1 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2 # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4 # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
9 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
10 "POT-Creation-Date: 2013-03-22 01:07+0900\n"
11 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
12 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
13 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
16 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
17 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
20 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38
26 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38
32 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38 build/C/man2/access.2:43 build/C/man2/alarm.2:30 build/C/man2/brk.2:29 build/C/man2/chdir.2:33 build/C/man2/chmod.2:31 build/C/man2/chown.2:38 build/C/man2/chroot.2:33 build/C/man2/close.2:35 build/C/man2/dup.2:36 build/C/man7/environ.7:34 build/C/man2/execve.2:37 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:61 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25 build/C/man2/flock.2:35 build/C/man2/fork.2:39 build/C/man2/fsync.2:38 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25 build/C/man2/gettid.2:26 build/C/man2/idle.2:32 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34 build/C/man2/mincore.2:34 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:10 build/C/man2/nice.2:31 build/C/man2/pread.2:25 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/setup.2:34 build/C/man2/swapon.2:37 build/C/man2/syscall.2:40 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14 build/C/man2/truncate.2:43 build/C/man2/umask.2:34 build/C/man2/uname.2:27 build/C/man2/uselib.2:31 build/C/man2/vfork.2:28 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28
38 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38 build/C/man2/access.2:43 build/C/man2/alarm.2:30 build/C/man2/brk.2:29 build/C/man2/chdir.2:33 build/C/man2/chmod.2:31 build/C/man2/chown.2:38 build/C/man2/chroot.2:33 build/C/man2/close.2:35 build/C/man3/confstr.3:31 build/C/man3/crypt.3:36 build/C/man3/daemon.3:36 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:14 build/C/man2/dup.2:36 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:30 build/C/man7/environ.7:34 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:25 build/C/man3/exec.3:41 build/C/man2/execve.2:37 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:61 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25 build/C/man2/flock.2:35 build/C/man2/fork.2:39 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41 build/C/man2/fsync.2:38 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28 build/C/man3/getopt.3:41 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25 build/C/man2/gettid.2:26 build/C/man3/getumask.3:28 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30 build/C/man2/idle.2:32 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34 build/C/man3/lockf.3:28 build/C/man2/mincore.2:34 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:10 build/C/man2/nice.2:31 build/C/man2/pread.2:25 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/setup.2:34 build/C/man5/shells.5:28 build/C/man3/sleep.3:26 build/C/man3/swab.3:31 build/C/man2/swapon.2:37 build/C/man2/syscall.2:40 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25 build/C/man2/truncate.2:43 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:24 build/C/man2/umask.2:34 build/C/man2/uname.2:27 build/C/man2/uselib.2:31 build/C/man3/usleep.3:33 build/C/man2/vfork.2:28 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28
40 msgid "Linux Programmer's Manual"
44 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:39 build/C/man2/access.2:44 build/C/man2/alarm.2:31 build/C/man2/brk.2:30 build/C/man2/chdir.2:34 build/C/man2/chmod.2:32 build/C/man2/chown.2:39 build/C/man2/chroot.2:34 build/C/man2/close.2:36 build/C/man3/confstr.3:32 build/C/man3/crypt.3:37 build/C/man3/daemon.3:37 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:15 build/C/man2/dup.2:37 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:31 build/C/man7/environ.7:35 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:26 build/C/man3/exec.3:42 build/C/man2/execve.2:38 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:26 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:62 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:26 build/C/man2/flock.2:36 build/C/man2/fork.2:40 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:42 build/C/man2/fsync.2:39 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:27 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:9 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:33 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:30 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:28 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:30 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:33 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:29 build/C/man3/getopt.3:42 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:26 build/C/man2/gettid.2:27 build/C/man3/getumask.3:29 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:31 build/C/man2/idle.2:33 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:42 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:31 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:35 build/C/man3/lockf.3:29 build/C/man2/mincore.2:35 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:11 build/C/man2/nice.2:32 build/C/man2/pread.2:26 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:9 build/C/man2/setup.2:35 build/C/man5/shells.5:29 build/C/man3/sleep.3:27 build/C/man3/swab.3:32 build/C/man2/swapon.2:38 build/C/man2/syscall.2:41 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:32 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:28 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:31 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:15 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:26 build/C/man2/truncate.2:44 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:25 build/C/man2/umask.2:35 build/C/man2/uname.2:28 build/C/man2/uselib.2:32 build/C/man3/usleep.3:34 build/C/man2/vfork.2:29 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:29
50 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:41
51 msgid "_syscall - invoking a system call without library support (OBSOLETE)"
55 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:41 build/C/man2/access.2:46 build/C/man2/alarm.2:33 build/C/man2/brk.2:32 build/C/man2/chdir.2:36 build/C/man2/chmod.2:34 build/C/man2/chown.2:41 build/C/man2/chroot.2:36 build/C/man2/close.2:38 build/C/man3/confstr.3:34 build/C/man3/crypt.3:39 build/C/man3/daemon.3:39 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:18 build/C/man2/dup.2:39 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:33 build/C/man7/environ.7:37 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:28 build/C/man3/exec.3:44 build/C/man2/execve.2:40 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:28 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:64 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:28 build/C/man2/flock.2:38 build/C/man2/fork.2:42 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:44 build/C/man2/fsync.2:41 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:29 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:11 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:35 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:32 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:30 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:32 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:35 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:31 build/C/man3/getopt.3:45 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:28 build/C/man2/gettid.2:29 build/C/man3/getumask.3:31 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:33 build/C/man2/idle.2:35 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:44 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:37 build/C/man3/lockf.3:31 build/C/man2/mincore.2:37 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:13 build/C/man2/nice.2:34 build/C/man2/pread.2:28 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:11 build/C/man2/setup.2:37 build/C/man3/sleep.3:29 build/C/man3/swab.3:34 build/C/man2/swapon.2:40 build/C/man2/syscall.2:43 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:34 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:30 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:33 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:17 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:28 build/C/man2/truncate.2:46 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:27 build/C/man2/umask.2:37 build/C/man2/uname.2:30 build/C/man2/uselib.2:34 build/C/man3/usleep.3:36 build/C/man2/vfork.2:31 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:31
61 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:43 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:13 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:13
62 msgid "B<#include E<lt>linux/unistd.hE<gt>>"
66 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:45
67 msgid "A _syscall macro"
71 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:47
72 msgid "desired system call"
76 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:47 build/C/man2/access.2:52 build/C/man2/alarm.2:39 build/C/man2/brk.2:64 build/C/man2/chdir.2:59 build/C/man2/chmod.2:58 build/C/man2/chown.2:67 build/C/man2/chroot.2:63 build/C/man2/close.2:44 build/C/man3/confstr.3:48 build/C/man3/crypt.3:56 build/C/man3/daemon.3:51 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:34 build/C/man2/dup.2:52 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:56 build/C/man7/environ.7:42 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:36 build/C/man3/exec.3:72 build/C/man2/execve.2:46 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:34 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:71 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:53 build/C/man2/flock.2:42 build/C/man2/fork.2:46 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:52 build/C/man2/fsync.2:61 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:35 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:75 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:51 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:57 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:56 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:63 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:52 build/C/man3/getopt.3:79 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:55 build/C/man2/gettid.2:38 build/C/man3/getumask.3:39 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:57 build/C/man2/idle.2:39 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:48 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:33 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:45 build/C/man3/lockf.3:48 build/C/man2/mincore.2:51 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:21 build/C/man2/nice.2:46 build/C/man2/pread.2:53 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man2/setup.2:41 build/C/man5/shells.5:31 build/C/man3/sleep.3:35 build/C/man3/swab.3:41 build/C/man2/swapon.2:50 build/C/man2/syscall.2:51 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:36 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:36 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:44 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:21 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:34 build/C/man2/truncate.2:79 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:58 build/C/man2/umask.2:43 build/C/man2/uname.2:34 build/C/man2/uselib.2:38 build/C/man3/usleep.3:67 build/C/man2/vfork.2:62 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:45
82 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:53
84 "The important thing to know about a system call is its prototype. You need "
85 "to know how many arguments, their types, and the function return type. "
86 "There are seven macros that make the actual call into the system easier. "
91 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:56
92 msgid "_syscallI<X>(I<type>,I<name>,I<type1>,I<arg1>,I<type2>,I<arg2>,...)"
