79 build/C/man3/atexit.3:68 build/C/man3/atof.3:55 build/C/man3/atoi.3:91 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:63 build/C/man3/cfree.3:96 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:50 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:96 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:99 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:86 build/C/man3/exit.3:82 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:72 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:171 build/C/man3/getenv.3:88 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:55 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:110 build/C/man3/malloc.3:129 build/C/man3/mblen.3:60 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:60 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:66 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:68 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:136 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:77 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:69 build/C/man3/putenv.3:67 build/C/man3/rand.3:118 build/C/man3/random.3:118 build/C/man3/random_r.3:100 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:66 build/C/man3/setenv.3:86 build/C/man3/strtod.3:128 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:45 build/C/man3/strtol.3:101 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:110 build/C/man3/system.3:54 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:61 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:52
87 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:35
89 "An integer in the range [1, B<MB_LEN_MAX>]. The value 1 denotes traditional "
90 "8-bit encoded characters."
94 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:35 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:31 build/C/man2/_exit.2:81 build/C/man3/a64l.3:62 build/C/man3/atexit.3:73 build/C/man3/atof.3:57 build/C/man3/atoi.3:93 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:61 build/C/man3/cfree.3:112 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:60 build/C/man3/drand48.3:204 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:98 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:110 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:88 build/C/man3/exit.3:86 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:77 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:185 build/C/man3/getenv.3:96 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:65 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:129 build/C/man3/malloc.3:168 build/C/man3/mblen.3:70 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:70 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:78 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:86 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:176 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:90 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:74 build/C/man3/putenv.3:76 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:72 build/C/man3/rand.3:129 build/C/man3/random.3:137 build/C/man3/random_r.3:125 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:87 build/C/man3/setenv.3:109 build/C/man3/strtod.3:160 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:58 build/C/man3/strtol.3:139 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:142 build/C/man3/system.3:78 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:70 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:66
100 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:37 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:33 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:60
101 msgid "C99, POSIX.1-2001."
105 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:37 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:44 build/C/man2/_exit.2:124 build/C/man3/a64l.3:84 build/C/man3/atexit.3:158 build/C/man3/atof.3:59 build/C/man3/atoi.3:113 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:75 build/C/man3/cfree.3:117 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:97 build/C/man3/drand48.3:210 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:100 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:128 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:95 build/C/man3/exit.3:173 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:86 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:211 build/C/man3/getenv.3:129 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:69 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:226 build/C/man3/malloc.3:259 build/C/man3/mblen.3:84 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:84 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:93 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:91 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:214 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:113 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:81 build/C/man3/putenv.3:116 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:83 build/C/man3/rand.3:217 build/C/man3/random.3:165 build/C/man3/random_r.3:129 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:129 build/C/man3/setenv.3:132 build/C/man3/strtod.3:179 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:60 build/C/man3/strtol.3:263 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:190 build/C/man3/system.3:153 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:84 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:81
111 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:44
113 "B<MB_LEN_MAX>(3), B<mblen>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<wcstombs>(3), "
118 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:44 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:46 build/C/man2/_exit.2:136 build/C/man3/a64l.3:88 build/C/man3/atexit.3:162 build/C/man3/atof.3:65 build/C/man3/atoi.3:118 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:78 build/C/man3/cfree.3:119 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:103 build/C/man3/drand48.3:213 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:104 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:134 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:99 build/C/man3/exit.3:180 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:90 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:217 build/C/man3/getenv.3:137 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:72 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:228 build/C/man3/malloc.3:283 build/C/man3/mblen.3:86 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:87 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:97 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:98 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:220 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:118 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:85 build/C/man3/putenv.3:122 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:88 build/C/man3/rand.3:220 build/C/man3/random.3:170 build/C/man3/random_r.3:133 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:135 build/C/man3/setenv.3:137 build/C/man3/strtod.3:185 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:66 build/C/man3/strtol.3:269 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:196 build/C/man3/system.3:158 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:87 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:85
124 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:51 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:53 build/C/man2/_exit.2:143 build/C/man3/a64l.3:95 build/C/man3/atexit.3:169 build/C/man3/atof.3:72 build/C/man3/atoi.3:125 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:85 build/C/man3/cfree.3:126 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:110 build/C/man3/drand48.3:220 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:111 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:141 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:106 build/C/man3/exit.3:187 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:97 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:224 build/C/man3/getenv.3:144 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:79 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:235 build/C/man3/malloc.3:290 build/C/man3/mblen.3:93 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:94 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:104 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:105 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:227 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:125 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:92 build/C/man3/putenv.3:129 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:95 build/C/man3/rand.3:227 build/C/man3/random.3:177 build/C/man3/random_r.3:140 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:142 build/C/man3/setenv.3:144 build/C/man3/strtod.3:192 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:73 build/C/man3/strtol.3:276 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:203 build/C/man3/system.3:165 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:94 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:92
126 "This page is part of release 3.50 of the Linux I<man-pages> project. A "
127 "description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be "
128 "found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/."
132 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17
138 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:20
139 msgid "MB_LEN_MAX - maximum multibyte length of a character across all locales"
143 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:23
145 msgid "B<#include E<lt>limits.hE<gt>>\n"
149 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:29
151 "The B<MB_LEN_MAX> macro is the upper bound for the number of bytes needed to "
152 "represent a single wide character, across all locales."
156 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:31
157 msgid "A constant integer greater than zero."
161 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:33 build/C/man2/_exit.2:86 build/C/man3/a64l.3:64 build/C/man3/atexit.3:75 build/C/man3/atoi.3:103 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:74 build/C/man3/drand48.3:206 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:122 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:90 build/C/man3/exit.3:88 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:187 build/C/man3/getenv.3:102 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:131 build/C/man3/malloc.3:170 build/C/man3/mblen.3:72 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:72 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:80 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:189 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:94 build/C/man3/putenv.3:78 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:78 build/C/man3/rand.3:141 build/C/man3/random.3:139 build/C/man3/setenv.3:111 build/C/man3/strtod.3:165 build/C/man3/strtol.3:144 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:147 build/C/man3/system.3:80 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:72 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:68
167 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:44
169 "The entities B<MB_LEN_MAX> and I<sizeof(wchar_t)> are totally unrelated. In "
170 "glibc, B<MB_LEN_MAX> is typically 6 while I<sizeof(wchar_t)> is 4."
174 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:46
175 msgid "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3)"
179 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:29
185 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/a64l.3:9 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45
191 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:32
192 msgid "_exit, _Exit - terminate the calling process"
196 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:34
197 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>"
201 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:36
202 msgid "B<void _exit(int >I<status>B<);>"
206 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:38 build/C/man3/a64l.3:14 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:33 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:37 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:30 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:33 build/C/man3/strtod.3:50
207 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>"
211 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:40
212 msgid "B<void _Exit(int >I<status>B<);>"
216 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:44 build/C/man3/a64l.3:22 build/C/man3/atoi.3:52 build/C/man3/cfree.3:48 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:39 build/C/man3/drand48.3:60 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:68 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:47 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:53 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:43 build/C/man3/getenv.3:48 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:37 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:39 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:54 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:47 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:44 build/C/man3/putenv.3:50 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:45 build/C/man3/rand.3:58 build/C/man3/random.3:52 build/C/man3/random_r.3:47 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:42 build/C/man3/setenv.3:52 build/C/man3/strtod.3:60 build/C/man3/strtol.3:47 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:50
217 msgid "Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see B<feature_test_macros>(7)):"
221 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:48
226 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:51 build/C/man3/strtod.3:68
228 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ "
233 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:54 build/C/man3/atoi.3:62 build/C/man3/strtod.3:71 build/C/man3/strtol.3:57 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:60
234 msgid "or I<cc\\ -std=c99>"
238 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:67
240 "The function B<_exit>() terminates the calling process \"immediately\". "
241 "Any open file descriptors belonging to the process are closed; any children "
242 "of the process are inherited by process 1, I<init>, and the process's parent "
243 "is sent a B<SIGCHLD> signal."
247 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:74
249 "The value I<status> is returned to the parent process as the process's exit "
250 "status, and can be collected using one of the B<wait>(2) family of calls."
254 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:79
255 msgid "The function B<_Exit>() is equivalent to B<_exit>()."
259 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:81
260 msgid "These functions do not return."
264 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:86
265 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD. The function B<_Exit>() was introduced by C99."
269 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:90
271 "For a discussion on the effects of an exit, the transmission of exit status, "
272 "zombie processes, signals sent, and so on, see B<exit>(3)."
276 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:117
278 "The function B<_exit>() is like B<exit>(3), but does not call any functions "
279 "registered with B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3). Whether it flushes standard "
280 "I/O buffers and removes temporary files created with B<tmpfile>(3) is "
281 "implementation-dependent. On the other hand, B<_exit>() does close open "
282 "file descriptors, and this may cause an unknown delay, waiting for pending "
283 "output to finish. If the delay is undesired, it may be useful to call "
284 "functions like B<tcflush>(3) before calling B<_exit>(). Whether any "
285 "pending I/O is canceled, and which pending I/O may be canceled upon "
286 "B<_exit>(), is implementation-dependent."
290 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:124
292 "In glibc up to version 2.3, the B<_exit>() wrapper function invoked the "
293 "kernel system call of the same name. Since glibc 2.3, the wrapper function "
294 "invokes B<exit_group>(2), in order to terminate all of the threads in a "
299 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:136
301 "B<execve>(2), B<exit_group>(2), B<fork>(2), B<kill>(2), B<wait>(2), "
302 "B<wait4>(2), B<waitpid>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<exit>(3), B<on_exit>(3), "
307 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:9
313 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:12
314 msgid "a64l, l64a - convert between long and base-64"
318 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:16
319 msgid "B<long a64l(char *>I<str64>B<);>"
323 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:18
324 msgid "B<char *l64a(long >I<value>B<);>"
328 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:26
329 msgid "B<a64l>(), B<l64a>():"
333 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:31 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:66
335 "_SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ "
336 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
340 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:48
342 "These functions provide a conversion between 32-bit long integers and "
343 "little-endian base-64 ASCII strings (of length zero to six). If the string "
344 "used as argument for B<a64l>() has length greater than six, only the first "
345 "six bytes are used. If the type I<long> has more than 32 bits, then "
346 "B<l64a>() uses only the low order 32 bits of I<value>, and B<a64l>() "
347 "sign-extends its 32-bit result."
351 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:50
352 msgid "The 64 digits in the base-64 system are:"
356 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:58
359 "\\&\\(aq.\\(aq\trepresents a 0\n"
360 "\\&\\(aq/\\(aq\trepresents a 1\n"
361 "0-9\trepresent 2-11\n"
362 "A-Z\trepresent 12-37\n"
363 "a-z\trepresent 38-63\n"
367 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:62
368 msgid "So 123 = 59*64^0 + 1*64^1 = \"v/\"."
372 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:64 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:131
373 msgid "POSIX.1-2001."
377 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:69
379 "The value returned by B<l64a>() may be a pointer to a static buffer, "
380 "possibly overwritten by later calls."
384 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:78
386 "The behavior of B<l64a>() is undefined when I<value> is negative. If "
387 "I<value> is zero, it returns an empty string."
391 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:81
393 "These functions are broken in glibc before 2.2.5 (puts most significant "
398 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:84
399 msgid "This is not the encoding used by B<uuencode>(1)."
404 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:88
405 msgid "B<uuencode>(1), B<strtoul>(3)"
409 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:33
415 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31
421 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:36
422 msgid "atexit - register a function to be called at normal process termination"
426 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:41
428 msgid "B<int atexit(void (*>I<function>B<)(void));>\n"
432 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:51
434 "The B<atexit>() function registers the given I<function> to be called at "
435 "normal process termination, either via B<exit>(3) or via return from the "
436 "program's I<main>(). Functions so registered are called in the reverse "
437 "order of their registration; no arguments are passed."
441 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:54 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:62
443 "The same function may be registered multiple times: it is called once for "
448 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:60
450 "POSIX.1-2001 requires that an implementation allow at least B<ATEXIT_MAX> "
451 "(32) such functions to be registered. The actual limit supported by an "
452 "implementation can be obtained using B<sysconf>(3)."
456 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:68 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:69
458 "When a child process is created via B<fork>(2), it inherits copies of its "
459 "parent's registrations. Upon a successful call to one of the B<exec>(3) "
460 "functions, all registrations are removed."
464 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:73
466 "The B<atexit>() function returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise it "
467 "returns a nonzero value."
471 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:75
472 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001."
476 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:82
478 "Functions registered using B<atexit>() (and B<on_exit>(3)) are not called "
479 "if a process terminates abnormally because of the delivery of a signal."
483 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:89
485 "If one of the functions registered functions calls B<_exit>(2), then any "
486 "remaining functions are not invoked, and the other process termination steps "
487 "performed by B<exit>(3) are not performed."
490 #. This can happen on OpenBSD 4.2 for example, and is documented
491 #. as occurring on FreeBSD as well.
492 #. Glibc does "the Right Thing" -- invocation of the remaining
493 #. exit handlers carries on as normal.
495 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:106
497 "POSIX.1-2001 says that the result of calling B<exit>(3) more than once "
498 "(i.e., calling B<exit>(3) within a function registered using B<atexit>()) "
499 "is undefined. On some systems (but not Linux), this can result in an "
500 "infinite recursion; portable programs should not invoke B<exit>(3) inside a "
501 "function registered using B<atexit>()."
505 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:115
507 "The B<atexit>() and B<on_exit>(3) functions register functions on the same "
508 "list: at normal process termination, the registered functions are invoked in "
509 "reverse order of their registration by these two functions."
512 #. In glibc, things seem to be handled okay
514 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:121
516 "POSIX.1-2001 says that the result is undefined if B<longjmp>(3) is used to "
517 "terminate execution of one of the functions registered B<atexit>()."
521 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:121
527 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:128
529 "Since glibc 2.2.3, B<atexit>() (and B<on_exit>(3)) can be used within a "
530 "shared library to establish functions that are called when the shared "
531 "library is unloaded."
