1 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2 # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4 # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
9 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
10 "POT-Creation-Date: 2013-09-28 04:06+0900\n"
11 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
12 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
13 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
16 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
17 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
20 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17
26 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17
32 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17 build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26 build/C/man3/exit.3:29 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45
38 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17 build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/a64l.3:9 build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26 build/C/man3/cfree.3:24 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26 build/C/man3/drand48.3:30 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/exit.3:29 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:27 build/C/man3/getenv.3:33 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25 build/C/man3/malloc.3:30 build/C/man3/mblen.3:16 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:16 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28 build/C/man3/rand.3:41 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29 build/C/man3/setenv.3:37 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/system.3:30 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
40 msgid "Linux Programmer's Manual"
44 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:18 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:18 build/C/man2/_exit.2:30 build/C/man3/a64l.3:10 build/C/man3/atexit.3:34 build/C/man3/atof.3:32 build/C/man3/atoi.3:34 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:27 build/C/man3/cfree.3:25 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:27 build/C/man3/drand48.3:31 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:28 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:33 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:31 build/C/man3/exit.3:30 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:31 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:28 build/C/man3/getenv.3:34 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:35 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:26 build/C/man3/malloc.3:31 build/C/man3/mblen.3:17 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:17 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:17 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:27 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:36 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:35 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:32 build/C/man3/putenv.3:37 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:29 build/C/man3/rand.3:42 build/C/man3/random.3:34 build/C/man3/random_r.3:27 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:30 build/C/man3/setenv.3:38 build/C/man3/strtod.3:46 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:25 build/C/man3/strtol.3:32 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:34 build/C/man3/system.3:31 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:17 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:17
50 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:20
51 msgid "MB_CUR_MAX - maximum length of a multibyte character in the current locale"
55 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:20 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:20 build/C/man2/_exit.2:32 build/C/man3/a64l.3:12 build/C/man3/atexit.3:36 build/C/man3/atof.3:34 build/C/man3/atoi.3:36 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:29 build/C/man3/cfree.3:27 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:29 build/C/man3/drand48.3:34 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:32 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:35 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:33 build/C/man3/exit.3:32 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:33 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:30 build/C/man3/getenv.3:36 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:37 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:28 build/C/man3/malloc.3:33 build/C/man3/mblen.3:19 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:19 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:19 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:29 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:38 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:37 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:34 build/C/man3/putenv.3:39 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:31 build/C/man3/rand.3:44 build/C/man3/random.3:36 build/C/man3/random_r.3:30 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:32 build/C/man3/setenv.3:40 build/C/man3/strtod.3:48 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:27 build/C/man3/strtol.3:34 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:36 build/C/man3/system.3:33 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:19 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:19
61 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:23 build/C/man3/atexit.3:39 build/C/man3/atof.3:37 build/C/man3/atoi.3:39 build/C/man3/cfree.3:31 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:32 build/C/man3/drand48.3:37 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:35 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:36 build/C/man3/exit.3:35 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:36 build/C/man3/getenv.3:39 build/C/man3/malloc.3:36 build/C/man3/mblen.3:22 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:22 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:22 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:32 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:41 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:40 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:37 build/C/man3/putenv.3:42 build/C/man3/rand.3:47 build/C/man3/random.3:39 build/C/man3/random_r.3:33 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:35 build/C/man3/setenv.3:43 build/C/man3/strtol.3:37 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:39 build/C/man3/system.3:36 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:22 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:22
63 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>\n"
67 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:24 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:24 build/C/man2/_exit.2:56 build/C/man3/a64l.3:33 build/C/man3/atexit.3:42 build/C/man3/atof.3:40 build/C/man3/atoi.3:64 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:35 build/C/man3/cfree.3:52 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:43 build/C/man3/drand48.3:75 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:83 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:69 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:64 build/C/man3/exit.3:38 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:64 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:36 build/C/man3/getenv.3:52 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:44 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:50 build/C/man3/malloc.3:42 build/C/man3/mblen.3:25 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:25 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:25 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:55 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:76 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:66 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:48 build/C/man3/putenv.3:54 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:53 build/C/man3/rand.3:62 build/C/man3/random.3:64 build/C/man3/random_r.3:58 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:46 build/C/man3/setenv.3:61 build/C/man3/strtod.3:73 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:35 build/C/man3/strtol.3:59 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:62 build/C/man3/system.3:39 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:25 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:25
73 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:31
75 "The B<MB_CUR_MAX> macro defines an integer expression giving the maximum "
76 "number of bytes needed to represent a single wide character in the current "
77 "locale. It is locale dependent and therefore not a compile-time constant."
81 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:31 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:29 build/C/man2/_exit.2:79 build/C/man3/atexit.3:71 build/C/man3/atof.3:55 build/C/man3/atoi.3:91 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:61 build/C/man3/cfree.3:96 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:50 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:96 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:99 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:86 build/C/man3/exit.3:86 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:72 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:171 build/C/man3/getenv.3:88 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:55 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:110 build/C/man3/malloc.3:129 build/C/man3/mblen.3:75 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:83 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:94 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:68 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:136 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:77 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:76 build/C/man3/putenv.3:67 build/C/man3/rand.3:118 build/C/man3/random.3:118 build/C/man3/random_r.3:100 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:73 build/C/man3/setenv.3:104 build/C/man3/strtod.3:128 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:45 build/C/man3/strtol.3:117 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:127 build/C/man3/system.3:54 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:79 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:63
87 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:35
89 "An integer in the range [1, B<MB_LEN_MAX>]. The value 1 denotes traditional "
90 "8-bit encoded characters."
94 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:35 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:31 build/C/man2/_exit.2:81 build/C/man3/a64l.3:71 build/C/man3/atexit.3:76 build/C/man3/atof.3:57 build/C/man3/atoi.3:93 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:73 build/C/man3/cfree.3:112 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:60 build/C/man3/drand48.3:260 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:112 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:117 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:88 build/C/man3/exit.3:90 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:77 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:185 build/C/man3/getenv.3:96 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:65 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:129 build/C/man3/malloc.3:168 build/C/man3/mblen.3:92 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:93 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:114 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:86 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:176 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:92 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:81 build/C/man3/putenv.3:79 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:83 build/C/man3/rand.3:129 build/C/man3/random.3:152 build/C/man3/random_r.3:128 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:99 build/C/man3/setenv.3:127 build/C/man3/strtod.3:160 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:58 build/C/man3/strtol.3:161 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:165 build/C/man3/system.3:78 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:88 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:89
100 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:37 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:33 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:60
101 msgid "C99, POSIX.1-2001."
105 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:37 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:44 build/C/man2/_exit.2:124 build/C/man3/a64l.3:93 build/C/man3/atexit.3:161 build/C/man3/atof.3:59 build/C/man3/atoi.3:113 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:75 build/C/man3/cfree.3:117 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:97 build/C/man3/drand48.3:266 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:114 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:135 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:95 build/C/man3/exit.3:177 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:86 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:211 build/C/man3/getenv.3:129 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:69 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:226 build/C/man3/malloc.3:259 build/C/man3/mblen.3:106 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:107 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:129 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:91 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:214 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:115 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:88 build/C/man3/putenv.3:119 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:94 build/C/man3/rand.3:217 build/C/man3/random.3:188 build/C/man3/random_r.3:132 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:144 build/C/man3/setenv.3:152 build/C/man3/strtod.3:179 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:60 build/C/man3/strtol.3:285 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:213 build/C/man3/system.3:153 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:102 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:103
111 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:44
113 "B<MB_LEN_MAX>(3), B<mblen>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<wcstombs>(3), "
118 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:44 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:46 build/C/man2/_exit.2:136 build/C/man3/a64l.3:97 build/C/man3/atexit.3:165 build/C/man3/atof.3:65 build/C/man3/atoi.3:118 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:78 build/C/man3/cfree.3:119 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:103 build/C/man3/drand48.3:269 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:118 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:141 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:99 build/C/man3/exit.3:184 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:90 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:217 build/C/man3/getenv.3:137 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:72 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:228 build/C/man3/malloc.3:283 build/C/man3/mblen.3:108 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:110 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:133 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:98 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:220 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:120 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:92 build/C/man3/putenv.3:125 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:99 build/C/man3/rand.3:220 build/C/man3/random.3:193 build/C/man3/random_r.3:136 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:150 build/C/man3/setenv.3:157 build/C/man3/strtod.3:185 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:66 build/C/man3/strtol.3:291 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:219 build/C/man3/system.3:158 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:105 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:107
124 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:51 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:53 build/C/man2/_exit.2:143 build/C/man3/a64l.3:104 build/C/man3/atexit.3:172 build/C/man3/atof.3:72 build/C/man3/atoi.3:125 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:85 build/C/man3/cfree.3:126 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:110 build/C/man3/drand48.3:276 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:125 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:148 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:106 build/C/man3/exit.3:191 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:97 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:224 build/C/man3/getenv.3:144 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:79 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:235 build/C/man3/malloc.3:290 build/C/man3/mblen.3:115 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:117 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:140 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:105 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:227 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:127 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:99 build/C/man3/putenv.3:132 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:106 build/C/man3/rand.3:227 build/C/man3/random.3:200 build/C/man3/random_r.3:143 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:157 build/C/man3/setenv.3:164 build/C/man3/strtod.3:192 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:73 build/C/man3/strtol.3:298 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:226 build/C/man3/system.3:165 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:112 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:114
126 "This page is part of release 3.54 of the Linux I<man-pages> project. A "
127 "description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be "
128 "found at \\%http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/."
132 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17
138 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:20
139 msgid "MB_LEN_MAX - maximum multibyte length of a character across all locales"
143 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:23
145 msgid "B<#include E<lt>limits.hE<gt>>\n"
149 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:29
151 "The B<MB_LEN_MAX> macro is the upper bound for the number of bytes needed to "
152 "represent a single wide character, across all locales."
156 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:31
157 msgid "A constant integer greater than zero."
161 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:33 build/C/man2/_exit.2:86 build/C/man3/a64l.3:73 build/C/man3/atexit.3:78 build/C/man3/atoi.3:103 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:74 build/C/man3/drand48.3:262 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:129 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:90 build/C/man3/exit.3:92 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:187 build/C/man3/getenv.3:102 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:131 build/C/man3/malloc.3:170 build/C/man3/mblen.3:94 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:95 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:116 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:189 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:96 build/C/man3/putenv.3:81 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:89 build/C/man3/rand.3:141 build/C/man3/random.3:154 build/C/man3/setenv.3:129 build/C/man3/strtod.3:165 build/C/man3/strtol.3:166 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:170 build/C/man3/system.3:80 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:90 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:91
167 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:44
169 "The entities B<MB_LEN_MAX> and I<sizeof(wchar_t)> are totally unrelated. In "
170 "glibc, B<MB_LEN_MAX> is typically 6 while I<sizeof(wchar_t)> is 4."
174 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:46
175 msgid "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3)"
179 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:29
185 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45
191 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:32
192 msgid "_exit, _Exit - terminate the calling process"
196 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:34
197 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>"
201 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:36
202 msgid "B<void _exit(int >I<status>B<);>"
206 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:38 build/C/man3/a64l.3:14 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:33 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:37 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:30 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:33 build/C/man3/strtod.3:50
207 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>"
211 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:40
212 msgid "B<void _Exit(int >I<status>B<);>"
216 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:44 build/C/man3/a64l.3:22 build/C/man3/atoi.3:52 build/C/man3/cfree.3:48 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:39 build/C/man3/drand48.3:60 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:68 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:47 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:53 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:43 build/C/man3/getenv.3:48 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:37 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:39 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:54 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:47 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:44 build/C/man3/putenv.3:50 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:45 build/C/man3/rand.3:58 build/C/man3/random.3:52 build/C/man3/random_r.3:47 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:42 build/C/man3/setenv.3:52 build/C/man3/strtod.3:60 build/C/man3/strtol.3:47 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:50
217 msgid "Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see B<feature_test_macros>(7)):"
221 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:48
226 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:51 build/C/man3/strtod.3:68
228 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ "
233 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:54 build/C/man3/atoi.3:62 build/C/man3/strtod.3:71 build/C/man3/strtol.3:57 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:60
234 msgid "or I<cc\\ -std=c99>"
238 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:67
240 "The function B<_exit>() terminates the calling process \"immediately\". "
241 "Any open file descriptors belonging to the process are closed; any children "
242 "of the process are inherited by process 1, I<init>, and the process's parent "
243 "is sent a B<SIGCHLD> signal."
247 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:74
249 "The value I<status> is returned to the parent process as the process's exit "
250 "status, and can be collected using one of the B<wait>(2) family of calls."
254 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:79
255 msgid "The function B<_Exit>() is equivalent to B<_exit>()."
259 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:81
260 msgid "These functions do not return."
264 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:86
265 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD. The function B<_Exit>() was introduced by C99."
269 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:90
271 "For a discussion on the effects of an exit, the transmission of exit status, "
272 "zombie processes, signals sent, and so on, see B<exit>(3)."
276 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:117
278 "The function B<_exit>() is like B<exit>(3), but does not call any functions "
279 "registered with B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3). Whether it flushes standard "
280 "I/O buffers and removes temporary files created with B<tmpfile>(3) is "
281 "implementation-dependent. On the other hand, B<_exit>() does close open "
282 "file descriptors, and this may cause an unknown delay, waiting for pending "
283 "output to finish. If the delay is undesired, it may be useful to call "
284 "functions like B<tcflush>(3) before calling B<_exit>(). Whether any "
285 "pending I/O is canceled, and which pending I/O may be canceled upon "
286 "B<_exit>(), is implementation-dependent."
290 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:124
292 "In glibc up to version 2.3, the B<_exit>() wrapper function invoked the "
293 "kernel system call of the same name. Since glibc 2.3, the wrapper function "
294 "invokes B<exit_group>(2), in order to terminate all of the threads in a "
299 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:136
301 "B<execve>(2), B<exit_group>(2), B<fork>(2), B<kill>(2), B<wait>(2), "
302 "B<wait4>(2), B<waitpid>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<exit>(3), B<on_exit>(3), "
307 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:9
313 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:9 build/C/man3/drand48.3:30 build/C/man3/mblen.3:16
319 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:12
320 msgid "a64l, l64a - convert between long and base-64"
324 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:16
325 msgid "B<long a64l(char *>I<str64>B<);>"
329 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:18
330 msgid "B<char *l64a(long >I<value>B<);>"
334 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:26
335 msgid "B<a64l>(), B<l64a>():"
339 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:31 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:66
341 "_SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ "
342 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
346 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:48
348 "These functions provide a conversion between 32-bit long integers and "
349 "little-endian base-64 ASCII strings (of length zero to six). If the string "
350 "used as argument for B<a64l>() has length greater than six, only the first "
351 "six bytes are used. If the type I<long> has more than 32 bits, then "
352 "B<l64a>() uses only the low order 32 bits of I<value>, and B<a64l>() "
353 "sign-extends its 32-bit result."
