1 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2 # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4 # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
9 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
10 "POT-Creation-Date: 2014-04-13 10:27+0900\n"
11 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
12 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
13 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
16 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
17 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
20 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17
26 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17
32 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17 build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26 build/C/man3/exit.3:29 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45 build/C/man7/vdso.7:13
38 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17 build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/a64l.3:9 build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26 build/C/man3/cfree.3:24 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26 build/C/man3/drand48.3:30 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/exit.3:29 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29 build/C/man3/getenv.3:33 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25 build/C/man3/malloc.3:30 build/C/man3/mblen.3:16 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28 build/C/man3/rand.3:41 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29 build/C/man3/setenv.3:37 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/system.3:30 build/C/man7/vdso.7:13 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
40 msgid "Linux Programmer's Manual"
44 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:18 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:18 build/C/man2/_exit.2:30 build/C/man3/a64l.3:10 build/C/man3/atexit.3:34 build/C/man3/atof.3:32 build/C/man3/atoi.3:34 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:27 build/C/man3/cfree.3:25 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:27 build/C/man3/drand48.3:31 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:28 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:33 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:31 build/C/man3/exit.3:30 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:31 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:30 build/C/man3/getenv.3:34 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:35 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:26 build/C/man3/malloc.3:31 build/C/man3/mblen.3:17 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:19 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:17 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:27 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:36 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:35 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:32 build/C/man3/putenv.3:37 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:29 build/C/man3/rand.3:42 build/C/man3/random.3:34 build/C/man3/random_r.3:27 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:30 build/C/man3/setenv.3:38 build/C/man3/strtod.3:46 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:25 build/C/man3/strtol.3:32 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:34 build/C/man3/system.3:31 build/C/man7/vdso.7:14 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:17 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:17
50 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:20
51 msgid "MB_CUR_MAX - maximum length of a multibyte character in the current locale"
55 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:20 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:20 build/C/man2/_exit.2:32 build/C/man3/a64l.3:12 build/C/man3/atexit.3:36 build/C/man3/atof.3:34 build/C/man3/atoi.3:36 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:29 build/C/man3/cfree.3:27 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:29 build/C/man3/drand48.3:34 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:32 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:35 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:33 build/C/man3/exit.3:32 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:33 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:32 build/C/man3/getenv.3:36 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:37 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:28 build/C/man3/malloc.3:33 build/C/man3/mblen.3:19 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:21 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:19 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:29 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:38 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:37 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:34 build/C/man3/putenv.3:39 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:31 build/C/man3/rand.3:44 build/C/man3/random.3:36 build/C/man3/random_r.3:30 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:32 build/C/man3/setenv.3:40 build/C/man3/strtod.3:48 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:27 build/C/man3/strtol.3:34 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:36 build/C/man3/system.3:33 build/C/man7/vdso.7:16 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:19 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:19
61 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:23 build/C/man3/atexit.3:39 build/C/man3/atof.3:37 build/C/man3/atoi.3:39 build/C/man3/cfree.3:31 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:32 build/C/man3/drand48.3:37 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:35 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:36 build/C/man3/exit.3:35 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:36 build/C/man3/getenv.3:39 build/C/man3/malloc.3:36 build/C/man3/mblen.3:22 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:24 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:22 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:32 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:41 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:40 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:37 build/C/man3/putenv.3:42 build/C/man3/rand.3:47 build/C/man3/random.3:39 build/C/man3/random_r.3:33 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:35 build/C/man3/setenv.3:43 build/C/man3/strtol.3:37 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:39 build/C/man3/system.3:36 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:22 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:22
63 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>\n"
67 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:24 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:24 build/C/man2/_exit.2:56 build/C/man3/a64l.3:33 build/C/man3/atexit.3:42 build/C/man3/atof.3:40 build/C/man3/atoi.3:64 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:35 build/C/man3/cfree.3:52 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:43 build/C/man3/drand48.3:75 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:83 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:69 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:64 build/C/man3/exit.3:38 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:64 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:38 build/C/man3/getenv.3:52 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:44 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:50 build/C/man3/malloc.3:42 build/C/man3/mblen.3:25 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:27 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:25 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:55 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:76 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:66 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:48 build/C/man3/putenv.3:54 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:66 build/C/man3/rand.3:62 build/C/man3/random.3:64 build/C/man3/random_r.3:58 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:46 build/C/man3/setenv.3:61 build/C/man3/strtod.3:73 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:35 build/C/man3/strtol.3:59 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:62 build/C/man3/system.3:39 build/C/man7/vdso.7:20 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:25 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:25
73 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:31
75 "The B<MB_CUR_MAX> macro defines an integer expression giving the maximum "
76 "number of bytes needed to represent a single wide character in the current "
77 "locale. It is locale dependent and therefore not a compile-time constant."
81 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:31 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:29 build/C/man2/_exit.2:79 build/C/man3/atexit.3:71 build/C/man3/atof.3:55 build/C/man3/atoi.3:91 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:61 build/C/man3/cfree.3:96 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:50 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:96 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:99 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:86 build/C/man3/exit.3:86 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:72 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:173 build/C/man3/getenv.3:88 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:55 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:110 build/C/man3/malloc.3:129 build/C/man3/mblen.3:75 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:85 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:94 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:68 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:155 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:80 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:76 build/C/man3/putenv.3:67 build/C/man3/rand.3:118 build/C/man3/random.3:118 build/C/man3/random_r.3:100 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:73 build/C/man3/setenv.3:105 build/C/man3/strtod.3:128 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:45 build/C/man3/strtol.3:117 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:127 build/C/man3/system.3:54 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:79 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:63
87 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:35
89 "An integer in the range [1, B<MB_LEN_MAX>]. The value 1 denotes traditional "
90 "8-bit encoded characters."
94 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:35 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:31 build/C/man2/_exit.2:81 build/C/man3/a64l.3:71 build/C/man3/atexit.3:76 build/C/man3/atof.3:65 build/C/man3/atoi.3:105 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:73 build/C/man3/cfree.3:112 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:60 build/C/man3/drand48.3:260 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:112 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:117 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:88 build/C/man3/exit.3:90 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:77 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:187 build/C/man3/getenv.3:96 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:65 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:129 build/C/man3/malloc.3:168 build/C/man3/mblen.3:92 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:95 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:114 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:86 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:195 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:95 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:81 build/C/man3/putenv.3:79 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:96 build/C/man3/rand.3:129 build/C/man3/random.3:152 build/C/man3/random_r.3:128 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:99 build/C/man3/setenv.3:128 build/C/man3/strtod.3:172 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:69 build/C/man3/strtol.3:173 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:177 build/C/man3/system.3:78 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:89 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:89
100 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:37 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:33 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:71
101 msgid "C99, POSIX.1-2001."
105 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:37 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:44 build/C/man2/_exit.2:124 build/C/man3/a64l.3:93 build/C/man3/atexit.3:161 build/C/man3/atof.3:67 build/C/man3/atoi.3:125 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:75 build/C/man3/cfree.3:117 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:97 build/C/man3/drand48.3:266 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:114 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:135 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:95 build/C/man3/exit.3:177 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:86 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:213 build/C/man3/getenv.3:129 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:69 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:227 build/C/man3/malloc.3:259 build/C/man3/mblen.3:106 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:217 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:129 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:91 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:233 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:118 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:88 build/C/man3/putenv.3:119 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:107 build/C/man3/rand.3:217 build/C/man3/random.3:188 build/C/man3/random_r.3:132 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:144 build/C/man3/setenv.3:153 build/C/man3/strtod.3:191 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:71 build/C/man3/strtol.3:297 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:225 build/C/man3/system.3:153 build/C/man7/vdso.7:494 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:103 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:103
111 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:44
113 "B<MB_LEN_MAX>(3), B<mblen>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<wcstombs>(3), "
118 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:44 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:46 build/C/man2/_exit.2:136 build/C/man3/a64l.3:97 build/C/man3/atexit.3:165 build/C/man3/atof.3:73 build/C/man3/atoi.3:130 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:78 build/C/man3/cfree.3:119 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:103 build/C/man3/drand48.3:269 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:118 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:141 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:99 build/C/man3/exit.3:184 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:90 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:217 build/C/man3/getenv.3:137 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:72 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:229 build/C/man3/malloc.3:283 build/C/man3/mblen.3:108 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:223 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:136 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:98 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:239 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:123 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:92 build/C/man3/putenv.3:125 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:112 build/C/man3/rand.3:220 build/C/man3/random.3:193 build/C/man3/random_r.3:136 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:150 build/C/man3/setenv.3:158 build/C/man3/strtod.3:197 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:77 build/C/man3/strtol.3:303 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:231 build/C/man3/system.3:158 build/C/man7/vdso.7:510 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:109 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:110
124 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:51 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:53 build/C/man2/_exit.2:143 build/C/man3/a64l.3:104 build/C/man3/atexit.3:172 build/C/man3/atof.3:80 build/C/man3/atoi.3:137 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:85 build/C/man3/cfree.3:126 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:110 build/C/man3/drand48.3:276 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:125 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:148 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:106 build/C/man3/exit.3:191 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:97 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:224 build/C/man3/getenv.3:144 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:79 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:236 build/C/man3/malloc.3:290 build/C/man3/mblen.3:115 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:230 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:143 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:105 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:246 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:130 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:99 build/C/man3/putenv.3:132 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:119 build/C/man3/rand.3:227 build/C/man3/random.3:200 build/C/man3/random_r.3:143 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:157 build/C/man3/setenv.3:165 build/C/man3/strtod.3:204 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:84 build/C/man3/strtol.3:310 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:238 build/C/man3/system.3:165 build/C/man7/vdso.7:517 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:116 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:117
126 "This page is part of release 3.63 of the Linux I<man-pages> project. A "
127 "description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be "
128 "found at \\%http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/."
132 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17
138 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:20
139 msgid "MB_LEN_MAX - maximum multibyte length of a character across all locales"
143 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:23
145 msgid "B<#include E<lt>limits.hE<gt>>\n"
149 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:29
151 "The B<MB_LEN_MAX> macro is the upper bound for the number of bytes needed to "
152 "represent a single wide character, across all locales."
156 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:31
157 msgid "A constant integer greater than zero."
161 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:33 build/C/man2/_exit.2:86 build/C/man3/a64l.3:73 build/C/man3/atexit.3:78 build/C/man3/atoi.3:115 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:74 build/C/man3/drand48.3:262 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:129 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:90 build/C/man3/exit.3:92 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:189 build/C/man3/getenv.3:102 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:131 build/C/man3/malloc.3:170 build/C/man3/mblen.3:94 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:97 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:116 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:208 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:99 build/C/man3/putenv.3:81 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:102 build/C/man3/rand.3:141 build/C/man3/random.3:154 build/C/man3/setenv.3:130 build/C/man3/strtod.3:177 build/C/man3/strtol.3:178 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:182 build/C/man3/system.3:80 build/C/man7/vdso.7:129 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:91 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:91
167 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:44
169 "The entities B<MB_LEN_MAX> and I<sizeof(wchar_t)> are totally unrelated. In "
170 "glibc, B<MB_LEN_MAX> is typically 6 while I<sizeof(wchar_t)> is 4."
174 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:46
175 msgid "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3)"
179 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:29
185 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30
191 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:32
192 msgid "_exit, _Exit - terminate the calling process"
196 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:34
197 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>"
201 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:36
202 msgid "B<void _exit(int >I<status>B<);>"
206 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:38 build/C/man3/a64l.3:14 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:33 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:37 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:30 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:33 build/C/man3/strtod.3:50
207 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>"
211 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:40
212 msgid "B<void _Exit(int >I<status>B<);>"
216 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:44 build/C/man3/a64l.3:22 build/C/man3/atoi.3:52 build/C/man3/cfree.3:48 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:39 build/C/man3/drand48.3:60 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:68 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:47 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:53 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:43 build/C/man3/getenv.3:48 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:37 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:39 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:54 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:47 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:44 build/C/man3/putenv.3:50 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:45 build/C/man3/rand.3:58 build/C/man3/random.3:52 build/C/man3/random_r.3:47 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:42 build/C/man3/setenv.3:52 build/C/man3/strtod.3:60 build/C/man3/strtol.3:47 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:50
217 msgid "Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see B<feature_test_macros>(7)):"
221 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:48
226 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:51 build/C/man3/strtod.3:68
228 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ "
233 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:54 build/C/man3/atoi.3:62 build/C/man3/strtod.3:71 build/C/man3/strtol.3:57 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:60
234 msgid "or I<cc\\ -std=c99>"
238 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:67
240 "The function B<_exit>() terminates the calling process \"immediately\". "
241 "Any open file descriptors belonging to the process are closed; any children "
242 "of the process are inherited by process 1, I<init>, and the process's parent "
243 "is sent a B<SIGCHLD> signal."
247 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:74
249 "The value I<status> is returned to the parent process as the process's exit "
250 "status, and can be collected using one of the B<wait>(2) family of calls."
254 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:79
255 msgid "The function B<_Exit>() is equivalent to B<_exit>()."
259 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:81
260 msgid "These functions do not return."
264 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:86
265 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD. The function B<_Exit>() was introduced by C99."
269 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:90
271 "For a discussion on the effects of an exit, the transmission of exit status, "
272 "zombie processes, signals sent, and so on, see B<exit>(3)."
276 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:117
278 "The function B<_exit>() is like B<exit>(3), but does not call any functions "
279 "registered with B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3). Whether it flushes standard "
280 "I/O buffers and removes temporary files created with B<tmpfile>(3) is "
281 "implementation-dependent. On the other hand, B<_exit>() does close open "
282 "file descriptors, and this may cause an unknown delay, waiting for pending "
283 "output to finish. If the delay is undesired, it may be useful to call "
284 "functions like B<tcflush>(3) before calling B<_exit>(). Whether any "
285 "pending I/O is canceled, and which pending I/O may be canceled upon "
286 "B<_exit>(), is implementation-dependent."
290 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:124
292 "In glibc up to version 2.3, the B<_exit>() wrapper function invoked the "
293 "kernel system call of the same name. Since glibc 2.3, the wrapper function "
294 "invokes B<exit_group>(2), in order to terminate all of the threads in a "
299 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:136
301 "B<execve>(2), B<exit_group>(2), B<fork>(2), B<kill>(2), B<wait>(2), "
302 "B<wait4>(2), B<waitpid>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<exit>(3), B<on_exit>(3), "
307 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:9
313 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:9 build/C/man3/drand48.3:30 build/C/man3/mblen.3:16
319 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:12
320 msgid "a64l, l64a - convert between long and base-64"
324 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:16
325 msgid "B<long a64l(char *>I<str64>B<);>"
329 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:18
330 msgid "B<char *l64a(long >I<value>B<);>"
334 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:26
335 msgid "B<a64l>(), B<l64a>():"
339 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:31 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:66
341 "_SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ "
342 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
346 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:48
348 "These functions provide a conversion between 32-bit long integers and "
349 "little-endian base-64 ASCII strings (of length zero to six). If the string "
350 "used as argument for B<a64l>() has length greater than six, only the first "
351 "six bytes are used. If the type I<long> has more than 32 bits, then "
352 "B<l64a>() uses only the low order 32 bits of I<value>, and B<a64l>() "
353 "sign-extends its 32-bit result."
357 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:50
358 msgid "The 64 digits in the base-64 system are:"
362 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:58
365 "\\&\\(aq.\\(aq\trepresents a 0\n"
366 "\\&\\(aq/\\(aq\trepresents a 1\n"
367 "0-9\trepresent 2-11\n"
368 "A-Z\trepresent 12-37\n"
369 "a-z\trepresent 38-63\n"
373 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:62
374 msgid "So 123 = 59*64^0 + 1*64^1 = \"v/\"."
378 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:62 build/C/man3/atof.3:57 build/C/man3/atoi.3:93 build/C/man3/drand48.3:245 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:98 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:110 build/C/man3/mblen.3:87 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:85 build/C/man3/strtod.3:160 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:58 build/C/man3/strtol.3:161 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:165 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:84
384 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:63 build/C/man3/atof.3:58 build/C/man3/atoi.3:94 build/C/man3/drand48.3:246 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:99 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:111 build/C/man3/mblen.3:88 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:86 build/C/man3/strtod.3:161 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:59 build/C/man3/strtol.3:162 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:166 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:85
386 msgid "Multithreading (see pthreads(7))"
390 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:67
391 msgid "The B<l64a>() function is not thread-safe."
395 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:71
396 msgid "The B<a64l>() function is thread-safe."
400 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:73 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:131
401 msgid "POSIX.1-2001."
405 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:78
407 "The value returned by B<l64a>() may be a pointer to a static buffer, "
408 "possibly overwritten by later calls."
412 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:87
414 "The behavior of B<l64a>() is undefined when I<value> is negative. If "
415 "I<value> is zero, it returns an empty string."
419 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:90
421 "These functions are broken in glibc before 2.2.5 (puts most significant "
426 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:93
427 msgid "This is not the encoding used by B<uuencode>(1)."
432 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:97
433 msgid "B<uuencode>(1), B<strtoul>(3)"
437 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:33
443 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31
449 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:36
450 msgid "atexit - register a function to be called at normal process termination"
454 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:41
456 msgid "B<int atexit(void (*>I<function>B<)(void));>\n"
460 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:54
462 "The B<atexit>() function registers the given I<function> to be called at "
463 "normal process termination, either via B<exit>(3) or via return from the "
464 "program's I<main>(). Functions so registered are called in the reverse "
465 "order of their registration; no arguments are passed."
469 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:57 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:69
471 "The same function may be registered multiple times: it is called once for "
476 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:63
478 "POSIX.1-2001 requires that an implementation allow at least B<ATEXIT_MAX> "
479 "(32) such functions to be registered. The actual limit supported by an "
480 "implementation can be obtained using B<sysconf>(3)."