535 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:128 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:138 build/C/man3/rand.3:160 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:104 build/C/man3/strtod.3:174 build/C/man3/strtol.3:182 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:185
541 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:133
544 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
545 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
546 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
550 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:139
556 " printf(\"That was all, folks\\en\");\n"
561 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:145
572 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:148
575 " a = sysconf(_SC_ATEXIT_MAX);\n"
576 " printf(\"ATEXIT_MAX = %ld\\en\", a);\n"
580 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:154
583 " i = atexit(bye);\n"
585 " fprintf(stderr, \"cannot set exit function\\en\");\n"
586 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
591 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:157 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:225 build/C/man3/rand.3:215 build/C/man3/strtol.3:262
594 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
599 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:162
600 msgid "B<_exit>(2), B<exit>(3), B<on_exit>(3)"
604 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31
610 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33
616 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:27 build/C/man3/getenv.3:33 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25 build/C/man3/malloc.3:30 build/C/man3/mblen.3:16 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:16 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29 build/C/man3/setenv.3:37 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
622 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:34
623 msgid "atof - convert a string to a double"
627 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:39
629 msgid "B<double atof(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
633 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:47
635 "The B<atof>() function converts the initial portion of the string pointed "
636 "to by I<nptr> to I<double>. The behavior is the same as"
640 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:50
641 msgid "strtod(nptr, NULL);"
645 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:55
646 msgid "except that B<atof>() does not detect errors."
650 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:57 build/C/man3/atoi.3:93
651 msgid "The converted value."
655 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:59
656 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C89, C99."
660 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:65
661 msgid "B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
665 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:33
671 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:36
672 msgid "atoi, atol, atoll, atoq - convert a string to an integer"
676 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:41
678 msgid "B<int atoi(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
682 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:43
684 msgid "B<long atol(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
688 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:45
690 msgid "B<long long atoll(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
694 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:47
696 msgid "B<long long atoq(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
700 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:56
705 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:59
707 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || "
708 "_ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L;"
712 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:71
714 "The B<atoi>() function converts the initial portion of the string pointed "
715 "to by I<nptr> to I<int>. The behavior is the same as"
719 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:74
720 msgid "strtol(nptr, NULL, 10);"
724 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:79
725 msgid "except that B<atoi>() does not detect errors."
729 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:91
731 "The B<atol>() and B<atoll>() functions behave the same as B<atoi>(), "
732 "except that they convert the initial portion of the string to their return "
733 "type of I<long> or I<long long>. B<atoq>() is an obsolete name for "
738 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:103
740 "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C99. C89 and POSIX.1-1996 include the functions "
741 "B<atoi>() and B<atol>() only. B<atoq>() is a GNU extension."
745 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:113
747 "The nonstandard B<atoq>() function is not present in libc 4.6.27 or glibc "
748 "2, but is present in libc5 and libc 4.7 (though only as an inline function "
749 "in I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>> until libc 5.4.44). The B<atoll>() function is "
750 "present in glibc 2 since version 2.0.2, but not in libc4 or libc5."
754 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:118
755 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
759 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26
761 msgid "CANONICALIZE_FILE_NAME"
765 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26
771 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:29
772 msgid "canonicalize_file_name - return the canonicalized absolute pathname"
776 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:31
777 msgid "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
781 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:35
782 msgid "B<char *canonicalize_file_name(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
786 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:49
788 "The B<canonicalize_file_name>() function returns a null-terminated string "
789 "containing the canonicalized absolute pathname corresponding to I<path>. In "
790 "the returned string, symbolic links are resolved, as are I<.> and I<..> "
791 "pathname components. Consecutive slash (I</>) characters are replaced by a "
796 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:55
798 "The returned string is dynamically allocated by B<canonicalize_file_name>() "
799 "and the caller should deallocate it with B<free>(3) when it is no longer "
804 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:59
805 msgid "The call I<canonicalize_file_name(path)> is equivalent to the call:"
809 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:61
811 msgid " realpath(path, NULL);\n"
815 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:63
816 msgid "This function is a GNU extension."
820 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:72
822 "On success, B<canonicalize_file_name>() returns a null-terminated string. "
823 "On error (e.g., a pathname component is unreadable or does not exist), "
824 "B<canonicalize_file_name>() returns NULL and sets I<errno> to indicate the "
829 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:72 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:179 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:75 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:142 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:86 build/C/man3/putenv.3:72 build/C/man3/random.3:132 build/C/man3/random_r.3:102 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:73 build/C/man3/setenv.3:100 build/C/man3/strtod.3:156 build/C/man3/strtol.3:126 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:129
835 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:75
836 msgid "See B<realpath>(3)."
840 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:78
841 msgid "B<readlink>(2), B<realpath>(3)"
845 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:24
851 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:24 build/C/man3/drand48.3:30 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29
857 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:27
858 msgid "cfree - free allocated memory"
862 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:34
866 "B<int cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<);>\n"
870 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:37
873 "/* In glibc or FreeBSD libcompat */\n"
874 "B<void cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<);>\n"
878 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:40
881 "/* In SCO OpenServer */\n"
882 "B<void cfree(char *>I<ptr>B<, unsigned >I<num>B<, unsigned >I<size>B<);>\n"
886 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:43
889 "/* In Solaris watchmalloc.so.1 */\n"
890 "B<void cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<, size_t >I<nelem>B<, size_t >I<elsize>B<);>\n"
894 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:52
895 msgid "B<cfree>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
899 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:57
900 msgid "This function should never be used. Use B<free>(3) instead."
904 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:57
910 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:63
912 "In glibc, the function B<cfree>() is a synonym for B<free>(3), \"added for "
913 "compatibility with SunOS\"."
917 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:69
919 "Other systems have other functions with this name. The declaration is "
920 "sometimes in I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>> and sometimes in I<E<lt>malloc.hE<gt>>."
924 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:69
930 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:74
932 "Some SCO and Solaris versions have malloc libraries with a 3-argument "
933 "B<cfree>(), apparently as an analog to B<calloc>(3)."
937 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:76
938 msgid "If you need it while porting something, add"
942 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:79
943 msgid "#define cfree(p, n, s) free((p))"
947 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:82
948 msgid "to your file."
952 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:91
954 "A frequently asked question is \"Can I use B<free>(3) to free memory "
955 "allocated with B<calloc>(3), or do I need B<cfree>()?\" Answer: use "
960 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:96
962 "An SCO manual writes: \"The cfree routine is provided for compliance to the "
963 "iBCSe2 standard and simply calls free. The num and size arguments to cfree "
968 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:112
970 "The SunOS version of B<cfree>() (which is a synonym for B<free>(3)) "
971 "returns 1 on success and 0 on failure. In case of error, I<errno> is set to "
972 "B<EINVAL>: the value of I<ptr> was not a pointer to a block previously "
973 "allocated by one of the routines in the B<malloc>(3) family."
977 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:117
979 "The 3-argument version of B<cfree>() as used by SCO conforms to the iBCSe2 "
980 "standard: Intel386 Binary Compatibility Specification, Edition 2."
984 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:119
989 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26
995 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26
1001 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:29
1002 msgid "clearenv - clear the environment"
1006 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:34
1008 msgid "B<int clearenv(void);>\n"
1012 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:43
1013 msgid "B<clearenv>(): _SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE"
1017 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:50
1019 "The B<clearenv>() function clears the environment of all name-value pairs "
1020 "and sets the value of the external variable I<environ> to NULL."
1023 #. Most versions of UNIX return -1 on error, or do not even have errors.
1024 #. Glibc info and the Watcom C library document "a nonzero value".
1026 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:57
1028 "The B<clearenv>() function returns zero on success, and a nonzero value on "
1033 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:57 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:181 build/C/man3/getenv.3:93 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:63 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:84 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:169
1039 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:60
1040 msgid "Not in libc4, libc5. In glibc since glibc 2.0."
1044 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:74
1046 "Various UNIX variants (DG/UX, HP-UX, QNX, ...). POSIX.9 (bindings for "
1047 "FORTRAN77). POSIX.1-1996 did not accept B<clearenv>() and B<putenv>(3), "
1048 "but changed its mind and scheduled these functions for some later issue of "
1049 "this standard (cf. B.4.6.1). However, POSIX.1-2001 only adds B<putenv>(3), "
1050 "and rejected B<clearenv>()."
1054 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:78
1056 "Used in security-conscious applications. If it is unavailable the "
1061 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:81
1063 msgid " environ = NULL;\n"
1067 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:84
1068 msgid "will probably do."
1072 #. HP-UX has a ENOMEM error return.
1074 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:97
1076 "The DG/UX and Tru64 man pages write: If I<environ> has been modified by "
1077 "anything other than the B<putenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), or B<clearenv>() "
1078 "functions, then B<clearenv>() will return an error and the process "
1079 "environment will remain unchanged."
1083 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:103
1084 msgid "B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
1088 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:30
1094 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:34
1096 "drand48, erand48, lrand48, nrand48, mrand48, jrand48, srand48, seed48, "
1097 "lcong48 - generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers"
1101 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:39
1103 msgid "B<double drand48(void);>\n"
1107 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:41
1109 msgid "B<double erand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1113 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:43
1115 msgid "B<long int lrand48(void);>\n"
1119 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:45
1121 msgid "B<long int nrand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1125 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:47
1127 msgid "B<long int mrand48(void);>\n"
1131 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:49
1133 msgid "B<long int jrand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1137 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:51
1139 msgid "B<void srand48(long int >I<seedval>B<);>\n"
1143 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:53
1145 msgid "B<unsigned short *seed48(unsigned short >I<seed16v>B<[3]);>\n"
1149 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:55
1151 msgid "B<void lcong48(unsigned short >I<param>B<[7]);>\n"
1164 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:74
1165 msgid "All functions shown above: _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
1169 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:78
1171 "These functions generate pseudo-random numbers using the linear congruential "
1172 "algorithm and 48-bit integer arithmetic."
1176 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:86
1178 "The B<drand48>() and B<erand48>() functions return nonnegative "
1179 "double-precision floating-point values uniformly distributed between [0.0, "
1184 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:93
1186 "The B<lrand48>() and B<nrand48>() functions return nonnegative long "
1187 "integers uniformly distributed between 0 and 2^31."
1191 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:100
1193 "The B<mrand48>() and B<jrand48>() functions return signed long integers "
1194 "uniformly distributed between -2^31 and 2^31."
1198 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:119
1200 "The B<srand48>(), B<seed48>() and B<lcong48>() functions are "
1201 "initialization functions, one of which should be called before using "
1202 "B<drand48>(), B<lrand48>() or B<mrand48>(). The functions B<erand48>(), "
1203 "B<nrand48>() and B<jrand48>() do not require an initialization function to "
1208 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:122
1210 "All the functions work by generating a sequence of 48-bit integers, I<Xi>, "
1211 "according to the linear congruential formula:"
1215 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:126
1217 msgid "B<Xn+1 = (aXn + c) mod m, where n E<gt>= 0>\n"
1221 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:133
1223 "The parameter I<m> = 2^48, hence 48-bit integer arithmetic is performed. "
1224 "Unless B<lcong48>() is called, I<a> and I<c> are given by:"
1228 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:138
1231 "B<a = 0x5DEECE66D>\n"
1236 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:154
1238 "The value returned by any of the functions B<drand48>(), B<erand48>(), "
1239 "B<lrand48>(), B<nrand48>(), B<mrand48>() or B<jrand48>() is computed by "
1240 "first generating the next 48-bit I<Xi> in the sequence. Then the "
1241 "appropriate number of bits, according to the type of data item to be "
1242 "returned, is copied from the high-order bits of I<Xi> and transformed into "
1243 "the returned value."
1247 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:173
1249 "The functions B<drand48>(), B<lrand48>() and B<mrand48>() store the last "
1250 "48-bit I<Xi> generated in an internal buffer. The functions B<erand48>(), "
1251 "B<nrand48>() and B<jrand48>() require the calling program to provide "
1252 "storage for the successive I<Xi> values in the array argument I<xsubi>. The "
1253 "functions are initialized by placing the initial value of I<Xi> into the "
1254 "array before calling the function for the first time."
1258 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:180
1260 "The initializer function B<srand48>() sets the high order 32-bits of I<Xi> "
1261 "to the argument I<seedval>. The low order 16-bits are set to the arbitrary "
1266 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:189
1268 "The initializer function B<seed48>() sets the value of I<Xi> to the 48-bit "
1269 "value specified in the array argument I<seed16v>. The previous value of "
1270 "I<Xi> is copied into an internal buffer and a pointer to this buffer is "
1271 "returned by B<seed48>()."
1275 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:204
1277 "The initialization function B<lcong48>() allows the user to specify initial "
1278 "values for I<Xi>, I<a> and I<c>. Array argument elements I<param[0-2]> "
1279 "specify I<Xi>, I<param[3-5]> specify I<a>, and I<param[6]> specifies I<c>. "
1280 "After B<lcong48>() has been called, a subsequent call to either "
1281 "B<srand48>() or B<seed48>() will restore the standard values of I<a> and "
1286 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:206
1287 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001."
1291 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:210
1293 "These functions are declared obsolete by SVID 3, which states that "
1294 "B<rand>(3) should be used instead."
1298 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:213
1299 msgid "B<rand>(3), B<random>(3)"
1303 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27
1309 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:32
1311 "drand48_r, erand48_r, lrand48_r, nrand48_r, mrand48_r, jrand48_r, srand48_r, "
1312 "seed48_r, lcong48_r - generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers "
1317 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:37
1319 msgid "B<int drand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, double *>I<result>B<);>\n"
1323 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:39
1325 msgid "B<int erand48_r(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]>I<,>\n"
1329 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:41
1331 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, double *>I<result>B<);>\n"
1335 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:43
1338 "B<int lrand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, long int "
1339 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1343 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:45
1345 msgid "B<int nrand48_r(unsigned short int >I<xsubi[3]>B<,>\n"
1349 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:47 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:53
1352 "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, long int "
1353 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1357 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:49
1360 "B<int mrand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<,long int "
1361 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1365 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:51
1367 msgid "B<int jrand48_r(unsigned short int >I<xsubi[3]>B<,>\n"
1371 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:55
1374 "B<int srand48_r(long int >I<seedval>B<, struct drand48_data "
1375 "*>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1379 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:57
1381 msgid "B<int seed48_r(unsigned short int >I<seed16v[3]>B<,>\n"
1385 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:59
1387 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1391 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:61
1393 msgid "B<int lcong48_r(unsigned short int >I<param[7]>B<,>\n"
1397 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:63
1399 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1402 #. .BR drand48_r (),
1403 #. .BR erand48_r (),
1404 #. .BR lrand48_r (),
1405 #. .BR nrand48_r (),
1406 #. .BR mrand48_r (),
1407 #. .BR jrand48_r (),
1408 #. .BR srand48_r (),
1410 #. .BR lcong48_r ():
1412 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:82
1413 msgid "All functions shown above: _SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
1417 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:89
1419 "These functions are the reentrant analogs of the functions described in "
1420 "B<drand48>(3). Instead of modifying the global random generator state, they "
1421 "use the supplied data I<buffer>."