357 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:50
358 msgid "The 64 digits in the base-64 system are:"
362 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:58
365 "\\&\\(aq.\\(aq\trepresents a 0\n"
366 "\\&\\(aq/\\(aq\trepresents a 1\n"
367 "0-9\trepresent 2-11\n"
368 "A-Z\trepresent 12-37\n"
369 "a-z\trepresent 38-63\n"
373 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:62
374 msgid "So 123 = 59*64^0 + 1*64^1 = \"v/\"."
378 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:62 build/C/man3/drand48.3:245 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:98 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:110 build/C/man3/mblen.3:87 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:72 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:84
384 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:63 build/C/man3/drand48.3:246 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:99 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:111 build/C/man3/mblen.3:88 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:73 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:85
386 msgid "Multithreading (see pthreads(7))"
390 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:67
391 msgid "The B<l64a>() function is not thread-safe."
395 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:71
396 msgid "The B<a64l>() function is thread-safe."
400 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:73 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:131
401 msgid "POSIX.1-2001."
405 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:78
407 "The value returned by B<l64a>() may be a pointer to a static buffer, "
408 "possibly overwritten by later calls."
412 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:87
414 "The behavior of B<l64a>() is undefined when I<value> is negative. If "
415 "I<value> is zero, it returns an empty string."
419 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:90
421 "These functions are broken in glibc before 2.2.5 (puts most significant "
426 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:93
427 msgid "This is not the encoding used by B<uuencode>(1)."
432 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:97
433 msgid "B<uuencode>(1), B<strtoul>(3)"
437 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:33
443 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31
449 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:36
450 msgid "atexit - register a function to be called at normal process termination"
454 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:41
456 msgid "B<int atexit(void (*>I<function>B<)(void));>\n"
460 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:54
462 "The B<atexit>() function registers the given I<function> to be called at "
463 "normal process termination, either via B<exit>(3) or via return from the "
464 "program's I<main>(). Functions so registered are called in the reverse "
465 "order of their registration; no arguments are passed."
469 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:57 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:69
471 "The same function may be registered multiple times: it is called once for "
476 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:63
478 "POSIX.1-2001 requires that an implementation allow at least B<ATEXIT_MAX> "
479 "(32) such functions to be registered. The actual limit supported by an "
480 "implementation can be obtained using B<sysconf>(3)."
484 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:71 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:76
486 "When a child process is created via B<fork>(2), it inherits copies of its "
487 "parent's registrations. Upon a successful call to one of the B<exec>(3) "
488 "functions, all registrations are removed."
492 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:76
494 "The B<atexit>() function returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise it "
495 "returns a nonzero value."
499 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:78
500 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001."
504 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:85
506 "Functions registered using B<atexit>() (and B<on_exit>(3)) are not called "
507 "if a process terminates abnormally because of the delivery of a signal."
511 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:92
513 "If one of the functions registered functions calls B<_exit>(2), then any "
514 "remaining functions are not invoked, and the other process termination steps "
515 "performed by B<exit>(3) are not performed."
518 #. This can happen on OpenBSD 4.2 for example, and is documented
519 #. as occurring on FreeBSD as well.
520 #. Glibc does "the Right Thing" -- invocation of the remaining
521 #. exit handlers carries on as normal.
523 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:109
525 "POSIX.1-2001 says that the result of calling B<exit>(3) more than once "
526 "(i.e., calling B<exit>(3) within a function registered using B<atexit>()) "
527 "is undefined. On some systems (but not Linux), this can result in an "
528 "infinite recursion; portable programs should not invoke B<exit>(3) inside a "
529 "function registered using B<atexit>()."
533 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:118
535 "The B<atexit>() and B<on_exit>(3) functions register functions on the same "
536 "list: at normal process termination, the registered functions are invoked in "
537 "reverse order of their registration by these two functions."
540 #. In glibc, things seem to be handled okay
542 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:124
544 "POSIX.1-2001 says that the result is undefined if B<longjmp>(3) is used to "
545 "terminate execution of one of the functions registered B<atexit>()."
549 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:124
555 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:131
557 "Since glibc 2.2.3, B<atexit>() (and B<on_exit>(3)) can be used within a "
558 "shared library to establish functions that are called when the shared "
559 "library is unloaded."
563 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:131 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:138 build/C/man3/rand.3:160 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:119 build/C/man3/strtod.3:174 build/C/man3/strtol.3:204 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:208
569 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:136
572 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
573 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
574 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
578 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:142
584 " printf(\"That was all, folks\\en\");\n"
589 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:148
600 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:151
603 " a = sysconf(_SC_ATEXIT_MAX);\n"
604 " printf(\"ATEXIT_MAX = %ld\\en\", a);\n"
608 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:157
611 " i = atexit(bye);\n"
613 " fprintf(stderr, \"cannot set exit function\\en\");\n"
614 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
619 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:160 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:225 build/C/man3/rand.3:215 build/C/man3/strtol.3:284
622 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
627 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:165
628 msgid "B<_exit>(2), B<exit>(3), B<on_exit>(3)"
632 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31
638 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33
644 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:27 build/C/man3/getenv.3:33 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25 build/C/man3/malloc.3:30 build/C/man3/mblen.3:16 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:16 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29 build/C/man3/setenv.3:37 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
650 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:34
651 msgid "atof - convert a string to a double"
655 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:39
657 msgid "B<double atof(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
661 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:47
663 "The B<atof>() function converts the initial portion of the string pointed "
664 "to by I<nptr> to I<double>. The behavior is the same as"
668 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:50
669 msgid "strtod(nptr, NULL);"
673 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:55
674 msgid "except that B<atof>() does not detect errors."
678 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:57 build/C/man3/atoi.3:93
679 msgid "The converted value."
683 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:59
684 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C89, C99."
688 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:65
689 msgid "B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
693 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:33
699 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:36
700 msgid "atoi, atol, atoll, atoq - convert a string to an integer"
704 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:41
706 msgid "B<int atoi(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
710 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:43
712 msgid "B<long atol(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
716 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:45
718 msgid "B<long long atoll(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
722 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:47
724 msgid "B<long long atoq(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
728 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:56
733 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:59
735 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || "
736 "_ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L;"
740 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:71
742 "The B<atoi>() function converts the initial portion of the string pointed "
743 "to by I<nptr> to I<int>. The behavior is the same as"
747 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:74
748 msgid "strtol(nptr, NULL, 10);"
752 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:79
753 msgid "except that B<atoi>() does not detect errors."
757 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:91
759 "The B<atol>() and B<atoll>() functions behave the same as B<atoi>(), "
760 "except that they convert the initial portion of the string to their return "
761 "type of I<long> or I<long long>. B<atoq>() is an obsolete name for "
766 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:103
768 "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C99. C89 and POSIX.1-1996 include the functions "
769 "B<atoi>() and B<atol>() only. B<atoq>() is a GNU extension."
773 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:113
775 "The nonstandard B<atoq>() function is not present in libc 4.6.27 or glibc "
776 "2, but is present in libc5 and libc 4.7 (though only as an inline function "
777 "in I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>> until libc 5.4.44). The B<atoll>() function is "
778 "present in glibc 2 since version 2.0.2, but not in libc4 or libc5."
782 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:118
783 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
787 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26
789 msgid "CANONICALIZE_FILE_NAME"
793 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26
799 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:29
800 msgid "canonicalize_file_name - return the canonicalized absolute pathname"
804 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:31
805 msgid "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
809 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:35
810 msgid "B<char *canonicalize_file_name(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
814 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:49
816 "The B<canonicalize_file_name>() function returns a null-terminated string "
817 "containing the canonicalized absolute pathname corresponding to I<path>. In "
818 "the returned string, symbolic links are resolved, as are I<.> and I<..> "
819 "pathname components. Consecutive slash (I</>) characters are replaced by a "
824 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:55
826 "The returned string is dynamically allocated by B<canonicalize_file_name>() "
827 "and the caller should deallocate it with B<free>(3) when it is no longer "
832 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:59
833 msgid "The call I<canonicalize_file_name(path)> is equivalent to the call:"
837 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:61
839 msgid " realpath(path, NULL);\n"
843 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:70
845 "On success, B<canonicalize_file_name>() returns a null-terminated string. "
846 "On error (e.g., a pathname component is unreadable or does not exist), "
847 "B<canonicalize_file_name>() returns NULL and sets I<errno> to indicate the "
852 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:70 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:179 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:75 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:142 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:88 build/C/man3/putenv.3:75 build/C/man3/random.3:140 build/C/man3/random_r.3:105 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:82 build/C/man3/setenv.3:118 build/C/man3/strtod.3:156 build/C/man3/strtol.3:144 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:148
858 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:73
859 msgid "See B<realpath>(3)."
863 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:75
864 msgid "This function is a GNU extension."
868 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:78
869 msgid "B<readlink>(2), B<realpath>(3)"
873 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:24
879 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:24 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29
885 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:27
886 msgid "cfree - free allocated memory"
890 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:34
894 "B<int cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<);>\n"
898 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:37
901 "/* In glibc or FreeBSD libcompat */\n"
902 "B<void cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<);>\n"
906 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:40
909 "/* In SCO OpenServer */\n"
910 "B<void cfree(char *>I<ptr>B<, unsigned >I<num>B<, unsigned >I<size>B<);>\n"
914 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:43
917 "/* In Solaris watchmalloc.so.1 */\n"
918 "B<void cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<, size_t >I<nelem>B<, size_t >I<elsize>B<);>\n"
922 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:52
923 msgid "B<cfree>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
927 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:57
928 msgid "This function should never be used. Use B<free>(3) instead."
932 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:57
938 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:63
940 "In glibc, the function B<cfree>() is a synonym for B<free>(3), \"added for "
941 "compatibility with SunOS\"."
945 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:69
947 "Other systems have other functions with this name. The declaration is "
948 "sometimes in I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>> and sometimes in I<E<lt>malloc.hE<gt>>."
952 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:69
958 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:74
960 "Some SCO and Solaris versions have malloc libraries with a 3-argument "
961 "B<cfree>(), apparently as an analog to B<calloc>(3)."
965 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:76
966 msgid "If you need it while porting something, add"
970 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:79
971 msgid "#define cfree(p, n, s) free((p))"
975 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:82
976 msgid "to your file."
980 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:91
982 "A frequently asked question is \"Can I use B<free>(3) to free memory "
983 "allocated with B<calloc>(3), or do I need B<cfree>()?\" Answer: use "
988 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:96
990 "An SCO manual writes: \"The cfree routine is provided for compliance to the "
991 "iBCSe2 standard and simply calls free. The num and size arguments to cfree "
996 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:112
998 "The SunOS version of B<cfree>() (which is a synonym for B<free>(3)) "
999 "returns 1 on success and 0 on failure. In case of error, I<errno> is set to "
1000 "B<EINVAL>: the value of I<ptr> was not a pointer to a block previously "
1001 "allocated by one of the routines in the B<malloc>(3) family."
1005 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:117
1007 "The 3-argument version of B<cfree>() as used by SCO conforms to the iBCSe2 "
1008 "standard: Intel386 Binary Compatibility Specification, Edition 2."
1012 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:119
1013 msgid "B<malloc>(3)"
1017 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26
1023 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26
1029 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:29
1030 msgid "clearenv - clear the environment"
1034 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:34
1036 msgid "B<int clearenv(void);>\n"
1040 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:43
1041 msgid "B<clearenv>(): _SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE"
1045 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:50
1047 "The B<clearenv>() function clears the environment of all name-value pairs "
1048 "and sets the value of the external variable I<environ> to NULL."
1051 #. Most versions of UNIX return -1 on error, or do not even have errors.
1052 #. Glibc info and the Watcom C library document "a nonzero value".
1054 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:57
1056 "The B<clearenv>() function returns zero on success, and a nonzero value on "
1061 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:57 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:181 build/C/man3/getenv.3:93 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:63 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:84 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:169
1067 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:60
1068 msgid "Not in libc4, libc5. In glibc since glibc 2.0."
1072 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:74
1074 "Various UNIX variants (DG/UX, HP-UX, QNX, ...). POSIX.9 (bindings for "
1075 "FORTRAN77). POSIX.1-1996 did not accept B<clearenv>() and B<putenv>(3), "
1076 "but changed its mind and scheduled these functions for some later issue of "
1077 "this standard (cf. B.4.6.1). However, POSIX.1-2001 adds only B<putenv>(3), "
1078 "and rejected B<clearenv>()."
1082 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:78
1084 "Used in security-conscious applications. If it is unavailable the "
1089 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:81
1091 msgid " environ = NULL;\n"
1095 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:84
1096 msgid "will probably do."
1100 #. HP-UX has a ENOMEM error return.
1102 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:97
1104 "The DG/UX and Tru64 man pages write: If I<environ> has been modified by "
1105 "anything other than the B<putenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), or B<clearenv>() "
1106 "functions, then B<clearenv>() will return an error and the process "
1107 "environment will remain unchanged."
1111 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:103
1112 msgid "B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
1116 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:30
1122 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:34
1124 "drand48, erand48, lrand48, nrand48, mrand48, jrand48, srand48, seed48, "
1125 "lcong48 - generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers"
1129 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:39
1131 msgid "B<double drand48(void);>\n"
1135 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:41
1137 msgid "B<double erand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1141 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:43
1143 msgid "B<long int lrand48(void);>\n"
1147 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:45
1149 msgid "B<long int nrand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1153 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:47
1155 msgid "B<long int mrand48(void);>\n"
1159 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:49
1161 msgid "B<long int jrand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1165 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:51
1167 msgid "B<void srand48(long int >I<seedval>B<);>\n"
1171 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:53
1173 msgid "B<unsigned short *seed48(unsigned short >I<seed16v>B<[3]);>\n"
1177 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:55
1179 msgid "B<void lcong48(unsigned short >I<param>B<[7]);>\n"
1192 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:74
1193 msgid "All functions shown above: _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
1197 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:78
1199 "These functions generate pseudo-random numbers using the linear congruential "
1200 "algorithm and 48-bit integer arithmetic."
1204 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:86
1206 "The B<drand48>() and B<erand48>() functions return nonnegative "
1207 "double-precision floating-point values uniformly distributed between [0.0, "
1212 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:93
1214 "The B<lrand48>() and B<nrand48>() functions return nonnegative long "
1215 "integers uniformly distributed between 0 and 2^31."
1219 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:100
1221 "The B<mrand48>() and B<jrand48>() functions return signed long integers "
1222 "uniformly distributed between -2^31 and 2^31."
1226 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:119
1228 "The B<srand48>(), B<seed48>() and B<lcong48>() functions are "
1229 "initialization functions, one of which should be called before using "
1230 "B<drand48>(), B<lrand48>() or B<mrand48>(). The functions B<erand48>(), "
1231 "B<nrand48>() and B<jrand48>() do not require an initialization function to "
1236 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:123
1238 "All the functions work by generating a sequence of 48-bit integers, I<Xi>, "
1239 "according to the linear congruential formula:"
1243 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:127
1245 msgid "B<Xn+1 = (aXn + c) mod m, where n E<gt>= 0>\n"
1249 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:140
1251 "The parameter I<m> = 2^48, hence 48-bit integer arithmetic is performed. "
1252 "Unless B<lcong48>() is called, I<a> and I<c> are given by:"
1256 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:145
1259 "B<a = 0x5DEECE66D>\n"
1264 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:165
1266 "The value returned by any of the functions B<drand48>(), B<erand48>(), "
1267 "B<lrand48>(), B<nrand48>(), B<mrand48>() or B<jrand48>() is computed by "
1268 "first generating the next 48-bit I<Xi> in the sequence. Then the "
1269 "appropriate number of bits, according to the type of data item to be "
1270 "returned, is copied from the high-order bits of I<Xi> and transformed into "
1271 "the returned value."