96 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:59
101 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:62
102 msgid "I<X> is 0\\(en6, which are the number of arguments taken by the system call"
106 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:64
107 msgid "I<type> is the return type of the system call"
111 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:66
112 msgid "I<name> is the name of the system call"
116 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:68
117 msgid "I<typeN> is the Nth argument's type"
121 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:70
122 msgid "I<argN> is the name of the Nth argument"
126 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:75
128 "These macros create a function called I<name> with the arguments you "
129 "specify. Once you include the _syscall() in your source file, you call the "
130 "system call by I<name>."
134 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:75 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:130 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:81 build/C/man5/shells.5:43
140 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:77
141 msgid "I</usr/include/linux/unistd.h>"
145 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:77 build/C/man2/access.2:148 build/C/man2/alarm.2:61 build/C/man2/brk.2:114 build/C/man2/chdir.2:125 build/C/man2/chmod.2:219 build/C/man2/chown.2:181 build/C/man2/chroot.2:134 build/C/man2/close.2:84 build/C/man3/confstr.3:127 build/C/man3/crypt.3:163 build/C/man3/daemon.3:90 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:134 build/C/man2/dup.2:170 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:124 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:73 build/C/man3/exec.3:199 build/C/man2/execve.2:450 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:43 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1146 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:94 build/C/man2/flock.2:138 build/C/man2/fork.2:206 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:169 build/C/man2/fsync.2:125 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:48 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:46 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:208 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:110 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:69 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:92 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:124 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:138 build/C/man3/getopt.3:318 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:64 build/C/man2/gettid.2:58 build/C/man3/getumask.3:58 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:85 build/C/man2/idle.2:61 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:117 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:104 build/C/man3/lockf.3:154 build/C/man2/mincore.2:134 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:118 build/C/man2/nice.2:75 build/C/man2/pread.2:115 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:63 build/C/man2/setup.2:62 build/C/man3/sleep.3:44 build/C/man3/swab.3:58 build/C/man2/swapon.2:151 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:324 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:100 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:83 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:106 build/C/man2/truncate.2:195 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:92 build/C/man2/umask.2:93 build/C/man2/uname.2:73 build/C/man2/uselib.2:76 build/C/man3/usleep.3:86 build/C/man2/vfork.2:159 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:63
147 msgid "CONFORMING TO"
151 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:79
152 msgid "The use of these macros is Linux-specific, and deprecated."
156 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:79 build/C/man2/access.2:150 build/C/man2/alarm.2:63 build/C/man2/brk.2:122 build/C/man2/chdir.2:127 build/C/man2/chown.2:192 build/C/man2/chroot.2:139 build/C/man2/close.2:87 build/C/man3/crypt.3:168 build/C/man3/daemon.3:96 build/C/man2/dup.2:180 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:135 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:79 build/C/man3/exec.3:205 build/C/man2/execve.2:458 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:45 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1196 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:98 build/C/man2/flock.2:147 build/C/man2/fork.2:208 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:171 build/C/man2/fsync.2:140 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:50 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:50 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:230 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:113 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:77 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:102 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:130 build/C/man3/getopt.3:350 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:71 build/C/man2/gettid.2:62 build/C/man3/getumask.3:60 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:132 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:108 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:121 build/C/man2/nice.2:82 build/C/man2/pread.2:117 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:67 build/C/man2/setup.2:65 build/C/man2/swapon.2:157 build/C/man2/syscall.2:78 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:640 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:114 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:108 build/C/man2/truncate.2:208 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:100 build/C/man2/umask.2:95 build/C/man2/uname.2:82 build/C/man2/uselib.2:80 build/C/man3/usleep.3:104 build/C/man2/vfork.2:174
162 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:89
164 "Starting around kernel 2.6.18, the _syscall macros were removed from header "
165 "files supplied to user space. Use B<syscall>(2) instead. (Some "
166 "architectures, notably ia64, never provided the _syscall macros; on those "
167 "architectures, B<syscall>(2) was always required.)"
171 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:93
173 "The _syscall() macros I<do not> produce a prototype. You may have to create "
174 "one, especially for C++ users."
178 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:105
180 "System calls are not required to return only positive or negative error "
181 "codes. You need to read the source to be sure how it will return errors. "
182 "Usually, it is the negative of a standard error code, for example, "
183 "-B<EPERM>. The _syscall() macros will return the result I<r> of the system "
184 "call when I<r> is nonnegative, but will return -1 and set the variable "
185 "I<errno> to -I<r> when I<r> is negative. For the error codes, see "
189 #. The preferred way to invoke system calls that glibc does not know
192 #. However, this mechanism can only be used if using a libc
193 #. (such as glibc) that supports
196 #. .I <sys/syscall.h>
197 #. header file contains the required SYS_foo definition.
198 #. Otherwise, the use of a _syscall macro is required.
200 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:119
202 "When defining a system call, the argument types I<must> be passed by-value "
203 "or by-pointer (for aggregates like structs)."