1425 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:96
1427 "Before the first use, this struct must be initialized, for example, by "
1428 "filling it with zeros, or by calling one of the functions B<srand48_r>(), "
1429 "B<seed48_r>(), or B<lcong48_r>()."
1433 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:98
1434 msgid "The return value is 0."
1438 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:100
1439 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions and are not portable."
1443 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:104 build/C/man3/random_r.3:133
1444 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<rand>(3), B<random>(3)"
1448 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32
1454 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:35
1455 msgid "ecvt, fcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
1459 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:40
1461 "B<char *ecvt(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,> "
1462 "B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
1466 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:43
1468 "B<char *fcvt(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,> "
1469 "B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
1473 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:51
1474 msgid "B<ecvt>(), B<fcvt>():"
1478 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:54 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:49 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:53
1480 msgid "Since glibc 2.12:"
1484 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:61 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:56
1488 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
1489 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
1490 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
1494 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:62 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:57 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:59
1496 msgid "Before glibc 2.12:"
1500 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:92
1502 "The B<ecvt>() function converts I<number> to a null-terminated string of "
1503 "I<ndigits> digits (where I<ndigits> is reduced to a system-specific limit "
1504 "determined by the precision of a I<double>), and returns a pointer to the "
1505 "string. The high-order digit is nonzero, unless I<number> is zero. The low "
1506 "order digit is rounded. The string itself does not contain a decimal point; "
1507 "however, the position of the decimal point relative to the start of the "
1508 "string is stored in I<*decpt>. A negative value for I<*decpt> means that "
1509 "the decimal point is to the left of the start of the string. If the sign of "
1510 "I<number> is negative, I<*sign> is set to a nonzero value, otherwise it is "
1511 "set to 0. If I<number> is zero, it is unspecified whether I<*decpt> is 0 or "
1516 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:99
1518 "The B<fcvt>() function is identical to B<ecvt>(), except that I<ndigits> "
1519 "specifies the number of digits after the decimal point."
1523 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:110
1525 "Both the B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>() functions return a pointer to a static "
1526 "string containing the ASCII representation of I<number>. The static string "
1527 "is overwritten by each call to B<ecvt>() or B<fcvt>()."
1531 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:122
1533 "SVr2; marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the "
1534 "specifications of B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>(), recommending the use of "
1535 "B<sprintf>(3) instead (though B<snprintf>(3) may be preferable)."
1539 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:128
1541 "Linux libc4 and libc5 specified the type of I<ndigits> as I<size_t>. Not "
1542 "all locales use a point as the radix character (\"decimal point\")."
1546 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:134
1547 msgid "B<ecvt_r>(3), B<gcvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3), B<setlocale>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1551 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30
1557 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:33
1559 "ecvt_r, fcvt_r, qecvt_r, qfcvt_r - convert a floating-point number to a "
1564 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:39
1567 "B<int ecvt_r(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,>\n"
1568 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1572 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:42
1575 "B<int fcvt_r(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,>\n"
1576 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1580 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:45
1583 "B<int qecvt_r(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
1585 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1589 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:48
1592 "B<int qfcvt_r(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
1594 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1598 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:60
1599 msgid "B<ecvt_r>(), B<fcvt_r>(), B<qecvt_r>(), B<qfcvt_r>():"
1603 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:62
1604 msgid "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500"
1608 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:86
1610 "The functions B<ecvt_r>(), B<fcvt_r>(), B<qecvt_r>() and B<qfcvt_r>() are "
1611 "identical to B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3) and B<qfcvt>(3), "
1612 "respectively, except that they do not return their result in a static "
1613 "buffer, but instead use the supplied I<buf> of size I<len>. See B<ecvt>(3) "
1618 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:88
1619 msgid "These functions return 0 on success, and -1 otherwise."
1623 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:90
1624 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions."
1628 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:95 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:83
1629 msgid "These functions are obsolete. Instead, B<sprintf>(3) is recommended."
1633 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:99
1634 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1638 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:25
1644 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:25
1650 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:28
1651 msgid "exit - cause normal process termination"
1655 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:33
1657 msgid "B<void exit(int >I<status>B<);>\n"
1661 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:41
1663 "The B<exit>() function causes normal process termination and the value of "
1664 "I<status & 0377> is returned to the parent (see B<wait>(2))."
1668 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:68
1670 "All functions registered with B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3) are called, "
1671 "in the reverse order of their registration. (It is possible for one of "
1672 "these functions to use B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3) to register an "
1673 "additional function to be executed during exit processing; the new "
1674 "registration is added to the front of the list of functions that remain to "
1675 "be called.) If one of these functions does not return (e.g., it calls "
1676 "B<_exit>(2), or kills itself with a signal), then none of the remaining "
1677 "functions is called, and further exit processing (in particular, flushing of "
1678 "B<stdio>(3) streams) is abandoned. If a function has been registered "
1679 "multiple times using B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3), then it is called as "
1680 "many times as it was registered."
1684 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:75
1686 "All open B<stdio>(3) streams are flushed and closed. Files created by "
1687 "B<tmpfile>(3) are removed."
1691 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:82
1693 "The C standard specifies two constants, B<EXIT_SUCCESS> and B<EXIT_FAILURE>, "
1694 "that may be passed to B<exit>() to indicate successful or unsuccessful "
1695 "termination, respectively."
1699 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:86
1700 msgid "The B<exit>() function does not return."
1704 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:88
1705 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, C89, C99."
1709 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:105
1711 "It is undefined what happens if one of the functions registered using "
1712 "B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3) calls either B<exit>() or B<longjmp>(3). "
1713 "Note that a call to B<execve>(2) removes registrations created using "
1714 "B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3)."
1718 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:114
1720 "The use of B<EXIT_SUCCESS> and B<EXIT_FAILURE> is slightly more portable (to "
1721 "non-UNIX environments) than the use of 0 and some nonzero value like 1 or "
1722 "-1. In particular, VMS uses a different convention."
1726 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:117
1728 "BSD has attempted to standardize exit codes; see the file "
1729 "I<E<lt>sysexits.hE<gt>>."
1733 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:142
1735 "After B<exit>(), the exit status must be transmitted to the parent process. "
1736 "There are three cases. If the parent has set B<SA_NOCLDWAIT>, or has set "
1737 "the B<SIGCHLD> handler to B<SIG_IGN>, the status is discarded. If the "
1738 "parent was waiting on the child it is notified of the exit status. In both "
1739 "cases the exiting process dies immediately. If the parent has not indicated "
1740 "that it is not interested in the exit status, but is not waiting, the "
1741 "exiting process turns into a \"zombie\" process (which is nothing but a "
1742 "container for the single byte representing the exit status) so that the "
1743 "parent can learn the exit status when it later calls one of the B<wait>(2) "
1748 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:152
1750 "If the implementation supports the B<SIGCHLD> signal, this signal is sent to "
1751 "the parent. If the parent has set B<SA_NOCLDWAIT>, it is undefined whether "
1752 "a B<SIGCHLD> signal is sent."
1756 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:161
1758 "If the process is a session leader and its controlling terminal is the "
1759 "controlling terminal of the session, then each process in the foreground "
1760 "process group of this controlling terminal is sent a B<SIGHUP> signal, and "
1761 "the terminal is disassociated from this session, allowing it to be acquired "
1762 "by a new controlling process."
1766 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:173
1768 "If the exit of the process causes a process group to become orphaned, and if "
1769 "any member of the newly orphaned process group is stopped, then a B<SIGHUP> "
1770 "signal followed by a B<SIGCONT> signal will be sent to each process in this "
1771 "process group. See B<setpgid>(2) for an explanation of orphaned process "
1776 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:180
1778 "B<_exit>(2), B<setpgid>(2), B<wait>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<on_exit>(3), "
1783 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30
1789 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:33
1790 msgid "gcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
1794 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:38
1796 msgid "B<char *gcvt(double >I<number>B<, size_t >I<ndigit>B<, char *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
1800 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:46
1805 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:61
1807 "_SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE && "
1808 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
1812 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:72
1814 "The B<gcvt>() function converts I<number> to a minimal length "
1815 "null-terminated ASCII string and stores the result in I<buf>. It produces "
1816 "I<ndigit> significant digits in either B<printf>(3) F format or E format."
1820 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:77
1822 "The B<gcvt>() function returns the address of the string pointed to by "
1827 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:86
1829 "Marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
1830 "B<gcvt>(), recommending the use of B<sprintf>(3) instead (though "
1831 "B<snprintf>(3) may be preferable)."
1835 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:90
1836 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1840 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:27
1846 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:27
1852 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:30
1853 msgid "getauxval - retrieve a value from the auxiliary vector"
1857 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:33
1859 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/auxv.hE<gt>>\n"
1863 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:35
1865 msgid "B<unsigned long getauxval(unsigned long >I<type>B<);>\n"
1869 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:43
1871 "The B<getauxval>() function retrieves values from the auxiliary vector, a "
1872 "mechanism that the kernel's ELF binary loader uses to pass certain "
1873 "information to user space when a program is executed."
1877 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:51
1879 "Each entry in the auxiliary vector consists of a pair of values: a type that "
1880 "identifies what this entry represents, and a value for that type. Given the "
1881 "argument I<type>, B<getauxval>() returns the corresponding value."
1885 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:58
1887 "The value returned for each I<type> is given in the following list. Not all "
1888 "I<type> values are present on all architectures."
1892 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:58
1898 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:61
1899 msgid "The base address of the program interpreter (usually, the dynamic linker)."
1903 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:61
1905 msgid "B<AT_BASE_PLATFORM>"
1909 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:66
1911 "A string identifying the real platform; may differ from B<AT_PLATFORM> "
1916 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:66
1918 msgid "B<AT_CLKTCK>"
1922 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:73
1924 "The frequency with which B<times>(2) counts. This value can also be "
1925 "obtained via I<sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)>."
1929 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:73
1931 msgid "B<AT_DCACHEBSIZE>"
1935 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:76
1936 msgid "The data cache block size."
1940 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:76
1946 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:79
1947 msgid "The effective group ID of the thread."
1951 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:79
1957 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:82
1958 msgid "The entry address of the executable."
1962 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:82
1968 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:85
1969 msgid "The effective user ID of the thread."
1973 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:85
1975 msgid "B<AT_EXECFD>"
1979 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:88
1980 msgid "File descriptor of program."
1984 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:88
1986 msgid "B<AT_EXECFN>"
1990 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:91
1991 msgid "Pathname used to execute program."
1995 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:91
2001 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:94
2002 msgid "Flags (unused)."
2006 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:94
2012 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:99
2014 "Used FPU control word (SuperH architecture only). This gives some "
2015 "information about the FPU initialization performed by the kernel."
2019 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:99
2025 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:102
2026 msgid "The real group ID of the thread."
2030 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:102
2036 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:112
2038 "A pointer to a multibyte mask of bits whose settings indicate detailed "
2039 "processor capabilities. The contents of the bit mask are hardware dependent "
2040 "(for example, see the kernel source file "
2041 "I<arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h> for details relating to the Intel x86 "
2042 "architecture). A human-readable version of the same information is "
2043 "available via I</proc/cpuinfo>."
2047 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:112
2049 msgid "B<AT_ICACHEBSIZE>"
2059 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:121
2060 msgid "The instruction cache block size."
2064 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:121
2066 msgid "B<AT_PAGESZ>"
2070 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:125
2071 msgid "The system page size (the same value returned by I<sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)>)."
2075 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:125
2081 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:128
2082 msgid "The address of the program headers of the executable."
2086 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:128
2092 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:131
2093 msgid "The size of program header entry."
2097 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:131
2103 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:134
2104 msgid "The number of program headers."
2108 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:134
2110 msgid "B<AT_PLATFORM>"
2114 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:141
2116 "A pointer to a string that identifies the hardware platform that the program "
2117 "is running on. The dynamic linker uses this in the interpretation of "
2122 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:141
2124 msgid "B<AT_RANDOM>"
2128 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:144
2129 msgid "The address of sixteen bytes containing a random value."
2133 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:144
2135 msgid "B<AT_SECURE>"
2139 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:156
2141 "Has a nonzero value if this executable should be treated securely. Most "
2142 "commonly, a nonzero value indicates that the process is executing a "
2143 "set-user-ID or set-group-ID program; alternatively, a nonzero value may be "
2144 "triggered by a Linux Security Module. When this value is nonzero, the "
2145 "dynamic linker disables the use of certain environment variables (see "
2146 "B<ld-linux.so>(8)) and glibc changes other aspects of its behavior. (See "
2147 "also B<secure_getenv>(3).)"
2151 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:156
2153 msgid "B<AT_SYSINFO>"
2157 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:160
2159 "The entry point to the system call function in the VDSO. Not present/needed "
2160 "on all architectures (e.g., absent on x86-64)."
2164 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:160
2166 msgid "B<AT_SYSINFO_EHDR>"
2170 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:165
2172 "The address of a page containing the Virtual Dynamic Shared Object (VDSO) "
2173 "that the kernel creates in order to provide fast implementations of certain "
2178 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:165
2180 msgid "B<AT_UCACHEBSIZE>"
2184 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:168
2185 msgid "The unified cache block size."
2189 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:168
2195 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:171
2196 msgid "The real user ID of the thread."
2200 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:179
2202 "On success, B<getauxval>() returns the value corresponding to I<type>. If "
2203 "I<type> is not found, 0 is returned."
2207 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:181
2208 msgid "No errors are diagnosed."
2212 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:185
2213 msgid "The B<getauxval>() function was added to glibc in version 2.16."
2217 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:187
2218 msgid "This function is a nonstandard glibc extension."