1275 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:191
1277 "The functions B<drand48>(), B<lrand48>() and B<mrand48>() store the last "
1278 "48-bit I<Xi> generated in an internal buffer. The functions B<erand48>(), "
1279 "B<nrand48>() and B<jrand48>() require the calling program to provide "
1280 "storage for the successive I<Xi> values in the array argument I<xsubi>. The "
1281 "functions are initialized by placing the initial value of I<Xi> into the "
1282 "array before calling the function for the first time."
1286 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:200
1288 "The initializer function B<srand48>() sets the high order 32-bits of I<Xi> "
1289 "to the argument I<seedval>. The low order 16-bits are set to the arbitrary "
1294 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:214
1296 "The initializer function B<seed48>() sets the value of I<Xi> to the 48-bit "
1297 "value specified in the array argument I<seed16v>. The previous value of "
1298 "I<Xi> is copied into an internal buffer and a pointer to this buffer is "
1299 "returned by B<seed48>()."
1303 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:245
1305 "The initialization function B<lcong48>() allows the user to specify initial "
1306 "values for I<Xi>, I<a> and I<c>. Array argument elements I<param[0-2]> "
1307 "specify I<Xi>, I<param[3-5]> specify I<a>, and I<param[6]> specifies I<c>. "
1308 "After B<lcong48>() has been called, a subsequent call to either "
1309 "B<srand48>() or B<seed48>() will restore the standard values of I<a> and "
1314 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:260
1316 "The B<drand48>(), B<erand48>(), B<lrand48>(), B<nrand48>(), B<mrand48>(), "
1317 "B<jrand48>(), B<srand48>(), B<seed48>(), and B<lcong48>() functions record "
1318 "global state information for the random number generator, so they are not "
1323 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:262
1324 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001."
1328 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:266
1330 "These functions are declared obsolete by SVID 3, which states that "
1331 "B<rand>(3) should be used instead."
1335 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:269
1336 msgid "B<rand>(3), B<random>(3)"
1340 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27
1346 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
1352 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:32
1354 "drand48_r, erand48_r, lrand48_r, nrand48_r, mrand48_r, jrand48_r, srand48_r, "
1355 "seed48_r, lcong48_r - generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers "
1360 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:37
1362 msgid "B<int drand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, double *>I<result>B<);>\n"
1366 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:39
1368 msgid "B<int erand48_r(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]>I<,>\n"
1372 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:41
1374 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, double *>I<result>B<);>\n"
1378 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:43
1381 "B<int lrand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, long int "
1382 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1386 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:45
1388 msgid "B<int nrand48_r(unsigned short int >I<xsubi[3]>B<,>\n"
1392 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:47 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:53
1395 "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, long int "
1396 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1400 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:49
1403 "B<int mrand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<,long int "
1404 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1408 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:51
1410 msgid "B<int jrand48_r(unsigned short int >I<xsubi[3]>B<,>\n"
1414 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:55
1417 "B<int srand48_r(long int >I<seedval>B<, struct drand48_data "
1418 "*>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1422 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:57
1424 msgid "B<int seed48_r(unsigned short int >I<seed16v[3]>B<,>\n"
1428 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:59
1430 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1434 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:61
1436 msgid "B<int lcong48_r(unsigned short int >I<param[7]>B<,>\n"
1440 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:63
1442 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1445 #. .BR drand48_r (),
1446 #. .BR erand48_r (),
1447 #. .BR lrand48_r (),
1448 #. .BR nrand48_r (),
1449 #. .BR mrand48_r (),
1450 #. .BR jrand48_r (),
1451 #. .BR srand48_r (),
1453 #. .BR lcong48_r ():
1455 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:82
1456 msgid "All functions shown above: _SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
1460 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:89
1462 "These functions are the reentrant analogs of the functions described in "
1463 "B<drand48>(3). Instead of modifying the global random generator state, they "
1464 "use the supplied data I<buffer>."
1468 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:96
1470 "Before the first use, this struct must be initialized, for example, by "
1471 "filling it with zeros, or by calling one of the functions B<srand48_r>(), "
1472 "B<seed48_r>(), or B<lcong48_r>()."
1476 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:98
1477 msgid "The return value is 0."
1481 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:112
1483 "The B<drand48_r>(), B<erand48_r>(), B<lrand48_r>(), B<nrand48_r>(), "
1484 "B<mrand48_r>(), B<jrand48_r>(), B<srand48_r>(), B<seed48_r>(), and "
1485 "B<lcong48_r>() functions are thread-safe."
1489 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:114
1490 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions and are not portable."
1494 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:118 build/C/man3/random_r.3:136
1495 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<rand>(3), B<random>(3)"
1499 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32
1505 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32
1511 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:35
1512 msgid "ecvt, fcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
1516 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:40
1518 "B<char *ecvt(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,> "
1519 "B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
1523 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:43
1525 "B<char *fcvt(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,> "
1526 "B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
1530 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:51
1531 msgid "B<ecvt>(), B<fcvt>():"
1535 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:54 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:49 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:53
1537 msgid "Since glibc 2.12:"
1541 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:61 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:56
1545 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
1546 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
1547 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
1551 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:62 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:57 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:59
1553 msgid "Before glibc 2.12:"
1557 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:92
1559 "The B<ecvt>() function converts I<number> to a null-terminated string of "
1560 "I<ndigits> digits (where I<ndigits> is reduced to a system-specific limit "
1561 "determined by the precision of a I<double>), and returns a pointer to the "
1562 "string. The high-order digit is nonzero, unless I<number> is zero. The low "
1563 "order digit is rounded. The string itself does not contain a decimal point; "
1564 "however, the position of the decimal point relative to the start of the "
1565 "string is stored in I<*decpt>. A negative value for I<*decpt> means that "
1566 "the decimal point is to the left of the start of the string. If the sign of "
1567 "I<number> is negative, I<*sign> is set to a nonzero value, otherwise it is "
1568 "set to 0. If I<number> is zero, it is unspecified whether I<*decpt> is 0 or "
1573 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:99
1575 "The B<fcvt>() function is identical to B<ecvt>(), except that I<ndigits> "
1576 "specifies the number of digits after the decimal point."
1580 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:110
1582 "Both the B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>() functions return a pointer to a static "
1583 "string containing the ASCII representation of I<number>. The static string "
1584 "is overwritten by each call to B<ecvt>() or B<fcvt>()."
1588 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:117
1589 msgid "The B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>() functions are not thread-safe."
1593 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:129
1595 "SVr2; marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the "
1596 "specifications of B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>(), recommending the use of "
1597 "B<sprintf>(3) instead (though B<snprintf>(3) may be preferable)."
1601 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:135
1603 "Linux libc4 and libc5 specified the type of I<ndigits> as I<size_t>. Not "
1604 "all locales use a point as the radix character (\"decimal point\")."
1608 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:141
1609 msgid "B<ecvt_r>(3), B<gcvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3), B<setlocale>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1613 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30
1619 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:33
1621 "ecvt_r, fcvt_r, qecvt_r, qfcvt_r - convert a floating-point number to a "
1626 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:39
1629 "B<int ecvt_r(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,>\n"
1630 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1634 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:42
1637 "B<int fcvt_r(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,>\n"
1638 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1642 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:45
1645 "B<int qecvt_r(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
1647 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1651 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:48
1654 "B<int qfcvt_r(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
1656 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1660 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:60
1661 msgid "B<ecvt_r>(), B<fcvt_r>(), B<qecvt_r>(), B<qfcvt_r>():"
1665 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:62
1666 msgid "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500"
1670 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:86
1672 "The functions B<ecvt_r>(), B<fcvt_r>(), B<qecvt_r>() and B<qfcvt_r>() are "
1673 "identical to B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3) and B<qfcvt>(3), "
1674 "respectively, except that they do not return their result in a static "
1675 "buffer, but instead use the supplied I<buf> of size I<len>. See B<ecvt>(3) "
1680 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:88
1681 msgid "These functions return 0 on success, and -1 otherwise."
1685 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:90
1686 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions."
1690 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:95 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:94
1691 msgid "These functions are obsolete. Instead, B<sprintf>(3) is recommended."
1695 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:99
1696 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1700 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:29
1706 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:29
1712 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:32
1713 msgid "exit - cause normal process termination"
1717 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:37
1719 msgid "B<void exit(int >I<status>B<);>\n"
1723 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:45
1725 "The B<exit>() function causes normal process termination and the value of "
1726 "I<status & 0377> is returned to the parent (see B<wait>(2))."
1730 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:72
1732 "All functions registered with B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3) are called, "
1733 "in the reverse order of their registration. (It is possible for one of "
1734 "these functions to use B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3) to register an "
1735 "additional function to be executed during exit processing; the new "
1736 "registration is added to the front of the list of functions that remain to "
1737 "be called.) If one of these functions does not return (e.g., it calls "
1738 "B<_exit>(2), or kills itself with a signal), then none of the remaining "
1739 "functions is called, and further exit processing (in particular, flushing of "
1740 "B<stdio>(3) streams) is abandoned. If a function has been registered "
1741 "multiple times using B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3), then it is called as "
1742 "many times as it was registered."
1746 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:79
1748 "All open B<stdio>(3) streams are flushed and closed. Files created by "
1749 "B<tmpfile>(3) are removed."
1753 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:86
1755 "The C standard specifies two constants, B<EXIT_SUCCESS> and B<EXIT_FAILURE>, "
1756 "that may be passed to B<exit>() to indicate successful or unsuccessful "
1757 "termination, respectively."
1761 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:90
1762 msgid "The B<exit>() function does not return."
1766 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:92
1767 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, C89, C99."
1771 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:109
1773 "It is undefined what happens if one of the functions registered using "
1774 "B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3) calls either B<exit>() or B<longjmp>(3). "
1775 "Note that a call to B<execve>(2) removes registrations created using "
1776 "B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3)."
1780 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:118
1782 "The use of B<EXIT_SUCCESS> and B<EXIT_FAILURE> is slightly more portable (to "
1783 "non-UNIX environments) than the use of 0 and some nonzero value like 1 or "
1784 "-1. In particular, VMS uses a different convention."
1788 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:121
1790 "BSD has attempted to standardize exit codes; see the file "
1791 "I<E<lt>sysexits.hE<gt>>."
1795 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:146
1797 "After B<exit>(), the exit status must be transmitted to the parent process. "
1798 "There are three cases. If the parent has set B<SA_NOCLDWAIT>, or has set "
1799 "the B<SIGCHLD> handler to B<SIG_IGN>, the status is discarded. If the "
1800 "parent was waiting on the child it is notified of the exit status. In both "
1801 "cases the exiting process dies immediately. If the parent has not indicated "
1802 "that it is not interested in the exit status, but is not waiting, the "
1803 "exiting process turns into a \"zombie\" process (which is nothing but a "
1804 "container for the single byte representing the exit status) so that the "
1805 "parent can learn the exit status when it later calls one of the B<wait>(2) "
1810 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:156
1812 "If the implementation supports the B<SIGCHLD> signal, this signal is sent to "
1813 "the parent. If the parent has set B<SA_NOCLDWAIT>, it is undefined whether "
1814 "a B<SIGCHLD> signal is sent."
1818 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:165
1820 "If the process is a session leader and its controlling terminal is the "
1821 "controlling terminal of the session, then each process in the foreground "
1822 "process group of this controlling terminal is sent a B<SIGHUP> signal, and "
1823 "the terminal is disassociated from this session, allowing it to be acquired "
1824 "by a new controlling process."
1828 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:177
1830 "If the exit of the process causes a process group to become orphaned, and if "
1831 "any member of the newly orphaned process group is stopped, then a B<SIGHUP> "
1832 "signal followed by a B<SIGCONT> signal will be sent to each process in this "
1833 "process group. See B<setpgid>(2) for an explanation of orphaned process "
1838 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:184
1840 "B<_exit>(2), B<setpgid>(2), B<wait>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<on_exit>(3), "
1845 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30
1851 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:33
1852 msgid "gcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
1856 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:38
1858 msgid "B<char *gcvt(double >I<number>B<, size_t >I<ndigit>B<, char *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
1862 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:46
1867 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:61
1869 "_SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE && "
1870 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
1874 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:72
1876 "The B<gcvt>() function converts I<number> to a minimal length "
1877 "null-terminated ASCII string and stores the result in I<buf>. It produces "
1878 "I<ndigit> significant digits in either B<printf>(3) F format or E format."
1882 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:77
1884 "The B<gcvt>() function returns the address of the string pointed to by "
1889 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:86
1891 "Marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
1892 "B<gcvt>(), recommending the use of B<sprintf>(3) instead (though "
1893 "B<snprintf>(3) may be preferable)."
1897 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:90
1898 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1902 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:27
1908 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:27
1914 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:30
1915 msgid "getauxval - retrieve a value from the auxiliary vector"
1919 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:33
1921 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/auxv.hE<gt>>\n"
1925 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:35
1927 msgid "B<unsigned long getauxval(unsigned long >I<type>B<);>\n"
1931 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:43
1933 "The B<getauxval>() function retrieves values from the auxiliary vector, a "
1934 "mechanism that the kernel's ELF binary loader uses to pass certain "
1935 "information to user space when a program is executed."
1939 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:51
1941 "Each entry in the auxiliary vector consists of a pair of values: a type that "
1942 "identifies what this entry represents, and a value for that type. Given the "
1943 "argument I<type>, B<getauxval>() returns the corresponding value."
1947 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:58
1949 "The value returned for each I<type> is given in the following list. Not all "
1950 "I<type> values are present on all architectures."
1954 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:58
1960 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:61
1961 msgid "The base address of the program interpreter (usually, the dynamic linker)."
1965 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:61
1967 msgid "B<AT_BASE_PLATFORM>"
1971 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:66
1973 "A string identifying the real platform; may differ from B<AT_PLATFORM> "
1978 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:66
1980 msgid "B<AT_CLKTCK>"
1984 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:73
1986 "The frequency with which B<times>(2) counts. This value can also be "
1987 "obtained via I<sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)>."
1991 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:73
1993 msgid "B<AT_DCACHEBSIZE>"
1997 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:76
1998 msgid "The data cache block size."
2002 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:76
2008 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:79
2009 msgid "The effective group ID of the thread."
2013 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:79
2019 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:82
2020 msgid "The entry address of the executable."
2024 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:82
2030 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:85
2031 msgid "The effective user ID of the thread."
2035 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:85
2037 msgid "B<AT_EXECFD>"
2041 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:88
2042 msgid "File descriptor of program."
2046 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:88
2048 msgid "B<AT_EXECFN>"
2052 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:91
2053 msgid "Pathname used to execute program."