207 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:119 build/C/man2/chown.2:288 build/C/man3/confstr.3:129 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:137 build/C/man2/execve.2:542 build/C/man2/fork.2:239 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:67 build/C/man3/getopt.3:376 build/C/man5/shells.5:45 build/C/man2/syscall.2:82 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:143
213 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:126
216 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
217 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
218 "#include E<lt>errno.hE<gt>\n"
219 "#include E<lt>linux/unistd.hE<gt> /* for _syscallX macros/related "
221 "#include E<lt>linux/kernel.hE<gt> /* for struct sysinfo */\n"
225 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:128
227 msgid "_syscall1(int, sysinfo, struct sysinfo *, info);\n"
231 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:131
234 "/* Note: if you copy directly from the nroff source, remember to\n"
235 "REMOVE the extra backslashes in the printf statement. */\n"
239 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:137
245 " struct sysinfo s_info;\n"
250 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:152
253 " error = sysinfo(&s_info);\n"
254 " printf(\"code error = %d\\en\", error);\n"
255 " printf(\"Uptime = %lds\\enLoad: 1 min %lu / 5 min %lu / 15 min "
257 " \"RAM: total %lu / free %lu / shared %lu\\en\"\n"
258 " \"Memory in buffers = %lu\\enSwap: total %lu / free %lu\\en\"\n"
259 " \"Number of processes = %d\\en\",\n"
260 " s_info.uptime, s_info.loads[0],\n"
261 " s_info.loads[1], s_info.loads[2],\n"
262 " s_info.totalram, s_info.freeram,\n"
263 " s_info.sharedram, s_info.bufferram,\n"
264 " s_info.totalswap, s_info.freeswap,\n"
266 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
271 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:153
273 msgid "Sample output"
277 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:162
282 "Load: 1 min 13376 / 5 min 5504 / 15 min 1152\n"
283 "RAM: total 15343616 / free 827392 / shared 8237056\n"
284 "Memory in buffers = 5066752\n"
285 "Swap: total 27881472 / free 24698880\n"
286 "Number of processes = 40\n"
290 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:163 build/C/man2/access.2:242 build/C/man2/alarm.2:81 build/C/man2/brk.2:164 build/C/man2/chdir.2:136 build/C/man2/chmod.2:221 build/C/man2/chown.2:336 build/C/man2/chroot.2:151 build/C/man2/close.2:125 build/C/man3/confstr.3:146 build/C/man3/crypt.3:229 build/C/man3/daemon.3:104 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:137 build/C/man2/dup.2:207 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:161 build/C/man7/environ.7:227 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:94 build/C/man3/exec.3:241 build/C/man2/execve.2:637 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:49 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1297 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:106 build/C/man2/flock.2:201 build/C/man2/fork.2:244 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:180 build/C/man2/fsync.2:162 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:55 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:249 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:127 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:90 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:124 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:176 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:193 build/C/man3/getopt.3:514 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:108 build/C/man2/gettid.2:71 build/C/man3/getumask.3:63 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:87 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:140 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:953 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:121 build/C/man3/lockf.3:156 build/C/man2/mincore.2:166 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:133 build/C/man2/nice.2:105 build/C/man2/pread.2:145 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:72 build/C/man5/shells.5:56 build/C/man3/sleep.3:61 build/C/man3/swab.3:60 build/C/man2/swapon.2:191 build/C/man2/syscall.2:98 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:817 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:335 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:181 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:94 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:117 build/C/man2/truncate.2:251 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:135 build/C/man2/umask.2:116 build/C/man2/uname.2:157 build/C/man2/uselib.2:102 build/C/man3/usleep.3:137 build/C/man2/vfork.2:273 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:66
296 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:167
297 msgid "B<intro>(2), B<syscall>(2), B<errno>(3)"
301 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:167 build/C/man2/access.2:253 build/C/man2/alarm.2:90 build/C/man2/brk.2:169 build/C/man2/chdir.2:140 build/C/man2/chmod.2:228 build/C/man2/chown.2:342 build/C/man2/chroot.2:154 build/C/man2/close.2:132 build/C/man3/confstr.3:150 build/C/man3/crypt.3:235 build/C/man3/daemon.3:107 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:141 build/C/man2/dup.2:211 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:166 build/C/man7/environ.7:241 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:105 build/C/man3/exec.3:248 build/C/man2/execve.2:648 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:51 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1318 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:108 build/C/man2/flock.2:215 build/C/man2/fork.2:255 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:185 build/C/man2/fsync.2:171 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:88 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:58 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:256 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:131 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:95 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:127 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:180 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:197 build/C/man3/getopt.3:516 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:111 build/C/man2/gettid.2:90 build/C/man3/getumask.3:65 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:89 build/C/man2/idle.2:64 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:148 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:955 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:125 build/C/man3/lockf.3:171 build/C/man2/mincore.2:169 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:145 build/C/man2/nice.2:112 build/C/man2/pread.2:150 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:74 build/C/man2/setup.2:72 build/C/man5/shells.5:59 build/C/man3/sleep.3:66 build/C/man3/swab.3:62 build/C/man2/swapon.2:195 build/C/man2/syscall.2:102 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:821 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:343 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:183 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:96 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:121 build/C/man2/truncate.2:255 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:143 build/C/man2/umask.2:122 build/C/man2/uname.2:161 build/C/man2/uselib.2:112 build/C/man3/usleep.3:146 build/C/man2/vfork.2:279 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:69
307 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:174 build/C/man2/access.2:260 build/C/man2/alarm.2:97 build/C/man2/brk.2:176 build/C/man2/chdir.2:147 build/C/man2/chmod.2:235 build/C/man2/chown.2:349 build/C/man2/chroot.2:161 build/C/man2/close.2:139 build/C/man3/confstr.3:157 build/C/man3/crypt.3:242 build/C/man3/daemon.3:114 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:148 build/C/man2/dup.2:218 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:173 build/C/man7/environ.7:248 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:112 build/C/man3/exec.3:255 build/C/man2/execve.2:655 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:58 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1325 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:115 build/C/man2/flock.2:222 build/C/man2/fork.2:262 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:192 build/C/man2/fsync.2:178 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:95 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:65 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:263 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:138 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:102 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:134 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:187 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:204 build/C/man3/getopt.3:523 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:118 build/C/man2/gettid.2:97 build/C/man3/getumask.3:72 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:96 build/C/man2/idle.2:71 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:155 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:962 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:132 build/C/man3/lockf.3:178 build/C/man2/mincore.2:176 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:152 build/C/man2/nice.2:119 build/C/man2/pread.2:157 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:81 build/C/man2/setup.2:79 build/C/man5/shells.5:66 build/C/man3/sleep.3:73 build/C/man3/swab.3:69 build/C/man2/swapon.2:202 build/C/man2/syscall.2:109 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:828 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:350 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:190 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:103 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:128 build/C/man2/truncate.2:262 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:150 build/C/man2/umask.2:129 build/C/man2/uname.2:168 build/C/man2/uselib.2:119 build/C/man3/usleep.3:153 build/C/man2/vfork.2:286 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:76
309 "This page is part of release 3.50 of the Linux I<man-pages> project. A "
310 "description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be "
311 "found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/."
315 #: build/C/man2/access.2:43
321 #: build/C/man2/access.2:43
327 #: build/C/man2/access.2:46
328 msgid "access - check real user's permissions for a file"
332 #: build/C/man2/access.2:49 build/C/man2/alarm.2:36 build/C/man2/close.2:41 build/C/man3/confstr.3:37 build/C/man3/crypt.3:44 build/C/man2/dup.2:42 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:31 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:47 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:38 build/C/man3/getopt.3:48 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:36 build/C/man3/sleep.3:32 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:33 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:36 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:30 build/C/man3/usleep.3:39
334 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
338 #: build/C/man2/access.2:51
340 msgid "B<int access(const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<mode>B<);>\n"
344 #: build/C/man2/access.2:59
346 "B<access>() checks whether the calling process can access the file "
347 "I<pathname>. If I<pathname> is a symbolic link, it is dereferenced."
350 #. F_OK is defined as 0 on every system that I know of.
352 #: build/C/man2/access.2:73
354 "The I<mode> specifies the accessibility check(s) to be performed, and is "
355 "either the value B<F_OK>, or a mask consisting of the bitwise OR of one or "
356 "more of B<R_OK>, B<W_OK>, and B<X_OK>. B<F_OK> tests for the existence of "
357 "the file. B<R_OK>, B<W_OK>, and B<X_OK> test whether the file exists and "
358 "grants read, write, and execute permissions, respectively."
362 #: build/C/man2/access.2:82
364 "The check is done using the calling process's I<real> UID and GID, rather "
365 "than the effective IDs as is done when actually attempting an operation "
366 "(e.g., B<open>(2)) on the file. This allows set-user-ID programs to easily "
367 "determine the invoking user's authority."
371 #: build/C/man2/access.2:88
373 "If the calling process is privileged (i.e., its real UID is zero), then an "
374 "B<X_OK> check is successful for a regular file if execute permission is "
375 "enabled for any of the file owner, group, or other."