2222 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:196
2224 "The primary consumer of the information in the auxiliary vector is the "
2225 "dynamic linker B<ld-linux.so>(8). The auxiliary vector is a convenient and "
2226 "efficient shortcut that allows the kernel to communicate a certain set of "
2227 "standard information that the dynamic linker usually or always needs. In "
2228 "some cases, the same information could be obtained by system calls, but "
2229 "using the auxiliary vector is cheaper."
2233 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:202
2235 "The auxiliary vector resides just above the argument list and environment in "
2236 "the process address space. The auxiliary vector supplied to a program can "
2237 "be viewed by setting the B<LD_SHOW_AUXV> environment variable when running a "
2242 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:204
2244 msgid " $ LD_SHOW_AUXV=1 sleep 1\n"
2248 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:211
2250 "The auxiliary vector of any process can (subject to file permissions) be "
2251 "obtained via I</proc/PID/auxv>; see B<proc>(5) for more information."
2255 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:214
2256 msgid "B<secure_getenv>(3), B<ld-linux.so>(8)"
2260 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:217
2261 msgid "The kernel source file I<Documentation/ABI/stable/vdso>"
2265 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:33
2271 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:33
2277 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:36
2278 msgid "getenv, secure_getenv - get an environment variable"
2282 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:41
2284 msgid "B<char *getenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
2288 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:43
2290 msgid "B<char *secure_getenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
2294 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:52
2295 msgid "B<secure_getenv>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
2299 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:61
2301 "The B<getenv>() function searches the environment list to find the "
2302 "environment variable I<name>, and returns a pointer to the corresponding "
2307 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:69
2309 "The GNU-specific B<secure_getenv>() function is just like B<getenv>() "
2310 "except that it returns NULL in cases where \"secure execution\" is "
2311 "required. Secure execution is required if one of the following conditions "
2312 "was true when the program run by the calling process was loaded:"
2316 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:69 build/C/man3/getenv.3:74 build/C/man3/getenv.3:76
2322 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:74
2324 "the process's effective user ID did not match its real user ID or the "
2325 "process's effective group ID did not match its real group ID (typically this "
2326 "is the result of executing a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program);"
2330 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:76
2331 msgid "the effective capability bit was set on the executable file; or"
2335 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:78
2336 msgid "the process has a nonempty permitted capability set."
2340 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:81
2342 "Secure execution may also required if triggered by some Linux security "
2347 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:88
2349 "The B<secure_getenv>() function is intended for use in general-purpose "
2350 "libraries to avoid vulnerabilities that could occur if set-user-ID or "
2351 "set-group-ID programs accidentally trusted the environment."
2355 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:93
2357 "The B<getenv>() function returns a pointer to the value in the environment, "
2358 "or NULL if there is no match."
2362 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:96
2363 msgid "B<secure_getenv>() first appeared in glibc 2.17."
2367 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:99
2368 msgid "B<getenv>(): SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C89, C99."
2372 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:102
2373 msgid "B<secure_getenv>() is a GNU extension."
2377 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:104
2378 msgid "The strings in the environment list are of the form I<name=value>."
2382 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:110
2384 "As typically implemented, B<getenv>() returns a pointer to a string within "
2385 "the environment list. The caller must take care not to modify this string, "
2386 "since that would change the environment of the process."
2390 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:123
2392 "The implementation of B<getenv>() is not required to be reentrant. The "
2393 "string pointed to by the return value of B<getenv>() may be statically "
2394 "allocated, and can be modified by a subsequent call to B<getenv>(), "
2395 "B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), or B<unsetenv>(3)."
2399 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:129
2401 "The \"secure execution\" mode of B<secure_getenv>() is controlled by the "
2402 "B<AT_SECURE> flag contained in the auxiliary vector passed from the kernel "
2407 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:137
2409 "B<clearenv>(3), B<getauxval>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), "
2410 "B<capabilities>(7), B<environ>(7)"
2414 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34
2420 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34
2426 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:37
2427 msgid "getloadavg - get system load averages"
2431 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:41
2434 "B<#define _BSD_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
2435 "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>\n"
2439 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:43
2441 msgid "B<int getloadavg(double >I<loadavg[]>B<, int >I<nelem>B<);>\n"
2445 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:55
2447 "The B<getloadavg>() function returns the number of processes in the system "
2448 "run queue averaged over various periods of time. Up to I<nelem> samples are "
2449 "retrieved and assigned to successive elements of I<loadavg>[]. The system "
2450 "imposes a maximum of 3 samples, representing averages over the last 1, 5, "
2451 "and 15 minutes, respectively."
2457 #. function appeared in
2460 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:63
2462 "If the load average was unobtainable, -1 is returned; otherwise, the number "
2463 "of samples actually retrieved is returned."
2467 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:65
2468 msgid "This function is available in glibc since version 2.2."
2471 #. mdoc seems to have a bug - there must be no newline here
2473 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:69
2474 msgid "Not in POSIX.1-2001. Present on the BSDs and Solaris."
2478 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:72
2479 msgid "B<uptime>(1), B<proc>(5)"
2483 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25
2489 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26
2495 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:28
2496 msgid "getsubopt - parse suboption arguments from a string"
2500 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:33
2502 "B<int getsubopt(char **>I<optionp>B<, char * const *>I<tokens>B<, char "
2507 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:40
2508 msgid "B<getsubopt>():"
2512 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:45
2513 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>= 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
2517 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:47
2518 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L"
2522 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:64
2524 "B<getsubopt>() parses the list of comma-separated suboptions provided in "
2525 "I<optionp>. (Such a suboption list is typically produced when B<getopt>(3) "
2526 "is used to parse a command line; see for example the I<-o> option of "
2527 "B<mount>(8).) Each suboption may include an associated value, which is "
2528 "separated from the suboption name by an equal sign. The following is an "
2529 "example of the kind of string that might be passed in I<optionp>:"
2533 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:67
2534 msgid "B<ro,name=xyz>"
2538 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:77
2540 "The I<tokens> argument is a pointer to a NULL-terminated array of pointers "
2541 "to the tokens that B<getsubopt>() will look for in I<optionp>. The tokens "
2542 "should be distinct, null-terminated strings containing at least one "
2543 "character, with no embedded equal signs or commas."
2547 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:98
2549 "Each call to B<getsubopt>() returns information about the next unprocessed "
2550 "suboption in I<optionp>. The first equal sign in a suboption (if any) is "
2551 "interpreted as a separator between the name and the value of that "
2552 "suboption. The value extends to the next comma, or (for the last suboption) "
2553 "to the end of the string. If the name of the suboption matches a known name "
2554 "from I<tokens>, and a value string was found, B<getsubopt>() sets "
2555 "I<*valuep> to the address of that string. The first comma in I<optionp> is "
2556 "overwritten with a null byte, so I<*valuep> is precisely the \"value "
2557 "string\" for that suboption."
2561 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:102
2563 "If the suboption is recognized, but no value string was found, I<*valuep> is "
2568 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:110
2570 "When B<getsubopt>() returns, I<optionp> points to the next suboption, or to "
2571 "the null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) at the end of the string if the last "
2572 "suboption was just processed."
2576 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:122
2578 "If the first suboption in I<optionp> is recognized, B<getsubopt>() returns "
2579 "the index of the matching suboption element in I<tokens>. Otherwise, -1 is "
2580 "returned and I<*valuep> is the entire I<name>B<[=>I<value>B<]> string."
2584 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:129
2586 "Since I<*optionp> is changed, the first suboption before the call to "
2587 "B<getsubopt>() is not (necessarily) the same as the first suboption after "
2592 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:138
2594 "Since B<getsubopt>() overwrites any commas it finds in the string "
2595 "I<*optionp>, that string must be writable; it cannot be a string constant."
2599 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:140
2600 msgid "The following program expects suboptions following a \"-o\" option."
2604 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:146
2607 "#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500\n"
2608 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
2609 "#include E<lt>assert.hE<gt>\n"
2610 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
2614 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:163
2617 "int main(int argc, char **argv)\n"
2624 " char *const token[] = {\n"
2625 " [RO_OPT] = \"ro\",\n"
2626 " [RW_OPT] = \"rw\",\n"
2627 " [NAME_OPT] = \"name\",\n"
2636 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:168
2639 " int readonly = 0;\n"
2640 " int readwrite = 0;\n"
2641 " char *name = NULL;\n"
2642 " int errfnd = 0;\n"
2646 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:174
2649 " while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, \"o:\")) != -1) {\n"
2651 " case \\(aqo\\(aq:\n"
2652 " subopts = optarg;\n"
2653 " while (*subopts != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq && !errfnd) {\n"
2657 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:179
2660 " switch (getsubopt(&subopts, token, &value)) {\n"
2667 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:183
2676 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:191
2680 " if (value == NULL) {\n"
2681 " fprintf(stderr, \"Missing value for \"\n"
2682 " \"suboption \\(aq%s\\(aq\\en\", "
2683 "token[NAME_OPT]);\n"
2690 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:194
2698 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:208
2702 " fprintf(stderr, \"No match found \"\n"
2703 " \"for token: /%s/\\en\", value);\n"
2708 " if (readwrite && readonly) {\n"
2709 " fprintf(stderr, \"Only one of \\(aq%s\\(aq and \\(aq%s\\(aq can "
2711 " \"specified\\en\", token[RO_OPT], token[RW_OPT]);\n"
2718 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:213
2728 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:220
2731 " if (errfnd || argc == 1) {\n"
2732 " fprintf(stderr, \"\\enUsage: %s -o E<lt>suboptstringE<gt>\\en\", "
2734 " fprintf(stderr, \"suboptions are \\(aqro\\(aq, \\(aqrw\\(aq, \"\n"
2735 " \"and \\(aqname=E<lt>valueE<gt>\\(aq\\en\");\n"
2736 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2741 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:222
2743 msgid " /* Remainder of program... */\n"
2747 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:228
2748 msgid "B<getopt>(3)"
2752 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:30
2758 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:30
2764 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:33
2765 msgid "malloc, free, calloc, realloc - allocate and free dynamic memory"
2769 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:41
2772 "B<void *malloc(size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2773 "B<void free(void >I<*ptr>B<);>\n"
2774 "B<void *calloc(size_t >I<nmemb>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2775 "B<void *realloc(void >I<*ptr>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2780 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:58
2782 "The B<malloc>() function allocates I<size> bytes and returns a pointer to "
2783 "the allocated memory. I<The memory is not initialized>. If I<size> is 0, "
2784 "then B<malloc>() returns either NULL, or a unique pointer value that can "
2785 "later be successfully passed to B<free>()."
2789 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:74
2791 "The B<free>() function frees the memory space pointed to by I<ptr>, which "
2792 "must have been returned by a previous call to B<malloc>(), B<calloc>() or "
2793 "B<realloc>(). Otherwise, or if I<free(ptr)> has already been called before, "
2794 "undefined behavior occurs. If I<ptr> is NULL, no operation is performed."
2799 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:93
2801 "The B<calloc>() function allocates memory for an array of I<nmemb> elements "
2802 "of I<size> bytes each and returns a pointer to the allocated memory. The "
2803 "memory is set to zero. If I<nmemb> or I<size> is 0, then B<calloc>() "
2804 "returns either NULL, or a unique pointer value that can later be "
2805 "successfully passed to B<free>()."
2809 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:129
2811 "The B<realloc>() function changes the size of the memory block pointed to "
2812 "by I<ptr> to I<size> bytes. The contents will be unchanged in the range "
2813 "from the start of the region up to the minimum of the old and new sizes. If "
2814 "the new size is larger than the old size, the added memory will I<not> be "
2815 "initialized. If I<ptr> is NULL, then the call is equivalent to "
2816 "I<malloc(size)>, for all values of I<size>; if I<size> is equal to zero, and "
2817 "I<ptr> is not NULL, then the call is equivalent to I<free(ptr)>. Unless "
2818 "I<ptr> is NULL, it must have been returned by an earlier call to "
2819 "B<malloc>(), B<calloc>() or B<realloc>(). If the area pointed to was "
2820 "moved, a I<free(ptr)> is done."
2824 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:149
2826 "The B<malloc>() and B<calloc>() functions return a pointer to the "
2827 "allocated memory that is suitably aligned for any kind of variable. On "
2828 "error, these functions return NULL. NULL may also be returned by a "
2829 "successful call to B<malloc>() with a I<size> of zero, or by a successful "
2830 "call to B<calloc>() with I<nmemb> or I<size> equal to zero."
2834 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:153
2835 msgid "The B<free>() function returns no value."
2839 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:168
2841 "The B<realloc>() function returns a pointer to the newly allocated memory, "
2842 "which is suitably aligned for any kind of variable and may be different from "
2843 "I<ptr>, or NULL if the request fails. If I<size> was equal to 0, either "
2844 "NULL or a pointer suitable to be passed to B<free>() is returned. If "
2845 "B<realloc>() fails the original block is left untouched; it is not freed or "
2850 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:170
2855 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:186
2857 "By default, Linux follows an optimistic memory allocation strategy. This "
2858 "means that when B<malloc>() returns non-NULL there is no guarantee that the "
2859 "memory really is available. In case it turns out that the system is out of "
2860 "memory, one or more processes will be killed by the OOM killer. For more "
2861 "information, see the description of I</proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory> and "
2862 "I</proc/sys/vm/oom_adj> in B<proc>(5), and the Linux kernel source file "
2863 "I<Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting>."
2867 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:207
2869 "Normally, B<malloc>() allocates memory from the heap, and adjusts the size "
2870 "of the heap as required, using B<sbrk>(2). When allocating blocks of memory "
2871 "larger than B<MMAP_THRESHOLD> bytes, the glibc B<malloc>() implementation "
2872 "allocates the memory as a private anonymous mapping using B<mmap>(2). "
2873 "B<MMAP_THRESHOLD> is 128 kB by default, but is adjustable using "
2874 "B<mallopt>(3). Allocations performed using B<mmap>(2) are unaffected by "
2875 "the B<RLIMIT_DATA> resource limit (see B<getrlimit>(2))."
2879 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:225
2881 "To avoid corruption in multithreaded applications, mutexes are used "
2882 "internally to protect the memory-management data structures employed by "
2883 "these functions. In a multithreaded application in which threads "
2884 "simultaneously allocate and free memory, there could be contention for these "
2885 "mutexes. To scalably handle memory allocation in multithreaded "
2886 "applications, glibc creates additional I<memory allocation arenas> if mutex "
2887 "contention is detected. Each arena is a large region of memory that is "
2888 "internally allocated by the system (using B<brk>(2) or B<mmap>(2)), and "
2889 "managed with its own mutexes."