2057 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:91
2063 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:94
2064 msgid "Flags (unused)."
2068 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:94
2074 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:99
2076 "Used FPU control word (SuperH architecture only). This gives some "
2077 "information about the FPU initialization performed by the kernel."
2081 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:99
2087 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:102
2088 msgid "The real group ID of the thread."
2092 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:102
2098 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:112
2100 "A pointer to a multibyte mask of bits whose settings indicate detailed "
2101 "processor capabilities. The contents of the bit mask are hardware dependent "
2102 "(for example, see the kernel source file "
2103 "I<arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h> for details relating to the Intel x86 "
2104 "architecture). A human-readable version of the same information is "
2105 "available via I</proc/cpuinfo>."
2109 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:112
2111 msgid "B<AT_ICACHEBSIZE>"
2121 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:121
2122 msgid "The instruction cache block size."
2126 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:121
2128 msgid "B<AT_PAGESZ>"
2132 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:125
2133 msgid "The system page size (the same value returned by I<sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)>)."
2137 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:125
2143 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:128
2144 msgid "The address of the program headers of the executable."
2148 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:128
2154 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:131
2155 msgid "The size of program header entry."
2159 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:131
2165 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:134
2166 msgid "The number of program headers."
2170 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:134
2172 msgid "B<AT_PLATFORM>"
2176 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:141
2178 "A pointer to a string that identifies the hardware platform that the program "
2179 "is running on. The dynamic linker uses this in the interpretation of "
2184 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:141
2186 msgid "B<AT_RANDOM>"
2190 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:144
2191 msgid "The address of sixteen bytes containing a random value."
2195 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:144
2197 msgid "B<AT_SECURE>"
2201 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:156
2203 "Has a nonzero value if this executable should be treated securely. Most "
2204 "commonly, a nonzero value indicates that the process is executing a "
2205 "set-user-ID or set-group-ID program; alternatively, a nonzero value may be "
2206 "triggered by a Linux Security Module. When this value is nonzero, the "
2207 "dynamic linker disables the use of certain environment variables (see "
2208 "B<ld-linux.so>(8)) and glibc changes other aspects of its behavior. (See "
2209 "also B<secure_getenv>(3).)"
2213 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:156
2215 msgid "B<AT_SYSINFO>"
2219 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:160
2221 "The entry point to the system call function in the VDSO. Not present/needed "
2222 "on all architectures (e.g., absent on x86-64)."
2226 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:160
2228 msgid "B<AT_SYSINFO_EHDR>"
2232 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:165
2234 "The address of a page containing the Virtual Dynamic Shared Object (VDSO) "
2235 "that the kernel creates in order to provide fast implementations of certain "
2240 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:165
2242 msgid "B<AT_UCACHEBSIZE>"
2246 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:168
2247 msgid "The unified cache block size."
2251 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:168
2257 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:171
2258 msgid "The real user ID of the thread."
2262 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:179
2264 "On success, B<getauxval>() returns the value corresponding to I<type>. If "
2265 "I<type> is not found, 0 is returned."
2269 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:181
2270 msgid "No errors are diagnosed."
2274 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:185
2275 msgid "The B<getauxval>() function was added to glibc in version 2.16."
2279 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:187
2280 msgid "This function is a nonstandard glibc extension."
2284 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:196
2286 "The primary consumer of the information in the auxiliary vector is the "
2287 "dynamic linker B<ld-linux.so>(8). The auxiliary vector is a convenient and "
2288 "efficient shortcut that allows the kernel to communicate a certain set of "
2289 "standard information that the dynamic linker usually or always needs. In "
2290 "some cases, the same information could be obtained by system calls, but "
2291 "using the auxiliary vector is cheaper."
2295 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:202
2297 "The auxiliary vector resides just above the argument list and environment in "
2298 "the process address space. The auxiliary vector supplied to a program can "
2299 "be viewed by setting the B<LD_SHOW_AUXV> environment variable when running a "
2304 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:204
2306 msgid " $ LD_SHOW_AUXV=1 sleep 1\n"
2310 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:211
2312 "The auxiliary vector of any process can (subject to file permissions) be "
2313 "obtained via I</proc/PID/auxv>; see B<proc>(5) for more information."
2317 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:214
2318 msgid "B<secure_getenv>(3), B<ld-linux.so>(8)"
2322 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:217
2323 msgid "The kernel source file I<Documentation/ABI/stable/vdso>"
2327 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:33
2333 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:33
2339 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:36
2340 msgid "getenv, secure_getenv - get an environment variable"
2344 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:41
2346 msgid "B<char *getenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
2350 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:43
2352 msgid "B<char *secure_getenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
2356 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:52
2357 msgid "B<secure_getenv>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
2361 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:61
2363 "The B<getenv>() function searches the environment list to find the "
2364 "environment variable I<name>, and returns a pointer to the corresponding "
2369 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:69
2371 "The GNU-specific B<secure_getenv>() function is just like B<getenv>() "
2372 "except that it returns NULL in cases where \"secure execution\" is "
2373 "required. Secure execution is required if one of the following conditions "
2374 "was true when the program run by the calling process was loaded:"
2378 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:69 build/C/man3/getenv.3:74 build/C/man3/getenv.3:76
2384 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:74
2386 "the process's effective user ID did not match its real user ID or the "
2387 "process's effective group ID did not match its real group ID (typically this "
2388 "is the result of executing a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program);"
2392 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:76
2393 msgid "the effective capability bit was set on the executable file; or"
2397 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:78
2398 msgid "the process has a nonempty permitted capability set."
2402 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:81
2404 "Secure execution may also required if triggered by some Linux security "
2409 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:88
2411 "The B<secure_getenv>() function is intended for use in general-purpose "
2412 "libraries to avoid vulnerabilities that could occur if set-user-ID or "
2413 "set-group-ID programs accidentally trusted the environment."
2417 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:93
2419 "The B<getenv>() function returns a pointer to the value in the environment, "
2420 "or NULL if there is no match."
2424 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:96
2425 msgid "B<secure_getenv>() first appeared in glibc 2.17."
2429 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:99
2430 msgid "B<getenv>(): SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C89, C99."
2434 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:102
2435 msgid "B<secure_getenv>() is a GNU extension."
2439 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:104
2440 msgid "The strings in the environment list are of the form I<name=value>."
2444 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:110
2446 "As typically implemented, B<getenv>() returns a pointer to a string within "
2447 "the environment list. The caller must take care not to modify this string, "
2448 "since that would change the environment of the process."
2452 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:123
2454 "The implementation of B<getenv>() is not required to be reentrant. The "
2455 "string pointed to by the return value of B<getenv>() may be statically "
2456 "allocated, and can be modified by a subsequent call to B<getenv>(), "
2457 "B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), or B<unsetenv>(3)."
2461 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:129
2463 "The \"secure execution\" mode of B<secure_getenv>() is controlled by the "
2464 "B<AT_SECURE> flag contained in the auxiliary vector passed from the kernel "
2469 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:137
2471 "B<clearenv>(3), B<getauxval>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), "
2472 "B<capabilities>(7), B<environ>(7)"
2476 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34
2482 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34
2488 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:37
2489 msgid "getloadavg - get system load averages"
2493 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:41
2496 "B<#define _BSD_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
2497 "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>\n"
2501 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:43
2503 msgid "B<int getloadavg(double >I<loadavg[]>B<, int >I<nelem>B<);>\n"
2507 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:55
2509 "The B<getloadavg>() function returns the number of processes in the system "
2510 "run queue averaged over various periods of time. Up to I<nelem> samples are "
2511 "retrieved and assigned to successive elements of I<loadavg>[]. The system "
2512 "imposes a maximum of 3 samples, representing averages over the last 1, 5, "
2513 "and 15 minutes, respectively."
2519 #. function appeared in
2522 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:63
2524 "If the load average was unobtainable, -1 is returned; otherwise, the number "
2525 "of samples actually retrieved is returned."
2529 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:65
2530 msgid "This function is available in glibc since version 2.2."
2533 #. mdoc seems to have a bug - there must be no newline here
2535 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:69
2536 msgid "Not in POSIX.1-2001. Present on the BSDs and Solaris."
2540 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:72
2541 msgid "B<uptime>(1), B<proc>(5)"
2545 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25
2551 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26
2557 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:28
2558 msgid "getsubopt - parse suboption arguments from a string"
2562 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:33
2564 "B<int getsubopt(char **>I<optionp>B<, char * const *>I<tokens>B<, char "
2569 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:40
2570 msgid "B<getsubopt>():"
2574 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:45
2575 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>= 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
2579 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:47
2580 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L"
2584 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:64
2586 "B<getsubopt>() parses the list of comma-separated suboptions provided in "
2587 "I<optionp>. (Such a suboption list is typically produced when B<getopt>(3) "
2588 "is used to parse a command line; see for example the I<-o> option of "
2589 "B<mount>(8).) Each suboption may include an associated value, which is "
2590 "separated from the suboption name by an equal sign. The following is an "
2591 "example of the kind of string that might be passed in I<optionp>:"
2595 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:67
2596 msgid "B<ro,name=xyz>"
2600 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:77
2602 "The I<tokens> argument is a pointer to a NULL-terminated array of pointers "
2603 "to the tokens that B<getsubopt>() will look for in I<optionp>. The tokens "
2604 "should be distinct, null-terminated strings containing at least one "
2605 "character, with no embedded equal signs or commas."
2609 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:98
2611 "Each call to B<getsubopt>() returns information about the next unprocessed "
2612 "suboption in I<optionp>. The first equal sign in a suboption (if any) is "
2613 "interpreted as a separator between the name and the value of that "
2614 "suboption. The value extends to the next comma, or (for the last suboption) "
2615 "to the end of the string. If the name of the suboption matches a known name "
2616 "from I<tokens>, and a value string was found, B<getsubopt>() sets "
2617 "I<*valuep> to the address of that string. The first comma in I<optionp> is "
2618 "overwritten with a null byte, so I<*valuep> is precisely the \"value "
2619 "string\" for that suboption."
2623 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:102
2625 "If the suboption is recognized, but no value string was found, I<*valuep> is "
2630 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:110
2632 "When B<getsubopt>() returns, I<optionp> points to the next suboption, or to "
2633 "the null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) at the end of the string if the last "
2634 "suboption was just processed."
2638 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:122
2640 "If the first suboption in I<optionp> is recognized, B<getsubopt>() returns "
2641 "the index of the matching suboption element in I<tokens>. Otherwise, -1 is "
2642 "returned and I<*valuep> is the entire I<name>B<[=>I<value>B<]> string."
2646 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:129
2648 "Since I<*optionp> is changed, the first suboption before the call to "
2649 "B<getsubopt>() is not (necessarily) the same as the first suboption after "
2654 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:138
2656 "Since B<getsubopt>() overwrites any commas it finds in the string "
2657 "I<*optionp>, that string must be writable; it cannot be a string constant."
2661 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:140
2662 msgid "The following program expects suboptions following a \"-o\" option."
2666 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:146
2669 "#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500\n"
2670 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
2671 "#include E<lt>assert.hE<gt>\n"
2672 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
2676 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:163
2679 "int main(int argc, char **argv)\n"
2686 " char *const token[] = {\n"
2687 " [RO_OPT] = \"ro\",\n"
2688 " [RW_OPT] = \"rw\",\n"
2689 " [NAME_OPT] = \"name\",\n"
2698 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:168
2701 " int readonly = 0;\n"
2702 " int readwrite = 0;\n"
2703 " char *name = NULL;\n"
2704 " int errfnd = 0;\n"
2708 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:174
2711 " while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, \"o:\")) != -1) {\n"
2713 " case \\(aqo\\(aq:\n"
2714 " subopts = optarg;\n"
2715 " while (*subopts != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq && !errfnd) {\n"
2719 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:179
2722 " switch (getsubopt(&subopts, token, &value)) {\n"
2729 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:183
2738 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:191
2742 " if (value == NULL) {\n"
2743 " fprintf(stderr, \"Missing value for \"\n"
2744 " \"suboption \\(aq%s\\(aq\\en\", "
2745 "token[NAME_OPT]);\n"
2752 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:194
2760 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:208
2764 " fprintf(stderr, \"No match found \"\n"
2765 " \"for token: /%s/\\en\", value);\n"
2770 " if (readwrite && readonly) {\n"
2771 " fprintf(stderr, \"Only one of \\(aq%s\\(aq and \\(aq%s\\(aq can "
2773 " \"specified\\en\", token[RO_OPT], token[RW_OPT]);\n"
2780 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:213
2790 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:220
2793 " if (errfnd || argc == 1) {\n"
2794 " fprintf(stderr, \"\\enUsage: %s -o E<lt>suboptstringE<gt>\\en\", "
2796 " fprintf(stderr, \"suboptions are \\(aqro\\(aq, \\(aqrw\\(aq, \"\n"
2797 " \"and \\(aqname=E<lt>valueE<gt>\\(aq\\en\");\n"
2798 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2803 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:222
2805 msgid " /* Remainder of program... */\n"
2809 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:228
2810 msgid "B<getopt>(3)"
2814 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:30
2820 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:30
2826 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:33
2827 msgid "malloc, free, calloc, realloc - allocate and free dynamic memory"
2831 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:41
2834 "B<void *malloc(size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2835 "B<void free(void >I<*ptr>B<);>\n"
2836 "B<void *calloc(size_t >I<nmemb>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2837 "B<void *realloc(void >I<*ptr>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2842 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:58
2844 "The B<malloc>() function allocates I<size> bytes and returns a pointer to "
2845 "the allocated memory. I<The memory is not initialized>. If I<size> is 0, "
2846 "then B<malloc>() returns either NULL, or a unique pointer value that can "
2847 "later be successfully passed to B<free>()."
2851 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:74
2853 "The B<free>() function frees the memory space pointed to by I<ptr>, which "
2854 "must have been returned by a previous call to B<malloc>(), B<calloc>() or "
2855 "B<realloc>(). Otherwise, or if I<free(ptr)> has already been called before, "
2856 "undefined behavior occurs. If I<ptr> is NULL, no operation is performed."
2861 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:93
2863 "The B<calloc>() function allocates memory for an array of I<nmemb> elements "
2864 "of I<size> bytes each and returns a pointer to the allocated memory. The "
2865 "memory is set to zero. If I<nmemb> or I<size> is 0, then B<calloc>() "
2866 "returns either NULL, or a unique pointer value that can later be "
2867 "successfully passed to B<free>()."
2871 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:129
2873 "The B<realloc>() function changes the size of the memory block pointed to "
2874 "by I<ptr> to I<size> bytes. The contents will be unchanged in the range "
2875 "from the start of the region up to the minimum of the old and new sizes. If "
2876 "the new size is larger than the old size, the added memory will I<not> be "
2877 "initialized. If I<ptr> is NULL, then the call is equivalent to "
2878 "I<malloc(size)>, for all values of I<size>; if I<size> is equal to zero, and "
2879 "I<ptr> is not NULL, then the call is equivalent to I<free(ptr)>. Unless "
2880 "I<ptr> is NULL, it must have been returned by an earlier call to "
2881 "B<malloc>(), B<calloc>() or B<realloc>(). If the area pointed to was "
2882 "moved, a I<free(ptr)> is done."