484 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:71 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:76
486 "When a child process is created via B<fork>(2), it inherits copies of its "
487 "parent's registrations. Upon a successful call to one of the B<exec>(3) "
488 "functions, all registrations are removed."
492 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:76
494 "The B<atexit>() function returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise it "
495 "returns a nonzero value."
499 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:78
500 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001."
504 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:85
506 "Functions registered using B<atexit>() (and B<on_exit>(3)) are not called "
507 "if a process terminates abnormally because of the delivery of a signal."
511 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:92
513 "If one of the functions registered functions calls B<_exit>(2), then any "
514 "remaining functions are not invoked, and the other process termination steps "
515 "performed by B<exit>(3) are not performed."
518 #. This can happen on OpenBSD 4.2 for example, and is documented
519 #. as occurring on FreeBSD as well.
520 #. Glibc does "the Right Thing" -- invocation of the remaining
521 #. exit handlers carries on as normal.
523 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:109
525 "POSIX.1-2001 says that the result of calling B<exit>(3) more than once "
526 "(i.e., calling B<exit>(3) within a function registered using B<atexit>()) "
527 "is undefined. On some systems (but not Linux), this can result in an "
528 "infinite recursion; portable programs should not invoke B<exit>(3) inside a "
529 "function registered using B<atexit>()."
533 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:118
535 "The B<atexit>() and B<on_exit>(3) functions register functions on the same "
536 "list: at normal process termination, the registered functions are invoked in "
537 "reverse order of their registration by these two functions."
540 #. In glibc, things seem to be handled okay
542 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:124
544 "POSIX.1-2001 says that the result is undefined if B<longjmp>(3) is used to "
545 "terminate execution of one of the functions registered B<atexit>()."
549 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:124
555 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:131
557 "Since glibc 2.2.3, B<atexit>() (and B<on_exit>(3)) can be used within a "
558 "shared library to establish functions that are called when the shared "
559 "library is unloaded."
563 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:131 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:138 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:109 build/C/man3/rand.3:160 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:119 build/C/man3/strtod.3:186 build/C/man3/strtol.3:216 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:220
569 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:136
572 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
573 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
574 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
578 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:142
584 " printf(\"That was all, folks\\en\");\n"
589 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:148
600 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:151
603 " a = sysconf(_SC_ATEXIT_MAX);\n"
604 " printf(\"ATEXIT_MAX = %ld\\en\", a);\n"
608 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:157
611 " i = atexit(bye);\n"
613 " fprintf(stderr, \"cannot set exit function\\en\");\n"
614 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
619 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:160 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:226 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:216 build/C/man3/rand.3:215 build/C/man3/strtol.3:296
622 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
627 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:165
628 msgid "B<_exit>(2), B<exit>(3), B<on_exit>(3)"
632 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31
638 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24
644 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29 build/C/man3/getenv.3:33 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25 build/C/man3/malloc.3:30 build/C/man3/mblen.3:16 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29 build/C/man3/setenv.3:37 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
650 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:34
651 msgid "atof - convert a string to a double"
655 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:39
657 msgid "B<double atof(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
661 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:47
663 "The B<atof>() function converts the initial portion of the string pointed "
664 "to by I<nptr> to I<double>. The behavior is the same as"
668 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:50
669 msgid "strtod(nptr, NULL);"
673 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:55
674 msgid "except that B<atof>() does not detect errors."
678 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:57 build/C/man3/atoi.3:93
679 msgid "The converted value."
683 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:65
685 "The B<atof>() function is thread-safe with exceptions. It can be safely "
686 "used in multithreaded applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not "
687 "called to change the locale during its execution."
691 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:67
692 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C89, C99."
696 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:73
697 msgid "B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
701 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:33
707 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:36
708 msgid "atoi, atol, atoll, atoq - convert a string to an integer"
712 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:41
714 msgid "B<int atoi(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
718 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:43
720 msgid "B<long atol(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
724 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:45
726 msgid "B<long long atoll(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
730 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:47
732 msgid "B<long long atoq(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
736 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:56
741 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:59
743 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || "
744 "_ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L;"
748 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:71
750 "The B<atoi>() function converts the initial portion of the string pointed "
751 "to by I<nptr> to I<int>. The behavior is the same as"
755 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:74
756 msgid "strtol(nptr, NULL, 10);"
760 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:79
761 msgid "except that B<atoi>() does not detect errors."
765 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:91
767 "The B<atol>() and B<atoll>() functions behave the same as B<atoi>(), "
768 "except that they convert the initial portion of the string to their return "
769 "type of I<long> or I<long long>. B<atoq>() is an obsolete name for "
774 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:105
776 "The B<atoi>(), B<atol>(), and B<atoll>() functions are thread-safe with "
777 "exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
778 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
779 "during their execution."
783 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:115
785 "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C99. C89 and POSIX.1-1996 include the functions "
786 "B<atoi>() and B<atol>() only. B<atoq>() is a GNU extension."
790 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:125
792 "The nonstandard B<atoq>() function is not present in libc 4.6.27 or glibc "
793 "2, but is present in libc5 and libc 4.7 (though only as an inline function "
794 "in I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>> until libc 5.4.44). The B<atoll>() function is "
795 "present in glibc 2 since version 2.0.2, but not in libc4 or libc5."
799 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:130
800 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
804 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26
806 msgid "CANONICALIZE_FILE_NAME"
810 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26
816 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:29
817 msgid "canonicalize_file_name - return the canonicalized absolute pathname"
821 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:31
822 msgid "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
826 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:35
827 msgid "B<char *canonicalize_file_name(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
831 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:49
833 "The B<canonicalize_file_name>() function returns a null-terminated string "
834 "containing the canonicalized absolute pathname corresponding to I<path>. In "
835 "the returned string, symbolic links are resolved, as are I<.> and I<..> "
836 "pathname components. Consecutive slash (I</>) characters are replaced by a "
841 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:55
843 "The returned string is dynamically allocated by B<canonicalize_file_name>() "
844 "and the caller should deallocate it with B<free>(3) when it is no longer "
849 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:59
850 msgid "The call I<canonicalize_file_name(path)> is equivalent to the call:"
854 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:61
856 msgid " realpath(path, NULL);\n"
860 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:70
862 "On success, B<canonicalize_file_name>() returns a null-terminated string. "
863 "On error (e.g., a pathname component is unreadable or does not exist), "
864 "B<canonicalize_file_name>() returns NULL and sets I<errno> to indicate the "
869 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:70 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:181 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:75 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:161 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:91 build/C/man3/putenv.3:75 build/C/man3/random.3:140 build/C/man3/random_r.3:105 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:82 build/C/man3/setenv.3:119 build/C/man3/strtod.3:156 build/C/man3/strtol.3:144 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:148
875 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:73
876 msgid "See B<realpath>(3)."
880 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:75
881 msgid "This function is a GNU extension."
885 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:78
886 msgid "B<readlink>(2), B<realpath>(3)"
890 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:24
896 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:24 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29
902 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:27
903 msgid "cfree - free allocated memory"
907 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:34
911 "B<int cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<);>\n"
915 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:37
918 "/* In glibc or FreeBSD libcompat */\n"
919 "B<void cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<);>\n"
923 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:40
926 "/* In SCO OpenServer */\n"
927 "B<void cfree(char *>I<ptr>B<, unsigned >I<num>B<, unsigned >I<size>B<);>\n"
931 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:43
934 "/* In Solaris watchmalloc.so.1 */\n"
935 "B<void cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<, size_t >I<nelem>B<, size_t >I<elsize>B<);>\n"
939 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:52
940 msgid "B<cfree>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
944 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:57
945 msgid "This function should never be used. Use B<free>(3) instead."
949 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:57
955 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:63
957 "In glibc, the function B<cfree>() is a synonym for B<free>(3), \"added for "
958 "compatibility with SunOS\"."
962 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:69
964 "Other systems have other functions with this name. The declaration is "
965 "sometimes in I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>> and sometimes in I<E<lt>malloc.hE<gt>>."
969 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:69
975 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:74
977 "Some SCO and Solaris versions have malloc libraries with a 3-argument "
978 "B<cfree>(), apparently as an analog to B<calloc>(3)."
982 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:76
983 msgid "If you need it while porting something, add"
987 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:79
988 msgid "#define cfree(p, n, s) free((p))"
992 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:82
993 msgid "to your file."
997 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:91
999 "A frequently asked question is \"Can I use B<free>(3) to free memory "
1000 "allocated with B<calloc>(3), or do I need B<cfree>()?\" Answer: use "
1005 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:96
1007 "An SCO manual writes: \"The cfree routine is provided for compliance to the "
1008 "iBCSe2 standard and simply calls free. The num and size arguments to cfree "
1013 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:112
1015 "The SunOS version of B<cfree>() (which is a synonym for B<free>(3)) "
1016 "returns 1 on success and 0 on failure. In case of error, I<errno> is set to "
1017 "B<EINVAL>: the value of I<ptr> was not a pointer to a block previously "
1018 "allocated by one of the routines in the B<malloc>(3) family."
1022 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:117
1024 "The 3-argument version of B<cfree>() as used by SCO conforms to the iBCSe2 "
1025 "standard: Intel386 Binary Compatibility Specification, Edition 2."
1029 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:119
1030 msgid "B<malloc>(3)"
1034 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26
1040 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26
1046 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:29
1047 msgid "clearenv - clear the environment"
1051 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:34
1053 msgid "B<int clearenv(void);>\n"
1057 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:43
1058 msgid "B<clearenv>(): _SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE"
1062 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:50
1064 "The B<clearenv>() function clears the environment of all name-value pairs "
1065 "and sets the value of the external variable I<environ> to NULL."
1068 #. Most versions of UNIX return -1 on error, or do not even have errors.
1069 #. Glibc info and the Watcom C library document "a nonzero value".
1071 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:57
1073 "The B<clearenv>() function returns zero on success, and a nonzero value on "
1078 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:57 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:183 build/C/man3/getenv.3:93 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:63 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:84 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:188
1084 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:60
1085 msgid "Not in libc4, libc5. In glibc since glibc 2.0."
1089 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:74
1091 "Various UNIX variants (DG/UX, HP-UX, QNX, ...). POSIX.9 (bindings for "
1092 "FORTRAN77). POSIX.1-1996 did not accept B<clearenv>() and B<putenv>(3), "
1093 "but changed its mind and scheduled these functions for some later issue of "
1094 "this standard (cf. B.4.6.1). However, POSIX.1-2001 adds only B<putenv>(3), "
1095 "and rejected B<clearenv>()."
1099 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:78
1101 "Used in security-conscious applications. If it is unavailable the "
1106 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:81
1108 msgid " environ = NULL;\n"
1112 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:84
1113 msgid "will probably do."
1117 #. HP-UX has a ENOMEM error return.
1119 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:97
1121 "The DG/UX and Tru64 man pages write: If I<environ> has been modified by "
1122 "anything other than the B<putenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), or B<clearenv>() "
1123 "functions, then B<clearenv>() will return an error and the process "
1124 "environment will remain unchanged."
1128 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:103
1129 msgid "B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
1133 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:30
1139 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:34
1141 "drand48, erand48, lrand48, nrand48, mrand48, jrand48, srand48, seed48, "
1142 "lcong48 - generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers"
1146 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:39
1148 msgid "B<double drand48(void);>\n"
1152 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:41
1154 msgid "B<double erand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1158 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:43
1160 msgid "B<long int lrand48(void);>\n"
1164 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:45
1166 msgid "B<long int nrand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1170 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:47
1172 msgid "B<long int mrand48(void);>\n"
1176 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:49
1178 msgid "B<long int jrand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1182 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:51
1184 msgid "B<void srand48(long int >I<seedval>B<);>\n"
1188 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:53
1190 msgid "B<unsigned short *seed48(unsigned short >I<seed16v>B<[3]);>\n"
1194 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:55
1196 msgid "B<void lcong48(unsigned short >I<param>B<[7]);>\n"
1209 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:74
1210 msgid "All functions shown above: _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
1214 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:78
1216 "These functions generate pseudo-random numbers using the linear congruential "
1217 "algorithm and 48-bit integer arithmetic."
1221 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:86
1223 "The B<drand48>() and B<erand48>() functions return nonnegative "
1224 "double-precision floating-point values uniformly distributed between [0.0, "
1229 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:93
1231 "The B<lrand48>() and B<nrand48>() functions return nonnegative long "
1232 "integers uniformly distributed between 0 and 2^31."
1236 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:100
1238 "The B<mrand48>() and B<jrand48>() functions return signed long integers "
1239 "uniformly distributed between -2^31 and 2^31."
1243 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:119
1245 "The B<srand48>(), B<seed48>() and B<lcong48>() functions are "
1246 "initialization functions, one of which should be called before using "
1247 "B<drand48>(), B<lrand48>() or B<mrand48>(). The functions B<erand48>(), "
1248 "B<nrand48>() and B<jrand48>() do not require an initialization function to "
1253 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:123
1255 "All the functions work by generating a sequence of 48-bit integers, I<Xi>, "
1256 "according to the linear congruential formula:"
1260 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:127
1262 msgid "B<Xn+1 = (aXn + c) mod m, where n E<gt>= 0>\n"
1266 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:140
1268 "The parameter I<m> = 2^48, hence 48-bit integer arithmetic is performed. "
1269 "Unless B<lcong48>() is called, I<a> and I<c> are given by:"
1273 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:145
1276 "B<a = 0x5DEECE66D>\n"
1281 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:165
1283 "The value returned by any of the functions B<drand48>(), B<erand48>(), "
1284 "B<lrand48>(), B<nrand48>(), B<mrand48>() or B<jrand48>() is computed by "
1285 "first generating the next 48-bit I<Xi> in the sequence. Then the "
1286 "appropriate number of bits, according to the type of data item to be "
1287 "returned, is copied from the high-order bits of I<Xi> and transformed into "
1288 "the returned value."
1292 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:191
1294 "The functions B<drand48>(), B<lrand48>() and B<mrand48>() store the last "
1295 "48-bit I<Xi> generated in an internal buffer. The functions B<erand48>(), "
1296 "B<nrand48>() and B<jrand48>() require the calling program to provide "
1297 "storage for the successive I<Xi> values in the array argument I<xsubi>. The "
1298 "functions are initialized by placing the initial value of I<Xi> into the "
1299 "array before calling the function for the first time."
1303 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:200
1305 "The initializer function B<srand48>() sets the high order 32-bits of I<Xi> "
1306 "to the argument I<seedval>. The low order 16-bits are set to the arbitrary "
1311 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:214
1313 "The initializer function B<seed48>() sets the value of I<Xi> to the 48-bit "
1314 "value specified in the array argument I<seed16v>. The previous value of "
1315 "I<Xi> is copied into an internal buffer and a pointer to this buffer is "
1316 "returned by B<seed48>()."
1320 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:245
1322 "The initialization function B<lcong48>() allows the user to specify initial "
1323 "values for I<Xi>, I<a> and I<c>. Array argument elements I<param[0-2]> "
1324 "specify I<Xi>, I<param[3-5]> specify I<a>, and I<param[6]> specifies I<c>. "
1325 "After B<lcong48>() has been called, a subsequent call to either "
1326 "B<srand48>() or B<seed48>() will restore the standard values of I<a> and "
1331 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:260
1333 "The B<drand48>(), B<erand48>(), B<lrand48>(), B<nrand48>(), B<mrand48>(), "
1334 "B<jrand48>(), B<srand48>(), B<seed48>(), and B<lcong48>() functions record "
1335 "global state information for the random number generator, so they are not "
1340 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:262
1341 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001."
1345 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:266
1347 "These functions are declared obsolete by SVID 3, which states that "
1348 "B<rand>(3) should be used instead."
1352 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:269
1353 msgid "B<rand>(3), B<random>(3)"
1357 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27
1363 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27
1369 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:32
1371 "drand48_r, erand48_r, lrand48_r, nrand48_r, mrand48_r, jrand48_r, srand48_r, "
1372 "seed48_r, lcong48_r - generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers "
1377 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:37
1379 msgid "B<int drand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, double *>I<result>B<);>\n"
1383 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:39
1385 msgid "B<int erand48_r(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]>I<,>\n"
1389 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:41
1391 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, double *>I<result>B<);>\n"
1395 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:43
1398 "B<int lrand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, long int "
1399 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1403 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:45
1405 msgid "B<int nrand48_r(unsigned short int >I<xsubi[3]>B<,>\n"
1409 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:47 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:53
1412 "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, long int "
1413 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1417 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:49
1420 "B<int mrand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<,long int "
1421 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1425 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:51
1427 msgid "B<int jrand48_r(unsigned short int >I<xsubi[3]>B<,>\n"
1431 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:55
1434 "B<int srand48_r(long int >I<seedval>B<, struct drand48_data "
1435 "*>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1439 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:57
1441 msgid "B<int seed48_r(unsigned short int >I<seed16v[3]>B<,>\n"
1445 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:59
1447 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1451 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:61
1453 msgid "B<int lcong48_r(unsigned short int >I<param[7]>B<,>\n"
1457 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:63
1459 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1462 #. .BR drand48_r (),
1463 #. .BR erand48_r (),
1464 #. .BR lrand48_r (),
1465 #. .BR nrand48_r (),
1466 #. .BR mrand48_r (),
1467 #. .BR jrand48_r (),
1468 #. .BR srand48_r (),
1470 #. .BR lcong48_r ():
1472 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:82
1473 msgid "All functions shown above: _SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
1477 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:89
1479 "These functions are the reentrant analogs of the functions described in "
1480 "B<drand48>(3). Instead of modifying the global random generator state, they "
1481 "use the supplied data I<buffer>."
1485 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:96
1487 "Before the first use, this struct must be initialized, for example, by "
1488 "filling it with zeros, or by calling one of the functions B<srand48_r>(), "
1489 "B<seed48_r>(), or B<lcong48_r>()."