379 #: build/C/man2/access.2:88 build/C/man2/alarm.2:56 build/C/man2/brk.2:93 build/C/man2/chdir.2:70 build/C/man2/chmod.2:153 build/C/man2/chown.2:119 build/C/man2/chroot.2:90 build/C/man2/close.2:64 build/C/man3/confstr.3:94 build/C/man3/crypt.3:120 build/C/man3/daemon.3:72 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:106 build/C/man2/dup.2:120 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:113 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:58 build/C/man3/exec.3:183 build/C/man2/execve.2:355 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:39 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1051 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:67 build/C/man2/flock.2:111 build/C/man2/fork.2:173 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:160 build/C/man2/fsync.2:108 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:46 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:29 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:156 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:75 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:61 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:71 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:89 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:95 build/C/man3/getopt.3:274 build/C/man2/gettid.2:50 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:77 build/C/man2/idle.2:52 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:83 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:106 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:82 build/C/man3/lockf.3:116 build/C/man2/mincore.2:94 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:48 build/C/man2/nice.2:56 build/C/man2/pread.2:79 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:44 build/C/man2/setup.2:53 build/C/man3/sleep.3:40 build/C/man3/swab.3:54 build/C/man2/swapon.2:108 build/C/man2/syscall.2:72 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:311 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:74 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:74 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:61 build/C/man2/truncate.2:110 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:81 build/C/man2/umask.2:90 build/C/man2/uname.2:63 build/C/man2/uselib.2:48 build/C/man3/usleep.3:75 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:50
385 #: build/C/man2/access.2:96 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:66
387 "On success (all requested permissions granted), zero is returned. On error "
388 "(at least one bit in I<mode> asked for a permission that is denied, or some "
389 "other error occurred), -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
393 #: build/C/man2/access.2:96 build/C/man2/chdir.2:75 build/C/man2/chmod.2:158 build/C/man2/chown.2:124 build/C/man2/chroot.2:95 build/C/man2/close.2:70 build/C/man3/confstr.3:121 build/C/man3/crypt.3:123 build/C/man2/dup.2:126 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:115 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:66 build/C/man3/exec.3:190 build/C/man2/execve.2:361 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1084 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:74 build/C/man2/flock.2:116 build/C/man2/fork.2:180 build/C/man2/fsync.2:113 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:35 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:172 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:80 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:63 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:81 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:94 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:101 build/C/man2/gettid.2:52 build/C/man2/idle.2:55 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:92 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:87 build/C/man3/lockf.3:121 build/C/man2/mincore.2:101 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:53 build/C/man2/nice.2:61 build/C/man2/pread.2:89 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:49 build/C/man2/setup.2:56 build/C/man2/swapon.2:113 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:81 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:79 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:83 build/C/man2/truncate.2:115 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:84 build/C/man2/uname.2:68 build/C/man2/uselib.2:53 build/C/man3/usleep.3:77 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:55
399 #: build/C/man2/access.2:99
400 msgid "B<access>() shall fail if:"
404 #: build/C/man2/access.2:99 build/C/man2/chdir.2:81 build/C/man2/chdir.2:117 build/C/man2/chmod.2:163 build/C/man2/chown.2:129 build/C/man2/chroot.2:98 build/C/man2/execve.2:369 build/C/man2/execve.2:376 build/C/man2/execve.2:379 build/C/man2/execve.2:382 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:173 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:84 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:54 build/C/man2/truncate.2:118 build/C/man2/uselib.2:59
410 #: build/C/man2/access.2:106
412 "The requested access would be denied to the file, or search permission is "
413 "denied for one of the directories in the path prefix of I<pathname>. (See "
414 "also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
418 #: build/C/man2/access.2:106 build/C/man2/chdir.2:94 build/C/man2/chmod.2:175 build/C/man2/chown.2:138 build/C/man2/chroot.2:112 build/C/man2/execve.2:403 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:76 build/C/man2/truncate.2:151
424 #: build/C/man2/access.2:110 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:80
425 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<pathname>."
429 #: build/C/man2/access.2:110 build/C/man2/chdir.2:98 build/C/man2/chmod.2:179 build/C/man2/chown.2:142 build/C/man2/chroot.2:116 build/C/man2/execve.2:411 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:109 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:84 build/C/man2/truncate.2:154
431 msgid "B<ENAMETOOLONG>"
435 #: build/C/man2/access.2:114
436 msgid "I<pathname> is too long."
440 #: build/C/man2/access.2:114 build/C/man2/chdir.2:102 build/C/man2/chmod.2:183 build/C/man2/chown.2:146 build/C/man2/chown.2:172 build/C/man2/chroot.2:120 build/C/man2/execve.2:418 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:198 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:120 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:87 build/C/man2/swapon.2:136 build/C/man2/truncate.2:158
446 #: build/C/man2/access.2:119
447 msgid "A component of I<pathname> does not exist or is a dangling symbolic link."
451 #: build/C/man2/access.2:119 build/C/man2/chdir.2:108 build/C/man2/chmod.2:189 build/C/man2/chown.2:152 build/C/man2/chroot.2:126 build/C/man2/execve.2:432 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:104 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:88 build/C/man2/truncate.2:161
457 #: build/C/man2/access.2:124 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:109
458 msgid "A component used as a directory in I<pathname> is not, in fact, a directory."
462 #: build/C/man2/access.2:124 build/C/man2/chmod.2:198 build/C/man2/chmod.2:216 build/C/man2/chown.2:159 build/C/man2/chown.2:178 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:114 build/C/man2/truncate.2:170
468 #: build/C/man2/access.2:127
469 msgid "Write permission was requested for a file on a read-only file system."
473 #: build/C/man2/access.2:130
474 msgid "B<access>() may fail if:"
478 #: build/C/man2/access.2:130 build/C/man2/chdir.2:87 build/C/man2/chmod.2:168 build/C/man2/chown.2:134 build/C/man2/chroot.2:105 build/C/man2/execve.2:386 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1106 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:36 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:176 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:83 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:95 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:97 build/C/man2/mincore.2:104 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:73 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:53 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:82 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:80 build/C/man2/truncate.2:124 build/C/man2/uname.2:69
484 #: build/C/man2/access.2:134 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:76
485 msgid "I<pathname> points outside your accessible address space."
489 #: build/C/man2/access.2:134 build/C/man3/confstr.3:122 build/C/man2/dup.2:151 build/C/man2/execve.2:390 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1122 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:78 build/C/man2/flock.2:126 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:39 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:180 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:87 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:99 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:99 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:101 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:88 build/C/man3/lockf.3:147 build/C/man2/mincore.2:108 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:50 build/C/man2/swapon.2:121 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:88 build/C/man2/truncate.2:140 build/C/man2/truncate.2:191 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:88 build/C/man3/usleep.3:82
495 #: build/C/man2/access.2:138
496 msgid "I<mode> was incorrectly specified."
500 #: build/C/man2/access.2:138 build/C/man2/chdir.2:91 build/C/man2/chmod.2:172 build/C/man2/chmod.2:210 build/C/man2/chown.2:169 build/C/man2/chroot.2:109 build/C/man2/close.2:81 build/C/man2/execve.2:394 build/C/man2/fsync.2:118 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:94 build/C/man2/truncate.2:145
506 #: build/C/man2/access.2:141 build/C/man2/chdir.2:94 build/C/man2/chmod.2:175 build/C/man2/chroot.2:112 build/C/man2/close.2:84 build/C/man2/execve.2:397
507 msgid "An I/O error occurred."
511 #: build/C/man2/access.2:141 build/C/man2/chdir.2:105 build/C/man2/chmod.2:186 build/C/man2/chown.2:149 build/C/man2/chroot.2:123 build/C/man2/execve.2:429 build/C/man2/fork.2:196 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:123 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:97 build/C/man2/mincore.2:112 build/C/man2/mincore.2:124 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:92 build/C/man2/swapon.2:141
517 #: build/C/man2/access.2:144 build/C/man2/chdir.2:108 build/C/man2/chmod.2:189 build/C/man2/chown.2:152 build/C/man2/chroot.2:126 build/C/man2/execve.2:432 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:95
518 msgid "Insufficient kernel memory was available."
522 #: build/C/man2/access.2:144 build/C/man2/execve.2:447 build/C/man2/truncate.2:173
528 #: build/C/man2/access.2:148
529 msgid "Write access was requested to an executable which is being executed."