2886 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:149
2888 "The B<malloc>() and B<calloc>() functions return a pointer to the "
2889 "allocated memory that is suitably aligned for any kind of variable. On "
2890 "error, these functions return NULL. NULL may also be returned by a "
2891 "successful call to B<malloc>() with a I<size> of zero, or by a successful "
2892 "call to B<calloc>() with I<nmemb> or I<size> equal to zero."
2896 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:153
2897 msgid "The B<free>() function returns no value."
2901 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:168
2903 "The B<realloc>() function returns a pointer to the newly allocated memory, "
2904 "which is suitably aligned for any kind of variable and may be different from "
2905 "I<ptr>, or NULL if the request fails. If I<size> was equal to 0, either "
2906 "NULL or a pointer suitable to be passed to B<free>() is returned. If "
2907 "B<realloc>() fails the original block is left untouched; it is not freed or "
2912 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:170
2917 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:186
2919 "By default, Linux follows an optimistic memory allocation strategy. This "
2920 "means that when B<malloc>() returns non-NULL there is no guarantee that the "
2921 "memory really is available. In case it turns out that the system is out of "
2922 "memory, one or more processes will be killed by the OOM killer. For more "
2923 "information, see the description of I</proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory> and "
2924 "I</proc/sys/vm/oom_adj> in B<proc>(5), and the Linux kernel source file "
2925 "I<Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting>."
2929 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:207
2931 "Normally, B<malloc>() allocates memory from the heap, and adjusts the size "
2932 "of the heap as required, using B<sbrk>(2). When allocating blocks of memory "
2933 "larger than B<MMAP_THRESHOLD> bytes, the glibc B<malloc>() implementation "
2934 "allocates the memory as a private anonymous mapping using B<mmap>(2). "
2935 "B<MMAP_THRESHOLD> is 128 kB by default, but is adjustable using "
2936 "B<mallopt>(3). Allocations performed using B<mmap>(2) are unaffected by "
2937 "the B<RLIMIT_DATA> resource limit (see B<getrlimit>(2))."
2941 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:225
2943 "To avoid corruption in multithreaded applications, mutexes are used "
2944 "internally to protect the memory-management data structures employed by "
2945 "these functions. In a multithreaded application in which threads "
2946 "simultaneously allocate and free memory, there could be contention for these "
2947 "mutexes. To scalably handle memory allocation in multithreaded "
2948 "applications, glibc creates additional I<memory allocation arenas> if mutex "
2949 "contention is detected. Each arena is a large region of memory that is "
2950 "internally allocated by the system (using B<brk>(2) or B<mmap>(2)), and "
2951 "managed with its own mutexes."
2955 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:243
2957 "The UNIX 98 standard requires B<malloc>(), B<calloc>(), and B<realloc>() to "
2958 "set I<errno> to B<ENOMEM> upon failure. Glibc assumes that this is done "
2959 "(and the glibc versions of these routines do this); if you use a private "
2960 "malloc implementation that does not set I<errno>, then certain library "
2961 "routines may fail without having a reason in I<errno>."
2965 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:252
2967 "Crashes in B<malloc>(), B<calloc>(), B<realloc>(), or B<free>() are almost "
2968 "always related to heap corruption, such as overflowing an allocated chunk or "
2969 "freeing the same pointer twice."
2973 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:259
2975 "Recent versions of Linux libc (later than 5.4.23) and glibc (2.x) include a "
2976 "B<malloc>() implementation which is tunable via environment variables. For "
2977 "details, see B<mallopt>(3)."
2981 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:283
2983 "B<brk>(2), B<mmap>(2), B<alloca>(3), B<malloc_get_state>(3), "
2984 "B<malloc_info>(3), B<malloc_trim>(3), B<malloc_usable_size>(3), "
2985 "B<mallopt>(3), B<mcheck>(3), B<mtrace>(3), B<posix_memalign>(3)"
2989 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:16
2995 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:19
2996 msgid "mblen - determine number of bytes in next multibyte character"
3000 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:24
3002 msgid "B<int mblen(const char *>I<s>B<, size_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
3006 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:43
3008 "If I<s> is not a NULL pointer, the B<mblen>() function inspects at most "
3009 "I<n> bytes of the multibyte string starting at I<s> and extracts the next "
3010 "complete multibyte character. It uses a static anonymous shift state known "
3011 "only to the B<mblen>() function. If the multibyte character is not the "
3012 "null wide character, it returns the number of bytes that were consumed from "
3013 "I<s>. If the multibyte character is the null wide character, it returns 0."
3017 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:57
3019 "If the I<n> bytes starting at I<s> do not contain a complete multibyte "
3020 "character, B<mblen>() returns -1. This can happen even if I<n> is greater "
3021 "than or equal to I<MB_CUR_MAX>, if the multibyte string contains redundant "
3026 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:64
3028 "If the multibyte string starting at I<s> contains an invalid multibyte "
3029 "sequence before the next complete character, B<mblen>() also returns -1."
3032 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
3033 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
3035 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:75
3037 "If I<s> is a NULL pointer, the B<mblen>() function resets the shift state, "
3038 "known to only this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if "
3039 "the encoding has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is "
3044 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:87
3046 "The B<mblen>() function returns the number of bytes parsed from the "
3047 "multibyte sequence starting at I<s>, if a non-null wide character was "
3048 "recognized. It returns 0, if a null wide character was recognized. It "
3049 "returns -1, if an invalid multibyte sequence was encountered or if it "
3050 "couldn't parse a complete multibyte character."
3054 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:92
3055 msgid "The B<mblen>() function is not thread-safe."
3059 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:94 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:95 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:116 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:90 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:91
3064 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:101
3066 "The behavior of B<mblen>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3071 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:106
3073 "The function B<mbrlen>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
3078 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:108
3079 msgid "B<mbrlen>(3)"
3083 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:16
3089 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:16 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16
3095 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:19
3096 msgid "mbstowcs - convert a multibyte string to a wide-character string"
3100 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:24
3103 "B<size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t *>I<dest>B<, const char *>I<src>B<, size_t "
3108 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:43
3110 "If I<dest> is not a NULL pointer, the B<mbstowcs>() function converts the "
3111 "multibyte string I<src> to a wide-character string starting at I<dest>. At "
3112 "most I<n> wide characters are written to I<dest>. The conversion starts in "
3113 "the initial state. The conversion can stop for three reasons:"
3117 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:43
3123 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:48
3125 "An invalid multibyte sequence has been encountered. In this case "
3126 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
3130 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:48
3136 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:57
3138 "I<n> non-L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq wide characters have been stored at I<dest>. In "
3139 "this case the number of wide characters written to I<dest> is returned, but "
3140 "the shift state at this point is lost."
3144 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:57
3150 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:63
3152 "The multibyte string has been completely converted, including the "
3153 "terminating null wide character (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). In this case the number "
3154 "of wide characters written to I<dest>, excluding the terminating null wide "
3155 "character, is returned."
3159 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:69
3161 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least I<n> wide "
3162 "characters at I<dest>."
3166 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:77
3168 "If I<dest> is NULL, I<n> is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, "
3169 "except that the converted wide characters are not written out to memory, and "
3170 "that no length limit exists."
3174 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:83
3176 "In order to avoid the case 2 above, the programmer should make sure I<n> is "
3177 "greater or equal to I<mbstowcs(NULL,src,0)+1>."
3181 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:93
3183 "The B<mbstowcs>() function returns the number of wide characters that make "
3184 "up the converted part of the wide-character string, not including the "
3185 "terminating null wide character. If an invalid multibyte sequence was "
3186 "encountered, I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
3190 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:102
3192 "The behavior of B<mbstowcs>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3197 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:107
3199 "The function B<mbsrtowcs>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
3204 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:110
3205 msgid "B<mbsrtowcs>(3), B<wcstombs>(3)"
3209 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16
3215 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:19
3216 msgid "mbtowc - convert a multibyte sequence to a wide character"
3220 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:24
3222 msgid "B<int mbtowc(wchar_t *>I<pwc>B<, const char *>I<s>B<, size_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
3226 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:50
3228 "The main case for this function is when I<s> is not NULL and I<pwc> is not "
3229 "NULL. In this case, the B<mbtowc>() function inspects at most I<n> bytes "
3230 "of the multibyte string starting at I<s>, extracts the next complete "
3231 "multibyte character, converts it to a wide character and stores it at "
3232 "I<*pwc>. It updates an internal shift state known only to the B<mbtowc>() "
3233 "function. If I<s> does not point to a null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), it "
3234 "returns the number of bytes that were consumed from I<s>, otherwise it "
3239 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:64
3241 "If the I<n> bytes starting at I<s> do not contain a complete multibyte "
3242 "character, or if they contain an invalid multibyte sequence, B<mbtowc>() "
3243 "returns -1. This can happen even if I<n> E<gt>= I<MB_CUR_MAX>, if the "
3244 "multibyte string contains redundant shift sequences."
3248 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:75
3250 "A different case is when I<s> is not NULL but I<pwc> is NULL. In this case "
3251 "the B<mbtowc>() function behaves as above, except that it does not store "
3252 "the converted wide character in memory."
3255 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
3256 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
3258 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:94
3260 "A third case is when I<s> is NULL. In this case, I<pwc> and I<n> are "
3261 "ignored. The B<mbtowc>() function resets the shift state, only known to "
3262 "this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the encoding has "
3263 "nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3267 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:106
3269 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<mbtowc>() function returns the number of "
3270 "consumed bytes starting at I<s>, or 0 if I<s> points to a null byte, or -1 "
3275 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:114
3277 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<mbtowc>() function returns nonzero if the encoding "
3278 "has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3282 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:123
3284 "The behavior of B<mbtowc>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3289 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:129
3291 "This function is not multithread safe. The function B<mbrtowc>(3) provides "
3292 "a better interface to the same functionality."
3296 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:133
3297 msgid "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3), B<mbrtowc>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3)"
3301 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26
3307 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:29
3308 msgid "mkdtemp - create a unique temporary directory"
3312 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:34
3314 msgid "B<char *mkdtemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3318 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:42
3319 msgid "B<mkdtemp>():"
3323 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:47
3328 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:49
3329 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.10: */"
3333 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:51
3334 msgid "(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700)"
3338 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:68
3340 "The B<mkdtemp>() function generates a uniquely named temporary directory "
3341 "from I<template>. The last six characters of I<template> must be XXXXXX and "
3342 "these are replaced with a string that makes the directory name unique. The "
3343 "directory is then created with permissions 0700. Since it will be modified, "
3344 "I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be declared as a "
3349 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:75
3351 "The B<mkdtemp>() function returns a pointer to the modified template string "
3352 "on success, and NULL on failure, in which case I<errno> is set "
3357 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:76 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:147 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:89 build/C/man3/random.3:141 build/C/man3/random.3:148 build/C/man3/random_r.3:106 build/C/man3/random_r.3:110 build/C/man3/random_r.3:119 build/C/man3/setenv.3:119 build/C/man3/strtol.3:145 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:149
3363 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:80
3365 "The last six characters of I<template> were not XXXXXX. Now I<template> is "
3370 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:84
3371 msgid "Also see B<mkdir>(2) for other possible values for I<errno>."
3375 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:86
3376 msgid "Available since glibc 2.1.91."
3379 #. As at 2006, this function is being considered for a revision of POSIX.1
3380 #. Also in NetBSD 1.4.
3382 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:91
3383 msgid "POSIX.1-2008. This function is present on the BSDs."
3387 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:98
3389 "B<mkdir>(2), B<mkstemp>(3), B<mktemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), "
3394 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35
3400 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35
3406 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:38
3407 msgid "mkstemp, mkostemp, mkstemps, mkostemps - create a unique temporary file"
3411 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:43
3413 msgid "B<int mkstemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3417 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:45
3419 msgid "B<int mkostemp(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
3423 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:47
3425 msgid "B<int mkstemps(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<suffixlen>B<);>\n"
3429 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:49
3432 "B<int mkostemps(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<suffixlen>B<, int "
3437 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:57
3438 msgid "B<mkstemp>():"
3442 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:62 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:63
3444 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
3445 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
3449 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:64
3450 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L"
3454 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:70
3455 msgid "B<mkostemp>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
3459 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:73
3460 msgid "B<mkstemps>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
3464 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:76
3465 msgid "B<mkostemps>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
3469 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:83
3471 "The B<mkstemp>() function generates a unique temporary filename from "
3472 "I<template>, creates and opens the file, and returns an open file descriptor "
3477 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:91
3479 "The last six characters of I<template> must be \"XXXXXX\" and these are "
3480 "replaced with a string that makes the filename unique. Since it will be "
3481 "modified, I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be declared "
3482 "as a character array."
3486 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:99
3488 "The file is created with permissions 0600, that is, read plus write for "
3489 "owner only. The returned file descriptor provides both read and write "
3490 "access to the file. The file is opened with the B<open>(2) B<O_EXCL> flag, "
3491 "guaranteeing that the caller is the process that creates the file."
3495 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:111
3497 "The B<mkostemp>() function is like B<mkstemp>(), with the difference that "
3498 "flags as for B<open>(2) may be specified in I<flags> (e.g., B<O_APPEND>, "
3503 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:127
3505 "The B<mkstemps>() function is like B<mkstemp>(), except that the string in "
3506 "I<template> contains a suffix of I<suffixlen> characters. Thus, I<template> "
3507 "is of the form I<prefixXXXXXXsuffix>, and the string XXXXXX is modified as "
3512 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:136
3514 "The B<mkostemps>() function is to B<mkstemps>() as B<mkostemp>() is to "
3519 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:142
3521 "On success, these functions return the file descriptor of the temporary "
3522 "file. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
3526 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:143
3532 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:147
3534 "Could not create a unique temporary filename. Now the contents of "
3535 "I<template> are undefined."
3539 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:155
3541 "For B<mkstemp>() and B<mkostemp>(): The last six characters of I<template> "
3542 "were not XXXXXX; now I<template> is unchanged."
3546 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:166
3548 "For B<mkstemps>() and B<mkostemps>(): I<template> is less than I<(6 + "
3549 "suffixlen)> characters long, or the last 6 characters before the suffix in "
3550 "I<template> were not XXXXXX."
3554 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:169
3556 "These functions may also fail with any of the errors described for "
3561 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:176
3563 "B<mkostemp>() is available since glibc 2.7. B<mkstemps>() and "
3564 "B<mkostemps>() are available since glibc 2.11."
3568 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:179
3569 msgid "B<mkstemp>(): 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
3572 #. mkstemps() appears to be at least on the BSDs, Mac OS X, Solaris,
3575 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:184
3576 msgid "B<mkstemps>(): unstandardized, but appears on several other systems."
3580 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:189
3581 msgid "B<mkostemp>() and B<mkostemps>(): are glibc extensions."
3585 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:196
3587 "In glibc versions 2.06 and earlier, the file is created with permissions "
3588 "0666, that is, read and write for all users. This old behavior may be a "
3589 "security risk, especially since other UNIX flavors use 0600, and somebody "
3590 "might overlook this detail when porting programs. POSIX.1-2008 adds a "
3591 "requirement that the file be created with mode 0600."