1493 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:98
1494 msgid "The return value is 0."
1498 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:112
1500 "The B<drand48_r>(), B<erand48_r>(), B<lrand48_r>(), B<nrand48_r>(), "
1501 "B<mrand48_r>(), B<jrand48_r>(), B<srand48_r>(), B<seed48_r>(), and "
1502 "B<lcong48_r>() functions are thread-safe."
1506 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:114
1507 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions and are not portable."
1511 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:118 build/C/man3/random_r.3:136
1512 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<rand>(3), B<random>(3)"
1516 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32
1522 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32
1528 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:35
1529 msgid "ecvt, fcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
1533 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:40
1535 "B<char *ecvt(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,> "
1536 "B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
1540 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:43
1542 "B<char *fcvt(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,> "
1543 "B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
1547 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:51
1548 msgid "B<ecvt>(), B<fcvt>():"
1552 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:54 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:49 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:53
1554 msgid "Since glibc 2.12:"
1558 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:61 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:56
1562 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
1563 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
1564 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
1568 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:62 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:57 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:59
1570 msgid "Before glibc 2.12:"
1574 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:92
1576 "The B<ecvt>() function converts I<number> to a null-terminated string of "
1577 "I<ndigits> digits (where I<ndigits> is reduced to a system-specific limit "
1578 "determined by the precision of a I<double>), and returns a pointer to the "
1579 "string. The high-order digit is nonzero, unless I<number> is zero. The low "
1580 "order digit is rounded. The string itself does not contain a decimal point; "
1581 "however, the position of the decimal point relative to the start of the "
1582 "string is stored in I<*decpt>. A negative value for I<*decpt> means that "
1583 "the decimal point is to the left of the start of the string. If the sign of "
1584 "I<number> is negative, I<*sign> is set to a nonzero value, otherwise it is "
1585 "set to 0. If I<number> is zero, it is unspecified whether I<*decpt> is 0 or "
1590 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:99
1592 "The B<fcvt>() function is identical to B<ecvt>(), except that I<ndigits> "
1593 "specifies the number of digits after the decimal point."
1597 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:110
1599 "Both the B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>() functions return a pointer to a static "
1600 "string containing the ASCII representation of I<number>. The static string "
1601 "is overwritten by each call to B<ecvt>() or B<fcvt>()."
1605 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:117
1606 msgid "The B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>() functions are not thread-safe."
1610 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:129
1612 "SVr2; marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the "
1613 "specifications of B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>(), recommending the use of "
1614 "B<sprintf>(3) instead (though B<snprintf>(3) may be preferable)."
1618 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:135
1620 "Linux libc4 and libc5 specified the type of I<ndigits> as I<size_t>. Not "
1621 "all locales use a point as the radix character (\"decimal point\")."
1625 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:141
1626 msgid "B<ecvt_r>(3), B<gcvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3), B<setlocale>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1630 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30
1636 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:33
1638 "ecvt_r, fcvt_r, qecvt_r, qfcvt_r - convert a floating-point number to a "
1643 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:39
1646 "B<int ecvt_r(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,>\n"
1647 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1651 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:42
1654 "B<int fcvt_r(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,>\n"
1655 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1659 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:45
1662 "B<int qecvt_r(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
1664 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1668 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:48
1671 "B<int qfcvt_r(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
1673 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1677 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:60
1678 msgid "B<ecvt_r>(), B<fcvt_r>(), B<qecvt_r>(), B<qfcvt_r>():"
1682 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:62
1683 msgid "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500"
1687 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:86
1689 "The functions B<ecvt_r>(), B<fcvt_r>(), B<qecvt_r>() and B<qfcvt_r>() are "
1690 "identical to B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3) and B<qfcvt>(3), "
1691 "respectively, except that they do not return their result in a static "
1692 "buffer, but instead use the supplied I<buf> of size I<len>. See B<ecvt>(3) "
1697 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:88
1698 msgid "These functions return 0 on success, and -1 otherwise."
1702 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:90
1703 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions."
1707 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:95
1708 msgid "These functions are obsolete. Instead, B<sprintf>(3) is recommended."
1712 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:99
1713 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1717 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:29
1723 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:29
1729 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:32
1730 msgid "exit - cause normal process termination"
1734 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:37
1736 msgid "B<void exit(int >I<status>B<);>\n"
1740 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:45
1742 "The B<exit>() function causes normal process termination and the value of "
1743 "I<status & 0377> is returned to the parent (see B<wait>(2))."
1747 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:72
1749 "All functions registered with B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3) are called, "
1750 "in the reverse order of their registration. (It is possible for one of "
1751 "these functions to use B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3) to register an "
1752 "additional function to be executed during exit processing; the new "
1753 "registration is added to the front of the list of functions that remain to "
1754 "be called.) If one of these functions does not return (e.g., it calls "
1755 "B<_exit>(2), or kills itself with a signal), then none of the remaining "
1756 "functions is called, and further exit processing (in particular, flushing of "
1757 "B<stdio>(3) streams) is abandoned. If a function has been registered "
1758 "multiple times using B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3), then it is called as "
1759 "many times as it was registered."
1763 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:79
1765 "All open B<stdio>(3) streams are flushed and closed. Files created by "
1766 "B<tmpfile>(3) are removed."
1770 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:86
1772 "The C standard specifies two constants, B<EXIT_SUCCESS> and B<EXIT_FAILURE>, "
1773 "that may be passed to B<exit>() to indicate successful or unsuccessful "
1774 "termination, respectively."
1778 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:90
1779 msgid "The B<exit>() function does not return."
1783 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:92
1784 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, C89, C99."
1788 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:109
1790 "It is undefined what happens if one of the functions registered using "
1791 "B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3) calls either B<exit>() or B<longjmp>(3). "
1792 "Note that a call to B<execve>(2) removes registrations created using "
1793 "B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3)."
1797 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:118
1799 "The use of B<EXIT_SUCCESS> and B<EXIT_FAILURE> is slightly more portable (to "
1800 "non-UNIX environments) than the use of 0 and some nonzero value like 1 or "
1801 "-1. In particular, VMS uses a different convention."
1805 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:121
1807 "BSD has attempted to standardize exit codes; see the file "
1808 "I<E<lt>sysexits.hE<gt>>."
1812 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:146
1814 "After B<exit>(), the exit status must be transmitted to the parent process. "
1815 "There are three cases. If the parent has set B<SA_NOCLDWAIT>, or has set "
1816 "the B<SIGCHLD> handler to B<SIG_IGN>, the status is discarded. If the "
1817 "parent was waiting on the child it is notified of the exit status. In both "
1818 "cases the exiting process dies immediately. If the parent has not indicated "
1819 "that it is not interested in the exit status, but is not waiting, the "
1820 "exiting process turns into a \"zombie\" process (which is nothing but a "
1821 "container for the single byte representing the exit status) so that the "
1822 "parent can learn the exit status when it later calls one of the B<wait>(2) "
1827 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:156
1829 "If the implementation supports the B<SIGCHLD> signal, this signal is sent to "
1830 "the parent. If the parent has set B<SA_NOCLDWAIT>, it is undefined whether "
1831 "a B<SIGCHLD> signal is sent."
1835 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:165
1837 "If the process is a session leader and its controlling terminal is the "
1838 "controlling terminal of the session, then each process in the foreground "
1839 "process group of this controlling terminal is sent a B<SIGHUP> signal, and "
1840 "the terminal is disassociated from this session, allowing it to be acquired "
1841 "by a new controlling process."
1845 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:177
1847 "If the exit of the process causes a process group to become orphaned, and if "
1848 "any member of the newly orphaned process group is stopped, then a B<SIGHUP> "
1849 "signal followed by a B<SIGCONT> signal will be sent to each process in this "
1850 "process group. See B<setpgid>(2) for an explanation of orphaned process "
1855 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:184
1857 "B<_exit>(2), B<setpgid>(2), B<wait>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<on_exit>(3), "
1862 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30
1868 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:33
1869 msgid "gcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
1873 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:38
1875 msgid "B<char *gcvt(double >I<number>B<, size_t >I<ndigit>B<, char *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
1879 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:46
1884 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:61
1886 "_SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE && "
1887 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
1891 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:72
1893 "The B<gcvt>() function converts I<number> to a minimal length "
1894 "null-terminated ASCII string and stores the result in I<buf>. It produces "
1895 "I<ndigit> significant digits in either B<printf>(3) F format or E format."
1899 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:77
1901 "The B<gcvt>() function returns the address of the string pointed to by "
1906 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:86
1908 "Marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
1909 "B<gcvt>(), recommending the use of B<sprintf>(3) instead (though "
1910 "B<snprintf>(3) may be preferable)."
1914 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:90
1915 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1919 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29
1925 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29
1931 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:32
1932 msgid "getauxval - retrieve a value from the auxiliary vector"
1936 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:35
1938 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/auxv.hE<gt>>\n"
1942 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:37
1944 msgid "B<unsigned long getauxval(unsigned long >I<type>B<);>\n"
1948 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:45
1950 "The B<getauxval>() function retrieves values from the auxiliary vector, a "
1951 "mechanism that the kernel's ELF binary loader uses to pass certain "
1952 "information to user space when a program is executed."
1956 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:53
1958 "Each entry in the auxiliary vector consists of a pair of values: a type that "
1959 "identifies what this entry represents, and a value for that type. Given the "
1960 "argument I<type>, B<getauxval>() returns the corresponding value."
1964 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:60
1966 "The value returned for each I<type> is given in the following list. Not all "
1967 "I<type> values are present on all architectures."
1971 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:60
1977 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:63
1978 msgid "The base address of the program interpreter (usually, the dynamic linker)."
1982 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:63
1984 msgid "B<AT_BASE_PLATFORM>"
1988 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:68
1990 "A string identifying the real platform; may differ from B<AT_PLATFORM> "
1995 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:68
1997 msgid "B<AT_CLKTCK>"
2001 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:75
2003 "The frequency with which B<times>(2) counts. This value can also be "
2004 "obtained via I<sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)>."
2008 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:75
2010 msgid "B<AT_DCACHEBSIZE>"
2014 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:78
2015 msgid "The data cache block size."
2019 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:78
2025 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:81
2026 msgid "The effective group ID of the thread."
2030 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:81
2036 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:84
2037 msgid "The entry address of the executable."
2041 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:84
2047 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:87
2048 msgid "The effective user ID of the thread."
2052 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:87
2054 msgid "B<AT_EXECFD>"
2058 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:90
2059 msgid "File descriptor of program."
2063 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:90
2065 msgid "B<AT_EXECFN>"
2069 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:93
2070 msgid "Pathname used to execute program."
2074 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:93
2080 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:96
2081 msgid "Flags (unused)."
2085 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:96
2091 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:101
2093 "Used FPU control word (SuperH architecture only). This gives some "
2094 "information about the FPU initialization performed by the kernel."
2098 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:101
2104 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:104
2105 msgid "The real group ID of the thread."
2109 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:104
2115 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:114
2117 "A pointer to a multibyte mask of bits whose settings indicate detailed "
2118 "processor capabilities. The contents of the bit mask are hardware dependent "
2119 "(for example, see the kernel source file "
2120 "I<arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h> for details relating to the Intel x86 "
2121 "architecture). A human-readable version of the same information is "
2122 "available via I</proc/cpuinfo>."
2126 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:114
2128 msgid "B<AT_ICACHEBSIZE>"
2138 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:123
2139 msgid "The instruction cache block size."
2143 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:123
2145 msgid "B<AT_PAGESZ>"
2149 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:127
2150 msgid "The system page size (the same value returned by I<sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)>)."
2154 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:127
2160 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:130
2161 msgid "The address of the program headers of the executable."
2165 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:130
2171 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:133
2172 msgid "The size of program header entry."
2176 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:133
2182 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:136
2183 msgid "The number of program headers."
2187 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:136
2189 msgid "B<AT_PLATFORM>"
2193 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:143
2195 "A pointer to a string that identifies the hardware platform that the program "
2196 "is running on. The dynamic linker uses this in the interpretation of "
2201 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:143
2203 msgid "B<AT_RANDOM>"
2207 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:146
2208 msgid "The address of sixteen bytes containing a random value."
2212 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:146
2214 msgid "B<AT_SECURE>"
2218 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:158
2220 "Has a nonzero value if this executable should be treated securely. Most "
2221 "commonly, a nonzero value indicates that the process is executing a "
2222 "set-user-ID or set-group-ID program; alternatively, a nonzero value may be "
2223 "triggered by a Linux Security Module. When this value is nonzero, the "
2224 "dynamic linker disables the use of certain environment variables (see "
2225 "B<ld-linux.so>(8)) and glibc changes other aspects of its behavior. (See "
2226 "also B<secure_getenv>(3).)"
2230 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:158
2232 msgid "B<AT_SYSINFO>"
2236 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:162
2238 "The entry point to the system call function in the vDSO. Not present/needed "
2239 "on all architectures (e.g., absent on x86-64)."
2243 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:162
2245 msgid "B<AT_SYSINFO_EHDR>"
2249 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:167
2251 "The address of a page containing the virtual Dynamic Shared Object (vDSO) "
2252 "that the kernel creates in order to provide fast implementations of certain "
2257 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:167
2259 msgid "B<AT_UCACHEBSIZE>"
2263 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:170
2264 msgid "The unified cache block size."
2268 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:170
2274 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:173
2275 msgid "The real user ID of the thread."
2279 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:181
2281 "On success, B<getauxval>() returns the value corresponding to I<type>. If "
2282 "I<type> is not found, 0 is returned."
2286 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:183
2287 msgid "No errors are diagnosed."
2291 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:187
2292 msgid "The B<getauxval>() function was added to glibc in version 2.16."
2296 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:189
2297 msgid "This function is a nonstandard glibc extension."
2301 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:198
2303 "The primary consumer of the information in the auxiliary vector is the "
2304 "dynamic linker B<ld-linux.so>(8). The auxiliary vector is a convenient and "
2305 "efficient shortcut that allows the kernel to communicate a certain set of "
2306 "standard information that the dynamic linker usually or always needs. In "
2307 "some cases, the same information could be obtained by system calls, but "
2308 "using the auxiliary vector is cheaper."
2312 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:204
2314 "The auxiliary vector resides just above the argument list and environment in "
2315 "the process address space. The auxiliary vector supplied to a program can "
2316 "be viewed by setting the B<LD_SHOW_AUXV> environment variable when running a "
2321 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:206
2323 msgid " $ LD_SHOW_AUXV=1 sleep 1\n"
2327 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:213
2329 "The auxiliary vector of any process can (subject to file permissions) be "
2330 "obtained via I</proc/PID/auxv>; see B<proc>(5) for more information."
2334 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:217
2335 msgid "B<secure_getenv>(3), B<vdso>(7), B<ld-linux.so>(8)"
2339 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:33
2345 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:33
2351 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:36
2352 msgid "getenv, secure_getenv - get an environment variable"
2356 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:41
2358 msgid "B<char *getenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
2362 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:43
2364 msgid "B<char *secure_getenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
2368 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:52
2369 msgid "B<secure_getenv>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
2373 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:61
2375 "The B<getenv>() function searches the environment list to find the "
2376 "environment variable I<name>, and returns a pointer to the corresponding "
2381 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:69
2383 "The GNU-specific B<secure_getenv>() function is just like B<getenv>() "
2384 "except that it returns NULL in cases where \"secure execution\" is "
2385 "required. Secure execution is required if one of the following conditions "
2386 "was true when the program run by the calling process was loaded:"
2390 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:69 build/C/man3/getenv.3:74 build/C/man3/getenv.3:76
2396 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:74
2398 "the process's effective user ID did not match its real user ID or the "
2399 "process's effective group ID did not match its real group ID (typically this "
2400 "is the result of executing a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program);"
2404 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:76
2405 msgid "the effective capability bit was set on the executable file; or"
2409 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:78
2410 msgid "the process has a nonempty permitted capability set."
2414 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:81
2416 "Secure execution may also required if triggered by some Linux security "
2421 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:88
2423 "The B<secure_getenv>() function is intended for use in general-purpose "
2424 "libraries to avoid vulnerabilities that could occur if set-user-ID or "
2425 "set-group-ID programs accidentally trusted the environment."
2429 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:93
2431 "The B<getenv>() function returns a pointer to the value in the environment, "
2432 "or NULL if there is no match."
2436 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:96
2437 msgid "B<secure_getenv>() first appeared in glibc 2.17."
2441 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:99
2442 msgid "B<getenv>(): SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C89, C99."
2446 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:102
2447 msgid "B<secure_getenv>() is a GNU extension."
2451 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:104
2452 msgid "The strings in the environment list are of the form I<name=value>."
2456 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:110
2458 "As typically implemented, B<getenv>() returns a pointer to a string within "
2459 "the environment list. The caller must take care not to modify this string, "
2460 "since that would change the environment of the process."
2464 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:123
2466 "The implementation of B<getenv>() is not required to be reentrant. The "
2467 "string pointed to by the return value of B<getenv>() may be statically "
2468 "allocated, and can be modified by a subsequent call to B<getenv>(), "
2469 "B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), or B<unsetenv>(3)."
2473 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:129
2475 "The \"secure execution\" mode of B<secure_getenv>() is controlled by the "
2476 "B<AT_SECURE> flag contained in the auxiliary vector passed from the kernel "
2481 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:137
2483 "B<clearenv>(3), B<getauxval>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), "
2484 "B<capabilities>(7), B<environ>(7)"
2488 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34
2494 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34
2500 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:37
2501 msgid "getloadavg - get system load averages"
2505 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:41
2508 "B<#define _BSD_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
2509 "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>\n"
2513 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:43
2515 msgid "B<int getloadavg(double >I<loadavg[]>B<, int >I<nelem>B<);>\n"
2519 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:55
2521 "The B<getloadavg>() function returns the number of processes in the system "
2522 "run queue averaged over various periods of time. Up to I<nelem> samples are "
2523 "retrieved and assigned to successive elements of I<loadavg>[]. The system "
2524 "imposes a maximum of 3 samples, representing averages over the last 1, 5, "
2525 "and 15 minutes, respectively."