2893 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:243
2895 "The UNIX 98 standard requires B<malloc>(), B<calloc>(), and B<realloc>() to "
2896 "set I<errno> to B<ENOMEM> upon failure. Glibc assumes that this is done "
2897 "(and the glibc versions of these routines do this); if you use a private "
2898 "malloc implementation that does not set I<errno>, then certain library "
2899 "routines may fail without having a reason in I<errno>."
2903 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:252
2905 "Crashes in B<malloc>(), B<calloc>(), B<realloc>(), or B<free>() are almost "
2906 "always related to heap corruption, such as overflowing an allocated chunk or "
2907 "freeing the same pointer twice."
2911 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:259
2913 "Recent versions of Linux libc (later than 5.4.23) and glibc (2.x) include a "
2914 "B<malloc>() implementation which is tunable via environment variables. For "
2915 "details, see B<mallopt>(3)."
2919 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:283
2921 "B<brk>(2), B<mmap>(2), B<alloca>(3), B<malloc_get_state>(3), "
2922 "B<malloc_info>(3), B<malloc_trim>(3), B<malloc_usable_size>(3), "
2923 "B<mallopt>(3), B<mcheck>(3), B<mtrace>(3), B<posix_memalign>(3)"
2927 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:16
2933 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
2939 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:19
2940 msgid "mblen - determine number of bytes in next multibyte character"
2944 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:24
2946 msgid "B<int mblen(const char *>I<s>B<, size_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
2950 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:38
2952 "If I<s> is not a NULL pointer, the B<mblen>() function inspects at most "
2953 "I<n> bytes of the multibyte string starting at I<s> and extracts the next "
2954 "complete multibyte character. It uses a static anonymous shift state only "
2955 "known to the B<mblen>() function. If the multibyte character is not the "
2956 "null wide character, it returns the number of bytes that were consumed from "
2957 "I<s>. If the multibyte character is the null wide character, it returns 0."
2961 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:46
2963 "If the I<n> bytes starting at I<s> do not contain a complete multibyte "
2964 "character, B<mblen>() returns -1. This can happen even if I<n> is greater "
2965 "than or equal to I<MB_CUR_MAX>, if the multibyte string contains redundant "
2970 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:51
2972 "If the multibyte string starting at I<s> contains an invalid multibyte "
2973 "sequence before the next complete character, B<mblen>() also returns -1."
2976 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
2977 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
2979 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:60
2981 "If I<s> is a NULL pointer, the B<mblen>() function resets the shift state, "
2982 "only known to this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if "
2983 "the encoding has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is "
2988 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:70
2990 "The B<mblen>() function returns the number of bytes parsed from the "
2991 "multibyte sequence starting at I<s>, if a non-null wide character was "
2992 "recognized. It returns 0, if a null wide character was recognized. It "
2993 "returns -1, if an invalid multibyte sequence was encountered or if it "
2994 "couldn't parse a complete multibyte character."
2998 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:72 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:72 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:80 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:72 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:68
3003 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:79
3005 "The behavior of B<mblen>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3010 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:84
3012 "The function B<mbrlen>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
3017 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:86
3018 msgid "B<mbrlen>(3)"
3022 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:16
3028 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:16 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16
3034 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:19
3035 msgid "mbstowcs - convert a multibyte string to a wide-character string"
3039 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:24
3042 "B<size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t *>I<dest>B<, const char *>I<src>B<, size_t "
3047 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:35
3049 "If I<dest> is not a NULL pointer, the B<mbstowcs>() function converts the "
3050 "multibyte string I<src> to a wide-character string starting at I<dest>. At "
3051 "most I<n> wide characters are written to I<dest>. The conversion starts in "
3052 "the initial state. The conversion can stop for three reasons:"
3056 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:35
3062 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:40
3064 "An invalid multibyte sequence has been encountered. In this case "
3065 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
3069 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:40
3075 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:45
3077 "I<n> non-L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq wide characters have been stored at I<dest>. In "
3078 "this case the number of wide characters written to I<dest> is returned, but "
3079 "the shift state at this point is lost."
3083 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:45
3089 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:50
3091 "The multibyte string has been completely converted, including the "
3092 "terminating null wide character (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). In this case the number "
3093 "of wide characters written to I<dest>, excluding the terminating null wide "
3094 "character, is returned."
3098 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:53
3100 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least I<n> wide "
3101 "characters at I<dest>."
3105 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:57
3107 "If I<dest> is NULL, I<n> is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, "
3108 "except that the converted wide characters are not written out to memory, and "
3109 "that no length limit exists."
3113 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:60
3115 "In order to avoid the case 2 above, the programmer should make sure I<n> is "
3116 "greater or equal to I<mbstowcs(NULL,src,0)+1>."
3120 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:70
3122 "The B<mbstowcs>() function returns the number of wide characters that make "
3123 "up the converted part of the wide-character string, not including the "
3124 "terminating null wide character. If an invalid multibyte sequence was "
3125 "encountered, I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
3129 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:79
3131 "The behavior of B<mbstowcs>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3136 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:84
3138 "The function B<mbsrtowcs>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
3143 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:87
3144 msgid "B<mbsrtowcs>(3), B<wcstombs>(3)"
3148 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16
3154 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:19
3155 msgid "mbtowc - convert a multibyte sequence to a wide character"
3159 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:24
3161 msgid "B<int mbtowc(wchar_t *>I<pwc>B<, const char *>I<s>B<, size_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
3165 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:39
3167 "The main case for this function is when I<s> is not NULL and I<pwc> is not "
3168 "NULL. In this case, the B<mbtowc>() function inspects at most I<n> bytes "
3169 "of the multibyte string starting at I<s>, extracts the next complete "
3170 "multibyte character, converts it to a wide character and stores it at "
3171 "I<*pwc>. It updates an internal shift state only known to the mbtowc "
3172 "function. If I<s> does not point to a null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), it "
3173 "returns the number of bytes that were consumed from I<s>, otherwise it "
3178 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:46
3180 "If the I<n> bytes starting at I<s> do not contain a complete multibyte "
3181 "character, or if they contain an invalid multibyte sequence, B<mbtowc>() "
3182 "returns -1. This can happen even if I<n> E<gt>= I<MB_CUR_MAX>, if the "
3183 "multibyte string contains redundant shift sequences."
3187 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:53
3189 "A different case is when I<s> is not NULL but I<pwc> is NULL. In this case "
3190 "the B<mbtowc>() function behaves as above, except that it does not store "
3191 "the converted wide character in memory."
3194 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
3195 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
3197 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:66
3199 "A third case is when I<s> is NULL. In this case, I<pwc> and I<n> are "
3200 "ignored. The B<mbtowc>() function resets the shift state, only known to "
3201 "this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the encoding has "
3202 "nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3206 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:72
3208 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<mbtowc>() function returns the number of "
3209 "consumed bytes starting at I<s>, or 0 if I<s> points to a null byte, or -1 "
3214 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:78
3216 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<mbtowc>() function returns nonzero if the encoding "
3217 "has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3221 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:87
3223 "The behavior of B<mbtowc>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3228 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:93
3230 "This function is not multithread safe. The function B<mbrtowc>(3) provides "
3231 "a better interface to the same functionality."
3235 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:97
3236 msgid "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3), B<mbrtowc>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3)"
3240 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26
3246 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:29
3247 msgid "mkdtemp - create a unique temporary directory"
3251 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:34
3253 msgid "B<char *mkdtemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3257 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:42
3258 msgid "B<mkdtemp>():"
3262 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:47
3267 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:49
3268 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.10: */"
3272 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:51
3273 msgid "(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700)"
3277 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:68
3279 "The B<mkdtemp>() function generates a uniquely named temporary directory "
3280 "from I<template>. The last six characters of I<template> must be XXXXXX and "
3281 "these are replaced with a string that makes the directory name unique. The "
3282 "directory is then created with permissions 0700. Since it will be modified, "
3283 "I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be declared as a "
3288 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:75
3290 "The B<mkdtemp>() function returns a pointer to the modified template string "
3291 "on success, and NULL on failure, in which case I<errno> is set "
3296 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:76 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:147 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:87 build/C/man3/random.3:133 build/C/man3/random_r.3:103 build/C/man3/random_r.3:107 build/C/man3/random_r.3:116 build/C/man3/setenv.3:101 build/C/man3/strtol.3:127 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:130
3302 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:80
3304 "The last six characters of I<template> were not XXXXXX. Now I<template> is "
3309 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:84
3310 msgid "Also see B<mkdir>(2) for other possible values for I<errno>."
3314 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:86
3315 msgid "Available since glibc 2.1.91."
3318 #. As at 2006, this function is being considered for a revision of POSIX.1
3319 #. Also in NetBSD 1.4.
3321 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:91
3322 msgid "POSIX.1-2008. This function is present on the BSDs."
3326 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:98
3328 "B<mkdir>(2), B<mkstemp>(3), B<mktemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), "
3333 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35
3339 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35
3345 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:38
3346 msgid "mkstemp, mkostemp, mkstemps, mkostemps - create a unique temporary file"
3350 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:43
3352 msgid "B<int mkstemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3356 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:45
3358 msgid "B<int mkostemp(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
3362 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:47
3364 msgid "B<int mkstemps(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<suffixlen>B<);>\n"
3368 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:49
3371 "B<int mkostemps(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<suffixlen>B<, int "
3376 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:57
3377 msgid "B<mkstemp>():"
3381 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:62 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:63
3383 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
3384 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
3388 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:64
3389 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L"
3393 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:70
3394 msgid "B<mkostemp>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
3398 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:73
3399 msgid "B<mkstemps>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
3403 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:76
3404 msgid "B<mkostemps>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
3408 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:83
3410 "The B<mkstemp>() function generates a unique temporary filename from "
3411 "I<template>, creates and opens the file, and returns an open file descriptor "
3416 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:91
3418 "The last six characters of I<template> must be \"XXXXXX\" and these are "
3419 "replaced with a string that makes the filename unique. Since it will be "
3420 "modified, I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be declared "
3421 "as a character array."
3425 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:99
3427 "The file is created with permissions 0600, that is, read plus write for "
3428 "owner only. The returned file descriptor provides both read and write "
3429 "access to the file. The file is opened with the B<open>(2) B<O_EXCL> flag, "
3430 "guaranteeing that the caller is the process that creates the file."
3434 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:111
3436 "The B<mkostemp>() function is like B<mkstemp>(), with the difference that "
3437 "flags as for B<open>(2) may be specified in I<flags> (e.g., B<O_APPEND>, "
3442 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:127
3444 "The B<mkstemps>() function is like B<mkstemp>(), except that the string in "
3445 "I<template> contains a suffix of I<suffixlen> characters. Thus, I<template> "
3446 "is of the form I<prefixXXXXXXsuffix>, and the string XXXXXX is modified as "
3451 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:136
3453 "The B<mkostemps>() function is to B<mkstemps>() as B<mkostemp>() is to "
3458 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:142
3460 "On success, these functions return the file descriptor of the temporary "
3461 "file. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
3465 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:143
3471 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:147
3473 "Could not create a unique temporary filename. Now the contents of "
3474 "I<template> are undefined."
3478 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:155
3480 "For B<mkstemp>() and B<mkostemp>(): The last six characters of I<template> "
3481 "were not XXXXXX; now I<template> is unchanged."
3485 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:166
3487 "For B<mkstemps>() and B<mkostemps>(): I<template> is less than I<(6 + "
3488 "suffixlen)> characters long, or the last 6 characters before the suffix in "
3489 "I<template> were not XXXXXX."
3493 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:169
3495 "These functions may also fail with any of the errors described for "
3500 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:176
3502 "B<mkostemp>() is available since glibc 2.7. B<mkstemps>() and "
3503 "B<mkostemps>() are available since glibc 2.11."
3507 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:179
3508 msgid "B<mkstemp>(): 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
3511 #. mkstemps() appears to be at least on the BSDs, Mac OS X, Solaris,
3514 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:184
3515 msgid "B<mkstemps>(): unstandardized, but appears on several other systems."
3519 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:189
3520 msgid "B<mkostemp>() and B<mkostemps>(): are glibc extensions."
3524 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:196
3526 "In glibc versions 2.06 and earlier, the file is created with permissions "
3527 "0666, that is, read and write for all users. This old behavior may be a "
3528 "security risk, especially since other UNIX flavors use 0600, and somebody "
3529 "might overlook this detail when porting programs. POSIX.1-2008 adds a "
3530 "requirement that the file be created with mode 0600."
3534 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:207
3536 "More generally, the POSIX specification of B<mkstemp>() does not say "
3537 "anything about file modes, so the application should make sure its file mode "
3538 "creation mask (see B<umask>(2)) is set appropriately before calling "
3539 "B<mkstemp>() (and B<mkostemp>())."
3543 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:214
3545 "The prototype for B<mktemp>() is in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> for libc4, libc5, "
3546 "glibc1; glibc2 follows POSIX.1 and has the prototype in "
3547 "I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>."
3551 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:220
3552 msgid "B<mkdtemp>(3), B<mktemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), B<tmpnam>(3)"
3556 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34
3562 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:37
3563 msgid "mktemp - make a unique temporary filename"
3567 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:42
3569 msgid "B<char *mktemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3573 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:50
3574 msgid "B<mktemp>():"
3578 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:59
3581 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE ||\n"
3582 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
3583 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
3584 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
3588 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:77
3590 "The B<mktemp>() function generates a unique temporary filename from "
3591 "I<template>. The last six characters of I<template> must be XXXXXX and "
3592 "these are replaced with a string that makes the filename unique. Since it "
3593 "will be modified, I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be "
3594 "declared as a character array."
3598 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:86
3600 "The B<mktemp>() function always returns I<template>. If a unique name was "
3601 "created, the last six bytes of I<template> will have been modified in such a "
3602 "way that the resulting name is unique (i.e., does not exist already) If a "
3603 "unique name could not be created, I<template> is made an empty string."
3607 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:90
3608 msgid "The last six characters of I<template> were not XXXXXX."