3595 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:207
3597 "More generally, the POSIX specification of B<mkstemp>() does not say "
3598 "anything about file modes, so the application should make sure its file mode "
3599 "creation mask (see B<umask>(2)) is set appropriately before calling "
3600 "B<mkstemp>() (and B<mkostemp>())."
3604 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:214
3606 "The prototype for B<mktemp>() is in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> for libc4, libc5, "
3607 "glibc1; glibc2 follows POSIX.1 and has the prototype in "
3608 "I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>."
3612 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:220
3613 msgid "B<mkdtemp>(3), B<mktemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), B<tmpnam>(3)"
3617 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34
3623 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26
3629 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:37
3630 msgid "mktemp - make a unique temporary filename"
3634 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:42
3636 msgid "B<char *mktemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3640 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:50
3641 msgid "B<mktemp>():"
3645 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:59
3648 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE ||\n"
3649 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
3650 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
3651 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
3655 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:77
3657 "The B<mktemp>() function generates a unique temporary filename from "
3658 "I<template>. The last six characters of I<template> must be XXXXXX and "
3659 "these are replaced with a string that makes the filename unique. Since it "
3660 "will be modified, I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be "
3661 "declared as a character array."
3665 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:88
3667 "The B<mktemp>() function always returns I<template>. If a unique name was "
3668 "created, the last six bytes of I<template> will have been modified in such a "
3669 "way that the resulting name is unique (i.e., does not exist already) If a "
3670 "unique name could not be created, I<template> is made an empty string, and "
3671 "I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
3675 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:92
3676 msgid "The last six characters of I<template> were not XXXXXX."
3680 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:96
3682 "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
3687 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:102
3689 "The prototype is in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> for libc4, libc5, glibc1; glibc2 "
3690 "follows the Single UNIX Specification and has the prototype in "
3691 "I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>."
3695 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:102 build/C/man3/random.3:180 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:104 build/C/man3/setenv.3:143
3701 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:115
3703 "Never use B<mktemp>(). Some implementations follow 4.3BSD and replace "
3704 "XXXXXX by the current process ID and a single letter, so that at most 26 "
3705 "different names can be returned. Since on the one hand the names are easy "
3706 "to guess, and on the other hand there is a race between testing whether the "
3707 "name exists and opening the file, every use of B<mktemp>() is a security "
3708 "risk. The race is avoided by B<mkstemp>(3)."
3712 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:120
3713 msgid "B<mkstemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), B<tmpnam>(3)"
3717 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31
3723 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:34
3724 msgid "on_exit - register a function to be called at normal process termination"
3728 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:39
3730 msgid "B<int on_exit(void (*>I<function>B<)(int , void *), void *>I<arg>B<);>\n"
3734 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:48
3735 msgid "B<on_exit>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
3739 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:66
3741 "The B<on_exit>() function registers the given I<function> to be called at "
3742 "normal process termination, whether via B<exit>(3) or via return from the "
3743 "program's I<main>(). The I<function> is passed the status argument given to "
3744 "the last call to B<exit>(3) and the I<arg> argument from B<on_exit>()."
3748 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:81
3750 "The B<on_exit>() function returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise it "
3751 "returns a nonzero value."
3755 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:88
3757 "This function comes from SunOS 4, but is also present in libc4, libc5 and "
3758 "glibc. It no longer occurs in Solaris (SunOS 5). Avoid this function, and "
3759 "use the standard B<atexit>(3) instead."
3763 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:92
3764 msgid "B<_exit>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<exit>(3)"
3768 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:36
3774 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:39
3775 msgid "putenv - change or add an environment variable"
3778 #. Not: const char *
3780 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:45
3782 msgid "B<int putenv(char *>I<string>B<);>\n"
3786 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:54
3787 msgid "B<putenv>(): _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
3791 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:67
3793 "The B<putenv>() function adds or changes the value of environment "
3794 "variables. The argument I<string> is of the form I<name>=I<value>. If "
3795 "I<name> does not already exist in the environment, then I<string> is added "
3796 "to the environment. If I<name> does exist, then the value of I<name> in the "
3797 "environment is changed to I<value>. The string pointed to by I<string> "
3798 "becomes part of the environment, so altering the string changes the "
3803 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:75
3805 "The B<putenv>() function returns zero on success, or nonzero if an error "
3806 "occurs. In the event of an error, I<errno> is set to indicate the cause."
3810 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:76 build/C/man3/setenv.3:124
3816 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:79
3817 msgid "Insufficient space to allocate new environment."
3821 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:81
3822 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD."
3826 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:86
3828 "The B<putenv>() function is not required to be reentrant, and the one in "
3829 "libc4, libc5 and glibc 2.0 is not, but the glibc 2.1 version is."
3833 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:99
3835 "Description for libc4, libc5, glibc: If the argument I<string> is of the "
3836 "form I<name>, and does not contain an \\(aq=\\(aq character, then the "
3837 "variable I<name> is removed from the environment. If B<putenv>() has to "
3838 "allocate a new array I<environ>, and the previous array was also allocated "
3839 "by B<putenv>(), then it will be freed. In no case will the old storage "
3840 "associated to the environment variable itself be freed."
3844 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:115
3846 "The libc4 and libc5 and glibc 2.1.2 versions conform to SUSv2: the pointer "
3847 "I<string> given to B<putenv>() is used. In particular, this string becomes "
3848 "part of the environment; changing it later will change the environment. "
3849 "(Thus, it is an error is to call B<putenv>() with an automatic variable as "
3850 "the argument, then return from the calling function while I<string> is still "
3851 "part of the environment.) However, glibc 2.0-2.1.1 differs: a copy of the "
3852 "string is used. On the one hand this causes a memory leak, and on the other "
3853 "hand it violates SUSv2. This has been fixed in glibc 2.1.2."
3857 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:117
3858 msgid "The 4.4BSD version, like glibc 2.0, uses a copy."
3862 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:119
3863 msgid "SUSv2 removes the I<const> from the prototype, and so does glibc 2.1.3."
3867 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:125
3868 msgid "B<clearenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
3872 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28
3878 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28
3884 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:31
3885 msgid "qecvt, qfcvt, qgcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
3889 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:36
3891 "B<char *qecvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
3892 "*>I<decpt>B<,> B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
3896 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:39
3898 "B<char *qfcvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
3899 "*>I<decpt>B<,> B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
3903 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:41
3904 msgid "B<char *qgcvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigit>B<, char *>I<buf>B<);>"
3908 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:52
3909 msgid "B<qecvt>(), B<qfcvt>(), B<qgcvt>(): _SVID_SOURCE"
3913 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:72
3915 "The functions B<qecvt>(), B<qfcvt>() and B<qgcvt>() are identical to "
3916 "B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3) and B<gcvt>(3) respectively, except that they use a "
3917 "I<long double> argument I<number>. See B<ecvt>(3) and B<gcvt>(3)."
3921 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:79
3922 msgid "The B<qecvt>() and B<qfcvt>() functions are not thread-safe."
3926 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:83
3927 msgid "The B<qgcvt>() function is thread-safe."
3931 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:89
3933 "SVr4. Not seen in most common UNIX implementations, but occurs in SunOS. "
3934 "Not supported by libc4 and libc5. Supported by glibc."
3938 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:99
3939 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<ecvt_r>(3), B<gcvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
3943 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:41
3949 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:41
3955 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:44
3956 msgid "rand, rand_r, srand - pseudo-random number generator"
3960 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:49
3962 msgid "B<int rand(void);>\n"
3966 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:51
3968 msgid "B<int rand_r(unsigned int *>I<seedp>B<);>\n"
3972 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:53
3974 msgid "B<void srand(unsigned int >I<seed>B<);>\n"
3978 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:62
3979 msgid "B<rand_r>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 1 || _XOPEN_SOURCE || _POSIX_SOURCE"
3983 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:68
3985 "The B<rand>() function returns a pseudo-random integer in the range 0 to "
3986 "B<RAND_MAX> inclusive (i.e., the mathematical range [0,\\ B<RAND_MAX>])."
3990 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:77
3992 "The B<srand>() function sets its argument as the seed for a new sequence of "
3993 "pseudo-random integers to be returned by B<rand>(). These sequences are "
3994 "repeatable by calling B<srand>() with the same seed value."
3998 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:81
4000 "If no seed value is provided, the B<rand>() function is automatically "
4001 "seeded with a value of 1."
4005 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:92
4007 "The function B<rand>() is not reentrant or thread-safe, since it uses "
4008 "hidden state that is modified on each call. This might just be the seed "
4009 "value to be used by the next call, or it might be something more elaborate. "
4010 "In order to get reproducible behavior in a threaded application, this state "
4011 "must be made explicit; this can be done using the reentrant function "
4016 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:108
4018 "Like B<rand>(), B<rand_r>() returns a pseudo-random integer in the range "
4019 "[0,\\ B<RAND_MAX>]. The I<seedp> argument is a pointer to an I<unsigned "
4020 "int> that is used to store state between calls. If B<rand_r>() is called "
4021 "with the same initial value for the integer pointed to by I<seedp>, and that "
4022 "value is not modified between calls, then the same pseudo-random sequence "
4027 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:118
4029 "The value pointed to by the I<seedp> argument of B<rand_r>() provides only "
4030 "a very small amount of state, so this function will be a weak pseudo-random "
4031 "generator. Try B<drand48_r>(3) instead."
4035 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:129
4037 "The B<rand>() and B<rand_r>() functions return a value between 0 and "
4038 "B<RAND_MAX> (inclusive). The B<srand>() function returns no value."
4042 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:141
4044 "The functions B<rand>() and B<srand>() conform to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, "
4045 "POSIX.1-2001. The function B<rand_r>() is from POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 "
4046 "marks B<rand_r>() as obsolete."
4050 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:160
4052 "The versions of B<rand>() and B<srand>() in the Linux C Library use the "
4053 "same random number generator as B<random>(3) and B<srandom>(3), so the "
4054 "lower-order bits should be as random as the higher-order bits. However, on "
4055 "older B<rand>() implementations, and on current implementations on "
4056 "different systems, the lower-order bits are much less random than the "
4057 "higher-order bits. Do not use this function in applications intended to be "
4058 "portable when good randomness is needed. (Use B<random>(3) instead.)"
4062 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:166
4064 "POSIX.1-2001 gives the following example of an implementation of B<rand>() "
4065 "and B<srand>(), possibly useful when one needs the same sequence on two "
4066 "different machines."
4070 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:170
4072 msgid "static unsigned long next = 1;\n"
4076 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:176
4079 "/* RAND_MAX assumed to be 32767 */\n"
4080 "int myrand(void) {\n"
4081 " next = next * 1103515245 + 12345;\n"
4082 " return((unsigned)(next/65536) % 32768);\n"
4087 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:180
4090 "void mysrand(unsigned seed) {\n"
4096 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:187
4098 "The following program can be used to display the pseudo-random sequence "
4099 "produced by B<rand>() when given a particular seed."
4103 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:192
4106 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4107 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4111 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:198
4115 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4117 " int j, r, nloops;\n"
4118 " unsigned int seed;\n"
4122 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:203
4125 " if (argc != 3) {\n"
4126 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>seedE<gt> E<lt>nloopsE<gt>\\en\", "
4128 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4133 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:206
4136 " seed = atoi(argv[1]);\n"
4137 " nloops = atoi(argv[2]);\n"
4141 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:212
4145 " for (j = 0; j E<lt> nloops; j++) {\n"
4147 " printf(\"%d\\en\", r);\n"
4152 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:220
4153 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<random>(3)"
4157 #: build/C/man3/random.3:33
4163 #: build/C/man3/random.3:36
4164 msgid "random, srandom, initstate, setstate - random number generator"
4168 #: build/C/man3/random.3:41
4170 msgid "B<long int random(void);>\n"
4174 #: build/C/man3/random.3:43
4176 msgid "B<void srandom(unsigned int >I<seed>B<);>\n"
4180 #: build/C/man3/random.3:45
4183 "B<char *initstate(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, char *>I<state>B<, size_t "
4188 #: build/C/man3/random.3:47
4190 msgid "B<char *setstate(char *>I<state>B<);>\n"
4194 #: build/C/man3/random.3:59
4195 msgid "B<random>(), B<srandom>(), B<initstate>(), B<setstate>():"
4199 #: build/C/man3/random.3:62
4201 "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
4202 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
4206 #: build/C/man3/random.3:73
4208 "The B<random>() function uses a nonlinear additive feedback random number "
4209 "generator employing a default table of size 31 long integers to return "
4210 "successive pseudo-random numbers in the range from 0 to B<RAND_MAX>. The "
4211 "period of this random number generator is very large, approximately I<16\\ "
4212 "*\\ ((2^31)\\ -\\ 1)>."
4216 #: build/C/man3/random.3:87
4218 "The B<srandom>() function sets its argument as the seed for a new sequence "
4219 "of pseudo-random integers to be returned by B<random>(). These sequences "
4220 "are repeatable by calling B<srandom>() with the same seed value. If no "
4221 "seed value is provided, the B<random>() function is automatically seeded "
4222 "with a value of 1."
4226 #: build/C/man3/random.3:102
4228 "The B<initstate>() function allows a state array I<state> to be initialized "
4229 "for use by B<random>(). The size of the state array I<n> is used by "
4230 "B<initstate>() to decide how sophisticated a random number generator it "
4231 "should use\\(emthe larger the state array, the better the random numbers "
4232 "will be. I<seed> is the seed for the initialization, which specifies a "
4233 "starting point for the random number sequence, and provides for restarting "
4234 "at the same point."
4238 #: build/C/man3/random.3:118
4240 "The B<setstate>() function changes the state array used by the B<random>() "
4241 "function. The state array I<state> is used for random number generation "
4242 "until the next call to B<initstate>() or B<setstate>(). I<state> must "
4243 "first have been initialized using B<initstate>() or be the result of a "
4244 "previous call of B<setstate>()."
4248 #: build/C/man3/random.3:126
4250 "The B<random>() function returns a value between 0 and B<RAND_MAX>. The "
4251 "B<srandom>() function returns no value."
4255 #: build/C/man3/random.3:133
4257 "The B<initstate>() function returns a pointer to the previous state array. "
4258 "On error, I<errno> is set to indicate the cause."
4262 #: build/C/man3/random.3:140
4264 "On success, B<setstate>() returns a pointer to the previous state array. "
4265 "On error, it returns NULL, with I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the "
4270 #: build/C/man3/random.3:148
4271 msgid "The I<state> argument given to B<setstate>() was NULL."
4275 #: build/C/man3/random.3:152
4276 msgid "A state array of less than 8 bytes was specified to B<initstate>()."
4280 #: build/C/man3/random.3:154 build/C/man3/setenv.3:129
4281 msgid "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
4285 #: build/C/man3/random.3:160
4287 "Current \"optimal\" values for the size of the state array I<n> are 8, 32, "
4288 "64, 128, and 256 bytes; other amounts will be rounded down to the nearest "
4289 "known amount. Using less than 8 bytes will cause an error."