2531 #. function appeared in
2534 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:63
2536 "If the load average was unobtainable, -1 is returned; otherwise, the number "
2537 "of samples actually retrieved is returned."
2541 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:65
2542 msgid "This function is available in glibc since version 2.2."
2545 #. mdoc seems to have a bug - there must be no newline here
2547 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:69
2548 msgid "Not in POSIX.1-2001. Present on the BSDs and Solaris."
2552 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:72
2553 msgid "B<uptime>(1), B<proc>(5)"
2557 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25
2563 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26
2569 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:28
2570 msgid "getsubopt - parse suboption arguments from a string"
2574 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:33
2576 "B<int getsubopt(char **>I<optionp>B<, char * const *>I<tokens>B<, char "
2581 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:40
2582 msgid "B<getsubopt>():"
2586 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:45
2587 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>= 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
2591 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:47
2592 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L"
2596 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:64
2598 "B<getsubopt>() parses the list of comma-separated suboptions provided in "
2599 "I<optionp>. (Such a suboption list is typically produced when B<getopt>(3) "
2600 "is used to parse a command line; see for example the I<-o> option of "
2601 "B<mount>(8).) Each suboption may include an associated value, which is "
2602 "separated from the suboption name by an equal sign. The following is an "
2603 "example of the kind of string that might be passed in I<optionp>:"
2607 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:67
2608 msgid "B<ro,name=xyz>"
2612 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:77
2614 "The I<tokens> argument is a pointer to a NULL-terminated array of pointers "
2615 "to the tokens that B<getsubopt>() will look for in I<optionp>. The tokens "
2616 "should be distinct, null-terminated strings containing at least one "
2617 "character, with no embedded equal signs or commas."
2621 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:98
2623 "Each call to B<getsubopt>() returns information about the next unprocessed "
2624 "suboption in I<optionp>. The first equal sign in a suboption (if any) is "
2625 "interpreted as a separator between the name and the value of that "
2626 "suboption. The value extends to the next comma, or (for the last suboption) "
2627 "to the end of the string. If the name of the suboption matches a known name "
2628 "from I<tokens>, and a value string was found, B<getsubopt>() sets "
2629 "I<*valuep> to the address of that string. The first comma in I<optionp> is "
2630 "overwritten with a null byte, so I<*valuep> is precisely the \"value "
2631 "string\" for that suboption."
2635 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:102
2637 "If the suboption is recognized, but no value string was found, I<*valuep> is "
2642 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:110
2644 "When B<getsubopt>() returns, I<optionp> points to the next suboption, or to "
2645 "the null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) at the end of the string if the last "
2646 "suboption was just processed."
2650 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:122
2652 "If the first suboption in I<optionp> is recognized, B<getsubopt>() returns "
2653 "the index of the matching suboption element in I<tokens>. Otherwise, -1 is "
2654 "returned and I<*valuep> is the entire I<name>B<[=>I<value>B<]> string."
2658 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:129
2660 "Since I<*optionp> is changed, the first suboption before the call to "
2661 "B<getsubopt>() is not (necessarily) the same as the first suboption after "
2666 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:138
2668 "Since B<getsubopt>() overwrites any commas it finds in the string "
2669 "I<*optionp>, that string must be writable; it cannot be a string constant."
2673 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:140
2674 msgid "The following program expects suboptions following a \"-o\" option."
2678 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:146
2681 "#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500\n"
2682 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
2683 "#include E<lt>assert.hE<gt>\n"
2684 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
2688 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:164
2692 "main(int argc, char **argv)\n"
2699 " char *const token[] = {\n"
2700 " [RO_OPT] = \"ro\",\n"
2701 " [RW_OPT] = \"rw\",\n"
2702 " [NAME_OPT] = \"name\",\n"
2711 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:169
2714 " int readonly = 0;\n"
2715 " int readwrite = 0;\n"
2716 " char *name = NULL;\n"
2717 " int errfnd = 0;\n"
2721 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:175
2724 " while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, \"o:\")) != -1) {\n"
2726 " case \\(aqo\\(aq:\n"
2727 " subopts = optarg;\n"
2728 " while (*subopts != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq && !errfnd) {\n"
2732 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:180
2735 " switch (getsubopt(&subopts, token, &value)) {\n"
2742 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:184
2751 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:192
2755 " if (value == NULL) {\n"
2756 " fprintf(stderr, \"Missing value for \"\n"
2757 " \"suboption \\(aq%s\\(aq\\en\", "
2758 "token[NAME_OPT]);\n"
2765 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:195
2773 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:209
2777 " fprintf(stderr, \"No match found \"\n"
2778 " \"for token: /%s/\\en\", value);\n"
2783 " if (readwrite && readonly) {\n"
2784 " fprintf(stderr, \"Only one of \\(aq%s\\(aq and \\(aq%s\\(aq can "
2786 " \"specified\\en\", token[RO_OPT], token[RW_OPT]);\n"
2793 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:214
2803 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:221
2806 " if (errfnd || argc == 1) {\n"
2807 " fprintf(stderr, \"\\enUsage: %s -o E<lt>suboptstringE<gt>\\en\", "
2809 " fprintf(stderr, \"suboptions are \\(aqro\\(aq, \\(aqrw\\(aq, \"\n"
2810 " \"and \\(aqname=E<lt>valueE<gt>\\(aq\\en\");\n"
2811 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2816 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:223
2818 msgid " /* Remainder of program... */\n"
2822 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:229
2823 msgid "B<getopt>(3)"
2827 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:30
2833 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:30
2839 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:33
2840 msgid "malloc, free, calloc, realloc - allocate and free dynamic memory"
2844 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:41
2847 "B<void *malloc(size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2848 "B<void free(void >I<*ptr>B<);>\n"
2849 "B<void *calloc(size_t >I<nmemb>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2850 "B<void *realloc(void >I<*ptr>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2855 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:58
2857 "The B<malloc>() function allocates I<size> bytes and returns a pointer to "
2858 "the allocated memory. I<The memory is not initialized>. If I<size> is 0, "
2859 "then B<malloc>() returns either NULL, or a unique pointer value that can "
2860 "later be successfully passed to B<free>()."
2864 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:74
2866 "The B<free>() function frees the memory space pointed to by I<ptr>, which "
2867 "must have been returned by a previous call to B<malloc>(), B<calloc>() or "
2868 "B<realloc>(). Otherwise, or if I<free(ptr)> has already been called before, "
2869 "undefined behavior occurs. If I<ptr> is NULL, no operation is performed."
2874 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:93
2876 "The B<calloc>() function allocates memory for an array of I<nmemb> elements "
2877 "of I<size> bytes each and returns a pointer to the allocated memory. The "
2878 "memory is set to zero. If I<nmemb> or I<size> is 0, then B<calloc>() "
2879 "returns either NULL, or a unique pointer value that can later be "
2880 "successfully passed to B<free>()."
2884 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:129
2886 "The B<realloc>() function changes the size of the memory block pointed to "
2887 "by I<ptr> to I<size> bytes. The contents will be unchanged in the range "
2888 "from the start of the region up to the minimum of the old and new sizes. If "
2889 "the new size is larger than the old size, the added memory will I<not> be "
2890 "initialized. If I<ptr> is NULL, then the call is equivalent to "
2891 "I<malloc(size)>, for all values of I<size>; if I<size> is equal to zero, and "
2892 "I<ptr> is not NULL, then the call is equivalent to I<free(ptr)>. Unless "
2893 "I<ptr> is NULL, it must have been returned by an earlier call to "
2894 "B<malloc>(), B<calloc>() or B<realloc>(). If the area pointed to was "
2895 "moved, a I<free(ptr)> is done."
2899 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:149
2901 "The B<malloc>() and B<calloc>() functions return a pointer to the "
2902 "allocated memory, which is suitably aligned for any built-in type. On "
2903 "error, these functions return NULL. NULL may also be returned by a "
2904 "successful call to B<malloc>() with a I<size> of zero, or by a successful "
2905 "call to B<calloc>() with I<nmemb> or I<size> equal to zero."
2909 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:153
2910 msgid "The B<free>() function returns no value."
2914 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:168
2916 "The B<realloc>() function returns a pointer to the newly allocated memory, "
2917 "which is suitably aligned for any built-in type and may be different from "
2918 "I<ptr>, or NULL if the request fails. If I<size> was equal to 0, either "
2919 "NULL or a pointer suitable to be passed to B<free>() is returned. If "
2920 "B<realloc>() fails the original block is left untouched; it is not freed or "
2925 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:170
2930 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:186
2932 "By default, Linux follows an optimistic memory allocation strategy. This "
2933 "means that when B<malloc>() returns non-NULL there is no guarantee that the "
2934 "memory really is available. In case it turns out that the system is out of "
2935 "memory, one or more processes will be killed by the OOM killer. For more "
2936 "information, see the description of I</proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory> and "
2937 "I</proc/sys/vm/oom_adj> in B<proc>(5), and the Linux kernel source file "
2938 "I<Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting>."
2942 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:207
2944 "Normally, B<malloc>() allocates memory from the heap, and adjusts the size "
2945 "of the heap as required, using B<sbrk>(2). When allocating blocks of memory "
2946 "larger than B<MMAP_THRESHOLD> bytes, the glibc B<malloc>() implementation "
2947 "allocates the memory as a private anonymous mapping using B<mmap>(2). "
2948 "B<MMAP_THRESHOLD> is 128 kB by default, but is adjustable using "
2949 "B<mallopt>(3). Allocations performed using B<mmap>(2) are unaffected by "
2950 "the B<RLIMIT_DATA> resource limit (see B<getrlimit>(2))."
2954 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:225
2956 "To avoid corruption in multithreaded applications, mutexes are used "
2957 "internally to protect the memory-management data structures employed by "
2958 "these functions. In a multithreaded application in which threads "
2959 "simultaneously allocate and free memory, there could be contention for these "
2960 "mutexes. To scalably handle memory allocation in multithreaded "
2961 "applications, glibc creates additional I<memory allocation arenas> if mutex "
2962 "contention is detected. Each arena is a large region of memory that is "
2963 "internally allocated by the system (using B<brk>(2) or B<mmap>(2)), and "
2964 "managed with its own mutexes."
2968 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:243
2970 "The UNIX 98 standard requires B<malloc>(), B<calloc>(), and B<realloc>() to "
2971 "set I<errno> to B<ENOMEM> upon failure. Glibc assumes that this is done "
2972 "(and the glibc versions of these routines do this); if you use a private "
2973 "malloc implementation that does not set I<errno>, then certain library "
2974 "routines may fail without having a reason in I<errno>."
2978 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:252
2980 "Crashes in B<malloc>(), B<calloc>(), B<realloc>(), or B<free>() are almost "
2981 "always related to heap corruption, such as overflowing an allocated chunk or "
2982 "freeing the same pointer twice."
2986 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:259
2988 "Recent versions of Linux libc (later than 5.4.23) and glibc (2.x) include a "
2989 "B<malloc>() implementation which is tunable via environment variables. For "
2990 "details, see B<mallopt>(3)."
2994 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:283
2996 "B<brk>(2), B<mmap>(2), B<alloca>(3), B<malloc_get_state>(3), "
2997 "B<malloc_info>(3), B<malloc_trim>(3), B<malloc_usable_size>(3), "
2998 "B<mallopt>(3), B<mcheck>(3), B<mtrace>(3), B<posix_memalign>(3)"
3002 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:16
3008 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:19
3009 msgid "mblen - determine number of bytes in next multibyte character"
3013 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:24
3015 msgid "B<int mblen(const char *>I<s>B<, size_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
3019 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:43
3021 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<mblen>() function inspects at most I<n> bytes of "
3022 "the multibyte string starting at I<s> and extracts the next complete "
3023 "multibyte character. It uses a static anonymous shift state known only to "
3024 "the B<mblen>() function. If the multibyte character is not the null wide "
3025 "character, it returns the number of bytes that were consumed from I<s>. If "
3026 "the multibyte character is the null wide character, it returns 0."
3030 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:57
3032 "If the I<n> bytes starting at I<s> do not contain a complete multibyte "
3033 "character, B<mblen>() returns -1. This can happen even if I<n> is greater "
3034 "than or equal to I<MB_CUR_MAX>, if the multibyte string contains redundant "
3039 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:64
3041 "If the multibyte string starting at I<s> contains an invalid multibyte "
3042 "sequence before the next complete character, B<mblen>() also returns -1."
3045 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
3046 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
3048 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:75
3050 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<mblen>() function resets the shift state, known to "
3051 "only this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the "
3052 "encoding has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3056 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:87
3058 "The B<mblen>() function returns the number of bytes parsed from the "
3059 "multibyte sequence starting at I<s>, if a non-null wide character was "
3060 "recognized. It returns 0, if a null wide character was recognized. It "
3061 "returns -1, if an invalid multibyte sequence was encountered or if it "
3062 "couldn't parse a complete multibyte character."
3066 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:92
3067 msgid "The B<mblen>() function is not thread-safe."
3071 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:94 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:97 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:116 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:91 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:91
3076 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:101
3078 "The behavior of B<mblen>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3083 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:106
3085 "The function B<mbrlen>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
3090 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:108
3091 msgid "B<mbrlen>(3)"
3095 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18
3101 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
3107 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:21
3108 msgid "mbstowcs - convert a multibyte string to a wide-character string"
3112 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:26
3115 "B<size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t *>I<dest>B<, const char *>I<src>B<, size_t "
3120 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:45
3122 "If I<dest> is not NULL, the B<mbstowcs>() function converts the multibyte "
3123 "string I<src> to a wide-character string starting at I<dest>. At most I<n> "
3124 "wide characters are written to I<dest>. The conversion starts in the "
3125 "initial state. The conversion can stop for three reasons:"
3129 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:45
3135 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:50
3137 "An invalid multibyte sequence has been encountered. In this case "
3138 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
3142 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:50
3148 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:59
3150 "I<n> non-L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq wide characters have been stored at I<dest>. In "
3151 "this case the number of wide characters written to I<dest> is returned, but "
3152 "the shift state at this point is lost."
3156 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:59
3162 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:65
3164 "The multibyte string has been completely converted, including the "
3165 "terminating null wide character (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). In this case the number "
3166 "of wide characters written to I<dest>, excluding the terminating null wide "
3167 "character, is returned."
3171 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:71
3173 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least I<n> wide "
3174 "characters at I<dest>."
3178 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:79
3180 "If I<dest> is NULL, I<n> is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, "
3181 "except that the converted wide characters are not written out to memory, and "
3182 "that no length limit exists."
3186 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:85
3188 "In order to avoid the case 2 above, the programmer should make sure I<n> is "
3189 "greater than or equal to I<mbstowcs(NULL,src,0)+1>."
3193 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:95
3195 "The B<mbstowcs>() function returns the number of wide characters that make "
3196 "up the converted part of the wide-character string, not including the "
3197 "terminating null wide character. If an invalid multibyte sequence was "
3198 "encountered, I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
3202 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:104
3204 "The behavior of B<mbstowcs>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3209 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:109
3211 "The function B<mbsrtowcs>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
3216 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:114
3218 "The program below illustrates the use of B<mbstowcs>(), as well as some of "
3219 "the wider character classification functions. An example run is the "
3224 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:121
3227 "$ ./t_mbstowcs de_DE.UTF-8 Grüße!\n"
3228 "Length of source string (excluding terminator):\n"
3230 " 6 multibyte characters\n"
3234 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:129
3237 "Wide character string is: Grüße! (6 characters)\n"
3247 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:131 build/C/man3/strtol.3:248
3249 msgid "Program source"
3253 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:138
3256 "#include E<lt>locale.hE<gt>\n"
3257 "#include E<lt>wchar.hE<gt>\n"
3258 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
3259 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
3260 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
3264 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:145
3268 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
3270 " size_t mbslen; /* Number of multibyte characters in source */\n"
3271 " wchar_t *wcs; /* Pointer to converted wide character string */\n"
3276 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:150
3279 " if (argc E<lt> 3) {\n"
3280 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>localeE<gt> E<lt>stringE<gt>\\en\", "
3282 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3287 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:152
3289 msgid " /* Apply the specified locale */\n"
3293 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:157
3296 " if (setlocale(LC_ALL, argv[1]) == NULL) {\n"
3297 " perror(\"setlocale\");\n"
3298 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3303 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:160
3306 " /* Calculate the length required to hold argv[2] converted to\n"
3307 " a wide character string */\n"
3311 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:166
3314 " mbslen = mbstowcs(NULL, argv[2], 0);\n"
3315 " if (mbslen == (size_t) -1) {\n"
3316 " perror(\"mbstowcs\");\n"
3317 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3322 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:168
3324 msgid " /* Describe the source string to the user */\n"
3328 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:172
3331 " printf(\"Length of source string (excluding terminator):\\en\");\n"
3332 " printf(\" %zu bytes\\en\", strlen(argv[2]));\n"
3333 " printf(\" %zu multibyte characters\\en\\en\", mbslen);\n"
3337 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:175
3340 " /* Allocate wide character string of the desired size. Add 1\n"
3341 " to allow for terminating null wide character (L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). */\n"
3345 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:181
3348 " wcs = calloc(mbslen + 1, sizeof(wchar_t));\n"
3349 " if (wcs == NULL) {\n"
3350 " perror(\"calloc\");\n"
3351 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3356 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:184
3359 " /* Convert the multibyte character string in argv[2] to a\n"
3360 " wide character string */\n"
3364 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:189
3367 " if (mbstowcs(wcs, argv[2], mbslen + 1) == (size_t) -1) {\n"
3368 " perror(\"mbstowcs\");\n"
3369 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3374 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:192
3377 " printf(\"Wide character string is: %ls (%zu characters)\\en\",\n"
3382 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:195
3385 " /* Now do some inspection of the classes of the characters in\n"
3386 " the wide character string */\n"
3390 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:198
3393 " for (wp = wcs; *wp != 0; wp++) {\n"
3394 " printf(\" %lc \", (wint_t) *wp);\n"
3398 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:202
3401 " if (!iswalpha(*wp))\n"
3403 " printf(\"alpha \");\n"
3407 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:206
3410 " if (iswalpha(*wp)) {\n"
3411 " if (iswupper(*wp))\n"
3412 " printf(\"upper \");\n"
3416 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:210
3419 " if (iswlower(*wp))\n"
3420 " printf(\"lower \");\n"
3425 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:213
3428 " putchar(\\(aq\\en\\(aq);\n"
3433 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:223
3434 msgid "B<mblen>(3), B<mbsrtowcs>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<wctomb>(3), B<wcstombs>(3)"
3438 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16
3444 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:19
3445 msgid "mbtowc - convert a multibyte sequence to a wide character"
3449 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:24
3451 msgid "B<int mbtowc(wchar_t *>I<pwc>B<, const char *>I<s>B<, size_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
3455 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:50
3457 "The main case for this function is when I<s> is not NULL and I<pwc> is not "
3458 "NULL. In this case, the B<mbtowc>() function inspects at most I<n> bytes "
3459 "of the multibyte string starting at I<s>, extracts the next complete "
3460 "multibyte character, converts it to a wide character and stores it at "
3461 "I<*pwc>. It updates an internal shift state known only to the B<mbtowc>() "
3462 "function. If I<s> does not point to a null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), it "
3463 "returns the number of bytes that were consumed from I<s>, otherwise it "
3468 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:64
3470 "If the I<n> bytes starting at I<s> do not contain a complete multibyte "
3471 "character, or if they contain an invalid multibyte sequence, B<mbtowc>() "
3472 "returns -1. This can happen even if I<n> E<gt>= I<MB_CUR_MAX>, if the "
3473 "multibyte string contains redundant shift sequences."