3612 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:94
3614 "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
3619 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:100
3621 "The prototype is in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> for libc4, libc5, glibc1; glibc2 "
3622 "follows the Single UNIX Specification and has the prototype in "
3623 "I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>."
3627 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:100 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:92 build/C/man3/setenv.3:123
3633 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:113
3635 "Never use B<mktemp>(). Some implementations follow 4.3BSD and replace "
3636 "XXXXXX by the current process ID and a single letter, so that at most 26 "
3637 "different names can be returned. Since on the one hand the names are easy "
3638 "to guess, and on the other hand there is a race between testing whether the "
3639 "name exists and opening the file, every use of B<mktemp>() is a security "
3640 "risk. The race is avoided by B<mkstemp>(3)."
3644 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:118
3645 msgid "B<mkstemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), B<tmpnam>(3)"
3649 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31
3655 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:34
3656 msgid "on_exit - register a function to be called at normal process termination"
3660 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:39
3662 msgid "B<int on_exit(void (*>I<function>B<)(int , void *), void *>I<arg>B<);>\n"
3666 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:48
3667 msgid "B<on_exit>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
3671 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:59
3673 "The B<on_exit>() function registers the given I<function> to be called at "
3674 "normal process termination, whether via B<exit>(3) or via return from the "
3675 "program's I<main>(). The I<function> is passed the status argument given to "
3676 "the last call to B<exit>(3) and the I<arg> argument from B<on_exit>()."
3680 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:74
3682 "The B<on_exit>() function returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise it "
3683 "returns a nonzero value."
3687 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:81
3689 "This function comes from SunOS 4, but is also present in libc4, libc5 and "
3690 "glibc. It no longer occurs in Solaris (SunOS 5). Avoid this function, and "
3691 "use the standard B<atexit>(3) instead."
3695 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:85
3696 msgid "B<_exit>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<exit>(3)"
3700 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:36
3706 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:39
3707 msgid "putenv - change or add an environment variable"
3710 #. Not: const char *
3712 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:45
3714 msgid "B<int putenv(char *>I<string>B<);>\n"
3718 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:54
3719 msgid "B<putenv>(): _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
3723 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:67
3725 "The B<putenv>() function adds or changes the value of environment "
3726 "variables. The argument I<string> is of the form I<name>=I<value>. If "
3727 "I<name> does not already exist in the environment, then I<string> is added "
3728 "to the environment. If I<name> does exist, then the value of I<name> in the "
3729 "environment is changed to I<value>. The string pointed to by I<string> "
3730 "becomes part of the environment, so altering the string changes the "
3735 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:72
3737 "The B<putenv>() function returns zero on success, or nonzero if an error "
3742 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:73 build/C/man3/setenv.3:106
3748 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:76
3749 msgid "Insufficient space to allocate new environment."
3753 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:78
3754 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD."
3758 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:83
3760 "The B<putenv>() function is not required to be reentrant, and the one in "
3761 "libc4, libc5 and glibc 2.0 is not, but the glibc 2.1 version is."
3765 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:96
3767 "Description for libc4, libc5, glibc: If the argument I<string> is of the "
3768 "form I<name>, and does not contain an \\(aq=\\(aq character, then the "
3769 "variable I<name> is removed from the environment. If B<putenv>() has to "
3770 "allocate a new array I<environ>, and the previous array was also allocated "
3771 "by B<putenv>(), then it will be freed. In no case will the old storage "
3772 "associated to the environment variable itself be freed."
3776 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:112
3778 "The libc4 and libc5 and glibc 2.1.2 versions conform to SUSv2: the pointer "
3779 "I<string> given to B<putenv>() is used. In particular, this string becomes "
3780 "part of the environment; changing it later will change the environment. "
3781 "(Thus, it is an error is to call B<putenv>() with an automatic variable as "
3782 "the argument, then return from the calling function while I<string> is still "
3783 "part of the environment.) However, glibc 2.0-2.1.1 differs: a copy of the "
3784 "string is used. On the one hand this causes a memory leak, and on the other "
3785 "hand it violates SUSv2. This has been fixed in glibc 2.1.2."
3789 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:114
3790 msgid "The 4.4BSD version, like glibc 2.0, uses a copy."
3794 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:116
3795 msgid "SUSv2 removes the I<const> from the prototype, and so does glibc 2.1.3."
3799 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:122
3800 msgid "B<clearenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
3804 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28
3810 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:31
3811 msgid "qecvt, qfcvt, qgcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
3815 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:36
3817 "B<char *qecvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
3818 "*>I<decpt>B<,> B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
3822 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:39
3824 "B<char *qfcvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
3825 "*>I<decpt>B<,> B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
3829 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:41
3830 msgid "B<char *qgcvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigit>B<, char *>I<buf>B<);>"
3834 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:52
3835 msgid "B<qecvt>(), B<qfcvt>(), B<qgcvt>(): _SVID_SOURCE"
3839 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:72
3841 "The functions B<qecvt>(), B<qfcvt>() and B<qgcvt>() are identical to "
3842 "B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3) and B<gcvt>(3) respectively, except that they use a "
3843 "I<long double> argument I<number>. See B<ecvt>(3) and B<gcvt>(3)."
3847 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:78
3849 "SVr4. Not seen in most common UNIX implementations, but occurs in SunOS. "
3850 "Not supported by libc4 and libc5. Supported by glibc."
3854 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:88
3855 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<ecvt_r>(3), B<gcvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
3859 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:41
3865 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:41
3871 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:44
3872 msgid "rand, rand_r, srand - pseudo-random number generator"
3876 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:49
3878 msgid "B<int rand(void);>\n"
3882 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:51
3884 msgid "B<int rand_r(unsigned int *>I<seedp>B<);>\n"
3888 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:53
3890 msgid "B<void srand(unsigned int >I<seed>B<);>\n"
3894 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:62
3895 msgid "B<rand_r>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 1 || _XOPEN_SOURCE || _POSIX_SOURCE"
3899 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:68
3901 "The B<rand>() function returns a pseudo-random integer in the range 0 to "
3902 "B<RAND_MAX> inclusive (i.e., the mathematical range [0,\\ B<RAND_MAX>])."
3906 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:77
3908 "The B<srand>() function sets its argument as the seed for a new sequence of "
3909 "pseudo-random integers to be returned by B<rand>(). These sequences are "
3910 "repeatable by calling B<srand>() with the same seed value."
3914 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:81
3916 "If no seed value is provided, the B<rand>() function is automatically "
3917 "seeded with a value of 1."
3921 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:92
3923 "The function B<rand>() is not reentrant or thread-safe, since it uses "
3924 "hidden state that is modified on each call. This might just be the seed "
3925 "value to be used by the next call, or it might be something more elaborate. "
3926 "In order to get reproducible behavior in a threaded application, this state "
3927 "must be made explicit; this can be done using the reentrant function "
3932 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:108
3934 "Like B<rand>(), B<rand_r>() returns a pseudo-random integer in the range "
3935 "[0,\\ B<RAND_MAX>]. The I<seedp> argument is a pointer to an I<unsigned "
3936 "int> that is used to store state between calls. If B<rand_r>() is called "
3937 "with the same initial value for the integer pointed to by I<seedp>, and that "
3938 "value is not modified between calls, then the same pseudo-random sequence "
3943 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:118
3945 "The value pointed to by the I<seedp> argument of B<rand_r>() provides only "
3946 "a very small amount of state, so this function will be a weak pseudo-random "
3947 "generator. Try B<drand48_r>(3) instead."
3951 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:129
3953 "The B<rand>() and B<rand_r>() functions return a value between 0 and "
3954 "B<RAND_MAX> (inclusive). The B<srand>() function returns no value."
3958 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:141
3960 "The functions B<rand>() and B<srand>() conform to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, "
3961 "POSIX.1-2001. The function B<rand_r>() is from POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 "
3962 "marks B<rand_r>() as obsolete."
3966 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:160
3968 "The versions of B<rand>() and B<srand>() in the Linux C Library use the "
3969 "same random number generator as B<random>(3) and B<srandom>(3), so the "
3970 "lower-order bits should be as random as the higher-order bits. However, on "
3971 "older B<rand>() implementations, and on current implementations on "
3972 "different systems, the lower-order bits are much less random than the "
3973 "higher-order bits. Do not use this function in applications intended to be "
3974 "portable when good randomness is needed. (Use B<random>(3) instead.)"
3978 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:166
3980 "POSIX.1-2001 gives the following example of an implementation of B<rand>() "
3981 "and B<srand>(), possibly useful when one needs the same sequence on two "
3982 "different machines."
3986 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:170
3988 msgid "static unsigned long next = 1;\n"
3992 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:176
3995 "/* RAND_MAX assumed to be 32767 */\n"
3996 "int myrand(void) {\n"
3997 " next = next * 1103515245 + 12345;\n"
3998 " return((unsigned)(next/65536) % 32768);\n"
4003 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:180
4006 "void mysrand(unsigned seed) {\n"
4012 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:187
4014 "The following program can be used to display the pseudo-random sequence "
4015 "produced by B<rand>() when given a particular seed."
4019 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:192
4022 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4023 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4027 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:198
4031 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4033 " int j, r, nloops;\n"
4034 " unsigned int seed;\n"
4038 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:203
4041 " if (argc != 3) {\n"
4042 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>seedE<gt> E<lt>nloopsE<gt>\\en\", "
4044 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4049 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:206
4052 " seed = atoi(argv[1]);\n"
4053 " nloops = atoi(argv[2]);\n"
4057 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:212
4061 " for (j = 0; j E<lt> nloops; j++) {\n"
4063 " printf(\"%d\\en\", r);\n"
4068 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:220
4069 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<random>(3)"
4073 #: build/C/man3/random.3:33
4079 #: build/C/man3/random.3:36
4080 msgid "random, srandom, initstate, setstate - random number generator"
4084 #: build/C/man3/random.3:41
4086 msgid "B<long int random(void);>\n"
4090 #: build/C/man3/random.3:43
4092 msgid "B<void srandom(unsigned int >I<seed>B<);>\n"
4096 #: build/C/man3/random.3:45
4099 "B<char *initstate(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, char *>I<state>B<, size_t "
4104 #: build/C/man3/random.3:47
4106 msgid "B<char *setstate(char *>I<state>B<);>\n"
4110 #: build/C/man3/random.3:59
4111 msgid "B<random>(), B<srandom>(), B<initstate>(), B<setstate>():"
4115 #: build/C/man3/random.3:62
4117 "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
4118 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
4122 #: build/C/man3/random.3:73
4124 "The B<random>() function uses a nonlinear additive feedback random number "
4125 "generator employing a default table of size 31 long integers to return "
4126 "successive pseudo-random numbers in the range from 0 to B<RAND_MAX>. The "
4127 "period of this random number generator is very large, approximately I<16\\ "
4128 "*\\ ((2^31)\\ -\\ 1)>."
4132 #: build/C/man3/random.3:87
4134 "The B<srandom>() function sets its argument as the seed for a new sequence "
4135 "of pseudo-random integers to be returned by B<random>(). These sequences "
4136 "are repeatable by calling B<srandom>() with the same seed value. If no "
4137 "seed value is provided, the B<random>() function is automatically seeded "
4138 "with a value of 1."
4142 #: build/C/man3/random.3:102
4144 "The B<initstate>() function allows a state array I<state> to be initialized "
4145 "for use by B<random>(). The size of the state array I<n> is used by "
4146 "B<initstate>() to decide how sophisticated a random number generator it "
4147 "should use\\(emthe larger the state array, the better the random numbers "
4148 "will be. I<seed> is the seed for the initialization, which specifies a "
4149 "starting point for the random number sequence, and provides for restarting "
4150 "at the same point."
4154 #: build/C/man3/random.3:118
4156 "The B<setstate>() function changes the state array used by the B<random>() "
4157 "function. The state array I<state> is used for random number generation "
4158 "until the next call to B<initstate>() or B<setstate>(). I<state> must "
4159 "first have been initialized using B<initstate>() or be the result of a "
4160 "previous call of B<setstate>()."
4164 #: build/C/man3/random.3:132
4166 "The B<random>() function returns a value between 0 and B<RAND_MAX>. The "
4167 "B<srandom>() function returns no value. The B<initstate>() function "
4168 "returns a pointer to the previous state array. The B<setstate>() function "
4169 "returns a pointer to the previous state array, or NULL on error."
4173 #: build/C/man3/random.3:137
4174 msgid "A state array of less than 8 bytes was specified to B<initstate>()."
4178 #: build/C/man3/random.3:139 build/C/man3/setenv.3:111
4179 msgid "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
4183 #: build/C/man3/random.3:145
4185 "Current \"optimal\" values for the size of the state array I<n> are 8, 32, "
4186 "64, 128, and 256 bytes; other amounts will be rounded down to the nearest "
4187 "known amount. Using less than 8 bytes will cause an error."
4191 #: build/C/man3/random.3:152
4193 "This function should not be used in cases where multiple threads use "
4194 "B<random>() and the behavior should be reproducible. Use B<random_r>(3) "
4199 #: build/C/man3/random.3:159
4201 "Random-number generation is a complex topic. I<Numerical Recipes in C: The "
4202 "Art of Scientific Computing> (William H. Press, Brian P. Flannery, Saul "
4203 "A. Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling; New York: Cambridge University Press, "
4204 "2007, 3rd ed.) provides an excellent discussion of practical random-number "
4205 "generation issues in Chapter 7 (Random Numbers)."
4209 #: build/C/man3/random.3:165
4211 "For a more theoretical discussion which also covers many practical issues in "
4212 "depth, see Chapter 3 (Random Numbers) in Donald E. Knuth's I<The Art of "
4213 "Computer Programming>, volume 2 (Seminumerical Algorithms), 2nd ed.; "
4214 "Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1981."