533 #: build/C/man2/access.2:150 build/C/man2/close.2:87 build/C/man2/fork.2:208 build/C/man3/swab.3:60 build/C/man2/umask.2:95
534 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
538 #: build/C/man2/access.2:165
540 "B<Warning>: Using B<access>() to check if a user is authorized to, for "
541 "example, open a file before actually doing so using B<open>(2) creates a "
542 "security hole, because the user might exploit the short time interval "
543 "between checking and opening the file to manipulate it. B<For this reason, "
544 "the use of this system call should be avoided>. (In the example just "
545 "described, a safer alternative would be to temporarily switch the process's "
546 "effective user ID to the real ID and then call B<open>(2).)"
550 #: build/C/man2/access.2:172
552 "B<access>() always dereferences symbolic links. If you need to check the "
553 "permissions on a symbolic link, use B<faccessat>(2) with the flag "
554 "B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW>."
558 #: build/C/man2/access.2:179
560 "B<access>() returns an error if any of the access types in I<mode> is "
561 "denied, even if some of the other access types in I<mode> are permitted."
564 #. HPU-UX 11 and Tru64 5.1 do this.
566 #: build/C/man2/access.2:186
568 "If the calling process has appropriate privileges (i.e., is superuser), "
569 "POSIX.1-2001 permits an implementation to indicate success for an B<X_OK> "
570 "check even if none of the execute file permission bits are set. Linux does "
575 #: build/C/man2/access.2:194
577 "A file is only accessible if the permissions on each of the directories in "
578 "the path prefix of I<pathname> grant search (i.e., execute) access. If any "
579 "directory is inaccessible, then the B<access>() call will fail, regardless "
580 "of the permissions on the file itself."
584 #: build/C/man2/access.2:202
586 "Only access bits are checked, not the file type or contents. Therefore, if "
587 "a directory is found to be writable, it probably means that files can be "
588 "created in the directory, and not that the directory can be written as a "
589 "file. Similarly, a DOS file may be found to be \"executable,\" but the "
590 "B<execve>(2) call will still fail."
594 #: build/C/man2/access.2:208
596 "B<access>() may not work correctly on NFS file systems with UID mapping "
597 "enabled, because UID mapping is done on the server and hidden from the "
598 "client, which checks permissions. Similar problems can occur to FUSE "
603 #: build/C/man2/access.2:208 build/C/man7/environ.7:189 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1239 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:122 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:161 build/C/man3/getopt.3:369 build/C/man2/mincore.2:144 build/C/man2/pread.2:133 build/C/man3/sleep.3:46 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:326 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:135 build/C/man2/truncate.2:243 build/C/man2/vfork.2:252
608 #. This behavior appears to have been an implementation accident.
610 #: build/C/man2/access.2:231
612 "In kernel 2.4 (and earlier) there is some strangeness in the handling of "
613 "B<X_OK> tests for superuser. If all categories of execute permission are "
614 "disabled for a nondirectory file, then the only B<access>() test that "
615 "returns -1 is when I<mode> is specified as just B<X_OK>; if B<R_OK> or "
616 "B<W_OK> is also specified in I<mode>, then B<access>() returns 0 for such "
617 "files. Early 2.6 kernels (up to and including 2.6.3) also behaved in the "
618 "same way as kernel 2.4."
622 #: build/C/man2/access.2:242
624 "In kernels before 2.6.20, B<access>() ignored the effect of the "
625 "B<MS_NOEXEC> flag if it was used to B<mount>(2) the underlying file "
626 "system. Since kernel 2.6.20, B<access>() honors this flag."
630 #: build/C/man2/access.2:253
632 "B<chmod>(2), B<chown>(2), B<faccessat>(2), B<open>(2), B<setgid>(2), "
633 "B<setuid>(2), B<stat>(2), B<euidaccess>(3), B<credentials>(7), "
634 "B<path_resolution>(7)"
638 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:30
644 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:30
650 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:33
651 msgid "alarm - set an alarm clock for delivery of a signal"
655 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:38
657 msgid "B<unsigned int alarm(unsigned int >I<seconds>B<);>\n"
661 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:46
663 "B<alarm>() arranges for a B<SIGALRM> signal to be delivered to the calling "
664 "process in I<seconds> seconds."
668 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:52
669 msgid "If I<seconds> is zero, no new B<alarm>() is scheduled."
673 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:56
674 msgid "In any event any previously set B<alarm>() is canceled."
678 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:61
680 "B<alarm>() returns the number of seconds remaining until any previously "
681 "scheduled alarm was due to be delivered, or zero if there was no previously "
686 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:63
687 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD."
691 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:69
693 "B<alarm>() and B<setitimer>(2) share the same timer; calls to one will "
694 "interfere with use of the other."
698 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:78
700 "B<sleep>(3) may be implemented using B<SIGALRM>; mixing calls to B<alarm>() "
701 "and B<sleep>(3) is a bad idea."
705 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:81
707 "Scheduling delays can, as ever, cause the execution of the process to be "
708 "delayed by an arbitrary amount of time."
712 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:90
714 "B<gettimeofday>(2), B<pause>(2), B<select>(2), B<setitimer>(2), "
715 "B<sigaction>(2), B<signal>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<time>(7)"
719 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:29
725 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:29 build/C/man2/chroot.2:33 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:24
731 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:32
732 msgid "brk, sbrk - change data segment size"
736 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:34 build/C/man2/chdir.2:38 build/C/man2/chown.2:43 build/C/man2/chroot.2:38 build/C/man3/daemon.3:41 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:37 build/C/man3/exec.3:46 build/C/man2/execve.2:42 build/C/man2/fork.2:44 build/C/man2/fsync.2:43 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:34 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:32 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:34 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:37 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:33 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:30 build/C/man2/idle.2:37 build/C/man3/lockf.3:33 build/C/man2/mincore.2:39 build/C/man2/nice.2:36 build/C/man2/pread.2:30 build/C/man2/setup.2:39 build/C/man2/swapon.2:42 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:30 build/C/man2/truncate.2:48 build/C/man2/uselib.2:36 build/C/man2/vfork.2:35 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:33
737 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>"
741 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:36
742 msgid "B<int brk(void *>I<addr>B<);>"
746 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:38
747 msgid "B<void *sbrk(intptr_t >I<increment>B<);>"
751 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:42 build/C/man2/chdir.2:46 build/C/man2/chmod.2:44 build/C/man2/chown.2:53 build/C/man2/chroot.2:44 build/C/man3/confstr.3:44 build/C/man3/daemon.3:47 build/C/man3/exec.3:68 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:38 build/C/man2/fsync.2:51 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:49 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:42 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:38 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:42 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:45 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:45 build/C/man3/getopt.3:69 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:36 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:47 build/C/man3/lockf.3:39 build/C/man2/mincore.2:47 build/C/man2/nice.2:42 build/C/man2/pread.2:40 build/C/man2/truncate.2:58 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:37 build/C/man3/usleep.3:46 build/C/man2/vfork.2:41 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:39
752 msgid "Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see B<feature_test_macros>(7)):"
756 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:46
757 msgid "B<brk>(), B<sbrk>():"
761 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:49 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:60 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:44 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:42 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:43 build/C/man3/usleep.3:52 build/C/man2/vfork.2:47
763 msgid "Since glibc 2.12:"
767 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:56
770 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE ||\n"
771 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
772 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
773 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
777 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:61
779 "Before glibc 2.12: _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ "
780 "500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
784 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:76
786 "B<brk>() and B<sbrk>() change the location of the I<program break>, which "
787 "defines the end of the process's data segment (i.e., the program break is "
788 "the first location after the end of the uninitialized data segment). "
789 "Increasing the program break has the effect of allocating memory to the "
790 "process; decreasing the break deallocates memory."