3477 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:75
3479 "A different case is when I<s> is not NULL but I<pwc> is NULL. In this case "
3480 "the B<mbtowc>() function behaves as above, except that it does not store "
3481 "the converted wide character in memory."
3484 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
3485 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
3487 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:94
3489 "A third case is when I<s> is NULL. In this case, I<pwc> and I<n> are "
3490 "ignored. The B<mbtowc>() function resets the shift state, only known to "
3491 "this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the encoding has "
3492 "nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3496 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:106
3498 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<mbtowc>() function returns the number of "
3499 "consumed bytes starting at I<s>, or 0 if I<s> points to a null byte, or -1 "
3504 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:114
3506 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<mbtowc>() function returns nonzero if the encoding "
3507 "has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3511 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:123
3513 "The behavior of B<mbtowc>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3518 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:129
3520 "This function is not multithread safe. The function B<mbrtowc>(3) provides "
3521 "a better interface to the same functionality."
3525 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:136
3527 "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3), B<mblen>(3), B<mbrtowc>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<wctomb>(3), "
3532 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26
3538 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:29
3539 msgid "mkdtemp - create a unique temporary directory"
3543 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:34
3545 msgid "B<char *mkdtemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3549 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:42
3550 msgid "B<mkdtemp>():"
3554 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:47
3559 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:49
3560 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.10: */"
3564 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:51
3565 msgid "(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700)"
3569 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:68
3571 "The B<mkdtemp>() function generates a uniquely named temporary directory "
3572 "from I<template>. The last six characters of I<template> must be XXXXXX and "
3573 "these are replaced with a string that makes the directory name unique. The "
3574 "directory is then created with permissions 0700. Since it will be modified, "
3575 "I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be declared as a "
3580 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:75
3582 "The B<mkdtemp>() function returns a pointer to the modified template string "
3583 "on success, and NULL on failure, in which case I<errno> is set "
3588 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:76 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:166 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:92 build/C/man3/random.3:141 build/C/man3/random.3:148 build/C/man3/random_r.3:106 build/C/man3/random_r.3:110 build/C/man3/random_r.3:119 build/C/man3/setenv.3:120 build/C/man3/strtol.3:145 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:149
3594 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:80
3596 "The last six characters of I<template> were not XXXXXX. Now I<template> is "
3601 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:84
3602 msgid "Also see B<mkdir>(2) for other possible values for I<errno>."
3606 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:86
3607 msgid "Available since glibc 2.1.91."
3610 #. As at 2006, this function is being considered for a revision of POSIX.1
3611 #. Also in NetBSD 1.4.
3613 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:91
3614 msgid "POSIX.1-2008. This function is present on the BSDs."
3618 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:98
3620 "B<mkdir>(2), B<mkstemp>(3), B<mktemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), "
3625 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35
3631 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35
3637 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:38
3638 msgid "mkstemp, mkostemp, mkstemps, mkostemps - create a unique temporary file"
3642 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:43
3644 msgid "B<int mkstemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3648 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:45
3650 msgid "B<int mkostemp(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
3654 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:47
3656 msgid "B<int mkstemps(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<suffixlen>B<);>\n"
3660 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:49
3663 "B<int mkostemps(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<suffixlen>B<, int "
3668 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:57
3669 msgid "B<mkstemp>():"
3673 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:62 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:63
3675 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
3676 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
3680 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:64
3681 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L"
3685 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:70
3686 msgid "B<mkostemp>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
3690 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:73
3691 msgid "B<mkstemps>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
3695 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:76
3696 msgid "B<mkostemps>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
3700 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:83
3702 "The B<mkstemp>() function generates a unique temporary filename from "
3703 "I<template>, creates and opens the file, and returns an open file descriptor "
3708 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:91
3710 "The last six characters of I<template> must be \"XXXXXX\" and these are "
3711 "replaced with a string that makes the filename unique. Since it will be "
3712 "modified, I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be declared "
3713 "as a character array."
3717 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:99
3719 "The file is created with permissions 0600, that is, read plus write for "
3720 "owner only. The returned file descriptor provides both read and write "
3721 "access to the file. The file is opened with the B<open>(2) B<O_EXCL> flag, "
3722 "guaranteeing that the caller is the process that creates the file."
3725 #. Reportedly, FreeBSD
3727 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:130
3729 "The B<mkostemp>() function is like B<mkstemp>(), with the difference that "
3730 "the following bits\\(emwith the same meaning as for B<open>(2)\\(emmay be "
3731 "specified in I<flags>: B<O_APPEND>, B<O_CLOEXEC>, and B<O_SYNC>. Note that "
3732 "when creating the file, B<mkostemp>() includes the values B<O_RDWR>, "
3733 "B<O_CREAT>, and B<O_EXCL> in the I<flags> argument given to B<open>(2); "
3734 "including these values in the I<flags> argument given to B<mkostemp>() is "
3735 "unnecessary, and produces errors on some systems."
3739 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:146
3741 "The B<mkstemps>() function is like B<mkstemp>(), except that the string in "
3742 "I<template> contains a suffix of I<suffixlen> characters. Thus, I<template> "
3743 "is of the form I<prefixXXXXXXsuffix>, and the string XXXXXX is modified as "
3748 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:155
3750 "The B<mkostemps>() function is to B<mkstemps>() as B<mkostemp>() is to "
3755 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:161
3757 "On success, these functions return the file descriptor of the temporary "
3758 "file. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
3762 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:162
3768 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:166
3770 "Could not create a unique temporary filename. Now the contents of "
3771 "I<template> are undefined."
3775 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:174
3777 "For B<mkstemp>() and B<mkostemp>(): The last six characters of I<template> "
3778 "were not XXXXXX; now I<template> is unchanged."
3782 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:185
3784 "For B<mkstemps>() and B<mkostemps>(): I<template> is less than I<(6 + "
3785 "suffixlen)> characters long, or the last 6 characters before the suffix in "
3786 "I<template> were not XXXXXX."
3790 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:188
3792 "These functions may also fail with any of the errors described for "
3797 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:195
3799 "B<mkostemp>() is available since glibc 2.7. B<mkstemps>() and "
3800 "B<mkostemps>() are available since glibc 2.11."
3804 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:198
3805 msgid "B<mkstemp>(): 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
3808 #. mkstemps() appears to be at least on the BSDs, Mac OS X, Solaris,
3811 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:203
3812 msgid "B<mkstemps>(): unstandardized, but appears on several other systems."
3816 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:208
3817 msgid "B<mkostemp>() and B<mkostemps>(): are glibc extensions."
3821 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:215
3823 "In glibc versions 2.06 and earlier, the file is created with permissions "
3824 "0666, that is, read and write for all users. This old behavior may be a "
3825 "security risk, especially since other UNIX flavors use 0600, and somebody "
3826 "might overlook this detail when porting programs. POSIX.1-2008 adds a "
3827 "requirement that the file be created with mode 0600."
3831 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:226
3833 "More generally, the POSIX specification of B<mkstemp>() does not say "
3834 "anything about file modes, so the application should make sure its file mode "
3835 "creation mask (see B<umask>(2)) is set appropriately before calling "
3836 "B<mkstemp>() (and B<mkostemp>())."
3840 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:233
3842 "The prototype for B<mktemp>() is in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> for libc4, libc5, "
3843 "glibc1; glibc2 follows POSIX.1 and has the prototype in "
3844 "I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>."
3848 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:239
3849 msgid "B<mkdtemp>(3), B<mktemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), B<tmpnam>(3)"
3853 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34
3859 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34
3865 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:37
3866 msgid "mktemp - make a unique temporary filename"
3870 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:42
3872 msgid "B<char *mktemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3876 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:50
3877 msgid "B<mktemp>():"
3881 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:59
3884 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE ||\n"
3885 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
3886 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
3887 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
3891 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:69
3892 msgid "I<Never use this function>; see NOTES."
3896 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:80
3898 "The B<mktemp>() function generates a unique temporary filename from "
3899 "I<template>. The last six characters of I<template> must be XXXXXX and "
3900 "these are replaced with a string that makes the filename unique. Since it "
3901 "will be modified, I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be "
3902 "declared as a character array."
3906 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:91
3908 "The B<mktemp>() function always returns I<template>. If a unique name was "
3909 "created, the last six bytes of I<template> will have been modified in such a "
3910 "way that the resulting name is unique (i.e., does not exist already) If a "
3911 "unique name could not be created, I<template> is made an empty string, and "
3912 "I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
3916 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:95
3917 msgid "The last six characters of I<template> were not XXXXXX."
3921 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:99
3923 "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
3928 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:105
3930 "The prototype is in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> for libc4, libc5, glibc1; glibc2 "
3931 "follows the Single UNIX Specification and has the prototype in "
3932 "I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>."
3936 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:105 build/C/man3/random.3:180 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:104 build/C/man3/setenv.3:144
3942 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:118
3944 "Never use B<mktemp>(). Some implementations follow 4.3BSD and replace "
3945 "XXXXXX by the current process ID and a single letter, so that at most 26 "
3946 "different names can be returned. Since on the one hand the names are easy "
3947 "to guess, and on the other hand there is a race between testing whether the "
3948 "name exists and opening the file, every use of B<mktemp>() is a security "
3949 "risk. The race is avoided by B<mkstemp>(3)."
3953 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:123
3954 msgid "B<mkstemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), B<tmpnam>(3)"
3958 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31
3964 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:34
3965 msgid "on_exit - register a function to be called at normal process termination"
3969 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:39
3971 msgid "B<int on_exit(void (*>I<function>B<)(int , void *), void *>I<arg>B<);>\n"
3975 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:48
3976 msgid "B<on_exit>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
3980 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:66
3982 "The B<on_exit>() function registers the given I<function> to be called at "
3983 "normal process termination, whether via B<exit>(3) or via return from the "
3984 "program's I<main>(). The I<function> is passed the status argument given to "
3985 "the last call to B<exit>(3) and the I<arg> argument from B<on_exit>()."
3989 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:81
3991 "The B<on_exit>() function returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise it "
3992 "returns a nonzero value."
3996 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:88
3998 "This function comes from SunOS 4, but is also present in libc4, libc5 and "
3999 "glibc. It no longer occurs in Solaris (SunOS 5). Avoid this function, and "
4000 "use the standard B<atexit>(3) instead."
4004 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:92
4005 msgid "B<_exit>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<exit>(3)"
4009 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:36
4015 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26
4021 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:39
4022 msgid "putenv - change or add an environment variable"
4025 #. Not: const char *
4027 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:45
4029 msgid "B<int putenv(char *>I<string>B<);>\n"
4033 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:54
4034 msgid "B<putenv>(): _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
4038 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:67
4040 "The B<putenv>() function adds or changes the value of environment "
4041 "variables. The argument I<string> is of the form I<name>=I<value>. If "
4042 "I<name> does not already exist in the environment, then I<string> is added "
4043 "to the environment. If I<name> does exist, then the value of I<name> in the "
4044 "environment is changed to I<value>. The string pointed to by I<string> "
4045 "becomes part of the environment, so altering the string changes the "
4050 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:75
4052 "The B<putenv>() function returns zero on success, or nonzero if an error "
4053 "occurs. In the event of an error, I<errno> is set to indicate the cause."
4057 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:76 build/C/man3/setenv.3:125
4063 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:79
4064 msgid "Insufficient space to allocate new environment."
4068 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:81
4069 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD."
4073 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:86
4075 "The B<putenv>() function is not required to be reentrant, and the one in "
4076 "libc4, libc5 and glibc 2.0 is not, but the glibc 2.1 version is."
4080 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:99
4082 "Description for libc4, libc5, glibc: If the argument I<string> is of the "
4083 "form I<name>, and does not contain an \\(aq=\\(aq character, then the "
4084 "variable I<name> is removed from the environment. If B<putenv>() has to "
4085 "allocate a new array I<environ>, and the previous array was also allocated "
4086 "by B<putenv>(), then it will be freed. In no case will the old storage "
4087 "associated to the environment variable itself be freed."
4091 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:115
4093 "The libc4 and libc5 and glibc 2.1.2 versions conform to SUSv2: the pointer "
4094 "I<string> given to B<putenv>() is used. In particular, this string becomes "
4095 "part of the environment; changing it later will change the environment. "
4096 "(Thus, it is an error is to call B<putenv>() with an automatic variable as "
4097 "the argument, then return from the calling function while I<string> is still "
4098 "part of the environment.) However, glibc 2.0-2.1.1 differs: a copy of the "
4099 "string is used. On the one hand this causes a memory leak, and on the other "
4100 "hand it violates SUSv2. This has been fixed in glibc 2.1.2."
4104 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:117
4105 msgid "The 4.4BSD version, like glibc 2.0, uses a copy."
4109 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:119
4110 msgid "SUSv2 removes the I<const> from the prototype, and so does glibc 2.1.3."
4114 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:125
4115 msgid "B<clearenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
4119 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28
4125 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28
4131 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:31
4132 msgid "qecvt, qfcvt, qgcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
4136 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:36
4138 "B<char *qecvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
4139 "*>I<decpt>B<,> B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
4143 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:39
4145 "B<char *qfcvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
4146 "*>I<decpt>B<,> B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
4150 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:41
4151 msgid "B<char *qgcvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigit>B<, char *>I<buf>B<);>"
4155 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:52
4156 msgid "B<qecvt>(), B<qfcvt>(), B<qgcvt>(): _SVID_SOURCE"
4160 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:85
4162 "The functions B<qecvt>(), B<qfcvt>() and B<qgcvt>() are identical to "
4163 "B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3) and B<gcvt>(3) respectively, except that they use a "
4164 "I<long double> argument I<number>. See B<ecvt>(3) and B<gcvt>(3)."
4168 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:92
4169 msgid "The B<qecvt>() and B<qfcvt>() functions are not thread-safe."
4173 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:96
4174 msgid "The B<qgcvt>() function is thread-safe."
4178 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:102
4180 "SVr4. Not seen in most common UNIX implementations, but occurs in SunOS. "
4181 "Not supported by libc4 and libc5. Supported by glibc."
4185 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:107
4186 msgid "These functions are obsolete. Instead, B<snprintf>(3) is recommended."
4190 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:112
4191 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<ecvt_r>(3), B<gcvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
4195 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:41
4201 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:41
4207 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:44
4208 msgid "rand, rand_r, srand - pseudo-random number generator"
4212 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:49
4214 msgid "B<int rand(void);>\n"
4218 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:51
4220 msgid "B<int rand_r(unsigned int *>I<seedp>B<);>\n"
4224 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:53
4226 msgid "B<void srand(unsigned int >I<seed>B<);>\n"
4230 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:62
4231 msgid "B<rand_r>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 1 || _XOPEN_SOURCE || _POSIX_SOURCE"
4235 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:68
4237 "The B<rand>() function returns a pseudo-random integer in the range 0 to "
4238 "B<RAND_MAX> inclusive (i.e., the mathematical range [0,\\ B<RAND_MAX>])."
4242 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:77
4244 "The B<srand>() function sets its argument as the seed for a new sequence of "
4245 "pseudo-random integers to be returned by B<rand>(). These sequences are "
4246 "repeatable by calling B<srand>() with the same seed value."
4250 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:81
4252 "If no seed value is provided, the B<rand>() function is automatically "
4253 "seeded with a value of 1."
4257 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:92
4259 "The function B<rand>() is not reentrant or thread-safe, since it uses "
4260 "hidden state that is modified on each call. This might just be the seed "
4261 "value to be used by the next call, or it might be something more elaborate. "
4262 "In order to get reproducible behavior in a threaded application, this state "
4263 "must be made explicit; this can be done using the reentrant function "
4268 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:108
4270 "Like B<rand>(), B<rand_r>() returns a pseudo-random integer in the range "
4271 "[0,\\ B<RAND_MAX>]. The I<seedp> argument is a pointer to an I<unsigned "
4272 "int> that is used to store state between calls. If B<rand_r>() is called "
4273 "with the same initial value for the integer pointed to by I<seedp>, and that "
4274 "value is not modified between calls, then the same pseudo-random sequence "
4279 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:118
4281 "The value pointed to by the I<seedp> argument of B<rand_r>() provides only "
4282 "a very small amount of state, so this function will be a weak pseudo-random "
4283 "generator. Try B<drand48_r>(3) instead."