4218 #: build/C/man3/random.3:170
4219 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<rand>(3), B<random_r>(3), B<srand>(3)"
4223 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:26
4229 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:26
4235 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:30
4237 "random_r, srandom_r, initstate_r, setstate_r - reentrant random number "
4242 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:35
4244 msgid "B<int random_r(struct random_data *>I<buf>B<, int32_t *>I<result>B<);>\n"
4248 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:37
4250 msgid "B<int srandom_r(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4254 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:40
4257 "B<int initstate_r(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, char *>I<statebuf>B<,>\n"
4258 "B< size_t >I<statelen>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4262 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:42
4264 msgid "B<int setstate_r(char *>I<statebuf>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4268 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:54
4269 msgid "B<random_r>(), B<srandom_r>(), B<initstate_r>(), B<setstate_r>():"
4273 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:56
4274 msgid "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE"
4278 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:64
4280 "These functions are the reentrant equivalents of the functions described in "
4281 "B<random>(3). They are suitable for use in multithreaded programs where "
4282 "each thread needs to obtain an independent, reproducible sequence of random "
4287 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:75
4289 "The B<random_r>() function is like B<random>(3), except that instead of "
4290 "using state information maintained in a global variable, it uses the state "
4291 "information in the argument pointed to by I<buf>. The generated random "
4292 "number is returned in the argument I<result>."
4296 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:84
4298 "The B<srandom_r>() function is like B<srandom>(3), except that it "
4299 "initializes the seed for the random number generator whose state is "
4300 "maintained in the object pointed to by I<buf>, instead of the seed "
4301 "associated with the global state variable."
4305 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:92
4307 "The B<initstate_r>() function is like B<initstate>(3) except that it "
4308 "initializes the state in the object pointed to by I<buf>, rather than "
4309 "initializing the global state variable."
4313 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:100
4315 "The B<setstate_r>() function is like B<setstate>(3) except that it "
4316 "modifies the state in the object pointer to by I<buf>, rather than modifying "
4317 "the global state variable."
4321 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:102
4322 msgid "All of these functions return 0 on success, or -1 on error."
4326 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:107
4327 msgid "A state array of less than 8 bytes was specified to B<initstate_r>()."
4331 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:116
4332 msgid "The I<statebuf> or I<buf> argument to B<setstate_r>() was NULL."
4336 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:125
4337 msgid "The I<buf> or I<result> argument to B<random_r>() was NULL."
4340 #. These functions appear to be on Tru64, but don't seem to be on
4341 #. Solaris, HP-UX, or FreeBSD.
4343 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:129
4344 msgid "These functions are nonstandard glibc extensions."
4348 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29
4354 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:32
4355 msgid "rpmatch - determine if the answer to a question is affirmative or negative"
4359 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:37
4361 msgid "B<int rpmatch(const char *>I<response>B<);>\n"
4365 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:46
4366 msgid "B<rpmatch>(): _SVID_SOURCE"
4370 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:50
4372 "B<rpmatch>() handles a user response to yes or no questions, with support "
4373 "for internationalization."
4377 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:56
4379 "I<response> should be a null-terminated string containing a user-supplied "
4380 "response, perhaps obtained with B<fgets>(3) or B<getline>(3)."
4384 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:62
4386 "The user's language preference is taken into account per the environment "
4387 "variables B<LANG>, B<LC_MESSAGES>, and B<LC_ALL>, if the program has called "
4388 "B<setlocale>(3) to effect their changes."
4392 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:66
4394 "Regardless of the locale, responses matching B<^[Yy]> are always accepted as "
4395 "affirmative, and those matching B<^[Nn]> are always accepted as negative."
4399 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:73
4401 "After examining I<response>, B<rpmatch>() returns 0 for a recognized "
4402 "negative response (\"no\"), 1 for a recognized positive response (\"yes\"), "
4403 "and -1 when the value of I<response> is unrecognized."
4407 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:77
4409 "A return value of -1 may indicate either an invalid input, or some other "
4410 "error. It is incorrect to only test if the return value is nonzero."
4414 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:87
4416 "B<rpmatch>() can fail for any of the reasons that B<regcomp>(3) or "
4417 "B<regexec>(3) can fail; the cause of the error is not available from "
4418 "I<errno> or anywhere else, but indicates a failure of the regex engine (but "
4419 "this case is indistinguishable from that of an unrecognized value of "
4423 #. It is available on at least AIX 5.1 and FreeBSD 6.0.
4425 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:92
4427 "B<rpmatch>() is not required by any standard, but is available on a few "
4432 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:104
4434 "The B<rpmatch>() implementation looks at only the first character of "
4435 "I<response>. As a consequence, \"nyes\" returns 0, and \"ynever; not in a "
4436 "million years\" returns 1. It would be preferable to accept input strings "
4437 "much more strictly, for example (using the extended regular expression "
4438 "notation described in B<regex>(7)): B<^([yY]|yes|YES)$> and "
4439 "B<^([nN]|no|NO)$>."
4443 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:108
4445 "The following program displays the results when B<rpmatch>() is applied to "
4446 "the string given in the program's command-line argument."
4450 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:115
4453 "#define _SVID_SOURCE\n"
4454 "#include E<lt>locale.hE<gt>\n"
4455 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4456 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
4457 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4461 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:123
4465 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4467 " if (argc != 2 || strcmp(argv[1], \"--help\") == 0) {\n"
4468 " fprintf(stderr, \"%s response\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
4469 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4474 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:128
4477 " setlocale(LC_ALL, \"\");\n"
4478 " printf(\"rpmatch() returns: %d\\en\", rpmatch(argv[1]));\n"
4479 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
4484 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:135
4486 "B<fgets>(3), B<getline>(3), B<nl_langinfo>(3), B<regcomp>(3), "
4491 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:37
4497 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:37
4503 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:40
4504 msgid "setenv - change or add an environment variable"
4508 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:45
4511 "B<int setenv(const char *>I<name>B<, const char *>I<value>B<, int "
4512 ">I<overwrite>B<);>\n"
4516 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:47
4518 msgid "B<int unsetenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
4522 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:57
4523 msgid "B<setenv>(), B<unsetenv>():"
4527 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:59
4529 "_BSD_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ "
4534 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:77
4536 "The B<setenv>() function adds the variable I<name> to the environment with "
4537 "the value I<value>, if I<name> does not already exist. If I<name> does "
4538 "exist in the environment, then its value is changed to I<value> if "
4539 "I<overwrite> is nonzero; if I<overwrite> is zero, then the value of I<name> "
4540 "is not changed. This function makes copies of the strings pointed to by "
4541 "I<name> and I<value> (by contrast with B<putenv>(3))."
4545 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:86
4547 "The B<unsetenv>() function deletes the variable I<name> from the "
4548 "environment. If I<name> does not exist in the environment, then the "
4549 "function succeeds, and the environment is unchanged."
4553 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:93
4555 "The B<setenv>() function returns zero on success, or -1 on error, with "
4556 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4560 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:100
4562 "The B<unsetenv>() function returns zero on success, or -1 on error, with "
4563 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4567 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:106
4569 "I<name> is NULL, points to a string of length 0, or contains an \\(aq=\\(aq "
4574 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:109
4575 msgid "Insufficient memory to add a new variable to the environment."
4579 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:117
4581 "POSIX.1-2001 does not require B<setenv>() or B<unsetenv>() to be "
4586 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:123
4588 "Prior to glibc 2.2.2, B<unsetenv>() was prototyped as returning I<void>; "
4589 "more recent glibc versions follow the POSIX.1-2001-compliant prototype shown "
4594 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:132
4596 "POSIX.1-2001 specifies that if I<name> contains an \\(aq=\\(aq character, "
4597 "then B<setenv>() should fail with the error B<EINVAL>; however, versions of "
4598 "glibc before 2.3.4 allowed an \\(aq=\\(aq sign in I<name>."
4602 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:137
4603 msgid "B<clearenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
4607 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:45
4613 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:48
4614 msgid "strtod, strtof, strtold - convert ASCII string to floating-point number"
4618 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:52
4619 msgid "B<double strtod(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
4623 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:54
4624 msgid "B<float strtof(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
4628 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:56
4629 msgid "B<long double strtold(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
4633 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:65
4634 msgid "B<strtof>(), B<strtold>():"
4638 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:87
4640 "The B<strtod>(), B<strtof>(), and B<strtold>() functions convert the "
4641 "initial portion of the string pointed to by I<nptr> to I<double>, I<float>, "
4642 "and I<long double> representation, respectively."
4646 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:94
4648 "The expected form of the (initial portion of the) string is optional leading "
4649 "white space as recognized by B<isspace>(3), an optional plus (\\(aq+\\(aq) "
4650 "or minus sign (\\(aq-\\(aq) and then either (i) a decimal number, or (ii) a "
4651 "hexadecimal number, or (iii) an infinity, or (iv) a NAN (not-a-number)."
4655 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:103
4657 "A I<decimal number> consists of a nonempty sequence of decimal digits "
4658 "possibly containing a radix character (decimal point, locale-dependent, "
4659 "usually \\(aq.\\(aq), optionally followed by a decimal exponent. A decimal "
4660 "exponent consists of an \\(aqE\\(aq or \\(aqe\\(aq, followed by an optional "
4661 "plus or minus sign, followed by a nonempty sequence of decimal digits, and "
4662 "indicates multiplication by a power of 10."
4666 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:114
4668 "A I<hexadecimal number> consists of a \"0x\" or \"0X\" followed by a "
4669 "nonempty sequence of hexadecimal digits possibly containing a radix "
4670 "character, optionally followed by a binary exponent. A binary exponent "
4671 "consists of a \\(aqP\\(aq or \\(aqp\\(aq, followed by an optional plus or "
4672 "minus sign, followed by a nonempty sequence of decimal digits, and indicates "
4673 "multiplication by a power of 2. At least one of radix character and binary "
4674 "exponent must be present."
4678 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:118
4679 msgid "An I<infinity> is either \"INF\" or \"INFINITY\", disregarding case."
4682 #. From glibc 2.8's stdlib/strtod_l.c:
4683 #. We expect it to be a number which is put in the
4684 #. mantissa of the number.
4686 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:128
4688 "A I<NAN> is \"NAN\" (disregarding case) optionally followed by \\(aq(\\(aq, "
4689 "a sequence of characters, followed by \\(aq)\\(aq. The character string "
4690 "specifies in an implementation-dependent way the type of NAN."
4694 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:130
4695 msgid "These functions return the converted value, if any."
4699 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:137
4701 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, a pointer to the character after the last "
4702 "character used in the conversion is stored in the location referenced by "
4707 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:142
4709 "If no conversion is performed, zero is returned and the value of I<nptr> is "
4710 "stored in the location referenced by I<endptr>."
4714 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:156
4716 "If the correct value would cause overflow, plus or minus B<HUGE_VAL> "
4717 "(B<HUGE_VALF>, B<HUGE_VALL>) is returned (according to the sign of the "
4718 "value), and B<ERANGE> is stored in I<errno>. If the correct value would "
4719 "cause underflow, zero is returned and B<ERANGE> is stored in I<errno>."
4723 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:157 build/C/man3/strtol.3:133 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:136
4729 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:160
4730 msgid "Overflow or underflow occurred."
4734 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:165
4735 msgid "C89 describes B<strtod>(), C99 describes the other two functions."
4739 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:174
4741 "Since 0 can legitimately be returned on both success and failure, the "
4742 "calling program should set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and then determine "
4743 "if an error occurred by checking whether I<errno> has a nonzero value after "
4748 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:179 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:190
4750 "See the example on the B<strtol>(3) manual page; the use of the functions "
4751 "described in this manual page is similar."
4755 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:185
4756 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
4760 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24
4766 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24
4772 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:27
4773 msgid "strtoimax, strtoumax - convert string to integer"
4777 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:30
4779 msgid "B<#include E<lt>inttypes.hE<gt>>\n"
4783 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:32
4786 "B<intmax_t strtoimax(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
4791 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:34
4794 "B<uintmax_t strtoumax(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
4799 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:45
4801 "These functions are just like B<strtol>(3) and B<strtoul>(3), except that "
4802 "they return a value of type I<intmax_t> and I<uintmax_t>, respectively."
4806 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:58
4808 "On success, the converted value is returned. If nothing was found to "
4809 "convert, zero is returned. On overflow or underflow B<INTMAX_MAX> or "
4810 "B<INTMAX_MIN> or B<UINTMAX_MAX> is returned, and I<errno> is set to "
4815 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:66
4816 msgid "B<imaxabs>(3), B<imaxdiv>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3), B<wcstoimax>(3)"
4820 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:31
4826 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:31
4832 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:34
4833 msgid "strtol, strtoll, strtoq - convert a string to a long integer"
4837 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:39
4840 "B<long int strtol(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
4845 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:42
4848 "B<long long int strtoll(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
4853 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:51
4854 msgid "B<strtoll>():"
4858 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:54 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:57
4860 "XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _ISOC99_SOURCE "
4861 "|| _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L;"
4865 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:65
4867 "The B<strtol>() function converts the initial part of the string in I<nptr> "
4868 "to a long integer value according to the given I<base>, which must be "
4869 "between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0."
4873 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:74 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:81
4875 "The string may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space (as determined "
4876 "by B<isspace>(3)) followed by a single optional \\(aq+\\(aq or \\(aq-\\(aq "
4877 "sign. If I<base> is zero or 16, the string may then include a \"0x\" "
4878 "prefix, and the number will be read in base 16; otherwise, a zero I<base> is "
4879 "taken as 10 (decimal) unless the next character is \\(aq0\\(aq, in which "
4880 "case it is taken as 8 (octal)."
4884 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:83
4886 "The remainder of the string is converted to a I<long int> value in the "
4887 "obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid digit "
4888 "in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter \\(aqA\\(aq in either "
4889 "upper or lower case represents 10, \\(aqB\\(aq represents 11, and so forth, "
4890 "with \\(aqZ\\(aq representing 35.)"
4894 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:95
4896 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, B<strtol>() stores the address of the first "
4897 "invalid character in I<*endptr>. If there were no digits at all, "
4898 "B<strtol>() stores the original value of I<nptr> in I<*endptr> (and returns "
4899 "0). In particular, if I<*nptr> is not \\(aq\\e0\\(aq but I<**endptr> is "
4900 "\\(aq\\e0\\(aq on return, the entire string is valid."
4904 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:101
4906 "The B<strtoll>() function works just like the B<strtol>() function but "
4907 "returns a long long integer value."
4911 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:126
4913 "The B<strtol>() function returns the result of the conversion, unless the "
4914 "value would underflow or overflow. If an underflow occurs, B<strtol>() "
4915 "returns B<LONG_MIN>. If an overflow occurs, B<strtol>() returns "
4916 "B<LONG_MAX>. In both cases, I<errno> is set to B<ERANGE>. Precisely the "
4917 "same holds for B<strtoll>() (with B<LLONG_MIN> and B<LLONG_MAX> instead of "
4918 "B<LONG_MIN> and B<LONG_MAX>)."