794 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:83
796 "B<brk>() sets the end of the data segment to the value specified by "
797 "I<addr>, when that value is reasonable, the system has enough memory, and "
798 "the process does not exceed its maximum data size (see B<setrlimit>(2))."
802 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:93
804 "B<sbrk>() increments the program's data space by I<increment> bytes. "
805 "Calling B<sbrk>() with an I<increment> of 0 can be used to find the current "
806 "location of the program break."
810 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:102
812 "On success, B<brk>() returns zero. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> "
813 "is set to B<ENOMEM>. (But see I<Linux Notes> below.)"
817 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:114
819 "On success, B<sbrk>() returns the previous program break. (If the break "
820 "was increased, then this value is a pointer to the start of the newly "
821 "allocated memory). On error, I<(void\\ *)\\ -1> is returned, and I<errno> "
822 "is set to B<ENOMEM>."
829 #. are not defined in the C Standard and are deliberately excluded from the
830 #. POSIX.1-1990 standard (see paragraphs B.1.1.1.3 and B.8.3.3).
832 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:122
833 msgid "4.3BSD; SUSv1, marked LEGACY in SUSv2, removed in POSIX.1-2001."
837 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:131
839 "Avoid using B<brk>() and B<sbrk>(): the B<malloc>(3) memory allocation "
840 "package is the portable and comfortable way of allocating memory."
844 #. \fIint\fP (e.g., XPGv4, DU 4.0, HP-UX 11, FreeBSD 4.0, OpenBSD 3.2),
845 #. \fIssize_t\fP (OSF1 2.0, Irix 5.3, 6.5),
846 #. \fIptrdiff_t\fP (libc4, libc5, ulibc, glibc 2.0, 2.1),
847 #. \fIintptr_t\fP (e.g., XPGv5, AIX, SunOS 5.8, 5.9, FreeBSD 4.7, NetBSD 1.6,
848 #. Tru64 5.1, glibc2.2).
850 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:141
852 "Various systems use various types for the argument of B<sbrk>(). Common are "
853 "I<int>, I<ssize_t>, I<ptrdiff_t>, I<intptr_t>."
857 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:141 build/C/man2/vfork.2:213
863 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:157
865 "The return value described above for B<brk>() is the behavior provided by "
866 "the glibc wrapper function for the Linux B<brk>() system call. (On most "
867 "other implementations, the return value from B<brk>() is the same; this "
868 "return value was also specified in SUSv2.) However, the actual Linux system "
869 "call returns the new program break on success. On failure, the system call "
870 "returns the current break. The glibc wrapper function does some work (i.e., "
871 "checks whether the new break is less than I<addr>) to provide the 0 and -1 "
872 "return values described above."
876 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:164
878 "On Linux, B<sbrk>() is implemented as a library function that uses the "
879 "B<brk>() system call, and does some internal bookkeeping so that it can "
880 "return the old break value."
884 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:169
885 msgid "B<execve>(2), B<getrlimit>(2), B<end>(3), B<malloc>(3)"
889 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:33
895 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:33
901 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:36
902 msgid "chdir, fchdir - change working directory"
906 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:40
907 msgid "B<int chdir(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
911 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:42
912 msgid "B<int fchdir(int >I<fd>B<);>"
916 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:49
921 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:54 build/C/man2/chmod.2:53 build/C/man2/chown.2:62 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:50 build/C/man2/truncate.2:66 build/C/man2/truncate.2:74
923 "_BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ "
924 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
928 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:56 build/C/man2/chmod.2:55 build/C/man2/chown.2:64 build/C/man2/pread.2:50 build/C/man2/truncate.2:68
929 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L"
933 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:64
935 "B<chdir>() changes the current working directory of the calling process to "
936 "the directory specified in I<path>."
940 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:70
942 "B<fchdir>() is identical to B<chdir>(); the only difference is that the "
943 "directory is given as an open file descriptor."
947 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:75 build/C/man2/chmod.2:158 build/C/man2/chown.2:124 build/C/man2/chroot.2:95 build/C/man2/flock.2:116 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:80 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:94 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:87 build/C/man3/lockf.3:121 build/C/man2/swapon.2:113 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:79 build/C/man2/truncate.2:115 build/C/man2/uname.2:68 build/C/man2/uselib.2:53 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:55
949 "On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set "
954 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:81
956 "Depending on the file system, other errors can be returned. The more "
957 "general errors for B<chdir>() are listed below:"
961 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:87
963 "Search permission is denied for one of the components of I<path>. (See also "
964 "B<path_resolution>(7).)"
968 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:91 build/C/man2/chmod.2:172 build/C/man2/chown.2:138 build/C/man2/chroot.2:109
969 msgid "I<path> points outside your accessible address space."
973 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:98 build/C/man2/chmod.2:179 build/C/man2/chown.2:142 build/C/man2/chroot.2:116
974 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<path>."
978 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:102 build/C/man2/chmod.2:183 build/C/man2/chown.2:146 build/C/man2/chroot.2:120
979 msgid "I<path> is too long."
983 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:105 build/C/man2/chmod.2:186 build/C/man2/chown.2:149 build/C/man2/chroot.2:123
984 msgid "The file does not exist."
988 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:113 build/C/man2/chroot.2:131
989 msgid "A component of I<path> is not a directory."
993 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:117
994 msgid "The general errors for B<fchdir>() are listed below:"
998 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:121
999 msgid "Search permission was denied on the directory open on I<fd>."
1003 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:121 build/C/man2/chmod.2:205 build/C/man2/chown.2:166 build/C/man2/close.2:71 build/C/man2/dup.2:127 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1092 build/C/man2/flock.2:117 build/C/man2/fsync.2:114 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:93 build/C/man3/lockf.3:130 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:84 build/C/man2/truncate.2:183
1009 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:125 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:88
1010 msgid "I<fd> is not a valid file descriptor."
1014 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:127
1015 msgid "SVr4, 4.4BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
1019 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:130
1021 "The current working directory is the starting point for interpreting "
1022 "relative pathnames (those not starting with \\(aq/\\(aq)."
1026 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:136
1028 "A child process created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's current "
1029 "working directory. The current working directory is left unchanged by "
1034 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:140
1035 msgid "B<chroot>(2), B<getcwd>(3), B<path_resolution>(7)"
1039 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:31
1045 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:31 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32
1051 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:34
1052 msgid "chmod, fchmod - change permissions of a file"
1056 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:36 build/C/man3/getumask.3:37 build/C/man2/umask.2:41
1057 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>"
1061 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:38
1062 msgid "B<int chmod(const char *>I<path>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<);>"
1066 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:40
1067 msgid "B<int fchmod(int >I<fd>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<);>"
1071 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:49
1072 msgid "B<fchmod>():"
1076 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:61
1078 "These system calls change the permissions of a file. They differ only in "
1079 "how the file is specified:"
1083 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:61 build/C/man2/chmod.2:66 build/C/man2/chown.2:70 build/C/man2/chown.2:75 build/C/man2/chown.2:79 build/C/man2/chown.2:233 build/C/man2/chown.2:238 build/C/man2/chown.2:244 build/C/man2/dup.2:62 build/C/man2/dup.2:68 build/C/man2/dup.2:101 build/C/man2/dup.2:110 build/C/man2/execve.2:124 build/C/man2/execve.2:128 build/C/man2/execve.2:131 build/C/man2/execve.2:134 build/C/man2/execve.2:137 build/C/man2/execve.2:140 build/C/man2/execve.2:143 build/C/man2/execve.2:146 build/C/man2/execve.2:149 build/C/man2/execve.2:152 build/C/man2/execve.2:156 build/C/man2/execve.2:160 build/C/man2/execve.2:169 build/C/man2/execve.2:176 build/C/man2/execve.2:181 build/C/man2/execve.2:188 build/C/man2/execve.2:195 build/C/man2/execve.2:202 build/C/man2/execve.2:209 build/C/man2/execve.2:213 build/C/man2/execve.2:216 build/C/man2/execve.2:224 build/C/man2/execve.2:228 build/C/man2/execve.2:233 build/C/man2/fork.2:52 build/C/man2/fork.2:56 build/C/man2/fork.2:58 build/C/man2/fork.2:62 build/C/man2/fork.2:68 build/C/man2/fork.2:71 build/C/man2/fork.2:74 build/C/man2/fork.2:77 build/C/man2/fork.2:82 build/C/man2/fork.2:94 build/C/man2/fork.2:101 build/C/man2/fork.2:107 build/C/man2/fork.2:114 build/C/man2/fork.2:120 build/C/man2/fork.2:125 build/C/man2/fork.2:133 build/C/man2/fork.2:142 build/C/man2/fork.2:156 build/C/man2/fork.2:165 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:87 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:90 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:96 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:112 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:118 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:124 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:130 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:137 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:676 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:697 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:708 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:715 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:726 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:738 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:759 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:767 build/C/man2/vfork.2:193 build/C/man2/vfork.2:197
1089 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:66
1091 "B<chmod>() changes the permissions of the file specified whose pathname is "
1092 "given in I<path>, which is dereferenced if it is a symbolic link."