4287 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:129
4289 "The B<rand>() and B<rand_r>() functions return a value between 0 and "
4290 "B<RAND_MAX> (inclusive). The B<srand>() function returns no value."
4294 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:141
4296 "The functions B<rand>() and B<srand>() conform to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, "
4297 "POSIX.1-2001. The function B<rand_r>() is from POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 "
4298 "marks B<rand_r>() as obsolete."
4302 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:160
4304 "The versions of B<rand>() and B<srand>() in the Linux C Library use the "
4305 "same random number generator as B<random>(3) and B<srandom>(3), so the "
4306 "lower-order bits should be as random as the higher-order bits. However, on "
4307 "older B<rand>() implementations, and on current implementations on "
4308 "different systems, the lower-order bits are much less random than the "
4309 "higher-order bits. Do not use this function in applications intended to be "
4310 "portable when good randomness is needed. (Use B<random>(3) instead.)"
4314 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:166
4316 "POSIX.1-2001 gives the following example of an implementation of B<rand>() "
4317 "and B<srand>(), possibly useful when one needs the same sequence on two "
4318 "different machines."
4322 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:170
4324 msgid "static unsigned long next = 1;\n"
4328 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:176
4331 "/* RAND_MAX assumed to be 32767 */\n"
4332 "int myrand(void) {\n"
4333 " next = next * 1103515245 + 12345;\n"
4334 " return((unsigned)(next/65536) % 32768);\n"
4339 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:180
4342 "void mysrand(unsigned int seed) {\n"
4348 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:187
4350 "The following program can be used to display the pseudo-random sequence "
4351 "produced by B<rand>() when given a particular seed."
4355 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:192
4358 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4359 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4363 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:198
4367 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4369 " int j, r, nloops;\n"
4370 " unsigned int seed;\n"
4374 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:203
4377 " if (argc != 3) {\n"
4378 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>seedE<gt> E<lt>nloopsE<gt>\\en\", "
4380 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4385 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:206
4388 " seed = atoi(argv[1]);\n"
4389 " nloops = atoi(argv[2]);\n"
4393 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:212
4397 " for (j = 0; j E<lt> nloops; j++) {\n"
4399 " printf(\"%d\\en\", r);\n"
4404 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:220
4405 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<random>(3)"
4409 #: build/C/man3/random.3:33
4415 #: build/C/man3/random.3:36
4416 msgid "random, srandom, initstate, setstate - random number generator"
4420 #: build/C/man3/random.3:41
4422 msgid "B<long int random(void);>\n"
4426 #: build/C/man3/random.3:43
4428 msgid "B<void srandom(unsigned int >I<seed>B<);>\n"
4432 #: build/C/man3/random.3:45
4435 "B<char *initstate(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, char *>I<state>B<, size_t "
4440 #: build/C/man3/random.3:47
4442 msgid "B<char *setstate(char *>I<state>B<);>\n"
4446 #: build/C/man3/random.3:59
4447 msgid "B<random>(), B<srandom>(), B<initstate>(), B<setstate>():"
4451 #: build/C/man3/random.3:62
4453 "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
4454 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
4458 #: build/C/man3/random.3:73
4460 "The B<random>() function uses a nonlinear additive feedback random number "
4461 "generator employing a default table of size 31 long integers to return "
4462 "successive pseudo-random numbers in the range from 0 to B<RAND_MAX>. The "
4463 "period of this random number generator is very large, approximately I<16\\ "
4464 "*\\ ((2^31)\\ -\\ 1)>."
4468 #: build/C/man3/random.3:87
4470 "The B<srandom>() function sets its argument as the seed for a new sequence "
4471 "of pseudo-random integers to be returned by B<random>(). These sequences "
4472 "are repeatable by calling B<srandom>() with the same seed value. If no "
4473 "seed value is provided, the B<random>() function is automatically seeded "
4474 "with a value of 1."
4478 #: build/C/man3/random.3:102
4480 "The B<initstate>() function allows a state array I<state> to be initialized "
4481 "for use by B<random>(). The size of the state array I<n> is used by "
4482 "B<initstate>() to decide how sophisticated a random number generator it "
4483 "should use\\(emthe larger the state array, the better the random numbers "
4484 "will be. I<seed> is the seed for the initialization, which specifies a "
4485 "starting point for the random number sequence, and provides for restarting "
4486 "at the same point."
4490 #: build/C/man3/random.3:118
4492 "The B<setstate>() function changes the state array used by the B<random>() "
4493 "function. The state array I<state> is used for random number generation "
4494 "until the next call to B<initstate>() or B<setstate>(). I<state> must "
4495 "first have been initialized using B<initstate>() or be the result of a "
4496 "previous call of B<setstate>()."
4500 #: build/C/man3/random.3:126
4502 "The B<random>() function returns a value between 0 and B<RAND_MAX>. The "
4503 "B<srandom>() function returns no value."
4507 #: build/C/man3/random.3:133
4509 "The B<initstate>() function returns a pointer to the previous state array. "
4510 "On error, I<errno> is set to indicate the cause."
4514 #: build/C/man3/random.3:140
4516 "On success, B<setstate>() returns a pointer to the previous state array. "
4517 "On error, it returns NULL, with I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the "
4522 #: build/C/man3/random.3:148
4523 msgid "The I<state> argument given to B<setstate>() was NULL."
4527 #: build/C/man3/random.3:152
4528 msgid "A state array of less than 8 bytes was specified to B<initstate>()."
4532 #: build/C/man3/random.3:154 build/C/man3/setenv.3:130
4533 msgid "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
4537 #: build/C/man3/random.3:160
4539 "Current \"optimal\" values for the size of the state array I<n> are 8, 32, "
4540 "64, 128, and 256 bytes; other amounts will be rounded down to the nearest "
4541 "known amount. Using less than 8 bytes will cause an error."
4545 #: build/C/man3/random.3:167
4547 "This function should not be used in cases where multiple threads use "
4548 "B<random>() and the behavior should be reproducible. Use B<random_r>(3) "
4553 #: build/C/man3/random.3:174
4555 "Random-number generation is a complex topic. I<Numerical Recipes in C: The "
4556 "Art of Scientific Computing> (William H. Press, Brian P. Flannery, Saul "
4557 "A. Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling; New York: Cambridge University Press, "
4558 "2007, 3rd ed.) provides an excellent discussion of practical random-number "
4559 "generation issues in Chapter 7 (Random Numbers)."
4563 #: build/C/man3/random.3:180
4565 "For a more theoretical discussion which also covers many practical issues in "
4566 "depth, see Chapter 3 (Random Numbers) in Donald E. Knuth's I<The Art of "
4567 "Computer Programming>, volume 2 (Seminumerical Algorithms), 2nd ed.; "
4568 "Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1981."
4571 #. http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=15380
4573 #: build/C/man3/random.3:188
4575 "According to POSIX, B<initstate>() should return NULL on error. In the "
4576 "glibc implementation, I<errno> is (as specified) set on error, but the "
4577 "function does not return NULL."
4581 #: build/C/man3/random.3:193
4582 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<rand>(3), B<random_r>(3), B<srand>(3)"
4586 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:26
4592 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:30
4594 "random_r, srandom_r, initstate_r, setstate_r - reentrant random number "
4599 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:35
4601 msgid "B<int random_r(struct random_data *>I<buf>B<, int32_t *>I<result>B<);>\n"
4605 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:37
4607 msgid "B<int srandom_r(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4611 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:40
4614 "B<int initstate_r(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, char *>I<statebuf>B<,>\n"
4615 "B< size_t >I<statelen>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4619 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:42
4621 msgid "B<int setstate_r(char *>I<statebuf>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4625 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:54
4626 msgid "B<random_r>(), B<srandom_r>(), B<initstate_r>(), B<setstate_r>():"
4630 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:56
4631 msgid "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE"
4635 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:64
4637 "These functions are the reentrant equivalents of the functions described in "
4638 "B<random>(3). They are suitable for use in multithreaded programs where "
4639 "each thread needs to obtain an independent, reproducible sequence of random "
4644 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:75
4646 "The B<random_r>() function is like B<random>(3), except that instead of "
4647 "using state information maintained in a global variable, it uses the state "
4648 "information in the argument pointed to by I<buf>. The generated random "
4649 "number is returned in the argument I<result>."
4653 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:84
4655 "The B<srandom_r>() function is like B<srandom>(3), except that it "
4656 "initializes the seed for the random number generator whose state is "
4657 "maintained in the object pointed to by I<buf>, instead of the seed "
4658 "associated with the global state variable."
4662 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:92
4664 "The B<initstate_r>() function is like B<initstate>(3) except that it "
4665 "initializes the state in the object pointed to by I<buf>, rather than "
4666 "initializing the global state variable."
4670 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:100
4672 "The B<setstate_r>() function is like B<setstate>(3) except that it "
4673 "modifies the state in the object pointer to by I<buf>, rather than modifying "
4674 "the global state variable."
4678 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:105
4680 "All of these functions return 0 on success. On error, -1 is returned, with "
4681 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4685 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:110
4686 msgid "A state array of less than 8 bytes was specified to B<initstate_r>()."
4690 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:119
4691 msgid "The I<statebuf> or I<buf> argument to B<setstate_r>() was NULL."
4695 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:128
4696 msgid "The I<buf> or I<result> argument to B<random_r>() was NULL."
4699 #. These functions appear to be on Tru64, but don't seem to be on
4700 #. Solaris, HP-UX, or FreeBSD.
4702 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:132
4703 msgid "These functions are nonstandard glibc extensions."
4707 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29
4713 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:32
4714 msgid "rpmatch - determine if the answer to a question is affirmative or negative"
4718 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:37
4720 msgid "B<int rpmatch(const char *>I<response>B<);>\n"
4724 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:46
4725 msgid "B<rpmatch>(): _SVID_SOURCE"
4729 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:50
4731 "B<rpmatch>() handles a user response to yes or no questions, with support "
4732 "for internationalization."
4736 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:57
4738 "I<response> should be a null-terminated string containing a user-supplied "
4739 "response, perhaps obtained with B<fgets>(3) or B<getline>(3)."
4743 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:67
4745 "The user's language preference is taken into account per the environment "
4746 "variables B<LANG>, B<LC_MESSAGES>, and B<LC_ALL>, if the program has called "
4747 "B<setlocale>(3) to effect their changes."
4751 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:73
4753 "Regardless of the locale, responses matching B<^[Yy]> are always accepted as "
4754 "affirmative, and those matching B<^[Nn]> are always accepted as negative."
4758 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:82
4760 "After examining I<response>, B<rpmatch>() returns 0 for a recognized "
4761 "negative response (\"no\"), 1 for a recognized positive response (\"yes\"), "
4762 "and -1 when the value of I<response> is unrecognized."
4766 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:86
4768 "A return value of -1 may indicate either an invalid input, or some other "
4769 "error. It is incorrect to only test if the return value is nonzero."
4773 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:99
4775 "B<rpmatch>() can fail for any of the reasons that B<regcomp>(3) or "
4776 "B<regexec>(3) can fail; the cause of the error is not available from "
4777 "I<errno> or anywhere else, but indicates a failure of the regex engine (but "
4778 "this case is indistinguishable from that of an unrecognized value of "
4782 #. It is available on at least AIX 5.1 and FreeBSD 6.0.
4784 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:104
4786 "B<rpmatch>() is not required by any standard, but is available on a few "
4791 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:119
4793 "The B<rpmatch>() implementation looks at only the first character of "
4794 "I<response>. As a consequence, \"nyes\" returns 0, and \"ynever; not in a "
4795 "million years\" returns 1. It would be preferable to accept input strings "
4796 "much more strictly, for example (using the extended regular expression "
4797 "notation described in B<regex>(7)): B<^([yY]|yes|YES)$> and "
4798 "B<^([nN]|no|NO)$>."
4802 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:123
4804 "The following program displays the results when B<rpmatch>() is applied to "
4805 "the string given in the program's command-line argument."
4809 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:130
4812 "#define _SVID_SOURCE\n"
4813 "#include E<lt>locale.hE<gt>\n"
4814 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4815 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
4816 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4820 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:138
4824 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4826 " if (argc != 2 || strcmp(argv[1], \"--help\") == 0) {\n"
4827 " fprintf(stderr, \"%s response\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
4828 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4833 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:143
4836 " setlocale(LC_ALL, \"\");\n"
4837 " printf(\"rpmatch() returns: %d\\en\", rpmatch(argv[1]));\n"
4838 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
4843 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:150
4845 "B<fgets>(3), B<getline>(3), B<nl_langinfo>(3), B<regcomp>(3), "
4850 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:37
4856 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:37
4862 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:40
4863 msgid "setenv - change or add an environment variable"
4867 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:45
4870 "B<int setenv(const char *>I<name>B<, const char *>I<value>B<, int "
4871 ">I<overwrite>B<);>\n"
4875 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:47
4877 msgid "B<int unsetenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
4881 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:57
4882 msgid "B<setenv>(), B<unsetenv>():"
4886 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:59
4888 "_BSD_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ "
4893 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:94
4895 "The B<setenv>() function adds the variable I<name> to the environment with "
4896 "the value I<value>, if I<name> does not already exist. If I<name> does "
4897 "exist in the environment, then its value is changed to I<value> if "
4898 "I<overwrite> is nonzero; if I<overwrite> is zero, then the value of I<name> "
4899 "is not changed (and B<setenv>() returns a success status). This function "
4900 "makes copies of the strings pointed to by I<name> and I<value> (by contrast "
4901 "with B<putenv>(3))."
4905 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:105
4907 "The B<unsetenv>() function deletes the variable I<name> from the "
4908 "environment. If I<name> does not exist in the environment, then the "
4909 "function succeeds, and the environment is unchanged."
4913 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:112
4915 "The B<setenv>() function returns zero on success, or -1 on error, with "
4916 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4920 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:119
4922 "The B<unsetenv>() function returns zero on success, or -1 on error, with "
4923 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4927 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:125
4929 "I<name> is NULL, points to a string of length 0, or contains an \\(aq=\\(aq "
4934 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:128
4935 msgid "Insufficient memory to add a new variable to the environment."
4939 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:136
4941 "POSIX.1-2001 does not require B<setenv>() or B<unsetenv>() to be "
4946 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:144
4948 "Prior to glibc 2.2.2, B<unsetenv>() was prototyped as returning I<void>; "
4949 "more recent glibc versions follow the POSIX.1-2001-compliant prototype shown "
4954 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:153
4956 "POSIX.1-2001 specifies that if I<name> contains an \\(aq=\\(aq character, "
4957 "then B<setenv>() should fail with the error B<EINVAL>; however, versions of "
4958 "glibc before 2.3.4 allowed an \\(aq=\\(aq sign in I<name>."
4962 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:158
4963 msgid "B<clearenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
4967 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:45
4973 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:48
4974 msgid "strtod, strtof, strtold - convert ASCII string to floating-point number"
4978 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:52
4979 msgid "B<double strtod(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
4983 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:54
4984 msgid "B<float strtof(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
4988 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:56
4989 msgid "B<long double strtold(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
4993 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:65
4994 msgid "B<strtof>(), B<strtold>():"
4998 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:87
5000 "The B<strtod>(), B<strtof>(), and B<strtold>() functions convert the "
5001 "initial portion of the string pointed to by I<nptr> to I<double>, I<float>, "
5002 "and I<long double> representation, respectively."
5006 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:94
5008 "The expected form of the (initial portion of the) string is optional leading "
5009 "white space as recognized by B<isspace>(3), an optional plus (\\(aq+\\(aq) "
5010 "or minus sign (\\(aq-\\(aq) and then either (i) a decimal number, or (ii) a "
5011 "hexadecimal number, or (iii) an infinity, or (iv) a NAN (not-a-number)."
5015 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:103
5017 "A I<decimal number> consists of a nonempty sequence of decimal digits "
5018 "possibly containing a radix character (decimal point, locale-dependent, "
5019 "usually \\(aq.\\(aq), optionally followed by a decimal exponent. A decimal "
5020 "exponent consists of an \\(aqE\\(aq or \\(aqe\\(aq, followed by an optional "
5021 "plus or minus sign, followed by a nonempty sequence of decimal digits, and "
5022 "indicates multiplication by a power of 10."
5026 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:114
5028 "A I<hexadecimal number> consists of a \"0x\" or \"0X\" followed by a "
5029 "nonempty sequence of hexadecimal digits possibly containing a radix "
5030 "character, optionally followed by a binary exponent. A binary exponent "
5031 "consists of a \\(aqP\\(aq or \\(aqp\\(aq, followed by an optional plus or "
5032 "minus sign, followed by a nonempty sequence of decimal digits, and indicates "
5033 "multiplication by a power of 2. At least one of radix character and binary "
5034 "exponent must be present."
5038 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:118
5039 msgid "An I<infinity> is either \"INF\" or \"INFINITY\", disregarding case."
5042 #. From glibc 2.8's stdlib/strtod_l.c:
5043 #. We expect it to be a number which is put in the
5044 #. mantissa of the number.
5046 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:128
5048 "A I<NAN> is \"NAN\" (disregarding case) optionally followed by \\(aq(\\(aq, "
5049 "a sequence of characters, followed by \\(aq)\\(aq. The character string "
5050 "specifies in an implementation-dependent way the type of NAN."
5054 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:130
5055 msgid "These functions return the converted value, if any."