4293 #: build/C/man3/random.3:167
4295 "This function should not be used in cases where multiple threads use "
4296 "B<random>() and the behavior should be reproducible. Use B<random_r>(3) "
4301 #: build/C/man3/random.3:174
4303 "Random-number generation is a complex topic. I<Numerical Recipes in C: The "
4304 "Art of Scientific Computing> (William H. Press, Brian P. Flannery, Saul "
4305 "A. Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling; New York: Cambridge University Press, "
4306 "2007, 3rd ed.) provides an excellent discussion of practical random-number "
4307 "generation issues in Chapter 7 (Random Numbers)."
4311 #: build/C/man3/random.3:180
4313 "For a more theoretical discussion which also covers many practical issues in "
4314 "depth, see Chapter 3 (Random Numbers) in Donald E. Knuth's I<The Art of "
4315 "Computer Programming>, volume 2 (Seminumerical Algorithms), 2nd ed.; "
4316 "Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1981."
4319 #. http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=15380
4321 #: build/C/man3/random.3:188
4323 "According to POSIX, B<initstate>() should return NULL on error. In the "
4324 "glibc implementation, I<errno> is (as specified) set on error, but the "
4325 "function does not return NULL."
4329 #: build/C/man3/random.3:193
4330 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<rand>(3), B<random_r>(3), B<srand>(3)"
4334 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:26
4340 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:30
4342 "random_r, srandom_r, initstate_r, setstate_r - reentrant random number "
4347 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:35
4349 msgid "B<int random_r(struct random_data *>I<buf>B<, int32_t *>I<result>B<);>\n"
4353 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:37
4355 msgid "B<int srandom_r(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4359 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:40
4362 "B<int initstate_r(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, char *>I<statebuf>B<,>\n"
4363 "B< size_t >I<statelen>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4367 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:42
4369 msgid "B<int setstate_r(char *>I<statebuf>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4373 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:54
4374 msgid "B<random_r>(), B<srandom_r>(), B<initstate_r>(), B<setstate_r>():"
4378 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:56
4379 msgid "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE"
4383 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:64
4385 "These functions are the reentrant equivalents of the functions described in "
4386 "B<random>(3). They are suitable for use in multithreaded programs where "
4387 "each thread needs to obtain an independent, reproducible sequence of random "
4392 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:75
4394 "The B<random_r>() function is like B<random>(3), except that instead of "
4395 "using state information maintained in a global variable, it uses the state "
4396 "information in the argument pointed to by I<buf>. The generated random "
4397 "number is returned in the argument I<result>."
4401 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:84
4403 "The B<srandom_r>() function is like B<srandom>(3), except that it "
4404 "initializes the seed for the random number generator whose state is "
4405 "maintained in the object pointed to by I<buf>, instead of the seed "
4406 "associated with the global state variable."
4410 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:92
4412 "The B<initstate_r>() function is like B<initstate>(3) except that it "
4413 "initializes the state in the object pointed to by I<buf>, rather than "
4414 "initializing the global state variable."
4418 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:100
4420 "The B<setstate_r>() function is like B<setstate>(3) except that it "
4421 "modifies the state in the object pointer to by I<buf>, rather than modifying "
4422 "the global state variable."
4426 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:105
4428 "All of these functions return 0 on success. On error, -1 is returned, with "
4429 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4433 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:110
4434 msgid "A state array of less than 8 bytes was specified to B<initstate_r>()."
4438 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:119
4439 msgid "The I<statebuf> or I<buf> argument to B<setstate_r>() was NULL."
4443 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:128
4444 msgid "The I<buf> or I<result> argument to B<random_r>() was NULL."
4447 #. These functions appear to be on Tru64, but don't seem to be on
4448 #. Solaris, HP-UX, or FreeBSD.
4450 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:132
4451 msgid "These functions are nonstandard glibc extensions."
4455 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29
4461 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:32
4462 msgid "rpmatch - determine if the answer to a question is affirmative or negative"
4466 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:37
4468 msgid "B<int rpmatch(const char *>I<response>B<);>\n"
4472 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:46
4473 msgid "B<rpmatch>(): _SVID_SOURCE"
4477 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:50
4479 "B<rpmatch>() handles a user response to yes or no questions, with support "
4480 "for internationalization."
4484 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:57
4486 "I<response> should be a null-terminated string containing a user-supplied "
4487 "response, perhaps obtained with B<fgets>(3) or B<getline>(3)."
4491 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:67
4493 "The user's language preference is taken into account per the environment "
4494 "variables B<LANG>, B<LC_MESSAGES>, and B<LC_ALL>, if the program has called "
4495 "B<setlocale>(3) to effect their changes."
4499 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:73
4501 "Regardless of the locale, responses matching B<^[Yy]> are always accepted as "
4502 "affirmative, and those matching B<^[Nn]> are always accepted as negative."
4506 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:82
4508 "After examining I<response>, B<rpmatch>() returns 0 for a recognized "
4509 "negative response (\"no\"), 1 for a recognized positive response (\"yes\"), "
4510 "and -1 when the value of I<response> is unrecognized."
4514 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:86
4516 "A return value of -1 may indicate either an invalid input, or some other "
4517 "error. It is incorrect to only test if the return value is nonzero."
4521 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:99
4523 "B<rpmatch>() can fail for any of the reasons that B<regcomp>(3) or "
4524 "B<regexec>(3) can fail; the cause of the error is not available from "
4525 "I<errno> or anywhere else, but indicates a failure of the regex engine (but "
4526 "this case is indistinguishable from that of an unrecognized value of "
4530 #. It is available on at least AIX 5.1 and FreeBSD 6.0.
4532 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:104
4534 "B<rpmatch>() is not required by any standard, but is available on a few "
4539 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:119
4541 "The B<rpmatch>() implementation looks at only the first character of "
4542 "I<response>. As a consequence, \"nyes\" returns 0, and \"ynever; not in a "
4543 "million years\" returns 1. It would be preferable to accept input strings "
4544 "much more strictly, for example (using the extended regular expression "
4545 "notation described in B<regex>(7)): B<^([yY]|yes|YES)$> and "
4546 "B<^([nN]|no|NO)$>."
4550 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:123
4552 "The following program displays the results when B<rpmatch>() is applied to "
4553 "the string given in the program's command-line argument."
4557 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:130
4560 "#define _SVID_SOURCE\n"
4561 "#include E<lt>locale.hE<gt>\n"
4562 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4563 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
4564 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4568 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:138
4572 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4574 " if (argc != 2 || strcmp(argv[1], \"--help\") == 0) {\n"
4575 " fprintf(stderr, \"%s response\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
4576 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4581 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:143
4584 " setlocale(LC_ALL, \"\");\n"
4585 " printf(\"rpmatch() returns: %d\\en\", rpmatch(argv[1]));\n"
4586 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
4591 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:150
4593 "B<fgets>(3), B<getline>(3), B<nl_langinfo>(3), B<regcomp>(3), "
4598 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:37
4604 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:37
4610 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:40
4611 msgid "setenv - change or add an environment variable"
4615 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:45
4618 "B<int setenv(const char *>I<name>B<, const char *>I<value>B<, int "
4619 ">I<overwrite>B<);>\n"
4623 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:47
4625 msgid "B<int unsetenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
4629 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:57
4630 msgid "B<setenv>(), B<unsetenv>():"
4634 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:59
4636 "_BSD_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ "
4641 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:93
4643 "The B<setenv>() function adds the variable I<name> to the environment with "
4644 "the value I<value>, if I<name> does not already exist. If I<name> does "
4645 "exist in the environment, then its value is changed to I<value> if "
4646 "I<overwrite> is nonzero; if I<overwrite> is zero, then the value of I<name> "
4647 "is not changed. This function makes copies of the strings pointed to by "
4648 "I<name> and I<value> (by contrast with B<putenv>(3))."
4652 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:104
4654 "The B<unsetenv>() function deletes the variable I<name> from the "
4655 "environment. If I<name> does not exist in the environment, then the "
4656 "function succeeds, and the environment is unchanged."
4660 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:111
4662 "The B<setenv>() function returns zero on success, or -1 on error, with "
4663 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4667 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:118
4669 "The B<unsetenv>() function returns zero on success, or -1 on error, with "
4670 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4674 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:124
4676 "I<name> is NULL, points to a string of length 0, or contains an \\(aq=\\(aq "
4681 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:127
4682 msgid "Insufficient memory to add a new variable to the environment."
4686 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:135
4688 "POSIX.1-2001 does not require B<setenv>() or B<unsetenv>() to be "
4693 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:143
4695 "Prior to glibc 2.2.2, B<unsetenv>() was prototyped as returning I<void>; "
4696 "more recent glibc versions follow the POSIX.1-2001-compliant prototype shown "
4701 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:152
4703 "POSIX.1-2001 specifies that if I<name> contains an \\(aq=\\(aq character, "
4704 "then B<setenv>() should fail with the error B<EINVAL>; however, versions of "
4705 "glibc before 2.3.4 allowed an \\(aq=\\(aq sign in I<name>."
4709 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:157
4710 msgid "B<clearenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
4714 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:45
4720 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:48
4721 msgid "strtod, strtof, strtold - convert ASCII string to floating-point number"
4725 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:52
4726 msgid "B<double strtod(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
4730 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:54
4731 msgid "B<float strtof(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
4735 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:56
4736 msgid "B<long double strtold(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
4740 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:65
4741 msgid "B<strtof>(), B<strtold>():"
4745 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:87
4747 "The B<strtod>(), B<strtof>(), and B<strtold>() functions convert the "
4748 "initial portion of the string pointed to by I<nptr> to I<double>, I<float>, "
4749 "and I<long double> representation, respectively."
4753 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:94
4755 "The expected form of the (initial portion of the) string is optional leading "
4756 "white space as recognized by B<isspace>(3), an optional plus (\\(aq+\\(aq) "
4757 "or minus sign (\\(aq-\\(aq) and then either (i) a decimal number, or (ii) a "
4758 "hexadecimal number, or (iii) an infinity, or (iv) a NAN (not-a-number)."
4762 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:103
4764 "A I<decimal number> consists of a nonempty sequence of decimal digits "
4765 "possibly containing a radix character (decimal point, locale-dependent, "
4766 "usually \\(aq.\\(aq), optionally followed by a decimal exponent. A decimal "
4767 "exponent consists of an \\(aqE\\(aq or \\(aqe\\(aq, followed by an optional "
4768 "plus or minus sign, followed by a nonempty sequence of decimal digits, and "
4769 "indicates multiplication by a power of 10."
4773 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:114
4775 "A I<hexadecimal number> consists of a \"0x\" or \"0X\" followed by a "
4776 "nonempty sequence of hexadecimal digits possibly containing a radix "
4777 "character, optionally followed by a binary exponent. A binary exponent "
4778 "consists of a \\(aqP\\(aq or \\(aqp\\(aq, followed by an optional plus or "
4779 "minus sign, followed by a nonempty sequence of decimal digits, and indicates "
4780 "multiplication by a power of 2. At least one of radix character and binary "
4781 "exponent must be present."
4785 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:118
4786 msgid "An I<infinity> is either \"INF\" or \"INFINITY\", disregarding case."
4789 #. From glibc 2.8's stdlib/strtod_l.c:
4790 #. We expect it to be a number which is put in the
4791 #. mantissa of the number.
4793 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:128
4795 "A I<NAN> is \"NAN\" (disregarding case) optionally followed by \\(aq(\\(aq, "
4796 "a sequence of characters, followed by \\(aq)\\(aq. The character string "
4797 "specifies in an implementation-dependent way the type of NAN."
4801 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:130
4802 msgid "These functions return the converted value, if any."
4806 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:137
4808 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, a pointer to the character after the last "
4809 "character used in the conversion is stored in the location referenced by "
4814 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:142
4816 "If no conversion is performed, zero is returned and the value of I<nptr> is "
4817 "stored in the location referenced by I<endptr>."
4821 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:156
4823 "If the correct value would cause overflow, plus or minus B<HUGE_VAL> "
4824 "(B<HUGE_VALF>, B<HUGE_VALL>) is returned (according to the sign of the "
4825 "value), and B<ERANGE> is stored in I<errno>. If the correct value would "
4826 "cause underflow, zero is returned and B<ERANGE> is stored in I<errno>."
4830 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:157 build/C/man3/strtol.3:151 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:155
4836 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:160
4837 msgid "Overflow or underflow occurred."
4841 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:165
4842 msgid "C89 describes B<strtod>(), C99 describes the other two functions."
4846 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:174
4848 "Since 0 can legitimately be returned on both success and failure, the "
4849 "calling program should set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and then determine "
4850 "if an error occurred by checking whether I<errno> has a nonzero value after "
4855 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:179 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:213
4857 "See the example on the B<strtol>(3) manual page; the use of the functions "
4858 "described in this manual page is similar."
4862 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:185
4863 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
4867 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24
4873 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24
4879 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:27
4880 msgid "strtoimax, strtoumax - convert string to integer"
4884 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:30
4886 msgid "B<#include E<lt>inttypes.hE<gt>>\n"
4890 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:32
4893 "B<intmax_t strtoimax(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
4898 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:34
4901 "B<uintmax_t strtoumax(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
4906 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:45
4908 "These functions are just like B<strtol>(3) and B<strtoul>(3), except that "
4909 "they return a value of type I<intmax_t> and I<uintmax_t>, respectively."
4913 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:58
4915 "On success, the converted value is returned. If nothing was found to "
4916 "convert, zero is returned. On overflow or underflow B<INTMAX_MAX> or "
4917 "B<INTMAX_MIN> or B<UINTMAX_MAX> is returned, and I<errno> is set to "
4922 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:66
4923 msgid "B<imaxabs>(3), B<imaxdiv>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3), B<wcstoimax>(3)"
4927 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:31
4933 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:31
4939 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:34
4940 msgid "strtol, strtoll, strtoq - convert a string to a long integer"
4944 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:39
4947 "B<long int strtol(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
4952 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:42
4955 "B<long long int strtoll(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
4960 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:51
4961 msgid "B<strtoll>():"
4965 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:54 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:57
4967 "XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _ISOC99_SOURCE "
4968 "|| _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L;"
4972 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:68
4974 "The B<strtol>() function converts the initial part of the string in I<nptr> "
4975 "to a long integer value according to the given I<base>, which must be "
4976 "between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0."
4980 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:81 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:89
4982 "The string may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space (as determined "
4983 "by B<isspace>(3)) followed by a single optional \\(aq+\\(aq or \\(aq-\\(aq "
4984 "sign. If I<base> is zero or 16, the string may then include a \"0x\" "
4985 "prefix, and the number will be read in base 16; otherwise, a zero I<base> is "
4986 "taken as 10 (decimal) unless the next character is \\(aq0\\(aq, in which "
4987 "case it is taken as 8 (octal)."
4991 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:90
4993 "The remainder of the string is converted to a I<long int> value in the "
4994 "obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid digit "
4995 "in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter \\(aqA\\(aq in either "
4996 "upper or lower case represents 10, \\(aqB\\(aq represents 11, and so forth, "
4997 "with \\(aqZ\\(aq representing 35.)"