1096 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:70
1098 "B<fchmod>() changes the permissions of the file referred to by the open "
1099 "file descriptor I<fd>."
1103 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:75
1105 "The new file permissions are specified in I<mode>, which is a bit mask "
1106 "created by ORing together zero or more of the following:"
1110 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:75
1112 msgid "B<S_ISUID> (04000)"
1116 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:79
1117 msgid "set-user-ID (set process effective user ID on B<execve>(2))"
1121 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:79
1123 msgid "B<S_ISGID> (02000)"
1127 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:89
1129 "set-group-ID (set process effective group ID on B<execve>(2); mandatory "
1130 "locking, as described in B<fcntl>(2); take a new file's group from parent "
1131 "directory, as described in B<chown>(2) and B<mkdir>(2))"
1135 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:89
1137 msgid "B<S_ISVTX> (01000)"
1141 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:93
1142 msgid "sticky bit (restricted deletion flag, as described in B<unlink>(2))"
1146 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:93
1148 msgid "B<S_IRUSR> (00400)"
1152 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:96
1153 msgid "read by owner"
1157 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:96
1159 msgid "B<S_IWUSR> (00200)"
1163 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:99
1164 msgid "write by owner"
1168 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:99
1170 msgid "B<S_IXUSR> (00100)"
1174 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:103
1176 "execute/search by owner (\"search\" applies for directories, and means that "
1177 "entries within the directory can be accessed)"
1181 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:103
1183 msgid "B<S_IRGRP> (00040)"
1187 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:106
1188 msgid "read by group"
1192 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:106
1194 msgid "B<S_IWGRP> (00020)"
1198 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:109
1199 msgid "write by group"
1203 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:109
1205 msgid "B<S_IXGRP> (00010)"
1209 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:112
1210 msgid "execute/search by group"
1214 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:112
1216 msgid "B<S_IROTH> (00004)"
1220 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:115
1221 msgid "read by others"
1225 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:115
1227 msgid "B<S_IWOTH> (00002)"
1231 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:118
1232 msgid "write by others"
1236 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:118
1238 msgid "B<S_IXOTH> (00001)"
1242 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:121
1243 msgid "execute/search by others"
1247 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:126
1249 "The effective UID of the calling process must match the owner of the file, "
1250 "or the process must be privileged (Linux: it must have the B<CAP_FOWNER> "
1255 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:135
1257 "If the calling process is not privileged (Linux: does not have the "
1258 "B<CAP_FSETID> capability), and the group of the file does not match the "
1259 "effective group ID of the process or one of its supplementary group IDs, the "
1260 "B<S_ISGID> bit will be turned off, but this will not cause an error to be "
1265 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:147
1267 "As a security measure, depending on the file system, the set-user-ID and "
1268 "set-group-ID execution bits may be turned off if a file is written. (On "
1269 "Linux this occurs if the writing process does not have the B<CAP_FSETID> "
1270 "capability.) On some file systems, only the superuser can set the sticky "
1271 "bit, which may have a special meaning. For the sticky bit, and for "
1272 "set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits on directories, see B<stat>(2)."
1276 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:153
1278 "On NFS file systems, restricting the permissions will immediately influence "
1279 "already open files, because the access control is done on the server, but "
1280 "open files are maintained by the client. Widening the permissions may be "
1281 "delayed for other clients if attribute caching is enabled on them."
1285 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:163
1287 "Depending on the file system, other errors can be returned. The more "
1288 "general errors for B<chmod>() are listed below:"
1291 #. Also search permission is required on the final component,
1292 #. maybe just to guarantee that it is a directory?
1294 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:168 build/C/man2/chown.2:134 build/C/man2/chroot.2:105
1296 "Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix. (See also "
1297 "B<path_resolution>(7).)"
1301 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:192 build/C/man2/chown.2:155 build/C/man2/truncate.2:164
1302 msgid "A component of the path prefix is not a directory."
1306 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:192 build/C/man2/chmod.2:213 build/C/man2/chown.2:155 build/C/man2/chown.2:175 build/C/man2/chroot.2:131 build/C/man2/execve.2:437 build/C/man2/execve.2:443 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1141 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:91 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:88 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:117 build/C/man2/idle.2:56 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:101 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:109 build/C/man2/nice.2:62 build/C/man2/setup.2:57 build/C/man2/swapon.2:144 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:101 build/C/man2/truncate.2:164 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:56
1312 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:198
1314 "The effective UID does not match the owner of the file, and the process is "
1315 "not privileged (Linux: it does not have the B<CAP_FOWNER> capability)."
1319 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:201 build/C/man2/chown.2:162 build/C/man2/truncate.2:173
1320 msgid "The named file resides on a read-only file system."
1324 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:205
1325 msgid "The general errors for B<fchmod>() are listed below:"
1329 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:210
1330 msgid "The file descriptor I<fd> is not valid."
1334 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:213 build/C/man2/chmod.2:216 build/C/man2/chmod.2:219 build/C/man2/chown.2:175 build/C/man2/chown.2:178 build/C/man2/chown.2:181
1339 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:221 build/C/man2/chown.2:183
1340 msgid "4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001."
1344 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:228
1346 "B<chown>(2), B<execve>(2), B<fchmodat>(2), B<open>(2), B<stat>(2), "
1347 "B<path_resolution>(7)"
1351 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:38
1357 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:38
1363 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:41
1364 msgid "chown, fchown, lchown - change ownership of a file"
1368 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:45
1369 msgid "B<int chown(const char *>I<path>B<, uid_t >I<owner>B<, gid_t >I<group>B<);>"
1373 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:47
1374 msgid "B<int fchown(int >I<fd>B<, uid_t >I<owner>B<, gid_t >I<group>B<);>"
1378 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:49
1379 msgid "B<int lchown(const char *>I<path>B<, uid_t >I<owner>B<, gid_t >I<group>B<);>"
1383 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:57
1384 msgid "B<fchown>(), B<lchown>():"
1388 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:70
1390 "These system calls change the owner and group of a file. They differ only "
1391 "in how the file is specified:"
1395 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:75
1397 "B<chown>() changes the ownership of the file specified by I<path>, which is "
1398 "dereferenced if it is a symbolic link."