5059 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:137
5061 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, a pointer to the character after the last "
5062 "character used in the conversion is stored in the location referenced by "
5067 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:142
5069 "If no conversion is performed, zero is returned and the value of I<nptr> is "
5070 "stored in the location referenced by I<endptr>."
5074 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:156
5076 "If the correct value would cause overflow, plus or minus B<HUGE_VAL> "
5077 "(B<HUGE_VALF>, B<HUGE_VALL>) is returned (according to the sign of the "
5078 "value), and B<ERANGE> is stored in I<errno>. If the correct value would "
5079 "cause underflow, zero is returned and B<ERANGE> is stored in I<errno>."
5083 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:157 build/C/man3/strtol.3:151 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:155
5089 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:160
5090 msgid "Overflow or underflow occurred."
5094 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:172
5096 "The B<strtod>(), B<strtof>(), and B<strtold>() functions are thread-safe "
5097 "with exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5098 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5099 "during their execution."
5103 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:177
5104 msgid "C89 describes B<strtod>(), C99 describes the other two functions."
5108 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:186
5110 "Since 0 can legitimately be returned on both success and failure, the "
5111 "calling program should set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and then determine "
5112 "if an error occurred by checking whether I<errno> has a nonzero value after "
5117 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:191 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:225
5119 "See the example on the B<strtol>(3) manual page; the use of the functions "
5120 "described in this manual page is similar."
5124 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:197
5125 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
5129 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24
5135 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:27
5136 msgid "strtoimax, strtoumax - convert string to integer"
5140 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:30
5142 msgid "B<#include E<lt>inttypes.hE<gt>>\n"
5146 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:32
5149 "B<intmax_t strtoimax(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5154 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:34
5157 "B<uintmax_t strtoumax(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5162 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:45
5164 "These functions are just like B<strtol>(3) and B<strtoul>(3), except that "
5165 "they return a value of type I<intmax_t> and I<uintmax_t>, respectively."
5169 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:58
5171 "On success, the converted value is returned. If nothing was found to "
5172 "convert, zero is returned. On overflow or underflow B<INTMAX_MAX> or "
5173 "B<INTMAX_MIN> or B<UINTMAX_MAX> is returned, and I<errno> is set to "
5178 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:69
5180 "The B<strtoimax>() and B<strtoumax>() functions are thread-safe with "
5181 "exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5182 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5183 "during their execution."
5187 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:77
5188 msgid "B<imaxabs>(3), B<imaxdiv>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3), B<wcstoimax>(3)"
5192 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:31
5198 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:34
5199 msgid "strtol, strtoll, strtoq - convert a string to a long integer"
5203 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:39
5206 "B<long int strtol(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5211 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:42
5214 "B<long long int strtoll(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5219 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:51
5220 msgid "B<strtoll>():"
5224 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:54 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:57
5226 "XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _ISOC99_SOURCE "
5227 "|| _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L;"
5231 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:68
5233 "The B<strtol>() function converts the initial part of the string in I<nptr> "
5234 "to a long integer value according to the given I<base>, which must be "
5235 "between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0."
5239 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:81 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:89
5241 "The string may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space (as determined "
5242 "by B<isspace>(3)) followed by a single optional \\(aq+\\(aq or \\(aq-\\(aq "
5243 "sign. If I<base> is zero or 16, the string may then include a \"0x\" "
5244 "prefix, and the number will be read in base 16; otherwise, a zero I<base> is "
5245 "taken as 10 (decimal) unless the next character is \\(aq0\\(aq, in which "
5246 "case it is taken as 8 (octal)."
5250 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:90
5252 "The remainder of the string is converted to a I<long int> value in the "
5253 "obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid digit "
5254 "in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter \\(aqA\\(aq in either "
5255 "uppercase or lowercase represents 10, \\(aqB\\(aq represents 11, and so "
5256 "forth, with \\(aqZ\\(aq representing 35.)"
5260 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:111
5262 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, B<strtol>() stores the address of the first "
5263 "invalid character in I<*endptr>. If there were no digits at all, "
5264 "B<strtol>() stores the original value of I<nptr> in I<*endptr> (and returns "
5265 "0). In particular, if I<*nptr> is not \\(aq\\e0\\(aq but I<**endptr> is "
5266 "\\(aq\\e0\\(aq on return, the entire string is valid."
5270 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:117
5272 "The B<strtoll>() function works just like the B<strtol>() function but "
5273 "returns a long long integer value."
5277 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:144
5279 "The B<strtol>() function returns the result of the conversion, unless the "
5280 "value would underflow or overflow. If an underflow occurs, B<strtol>() "
5281 "returns B<LONG_MIN>. If an overflow occurs, B<strtol>() returns "
5282 "B<LONG_MAX>. In both cases, I<errno> is set to B<ERANGE>. Precisely the "
5283 "same holds for B<strtoll>() (with B<LLONG_MIN> and B<LLONG_MAX> instead of "
5284 "B<LONG_MIN> and B<LONG_MAX>)."
5288 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:151 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:155
5289 msgid "(not in C99) The given I<base> contains an unsupported value."
5293 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:154 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:158
5294 msgid "The resulting value was out of range."
5298 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:161 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:165
5300 "The implementation may also set I<errno> to B<EINVAL> in case no conversion "
5301 "was performed (no digits seen, and 0 returned)."
5305 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:173
5307 "The B<strtol>(), B<strtoll>(), and B<strtoq>() functions are thread-safe "
5308 "with exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5309 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5310 "during their execution."
5314 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:178
5316 "B<strtol>() conforms to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, and POSIX.1-2001, and "
5317 "B<strtoll>() to C99 and POSIX.1-2001."
5321 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:196
5323 "Since B<strtol>() can legitimately return 0, B<LONG_MAX>, or B<LONG_MIN> "
5324 "(B<LLONG_MAX> or B<LLONG_MIN> for B<strtoll>()) on both success and "
5325 "failure, the calling program should set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and "
5326 "then determine if an error occurred by checking whether I<errno> has a "
5327 "nonzero value after the call."
5331 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:201
5333 "According to POSIX.1-2001, in locales other than the \"C\" and \"POSIX\", "
5334 "these functions may accept other, implementation-defined numeric strings."
5338 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:203 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:202
5339 msgid "BSD also has"
5343 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:207
5346 "B<quad_t strtoq(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5351 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:216
5353 "with completely analogous definition. Depending on the wordsize of the "
5354 "current architecture, this may be equivalent to B<strtoll>() or to "
5359 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:230
5361 "The program shown below demonstrates the use of B<strtol>(). The first "
5362 "command-line argument specifies a string from which B<strtol>() should "
5363 "parse a number. The second (optional) argument specifies the base to be "
5364 "used for the conversion. (This argument is converted to numeric form using "
5365 "B<atoi>(3), a function that performs no error checking and has a simpler "
5366 "interface than B<strtol>().) Some examples of the results produced by this "
5367 "program are the following:"
5371 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:246
5374 "$B< ./a.out 123>\n"
5375 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5376 "$B< ./a.out \\(aq 123\\(aq>\n"
5377 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5378 "$B< ./a.out 123abc>\n"
5379 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5380 "Further characters after number: abc\n"
5381 "$B< ./a.out 123abc 55>\n"
5382 "strtol: Invalid argument\n"
5383 "$B< ./a.out \\(aq\\(aq>\n"
5384 "No digits were found\n"
5385 "$B< ./a.out 4000000000>\n"
5386 "strtol: Numerical result out of range\n"
5390 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:255
5393 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
5394 "#include E<lt>limits.hE<gt>\n"
5395 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
5396 "#include E<lt>errno.hE<gt>\n"
5400 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:262
5404 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
5407 " char *endptr, *str;\n"
5412 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:267
5415 " if (argc E<lt> 2) {\n"
5416 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s str [base]\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
5417 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5422 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:270
5426 " base = (argc E<gt> 2) ? atoi(argv[2]) : 10;\n"
5430 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:273
5433 " errno = 0; /* To distinguish success/failure after call */\n"
5434 " val = strtol(str, &endptr, base);\n"
5438 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:275
5440 msgid " /* Check for various possible errors */\n"
5444 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:281
5447 " if ((errno == ERANGE && (val == LONG_MAX || val == LONG_MIN))\n"
5448 " || (errno != 0 && val == 0)) {\n"
5449 " perror(\"strtol\");\n"
5450 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5455 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:286
5458 " if (endptr == str) {\n"
5459 " fprintf(stderr, \"No digits were found\\en\");\n"
5460 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5465 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:288
5467 msgid " /* If we got here, strtol() successfully parsed a number */\n"
5471 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:290
5473 msgid " printf(\"strtol() returned %ld\\en\", val);\n"
5477 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:293
5480 " if (*endptr != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq) /* Not necessarily an "
5482 " printf(\"Further characters after number: %s\\en\", endptr);\n"
5486 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:303
5487 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
5491 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33
5497 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:36
5498 msgid "strtoul, strtoull, strtouq - convert a string to an unsigned long integer"
5502 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:42
5505 "B<unsigned long int strtoul(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5510 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:45
5513 "B<unsigned long long int strtoull(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char "
5514 "**>I<endptr>B<,>\n"
5515 "B< int >I<base>B<);>\n"
5519 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:54
5520 msgid "B<strtoull>():"
5524 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:75
5526 "The B<strtoul>() function converts the initial part of the string in "
5527 "I<nptr> to an I<unsigned long int> value according to the given I<base>, "
5528 "which must be between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0."
5532 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:98
5534 "The remainder of the string is converted to an I<unsigned long int> value in "
5535 "the obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid "
5536 "digit in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter \\(aqA\\(aq in "
5537 "either uppercase or lowercase represents 10, \\(aqB\\(aq represents 11, and "
5538 "so forth, with \\(aqZ\\(aq representing 35.)"
5542 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:119
5544 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, B<strtoul>() stores the address of the first "
5545 "invalid character in I<*endptr>. If there were no digits at all, "
5546 "B<strtoul>() stores the original value of I<nptr> in I<*endptr> (and "
5547 "returns 0). In particular, if I<*nptr> is not \\(aq\\e0\\(aq but "
5548 "I<**endptr> is \\(aq\\e0\\(aq on return, the entire string is valid."
5552 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:127
5554 "The B<strtoull>() function works just like the B<strtoul>() function but "
5555 "returns an I<unsigned long long int> value."
5559 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:148
5561 "The B<strtoul>() function returns either the result of the conversion or, "
5562 "if there was a leading minus sign, the negation of the result of the "
5563 "conversion represented as an unsigned value, unless the original "
5564 "(nonnegated) value would overflow; in the latter case, B<strtoul>() returns "
5565 "B<ULONG_MAX> and sets I<errno> to B<ERANGE>. Precisely the same holds for "
5566 "B<strtoull>() (with B<ULLONG_MAX> instead of B<ULONG_MAX>)."
5570 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:177
5572 "The B<strtoul>(), B<strtoull>(), and B<strtouq>() functions are thread-safe "
5573 "with exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5574 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5575 "during their execution."
5579 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:182
5581 "B<strtoul>() conforms to SVr4, C89, C99, and POSIX-2001, and B<strtoull>() "
5582 "to C99 and POSIX.1-2001."
5586 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:196
5588 "Since B<strtoul>() can legitimately return 0 or B<ULONG_MAX> (B<ULLONG_MAX> "
5589 "for B<strtoull>()) on both success and failure, the calling program should "
5590 "set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and then determine if an error occurred "
5591 "by checking whether I<errno> has a nonzero value after the call."
5595 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:200
5597 "In locales other than the \"C\" locale, other strings may be accepted. (For "
5598 "example, the thousands separator of the current locale may be supported.)"
5602 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:206
5605 "B<u_quad_t strtouq(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5610 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:215
5612 "with completely analogous definition. Depending on the wordsize of the "
5613 "current architecture, this may be equivalent to B<strtoull>() or to "
5618 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:220
5620 "Negative values are considered valid input and are silently converted to the "
5621 "equivalent I<unsigned long int> value."
5625 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:231
5626 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3)"
5630 #: build/C/man3/system.3:30
5636 #: build/C/man3/system.3:30
5642 #: build/C/man3/system.3:33
5643 msgid "system - execute a shell command"
5647 #: build/C/man3/system.3:38
5649 msgid "B<int system(const char *>I<command>B<);>\n"
5653 #: build/C/man3/system.3:54
5655 "B<system>() executes a command specified in I<command> by calling B</bin/sh "
5656 "-c> I<command>, and returns after the command has been completed. During "
5657 "execution of the command, B<SIGCHLD> will be blocked, and B<SIGINT> and "
5658 "B<SIGQUIT> will be ignored."
5662 #: build/C/man3/system.3:69
5664 "The value returned is -1 on error (e.g., B<fork>(2) failed), and the return "
5665 "status of the command otherwise. This latter return status is in the format "
5666 "specified in B<wait>(2). Thus, the exit code of the command will be "
5667 "I<WEXITSTATUS(status)>. In case I</bin/sh> could not be executed, the exit "
5668 "status will be that of a command that does I<exit(127)>."
5672 #: build/C/man3/system.3:75
5674 "If the value of I<command> is NULL, B<system>() returns nonzero if the "
5675 "shell is available, and zero if not."
5679 #: build/C/man3/system.3:78
5680 msgid "B<system>() does not affect the wait status of any other children."
5684 #: build/C/man3/system.3:80
5685 msgid "C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001."
5689 #: build/C/man3/system.3:93
5691 "If the B<_XOPEN_SOURCE> feature test macro is defined (before including "
5692 "I<any> header files), then the macros described in B<wait>(2) "
5693 "(B<WEXITSTATUS>(), etc.) are made available when including "
5694 "I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>."
5698 #: build/C/man3/system.3:104
5700 "As mentioned, B<system>() ignores B<SIGINT> and B<SIGQUIT>. This may make "
5701 "programs that call it from a loop uninterruptible, unless they take care "
5702 "themselves to check the exit status of the child. E.g."
5706 #: build/C/man3/system.3:109
5709 " while (something) {\n"
5710 " int ret = system(\"foo\");\n"
5714 #: build/C/man3/system.3:114
5717 " if (WIFSIGNALED(ret) &&\n"
5718 " (WTERMSIG(ret) == SIGINT || WTERMSIG(ret) == SIGQUIT))\n"
5724 #: build/C/man3/system.3:134
5726 "Do not use B<system>() from a program with set-user-ID or set-group-ID "
5727 "privileges, because strange values for some environment variables might be "
5728 "used to subvert system integrity. Use the B<exec>(3) family of functions "
5729 "instead, but not B<execlp>(3) or B<execvp>(3). B<system>() will not, in "
5730 "fact, work properly from programs with set-user-ID or set-group-ID "
5731 "privileges on systems on which I</bin/sh> is bash version 2, since bash 2 "
5732 "drops privileges on startup. (Debian uses a modified bash which does not do "
5733 "this when invoked as B<sh>.)"
5737 #: build/C/man3/system.3:148
5739 "In versions of glibc before 2.1.3, the check for the availability of "
5740 "I</bin/sh> was not actually performed if I<command> was NULL; instead it was "
5741 "always assumed to be available, and B<system>() always returned 1 in this "
5742 "case. Since glibc 2.1.3, this check is performed because, even though "
5743 "POSIX.1-2001 requires a conforming implementation to provide a shell, that "
5744 "shell may not be available or executable if the calling program has "
5745 "previously called B<chroot>(2) (which is not specified by POSIX.1-2001)."
5749 #: build/C/man3/system.3:153
5751 "It is possible for the shell command to return 127, so that code is not a "
5752 "sure indication that the B<execve>(2) call failed."
5756 #: build/C/man3/system.3:158
5757 msgid "B<sh>(1), B<signal>(2), B<wait>(2), B<exec>(3)"
5761 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:13
5767 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:13
5773 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:16
5774 msgid "vDSO - overview of the virtual ELF dynamic shared object"
5778 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:18
5779 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/auxv.hE<gt>>"
5783 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:20
5784 msgid "B<void *vdso = (uintptr_t) getauxval(AT_SYSINFO_EHDR);>"
5788 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:29
5790 "The \"vDSO\" (virtual dynamic shared object) is a small shared library that "
5791 "the kernel automatically maps into the address space of all user-space "
5792 "applications. Applications usually do not need to concern themselves with "
5793 "these details as the vDSO is most commonly called by the C library. This "
5794 "way you can code in the normal way using standard functions and the C "
5795 "library will take care of using any functionality that is available via the "
5800 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:37
5802 "Why does the vDSO exist at all? There are some system calls the kernel "
5803 "provides that user-space code ends up using frequently, to the point that "
5804 "such calls can dominate overall performance. This is due both to the "
5805 "frequency of the call as well as the context-switch overhead that results "
5806 "from exiting user space and entering the kernel."
5810 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:42
5812 "The rest of this documentation is geared toward the curious and/or C library "
5813 "writers rather than general developers. If you're trying to call the vDSO "
5814 "in your own application rather than using the C library, you're most likely "
5819 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:42
5821 msgid "Example background"
5825 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:56
5827 "Making system calls can be slow. In x86 32-bit systems, you can trigger a "
5828 "software interrupt (I<int $0x80>) to tell the kernel you wish to make a "
5829 "system call. However, this instruction is expensive: it goes through the "
5830 "full interrupt-handling paths in the processor's microcode as well as in the "
5831 "kernel. Newer processors have faster (but backward incompatible) "
5832 "instructions to initiate system calls. Rather than require the C library to "
5833 "figure out if this functionality is available at run time, the C library can "
5834 "use functions provided by the kernel in the vDSO."