5001 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:111
5003 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, B<strtol>() stores the address of the first "
5004 "invalid character in I<*endptr>. If there were no digits at all, "
5005 "B<strtol>() stores the original value of I<nptr> in I<*endptr> (and returns "
5006 "0). In particular, if I<*nptr> is not \\(aq\\e0\\(aq but I<**endptr> is "
5007 "\\(aq\\e0\\(aq on return, the entire string is valid."
5011 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:117
5013 "The B<strtoll>() function works just like the B<strtol>() function but "
5014 "returns a long long integer value."
5018 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:144
5020 "The B<strtol>() function returns the result of the conversion, unless the "
5021 "value would underflow or overflow. If an underflow occurs, B<strtol>() "
5022 "returns B<LONG_MIN>. If an overflow occurs, B<strtol>() returns "
5023 "B<LONG_MAX>. In both cases, I<errno> is set to B<ERANGE>. Precisely the "
5024 "same holds for B<strtoll>() (with B<LLONG_MIN> and B<LLONG_MAX> instead of "
5025 "B<LONG_MIN> and B<LONG_MAX>)."
5029 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:151 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:155
5030 msgid "(not in C99) The given I<base> contains an unsupported value."
5034 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:154 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:158
5035 msgid "The resulting value was out of range."
5039 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:161 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:165
5041 "The implementation may also set I<errno> to B<EINVAL> in case no conversion "
5042 "was performed (no digits seen, and 0 returned)."
5046 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:166
5048 "B<strtol>() conforms to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99 and POSIX.1-2001, and "
5049 "B<strtoll>() to C99 and POSIX.1-2001."
5053 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:184
5055 "Since B<strtol>() can legitimately return 0, B<LONG_MAX>, or B<LONG_MIN> "
5056 "(B<LLONG_MAX> or B<LLONG_MIN> for B<strtoll>()) on both success and "
5057 "failure, the calling program should set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and "
5058 "then determine if an error occurred by checking whether I<errno> has a "
5059 "nonzero value after the call."
5063 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:189
5065 "According to POSIX.1-2001, in locales other than the \"C\" and \"POSIX\", "
5066 "these functions may accept other, implementation-defined numeric strings."
5070 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:191 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:190
5071 msgid "BSD also has"
5075 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:195
5078 "B<quad_t strtoq(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5083 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:204
5085 "with completely analogous definition. Depending on the wordsize of the "
5086 "current architecture, this may be equivalent to B<strtoll>() or to "
5091 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:218
5093 "The program shown below demonstrates the use of B<strtol>(). The first "
5094 "command-line argument specifies a string from which B<strtol>() should "
5095 "parse a number. The second (optional) argument specifies the base to be "
5096 "used for the conversion. (This argument is converted to numeric form using "
5097 "B<atoi>(3), a function that performs no error checking and has a simpler "
5098 "interface than B<strtol>().) Some examples of the results produced by this "
5099 "program are the following:"
5103 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:234
5106 "$B< ./a.out 123>\n"
5107 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5108 "$B< ./a.out \\(aq 123\\(aq>\n"
5109 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5110 "$B< ./a.out 123abc>\n"
5111 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5112 "Further characters after number: abc\n"
5113 "$B< ./a.out 123abc 55>\n"
5114 "strtol: Invalid argument\n"
5115 "$B< ./a.out \\(aq\\(aq>\n"
5116 "No digits were found\n"
5117 "$B< ./a.out 4000000000>\n"
5118 "strtol: Numerical result out of range\n"
5122 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:236
5124 msgid "Program source"
5128 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:243
5131 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
5132 "#include E<lt>limits.hE<gt>\n"
5133 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
5134 "#include E<lt>errno.hE<gt>\n"
5138 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:250
5142 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
5145 " char *endptr, *str;\n"
5150 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:255
5153 " if (argc E<lt> 2) {\n"
5154 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s str [base]\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
5155 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5160 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:258
5164 " base = (argc E<gt> 2) ? atoi(argv[2]) : 10;\n"
5168 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:261
5171 " errno = 0; /* To distinguish success/failure after call */\n"
5172 " val = strtol(str, &endptr, base);\n"
5176 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:263
5178 msgid " /* Check for various possible errors */\n"
5182 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:269
5185 " if ((errno == ERANGE && (val == LONG_MAX || val == LONG_MIN))\n"
5186 " || (errno != 0 && val == 0)) {\n"
5187 " perror(\"strtol\");\n"
5188 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5193 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:274
5196 " if (endptr == str) {\n"
5197 " fprintf(stderr, \"No digits were found\\en\");\n"
5198 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5203 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:276
5205 msgid " /* If we got here, strtol() successfully parsed a number */\n"
5209 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:278
5211 msgid " printf(\"strtol() returned %ld\\en\", val);\n"
5215 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:281
5218 " if (*endptr != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq) /* Not necessarily an "
5220 " printf(\"Further characters after number: %s\\en\", endptr);\n"
5224 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:291
5225 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
5229 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33
5235 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33
5241 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:36
5242 msgid "strtoul, strtoull, strtouq - convert a string to an unsigned long integer"
5246 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:42
5249 "B<unsigned long int strtoul(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5254 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:45
5257 "B<unsigned long long int strtoull(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char "
5258 "**>I<endptr>B<,>\n"
5259 "B< int >I<base>B<);>\n"
5263 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:54
5264 msgid "B<strtoull>():"
5268 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:75
5270 "The B<strtoul>() function converts the initial part of the string in "
5271 "I<nptr> to an I<unsigned long int> value according to the given I<base>, "
5272 "which must be between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0."
5276 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:98
5278 "The remainder of the string is converted to an I<unsigned long int> value in "
5279 "the obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid "
5280 "digit in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter \\(aqA\\(aq in "
5281 "either upper or lower case represents 10, \\(aqB\\(aq represents 11, and so "
5282 "forth, with \\(aqZ\\(aq representing 35.)"
5286 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:119
5288 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, B<strtoul>() stores the address of the first "
5289 "invalid character in I<*endptr>. If there were no digits at all, "
5290 "B<strtoul>() stores the original value of I<nptr> in I<*endptr> (and "
5291 "returns 0). In particular, if I<*nptr> is not \\(aq\\e0\\(aq but "
5292 "I<**endptr> is \\(aq\\e0\\(aq on return, the entire string is valid."
5296 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:127
5298 "The B<strtoull>() function works just like the B<strtoul>() function but "
5299 "returns an I<unsigned long long int> value."
5303 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:148
5305 "The B<strtoul>() function returns either the result of the conversion or, "
5306 "if there was a leading minus sign, the negation of the result of the "
5307 "conversion represented as an unsigned value, unless the original "
5308 "(nonnegated) value would overflow; in the latter case, B<strtoul>() returns "
5309 "B<ULONG_MAX> and sets I<errno> to B<ERANGE>. Precisely the same holds for "
5310 "B<strtoull>() (with B<ULLONG_MAX> instead of B<ULONG_MAX>)."
5314 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:170
5316 "B<strtoul>() conforms to SVr4, C89, C99 and POSIX-2001, and B<strtoull>() "
5317 "to C99 and POSIX.1-2001."
5321 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:184
5323 "Since B<strtoul>() can legitimately return 0 or B<ULONG_MAX> (B<ULLONG_MAX> "
5324 "for B<strtoull>()) on both success and failure, the calling program should "
5325 "set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and then determine if an error occurred "
5326 "by checking whether I<errno> has a nonzero value after the call."
5330 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:188
5332 "In locales other than the \"C\" locale, other strings may be accepted. (For "
5333 "example, the thousands separator of the current locale may be supported.)"
5337 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:194
5340 "B<u_quad_t strtouq(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5345 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:203
5347 "with completely analogous definition. Depending on the wordsize of the "
5348 "current architecture, this may be equivalent to B<strtoull>() or to "
5353 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:208
5355 "Negative values are considered valid input and are silently converted to the "
5356 "equivalent I<unsigned long int> value."
5360 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:219
5361 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3)"
5365 #: build/C/man3/system.3:30
5371 #: build/C/man3/system.3:30
5377 #: build/C/man3/system.3:33
5378 msgid "system - execute a shell command"
5382 #: build/C/man3/system.3:38
5384 msgid "B<int system(const char *>I<command>B<);>\n"
5388 #: build/C/man3/system.3:54
5390 "B<system>() executes a command specified in I<command> by calling B</bin/sh "
5391 "-c> I<command>, and returns after the command has been completed. During "
5392 "execution of the command, B<SIGCHLD> will be blocked, and B<SIGINT> and "
5393 "B<SIGQUIT> will be ignored."
5397 #: build/C/man3/system.3:69
5399 "The value returned is -1 on error (e.g., B<fork>(2) failed), and the return "
5400 "status of the command otherwise. This latter return status is in the format "
5401 "specified in B<wait>(2). Thus, the exit code of the command will be "
5402 "I<WEXITSTATUS(status)>. In case I</bin/sh> could not be executed, the exit "
5403 "status will be that of a command that does I<exit(127)>."
5407 #: build/C/man3/system.3:75
5409 "If the value of I<command> is NULL, B<system>() returns nonzero if the "
5410 "shell is available, and zero if not."
5414 #: build/C/man3/system.3:78
5415 msgid "B<system>() does not affect the wait status of any other children."
5419 #: build/C/man3/system.3:80
5420 msgid "C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001."
5424 #: build/C/man3/system.3:93
5426 "If the B<_XOPEN_SOURCE> feature test macro is defined (before including "
5427 "I<any> header files), then the macros described in B<wait>(2) "
5428 "(B<WEXITSTATUS>(), etc.) are made available when including "
5429 "I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>."
5433 #: build/C/man3/system.3:104
5435 "As mentioned, B<system>() ignores B<SIGINT> and B<SIGQUIT>. This may make "
5436 "programs that call it from a loop uninterruptible, unless they take care "
5437 "themselves to check the exit status of the child. E.g."
5441 #: build/C/man3/system.3:109
5444 " while (something) {\n"
5445 " int ret = system(\"foo\");\n"
5449 #: build/C/man3/system.3:114
5452 " if (WIFSIGNALED(ret) &&\n"
5453 " (WTERMSIG(ret) == SIGINT || WTERMSIG(ret) == SIGQUIT))\n"
5459 #: build/C/man3/system.3:134
5461 "Do not use B<system>() from a program with set-user-ID or set-group-ID "
5462 "privileges, because strange values for some environment variables might be "
5463 "used to subvert system integrity. Use the B<exec>(3) family of functions "
5464 "instead, but not B<execlp>(3) or B<execvp>(3). B<system>() will not, in "
5465 "fact, work properly from programs with set-user-ID or set-group-ID "
5466 "privileges on systems on which I</bin/sh> is bash version 2, since bash 2 "
5467 "drops privileges on startup. (Debian uses a modified bash which does not do "
5468 "this when invoked as B<sh>.)"
5472 #: build/C/man3/system.3:148
5474 "In versions of glibc before 2.1.3, the check for the availability of "
5475 "I</bin/sh> was not actually performed if I<command> was NULL; instead it was "
5476 "always assumed to be available, and B<system>() always returned 1 in this "
5477 "case. Since glibc 2.1.3, this check is performed because, even though "
5478 "POSIX.1-2001 requires a conforming implementation to provide a shell, that "
5479 "shell may not be available or executable if the calling program has "
5480 "previously called B<chroot>(2) (which is not specified by POSIX.1-2001)."
5484 #: build/C/man3/system.3:153
5486 "It is possible for the shell command to return 127, so that code is not a "
5487 "sure indication that the B<execve>(2) call failed."
5491 #: build/C/man3/system.3:158
5492 msgid "B<sh>(1), B<signal>(2), B<wait>(2), B<exec>(3)"
5496 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16
5502 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16
5508 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:19
5509 msgid "wcstombs - convert a wide-character string to a multibyte string"
5513 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:24
5516 "B<size_t wcstombs(char *>I<dest>B<, const wchar_t *>I<src>B<, size_t "
5521 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:42
5523 "If I<dest> is not a NULL pointer, the B<wcstombs>() function converts the "
5524 "wide-character string I<src> to a multibyte string starting at I<dest>. At "
5525 "most I<n> bytes are written to I<dest>. The conversion starts in the "
5526 "initial state. The conversion can stop for three reasons:"
5530 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:48
5532 "1. A wide character has been encountered that can not be represented as a "
5533 "multibyte sequence (according to the current locale). In this case "
5534 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
5538 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:53
5540 "2. The length limit forces a stop. In this case the number of bytes written "
5541 "to I<dest> is returned, but the shift state at this point is lost."
5545 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:60
5547 "3. The wide-character string has been completely converted, including the "
5548 "terminating null wide character (L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). In this case the "
5549 "conversion ends in the initial state. The number of bytes written to "
5550 "I<dest>, excluding the terminating null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), is returned."
5554 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:66
5556 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least I<n> bytes at "
5561 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:74
5563 "If I<dest> is NULL, I<n> is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, "
5564 "except that the converted bytes are not written out to memory, and that no "
5565 "length limit exists."
5569 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:79
5571 "In order to avoid the case 2 above, the programmer should make sure I<n> is "
5572 "greater or equal to I<wcstombs(NULL,src,0)+1>."
5576 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:88
5578 "The B<wcstombs>() function returns the number of bytes that make up the "
5579 "converted part of multibyte sequence, not including the terminating null "
5580 "byte. If a wide character was encountered which could not be converted, "
5581 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
5585 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:97
5587 "The behavior of B<wcstombs>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
5592 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:102
5594 "The function B<wcsrtombs>(3) provides a thread safe interface to the same "
5599 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:105
5600 msgid "B<mbstowcs>(3), B<wcsrtombs>(3)"
5604 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
5610 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:19
5611 msgid "wctomb - convert a wide character to a multibyte sequence"
5615 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:24
5617 msgid "B<int wctomb(char *>I<s>B<, wchar_t >I<wc>B<);>\n"
5621 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:45
5623 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<wctomb>() function converts the wide character "
5624 "I<wc> to its multibyte representation and stores it at the beginning of the "
5625 "character array pointed to by I<s>. It updates the shift state, which is "
5626 "stored in a static anonymous variable known only to the B<wctomb>() "
5627 "function, and returns the length of said multibyte representation, that is, "
5628 "the number of bytes written at I<s>."
5632 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:51
5634 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least B<MB_CUR_MAX> "
5638 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
5639 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
5641 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:63
5643 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<wctomb>() function resets the shift state, known "
5644 "only to this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the "
5645 "encoding has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
5649 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:77
5651 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<wctomb>() function returns the number of bytes "
5652 "that have been written to the byte array at I<s>. If I<wc> can not be "
5653 "represented as a multibyte sequence (according to the current locale), -1 is "
5658 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:84
5660 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<wctomb>() function returns nonzero if the encoding "
5661 "has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
5665 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:89
5666 msgid "The B<wctomb>() function is not thread-safe."
5670 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:98
5672 "The behavior of B<wctomb>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
5677 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:103
5679 "The function B<wcrtomb>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
5684 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:107
5685 msgid "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3), B<wcrtomb>(3), B<wcstombs>(3)"