4922 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:133 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:136
4923 msgid "(not in C99) The given I<base> contains an unsupported value."
4927 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:136 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:139
4928 msgid "The resulting value was out of range."
4932 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:139 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:142
4934 "The implementation may also set I<errno> to B<EINVAL> in case no conversion "
4935 "was performed (no digits seen, and 0 returned)."
4939 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:144
4941 "B<strtol>() conforms to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99 and POSIX.1-2001, and "
4942 "B<strtoll>() to C99 and POSIX.1-2001."
4946 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:162
4948 "Since B<strtol>() can legitimately return 0, B<LONG_MAX>, or B<LONG_MIN> "
4949 "(B<LLONG_MAX> or B<LLONG_MIN> for B<strtoll>()) on both success and "
4950 "failure, the calling program should set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and "
4951 "then determine if an error occurred by checking whether I<errno> has a "
4952 "nonzero value after the call."
4956 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:167
4958 "According to POSIX.1-2001, in locales other than the \"C\" and \"POSIX\", "
4959 "these functions may accept other, implementation-defined numeric strings."
4963 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:169 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:167
4964 msgid "BSD also has"
4968 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:173
4971 "B<quad_t strtoq(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
4976 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:182
4978 "with completely analogous definition. Depending on the wordsize of the "
4979 "current architecture, this may be equivalent to B<strtoll>() or to "
4984 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:196
4986 "The program shown below demonstrates the use of B<strtol>(). The first "
4987 "command-line argument specifies a string from which B<strtol>() should "
4988 "parse a number. The second (optional) argument specifies the base to be "
4989 "used for the conversion. (This argument is converted to numeric form using "
4990 "B<atoi>(3), a function that performs no error checking and has a simpler "
4991 "interface than B<strtol>().) Some examples of the results produced by this "
4992 "program are the following:"
4996 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:212
4999 "$B< ./a.out 123>\n"
5000 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5001 "$B< ./a.out \\(aq 123\\(aq>\n"
5002 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5003 "$B< ./a.out 123abc>\n"
5004 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5005 "Further characters after number: abc\n"
5006 "$B< ./a.out 123abc 55>\n"
5007 "strtol: Invalid argument\n"
5008 "$B< ./a.out \\(aq\\(aq>\n"
5009 "No digits were found\n"
5010 "$B< ./a.out 4000000000>\n"
5011 "strtol: Numerical result out of range\n"
5015 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:214
5017 msgid "Program source"
5021 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:221
5024 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
5025 "#include E<lt>limits.hE<gt>\n"
5026 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
5027 "#include E<lt>errno.hE<gt>\n"
5031 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:228
5035 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
5038 " char *endptr, *str;\n"
5043 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:233
5046 " if (argc E<lt> 2) {\n"
5047 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s str [base]\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
5048 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5053 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:236
5057 " base = (argc E<gt> 2) ? atoi(argv[2]) : 10;\n"
5061 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:239
5064 " errno = 0; /* To distinguish success/failure after call */\n"
5065 " val = strtol(str, &endptr, base);\n"
5069 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:241
5071 msgid " /* Check for various possible errors */\n"
5075 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:247
5078 " if ((errno == ERANGE && (val == LONG_MAX || val == LONG_MIN))\n"
5079 " || (errno != 0 && val == 0)) {\n"
5080 " perror(\"strtol\");\n"
5081 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5086 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:252
5089 " if (endptr == str) {\n"
5090 " fprintf(stderr, \"No digits were found\\en\");\n"
5091 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5096 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:254
5098 msgid " /* If we got here, strtol() successfully parsed a number */\n"
5102 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:256
5104 msgid " printf(\"strtol() returned %ld\\en\", val);\n"
5108 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:259
5111 " if (*endptr != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq) /* Not necessarily an "
5113 " printf(\"Further characters after number: %s\\en\", endptr);\n"
5117 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:269
5118 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
5122 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33
5128 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33
5134 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:36
5135 msgid "strtoul, strtoull, strtouq - convert a string to an unsigned long integer"
5139 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:42
5142 "B<unsigned long int strtoul(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5147 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:45
5150 "B<unsigned long long int strtoull(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char "
5151 "**>I<endptr>B<,>\n"
5152 "B< int >I<base>B<);>\n"
5156 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:54
5157 msgid "B<strtoull>():"
5161 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:71
5163 "The B<strtoul>() function converts the initial part of the string in "
5164 "I<nptr> to an I<unsigned long int> value according to the given I<base>, "
5165 "which must be between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0."
5169 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:90
5171 "The remainder of the string is converted to an I<unsigned long int> value in "
5172 "the obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid "
5173 "digit in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter \\(aqA\\(aq in "
5174 "either upper or lower case represents 10, \\(aqB\\(aq represents 11, and so "
5175 "forth, with \\(aqZ\\(aq representing 35.)"
5179 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:102
5181 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, B<strtoul>() stores the address of the first "
5182 "invalid character in I<*endptr>. If there were no digits at all, "
5183 "B<strtoul>() stores the original value of I<nptr> in I<*endptr> (and "
5184 "returns 0). In particular, if I<*nptr> is not \\(aq\\e0\\(aq but "
5185 "I<**endptr> is \\(aq\\e0\\(aq on return, the entire string is valid."
5189 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:110
5191 "The B<strtoull>() function works just like the B<strtoul>() function but "
5192 "returns an I<unsigned long long int> value."
5196 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:129
5198 "The B<strtoul>() function returns either the result of the conversion or, "
5199 "if there was a leading minus sign, the negation of the result of the "
5200 "conversion represented as an unsigned value, unless the original "
5201 "(nonnegated) value would overflow; in the latter case, B<strtoul>() returns "
5202 "B<ULONG_MAX> and sets I<errno> to B<ERANGE>. Precisely the same holds for "
5203 "B<strtoull>() (with B<ULLONG_MAX> instead of B<ULONG_MAX>)."
5207 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:147
5209 "B<strtoul>() conforms to SVr4, C89, C99 and POSIX-2001, and B<strtoull>() "
5210 "to C99 and POSIX.1-2001."
5214 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:161
5216 "Since B<strtoul>() can legitimately return 0 or B<ULONG_MAX> (B<ULLONG_MAX> "
5217 "for B<strtoull>()) on both success and failure, the calling program should "
5218 "set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and then determine if an error occurred "
5219 "by checking whether I<errno> has a nonzero value after the call."
5223 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:165
5225 "In locales other than the \"C\" locale, other strings may be accepted. (For "
5226 "example, the thousands separator of the current locale may be supported.)"
5230 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:171
5233 "B<u_quad_t strtouq(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5238 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:180
5240 "with completely analogous definition. Depending on the wordsize of the "
5241 "current architecture, this may be equivalent to B<strtoull>() or to "
5246 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:185
5248 "Negative values are considered valid input and are silently converted to the "
5249 "equivalent I<unsigned long int> value."
5253 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:196
5254 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3)"
5258 #: build/C/man3/system.3:30
5264 #: build/C/man3/system.3:30
5270 #: build/C/man3/system.3:33
5271 msgid "system - execute a shell command"
5275 #: build/C/man3/system.3:38
5277 msgid "B<int system(const char *>I<command>B<);>\n"
5281 #: build/C/man3/system.3:54
5283 "B<system>() executes a command specified in I<command> by calling B</bin/sh "
5284 "-c> I<command>, and returns after the command has been completed. During "
5285 "execution of the command, B<SIGCHLD> will be blocked, and B<SIGINT> and "
5286 "B<SIGQUIT> will be ignored."
5290 #: build/C/man3/system.3:69
5292 "The value returned is -1 on error (e.g., B<fork>(2) failed), and the return "
5293 "status of the command otherwise. This latter return status is in the format "
5294 "specified in B<wait>(2). Thus, the exit code of the command will be "
5295 "I<WEXITSTATUS(status)>. In case I</bin/sh> could not be executed, the exit "
5296 "status will be that of a command that does I<exit(127)>."
5300 #: build/C/man3/system.3:75
5302 "If the value of I<command> is NULL, B<system>() returns nonzero if the "
5303 "shell is available, and zero if not."
5307 #: build/C/man3/system.3:78
5308 msgid "B<system>() does not affect the wait status of any other children."
5312 #: build/C/man3/system.3:80
5313 msgid "C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001."
5317 #: build/C/man3/system.3:93
5319 "If the B<_XOPEN_SOURCE> feature test macro is defined (before including "
5320 "I<any> header files), then the macros described in B<wait>(2) "
5321 "(B<WEXITSTATUS>(), etc.) are made available when including "
5322 "I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>."
5326 #: build/C/man3/system.3:104
5328 "As mentioned, B<system>() ignores B<SIGINT> and B<SIGQUIT>. This may make "
5329 "programs that call it from a loop uninterruptible, unless they take care "
5330 "themselves to check the exit status of the child. E.g."
5334 #: build/C/man3/system.3:109
5337 " while (something) {\n"
5338 " int ret = system(\"foo\");\n"
5342 #: build/C/man3/system.3:114
5345 " if (WIFSIGNALED(ret) &&\n"
5346 " (WTERMSIG(ret) == SIGINT || WTERMSIG(ret) == SIGQUIT))\n"
5352 #: build/C/man3/system.3:134
5354 "Do not use B<system>() from a program with set-user-ID or set-group-ID "
5355 "privileges, because strange values for some environment variables might be "
5356 "used to subvert system integrity. Use the B<exec>(3) family of functions "
5357 "instead, but not B<execlp>(3) or B<execvp>(3). B<system>() will not, in "
5358 "fact, work properly from programs with set-user-ID or set-group-ID "
5359 "privileges on systems on which I</bin/sh> is bash version 2, since bash 2 "
5360 "drops privileges on startup. (Debian uses a modified bash which does not do "
5361 "this when invoked as B<sh>.)"
5365 #: build/C/man3/system.3:148
5367 "In versions of glibc before 2.1.3, the check for the availability of "
5368 "I</bin/sh> was not actually performed if I<command> was NULL; instead it was "
5369 "always assumed to be available, and B<system>() always returned 1 in this "
5370 "case. Since glibc 2.1.3, this check is performed because, even though "
5371 "POSIX.1-2001 requires a conforming implementation to provide a shell, that "
5372 "shell may not be available or executable if the calling program has "
5373 "previously called B<chroot>(2) (which is not specified by POSIX.1-2001)."
5377 #: build/C/man3/system.3:153
5379 "It is possible for the shell command to return 127, so that code is not a "
5380 "sure indication that the B<execve>(2) call failed."
5384 #: build/C/man3/system.3:158
5385 msgid "B<sh>(1), B<signal>(2), B<wait>(2), B<exec>(3)"
5389 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16
5395 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16
5401 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:19
5402 msgid "wcstombs - convert a wide-character string to a multibyte string"
5406 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:24
5409 "B<size_t wcstombs(char *>I<dest>B<, const wchar_t *>I<src>B<, size_t "
5414 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:35
5416 "If I<dest> is not a NULL pointer, the B<wcstombs>() function converts the "
5417 "wide-character string I<src> to a multibyte string starting at I<dest>. At "
5418 "most I<n> bytes are written to I<dest>. The conversion starts in the "
5419 "initial state. The conversion can stop for three reasons:"
5423 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:41
5425 "1. A wide character has been encountered that can not be represented as a "
5426 "multibyte sequence (according to the current locale). In this case "
5427 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
5431 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:45
5433 "2. The length limit forces a stop. In this case the number of bytes written "
5434 "to I<dest> is returned, but the shift state at this point is lost."
5438 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:51
5440 "3. The wide-character string has been completely converted, including the "
5441 "terminating null wide character (L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). In this case the "
5442 "conversion ends in the initial state. The number of bytes written to "
5443 "I<dest>, excluding the terminating null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), is returned."
5447 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:54
5449 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least I<n> bytes at "
5454 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:58
5456 "If I<dest> is NULL, I<n> is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, "
5457 "except that the converted bytes are not written out to memory, and that no "
5458 "length limit exists."
5462 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:61
5464 "In order to avoid the case 2 above, the programmer should make sure I<n> is "
5465 "greater or equal to I<wcstombs(NULL,src,0)+1>."
5469 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:70
5471 "The B<wcstombs>() function returns the number of bytes that make up the "
5472 "converted part of multibyte sequence, not including the terminating null "
5473 "byte. If a wide character was encountered which could not be converted, "
5474 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
5478 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:79
5480 "The behavior of B<wcstombs>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
5485 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:84
5487 "The function B<wcsrtombs>(3) provides a thread safe interface to the same "
5492 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:87
5493 msgid "B<mbstowcs>(3), B<wcsrtombs>(3)"
5497 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
5503 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:19
5504 msgid "wctomb - convert a wide character to a multibyte sequence"
5508 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:24
5510 msgid "B<int wctomb(char *>I<s>B<, wchar_t >I<wc>B<);>\n"
5514 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:38
5516 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<wctomb>() function converts the wide character "
5517 "I<wc> to its multibyte representation and stores it at the beginning of the "
5518 "character array pointed to by I<s>. It updates the shift state, which is "
5519 "stored in a static anonymous variable only known to the wctomb function, and "
5520 "returns the length of said multibyte representation, that is, the number of "
5521 "bytes written at I<s>."
5525 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:42
5527 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least B<MB_CUR_MAX> "
5531 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
5532 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
5534 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:52
5536 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<wctomb>() function resets the shift state, only "
5537 "known to this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the "
5538 "encoding has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
5542 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:61
5544 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<wctomb>() function returns the number of bytes "
5545 "that have been written to the byte array at I<s>. If I<wc> can not be "
5546 "represented as a multibyte sequence (according to the current locale), -1 is "
5551 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:66
5553 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<wctomb>() function returns nonzero if the encoding "
5554 "has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
5558 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:75
5560 "The behavior of B<wctomb>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
5565 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:81
5567 "This function is not multithread safe. The function B<wcrtomb>(3) provides "
5568 "a better interface to the same functionality."
5572 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:85
5573 msgid "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3), B<wcrtomb>(3), B<wcstombs>(3)"