5838 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:63
5840 "Note that the terminology can be confusing. On x86 systems, the vDSO "
5841 "function used to determine the preferred method of making a system call is "
5842 "named \"__kernel_vsyscall\", but on x86_64, the term \"vsyscall\" also "
5843 "refers to an obsolete way to ask the kernel what time it is or what CPU the "
5848 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:79
5850 "One frequently used system call is B<gettimeofday>(2). This system call is "
5851 "called both directly by user-space applications as well as indirectly by the "
5852 "C library. Think timestamps or timing loops or polling\\(emall of these "
5853 "frequently need to know what time it is right now. This information is also "
5854 "not secret\\(emany application in any privilege mode (root or any "
5855 "unprivileged user) will get the same answer. Thus the kernel arranges for "
5856 "the information required to answer this question to be placed in memory the "
5857 "process can access. Now a call to B<gettimeofday>(2) changes from a system "
5858 "call to a normal function call and a few memory accesses."
5862 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:79
5864 msgid "Finding the vDSO"
5868 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:86
5870 "The base address of the vDSO (if one exists) is passed by the kernel to each "
5871 "program in the initial auxiliary vector (see B<getauxval>(3)), via the "
5872 "B<AT_SYSINFO_EHDR> tag."
5876 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:95
5878 "You must not assume the vDSO is mapped at any particular location in the "
5879 "user's memory map. The base address will usually be randomized at run time "
5880 "every time a new process image is created (at B<execve>(2) time). This is "
5881 "done for security reasons, to prevent \"return-to-libc\" attacks."
5885 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:104
5887 "For some architectures, there is also an B<AT_SYSINFO> tag. This is used "
5888 "only for locating the vsyscall entry point and is frequently omitted or set "
5889 "to 0 (meaning it's not available). This tag is a throwback to the initial "
5890 "vDSO work (see I<History> below) and its use should be avoided."
5894 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:104
5900 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:111
5902 "Since the vDSO is a fully formed ELF image, you can do symbol lookups on "
5903 "it. This allows new symbols to be added with newer kernel releases, and "
5904 "allows the C library to detect available functionality at run time when "
5905 "running under different kernel versions. Oftentimes the C library will do "
5906 "detection with the first call and then cache the result for subsequent "
5911 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:120
5913 "All symbols are also versioned (using the GNU version format). This allows "
5914 "the kernel to update the function signature without breaking backward "
5915 "compatibility. This means changing the arguments that the function accepts "
5916 "as well as the return value. Thus, when looking up a symbol in the vDSO, "
5917 "you must always include the version to match the ABI you expect."
5921 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:125
5923 "Typically the vDSO follows the naming convention of prefixing all symbols "
5924 "with \"__vdso_\" or \"__kernel_\" so as to distinguish them from other "
5925 "standard symbols. For example, the \"gettimeofday\" function is named "
5926 "\"__vdso_gettimeofday\"."
5930 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:129
5932 "You use the standard C calling conventions when calling any of these "
5933 "functions. No need to worry about weird register or stack behavior."
5937 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:130
5943 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:134
5945 "When you compile the kernel, it will automatically compile and link the vDSO "
5946 "code for you. You will frequently find it under the architecture-specific "
5951 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:136
5953 msgid " find arch/$ARCH/ -name '*vdso*.so*' -o -name '*gate*.so*'\n"
5957 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:137
5963 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:143
5965 "The name of the vDSO varies across architectures. It will often show up in "
5966 "things like glibc's B<ldd>(1) output. The exact name should not matter to "
5967 "any code, so do not hardcode it."
5971 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:148
5973 msgid "user ABI\tvDSO name\n"
5977 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:149 build/C/man7/vdso.7:198 build/C/man7/vdso.7:235 build/C/man7/vdso.7:263 build/C/man7/vdso.7:299 build/C/man7/vdso.7:333 build/C/man7/vdso.7:359 build/C/man7/vdso.7:384 build/C/man7/vdso.7:402 build/C/man7/vdso.7:420 build/C/man7/vdso.7:438 build/C/man7/vdso.7:458 build/C/man7/vdso.7:477
5983 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:150
5985 msgid "aarch64\tlinux-vdso.so.1\n"
5989 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:151
5991 msgid "ia64\tlinux-gate.so.1\n"
5995 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:152
5997 msgid "ppc/32\tlinux-vdso32.so.1\n"
6001 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:153
6003 msgid "ppc/64\tlinux-vdso64.so.1\n"
6007 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:154
6009 msgid "s390\tlinux-vdso32.so.1\n"
6013 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:155
6015 msgid "s390x\tlinux-vdso64.so.1\n"
6019 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:156
6021 msgid "sh\tlinux-gate.so.1\n"
6025 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:157
6027 msgid "i386\tlinux-gate.so.1\n"
6031 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:158
6033 msgid "x86_64\tlinux-vdso.so.1\n"
6037 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:159
6039 msgid "x86/x32\tlinux-vdso.so.1\n"
6043 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:165
6045 msgid "ARCHITECTURE-SPECIFIC NOTES"
6049 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:168
6050 msgid "The subsections below provide architecture-specific notes on the vDSO."
6054 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:177
6056 "Note that the vDSO that is used is based on the ABI of your user-space code "
6057 "and not the ABI of the kernel. Thus, for example, when you run an i386 "
6058 "32-bit ELF binary, you'll get the same vDSO regardless of whether you run it "
6059 "under an i386 32-bit kernel or under an x86_64 64-bit kernel. Therefore, "
6060 "the name of the user-space ABI should be used to determine which of the "
6061 "sections below is relevant."
6065 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:177
6067 msgid "ARM functions"
6070 #. See linux/arch/arm/kernel/entry-armv.S
6071 #. See linux/Documentation/arm/kernel_user_helpers.txt
6073 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:184
6075 "The ARM port has a code page full of utility functions. Since it's just a "
6076 "raw page of code, there is no ELF information for doing symbol lookups or "
6077 "versioning. It does provide support for different versions though."
6081 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:189
6083 "For information on this code page, it's best to refer to the kernel "
6084 "documentation as it's extremely detailed and covers everything you need to "
6085 "know: I<Documentation/arm/kernel_user_helpers.txt>."
6089 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:189
6091 msgid "aarch64 functions"
6094 #. See linux/arch/x86/vdso/vdso32.lds.S
6096 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:192 build/C/man7/vdso.7:229 build/C/man7/vdso.7:353 build/C/man7/vdso.7:378 build/C/man7/vdso.7:396 build/C/man7/vdso.7:414 build/C/man7/vdso.7:432 build/C/man7/vdso.7:471
6097 msgid "The table below lists the symbols exported by the vDSO."
6101 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:197 build/C/man7/vdso.7:234 build/C/man7/vdso.7:332 build/C/man7/vdso.7:358 build/C/man7/vdso.7:383 build/C/man7/vdso.7:401 build/C/man7/vdso.7:419 build/C/man7/vdso.7:437 build/C/man7/vdso.7:457 build/C/man7/vdso.7:476
6103 msgid "symbol\tversion\n"
6107 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:199
6109 msgid "__kernel_rt_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6113 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:200
6115 msgid "__kernel_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6119 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:201
6121 msgid "__kernel_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6125 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:202
6127 msgid "__kernel_clock_getres\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6131 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:208
6133 msgid "bfin (Blackfin) functions"
6136 #. See linux/arch/blackfin/kernel/fixed_code.S
6137 #. See http://docs.blackfin.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=linux-kernel:fixed-code
6139 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:220
6141 "As this CPU lacks a memory management unit (MMU), it doesn't set up a vDSO "
6142 "in the normal sense. Instead, it maps at boot time a few raw functions into "
6143 "a fixed location in memory. User-space applications then call directly into "
6144 "that region. There is no provision for backward compatibility beyond "
6145 "sniffing raw opcodes, but as this is an embedded CPU, it can get away with "
6146 "things\\(emsome of the object formats it runs aren't even ELF based (they're "
6151 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:223
6153 "For information on this code page, it's best to refer to the public "
6158 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:225
6159 msgid "http://docs.blackfin.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=linux-kernel:fixed-code"
6163 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:225
6165 msgid "ia64 (Itanium) functions"
6169 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:236
6171 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6175 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:237
6177 msgid "__kernel_syscall_via_break\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6181 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:238
6183 msgid "__kernel_syscall_via_epc\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6187 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:257
6189 "The Itanium port is somewhat tricky. In addition to the vDSO above, it also "
6190 "has \"light-weight system calls\" (also known as \"fast syscalls\" or "
6191 "\"fsys\"). You can invoke these via the I<__kernel_syscall_via_epc> vDSO "
6192 "helper. The system calls listed here have the same semantics as if you "
6193 "called them directly via B<syscall>(2), so refer to the relevant "
6194 "documentation for each. The table below lists the functions available via "
6199 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:262
6205 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:264
6207 msgid "clock_gettime\n"
6211 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:265
6217 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:266
6223 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:267
6229 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:268
6231 msgid "gettimeofday\n"
6235 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:269
6237 msgid "set_tid_address\n"
6241 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:275
6243 msgid "parisc (hppa) functions"
6246 #. See linux/arch/parisc/kernel/syscall.S
6247 #. See linux/Documentation/parisc/registers
6249 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:286
6251 "The parisc port has a code page full of utility functions called a gateway "
6252 "page. Rather than use the normal ELF auxiliary vector approach, it passes "
6253 "the address of the page to the process via the SR2 register. The "
6254 "permissions on the page are such that merely executing those addresses "
6255 "automatically executes with kernel privileges and not in user space. This "
6256 "is done to match the way HP-UX works."
6260 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:291
6262 "Since it's just a raw page of code, there is no ELF information for doing "
6263 "symbol lookups or versioning. Simply call into the appropriate offset via "
6264 "the branch instruction, for example:"
6268 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:293
6270 msgid " ble E<lt>offsetE<gt>(%sr2, %r0)\n"
6274 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:298
6276 msgid "offset\tfunction\n"
6280 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:300
6282 msgid "00b0\tlws_entry\n"
6286 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:301
6288 msgid "00e0\tset_thread_pointer\n"
6292 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:302
6294 msgid "0100\tlinux_gateway_entry (syscall)\n"
6298 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:303
6300 msgid "0268\tsyscall_nosys\n"
6304 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:304
6306 msgid "0274\ttracesys\n"
6310 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:305
6312 msgid "0324\ttracesys_next\n"
6316 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:306
6318 msgid "0368\ttracesys_exit\n"
6322 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:307
6324 msgid "03a0\ttracesys_sigexit\n"
6328 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:308
6330 msgid "03b8\tlws_start\n"
6334 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:309
6336 msgid "03dc\tlws_exit_nosys\n"
6340 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:310
6342 msgid "03e0\tlws_exit\n"
6346 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:311
6348 msgid "03e4\tlws_compare_and_swap64\n"
6352 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:312
6354 msgid "03e8\tlws_compare_and_swap\n"
6358 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:313
6360 msgid "0404\tcas_wouldblock\n"
6364 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:314
6366 msgid "0410\tcas_action\n"
6370 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:320
6372 msgid "ppc/32 functions"
6375 #. See linux/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/vdso32.lds.S
6377 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:327
6379 "The table below lists the symbols exported by the vDSO. The functions "
6380 "marked with a I<*> are available only when the kernel is a PowerPC64 "
6385 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:334 build/C/man7/vdso.7:360
6387 msgid "__kernel_clock_getres\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6391 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:335 build/C/man7/vdso.7:361
6393 msgid "__kernel_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6397 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:336 build/C/man7/vdso.7:362
6399 msgid "__kernel_datapage_offset\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6403 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:337 build/C/man7/vdso.7:363
6405 msgid "__kernel_get_syscall_map\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6409 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:338 build/C/man7/vdso.7:364
6411 msgid "__kernel_get_tbfreq\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6415 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:339
6417 msgid "__kernel_getcpu I<*>\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6421 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:340 build/C/man7/vdso.7:366
6423 msgid "__kernel_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6427 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:341
6429 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp_rt32\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6433 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:342
6435 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp32\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6439 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:343 build/C/man7/vdso.7:368
6441 msgid "__kernel_sync_dicache\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6445 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:344 build/C/man7/vdso.7:369
6447 msgid "__kernel_sync_dicache_p5\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6451 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:350
6453 msgid "ppc/64 functions"
6457 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:365
6459 msgid "__kernel_getcpu\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6463 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:367
6465 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp_rt64\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6469 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:375
6471 msgid "s390 functions"
6475 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:385 build/C/man7/vdso.7:403
6477 msgid "__kernel_clock_getres\tLINUX_2.6.29\n"
6481 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:386 build/C/man7/vdso.7:404
6483 msgid "__kernel_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6.29\n"
6487 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:387 build/C/man7/vdso.7:405
6489 msgid "__kernel_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6.29\n"
6493 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:393
6495 msgid "s390x functions"
6499 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:411
6501 msgid "sh (SuperH) functions"
6505 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:421
6507 msgid "__kernel_rt_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6511 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:422
6513 msgid "__kernel_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6517 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:423
6519 msgid "__kernel_vsyscall\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6523 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:429
6525 msgid "i386 functions"
6529 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:439
6531 msgid "__kernel_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6535 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:440
6537 msgid "__kernel_rt_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6541 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:441
6543 msgid "__kernel_vsyscall\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6547 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:447
6549 msgid "x86_64 functions"
6552 #. See linux/arch/x86/vdso/vdso.lds.S
6554 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:452
6556 "The table below lists the symbols exported by the vDSO. All of these "
6557 "symbols are also available without the \"__vdso_\" prefix, but you should "
6558 "ignore those and stick to the names below."
6562 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:459 build/C/man7/vdso.7:478
6564 msgid "__vdso_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6568 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:460 build/C/man7/vdso.7:479
6570 msgid "__vdso_getcpu\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6574 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:461 build/C/man7/vdso.7:480
6576 msgid "__vdso_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6580 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:462 build/C/man7/vdso.7:481
6582 msgid "__vdso_time\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6586 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:468
6588 msgid "x86/x32 functions"
6592 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:487
6598 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:494
6600 "The vDSO was originally just a single function\\(emthe vsyscall. In older "
6601 "kernels, you might see that name in a process's memory map rather than "
6602 "\"vdso\". Over time, people realized that this mechanism was a great way to "
6603 "pass more functionality to user space, so it was reconceived as a vDSO in "
6604 "the current format."
6608 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:498
6609 msgid "B<syscalls>(2), B<getauxval>(3), B<proc>(5)"
6613 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:500
6614 msgid "The documents, examples, and source code in the Linux source code tree:"
6618 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:506
6621 "Documentation/ABI/stable/vdso\n"
6622 "Documentation/ia64/fsys.txt\n"
6623 "Documentation/vDSO/* (includes examples of using the vDSO)\n"
6627 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:508
6629 msgid "find arch/ -iname '*vdso*' -o -iname '*gate*'\n"
6633 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16
6639 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:19
6640 msgid "wcstombs - convert a wide-character string to a multibyte string"
6644 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:24
6647 "B<size_t wcstombs(char *>I<dest>B<, const wchar_t *>I<src>B<, size_t "
6652 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:42
6654 "If I<dest> is not NULL, the B<wcstombs>() function converts the "
6655 "wide-character string I<src> to a multibyte string starting at I<dest>. At "
6656 "most I<n> bytes are written to I<dest>. The conversion starts in the "
6657 "initial state. The conversion can stop for three reasons:"
6661 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:48
6663 "1. A wide character has been encountered that can not be represented as a "
6664 "multibyte sequence (according to the current locale). In this case "
6665 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
6669 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:53
6671 "2. The length limit forces a stop. In this case the number of bytes written "
6672 "to I<dest> is returned, but the shift state at this point is lost."
6676 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:60
6678 "3. The wide-character string has been completely converted, including the "
6679 "terminating null wide character (L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). In this case the "
6680 "conversion ends in the initial state. The number of bytes written to "
6681 "I<dest>, excluding the terminating null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), is returned."
6685 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:66
6687 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least I<n> bytes at "
6692 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:74
6694 "If I<dest> is NULL, I<n> is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, "
6695 "except that the converted bytes are not written out to memory, and no length "
6700 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:79
6702 "In order to avoid the case 2 above, the programmer should make sure I<n> is "
6703 "greater than or equal to I<wcstombs(NULL,src,0)+1>."
6707 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:89
6709 "The B<wcstombs>() function returns the number of bytes that make up the "
6710 "converted part of a multibyte sequence, not including the terminating null "
6711 "byte. If a wide character was encountered which could not be converted, "
6712 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
6716 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:98
6718 "The behavior of B<wcstombs>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
6723 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:103
6725 "The function B<wcsrtombs>(3) provides a thread safe interface to the same "
6730 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:109
6731 msgid "B<mblen>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<wcsrtombs>(3) B<wctom>(3)"
6735 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
6741 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:19
6742 msgid "wctomb - convert a wide character to a multibyte sequence"
6746 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:24
6748 msgid "B<int wctomb(char *>I<s>B<, wchar_t >I<wc>B<);>\n"
6752 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:45
6754 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<wctomb>() function converts the wide character "
6755 "I<wc> to its multibyte representation and stores it at the beginning of the "
6756 "character array pointed to by I<s>. It updates the shift state, which is "
6757 "stored in a static anonymous variable known only to the B<wctomb>() "
6758 "function, and returns the length of said multibyte representation, that is, "
6759 "the number of bytes written at I<s>."
6763 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:51
6765 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least B<MB_CUR_MAX> "
6769 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
6770 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
6772 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:63
6774 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<wctomb>() function resets the shift state, known "
6775 "only to this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the "
6776 "encoding has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
6780 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:77
6782 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<wctomb>() function returns the number of bytes "
6783 "that have been written to the byte array at I<s>. If I<wc> can not be "
6784 "represented as a multibyte sequence (according to the current locale), -1 is "
6789 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:84
6791 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<wctomb>() function returns nonzero if the encoding "
6792 "has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
6796 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:89
6797 msgid "The B<wctomb>() function is not thread-safe."
6801 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:98
6803 "The behavior of B<wctomb>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
6808 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:103
6810 "The function B<wcrtomb>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
6815 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:110
6817 "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3), B<mblen>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<wcrtomb>(3), "