1402 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:79
1404 "B<fchown>() changes the ownership of the file referred to by the open file "
1409 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:84
1410 msgid "B<lchown>() is like B<chown>(), but does not dereference symbolic links."
1414 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:93
1416 "Only a privileged process (Linux: one with the B<CAP_CHOWN> capability) may "
1417 "change the owner of a file. The owner of a file may change the group of the "
1418 "file to any group of which that owner is a member. A privileged process "
1419 "(Linux: with B<CAP_CHOWN>) may change the group arbitrarily."
1423 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:99
1424 msgid "If the I<owner> or I<group> is specified as -1, then that ID is not changed."
1427 #. In Linux 2.0 kernels, superuser was like everyone else
1428 #. In 2.2, up to 2.2.12, these bits were not cleared for superuser.
1429 #. Since 2.2.13, superuser is once more like everyone else.
1431 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:119
1433 "When the owner or group of an executable file are changed by an unprivileged "
1434 "user the B<S_ISUID> and B<S_ISGID> mode bits are cleared. POSIX does not "
1435 "specify whether this also should happen when root does the B<chown>(); the "
1436 "Linux behavior depends on the kernel version. In case of a "
1437 "non-group-executable file (i.e., one for which the B<S_IXGRP> bit is not "
1438 "set) the B<S_ISGID> bit indicates mandatory locking, and is not cleared by a "
1443 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:129
1445 "Depending on the file system, other errors can be returned. The more "
1446 "general errors for B<chown>() are listed below."
1450 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:159
1452 "The calling process did not have the required permissions (see above) to "
1453 "change owner and/or group."
1457 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:166
1458 msgid "The general errors for B<fchown>() are listed below:"
1462 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:169
1463 msgid "The descriptor is not valid."
1467 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:172
1468 msgid "A low-level I/O error occurred while modifying the inode."
1472 #. SVr4 documents EINVAL, EINTR, ENOLINK and EMULTIHOP returns, but no
1473 #. ENOMEM. POSIX.1 does not document ENOMEM or ELOOP error conditions.
1475 #. SVr4 documents additional EINVAL, EIO, EINTR, and ENOLINK
1476 #. error conditions.
1478 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:192
1480 "The 4.4BSD version can only be used by the superuser (that is, ordinary "
1481 "users cannot give away files)."
1485 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:211
1487 "The original Linux B<chown>(), B<fchown>(), and B<lchown>() system calls "
1488 "supported only 16-bit user and group IDs. Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added "
1489 "B<chown32>(), B<fchown32>(), and B<lchown32>(), supporting 32-bit IDs. The "
1490 "glibc B<chown>(), B<fchown>(), and B<lchown>() wrapper functions "
1491 "transparently deal with the variations across kernel versions."
1495 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:233
1497 "When a new file is created (by, for example, B<open>(2) or B<mkdir>(2)), "
1498 "its owner is made the same as the file system user ID of the creating "
1499 "process. The group of the file depends on a range of factors, including the "
1500 "type of file system, the options used to mount the file system, and whether "
1501 "or not the set-group-ID permission bit is enabled on the parent directory. "
1502 "If the file system supports the I<-o\\ grpid> (or, synonymously I<-o\\ "
1503 "bsdgroups>) and I<-o\\ nogrpid> (or, synonymously I<-o\\ sysvgroups>) "
1504 "B<mount>(8) options, then the rules are as follows:"
1508 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:238
1510 "If the file system is mounted with I<-o\\ grpid>, then the group of a new "
1511 "file is made the same as that of the parent directory."
1515 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:244
1517 "If the file system is mounted with I<-o\\ nogrpid> and the set-group-ID bit "
1518 "is disabled on the parent directory, then the group of a new file is made "
1519 "the same as the process's file system GID."
1523 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:250
1525 "If the file system is mounted with I<-o\\ nogrpid> and the set-group-ID bit "
1526 "is enabled on the parent directory, then the group of a new file is made the "
1527 "same as that of the parent directory."
1531 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:260
1533 "As at Linux 2.6.25, the I<-o\\ grpid> and I<-o\\ nogrpid> mount options are "
1534 "supported by ext2, ext3, ext4, and XFS. File systems that don't support "
1535 "these mount options follow the I<-o\\ nogrpid> rules."
1539 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:273
1541 "The B<chown>() semantics are deliberately violated on NFS file systems "
1542 "which have UID mapping enabled. Additionally, the semantics of all system "
1543 "calls which access the file contents are violated, because B<chown>() may "
1544 "cause immediate access revocation on already open files. Client side "
1545 "caching may lead to a delay between the time where ownership have been "
1546 "changed to allow access for a user and the time where the file can actually "
1547 "be accessed by the user on other clients."
1551 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:288
1553 "In versions of Linux prior to 2.1.81 (and distinct from 2.1.46), B<chown>() "
1554 "did not follow symbolic links. Since Linux 2.1.81, B<chown>() does follow "
1555 "symbolic links, and there is a new system call B<lchown>() that does not "
1556 "follow symbolic links. Since Linux 2.1.86, this new call (that has the same "
1557 "semantics as the old B<chown>()) has got the same syscall number, and "
1558 "B<chown>() got the newly introduced number."
1562 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:297
1564 "The following program changes the ownership of the file named in its second "
1565 "command-line argument to the value specified in its first command-line "
1566 "argument. The new owner can be specified either as a numeric user ID, or as "
1567 "a username (which is converted to a user ID by using B<getpwnam>(3) to "
1568 "perform a lookup in the system password file)."
1572 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:303
1575 "#include E<lt>pwd.hE<gt>\n"
1576 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
1577 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
1578 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
1582 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:310
1586 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
1589 " struct passwd *pwd;\n"
1594 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:315
1597 " if (argc != 3 || argv[1][0] == \\(aq\\e0\\(aq) {\n"
1598 " fprintf(stderr, \"%s E<lt>ownerE<gt> E<lt>fileE<gt>\\en\", "
1600 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
1605 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:317
1607 msgid " uid = strtol(argv[1], &endptr, 10); /* Allow a numeric string */\n"
1611 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:324
1614 " if (*endptr != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq) { /* Was not pure numeric string "
1616 " pwd = getpwnam(argv[1]); /* Try getting UID for username */\n"
1617 " if (pwd == NULL) {\n"
1618 " perror(\"getpwnam\");\n"
1619 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
1624 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:327
1627 " uid = pwd-E<gt>pw_uid;\n"
1632 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:332
1635 " if (chown(argv[2], uid, -1) == -1) {\n"
1636 " perror(\"chown\");\n"
1637 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
1642 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:335 build/C/man2/execve.2:563 build/C/man3/getopt.3:428 build/C/man3/getopt.3:513
1645 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
1650 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:342
1652 "B<chmod>(2), B<fchownat>(2), B<flock>(2), B<path_resolution>(7), "
1657 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:33
1663 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:36
1664 msgid "chroot - change root directory"
1668 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:40
1669 msgid "B<int chroot(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
1673 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:47
1674 msgid "B<chroot>():"
1678 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:50
1680 msgid "Since glibc 2.2.2:"
1684 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:57
1688 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
1689 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
1690 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
1694 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:60
1695 msgid "Before glibc 2.2.2: none"
1699 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:69
1701 "B<chroot>() changes the root directory of the calling process to that "
1702 "specified in I<path>. This directory will be used for pathnames beginning "
1703 "with I</>. The root directory is inherited by all children of the calling "
1708 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:74
1710 "Only a privileged process (Linux: one with the B<CAP_SYS_CHROOT> capability) "
1711 "may call B<chroot>()."
1715 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:77
1717 "This call changes an ingredient in the pathname resolution process and does "
1722 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:83
1724 "This call does not change the current working directory, so that after the "
1725 "call \\(aqI<.>\\(aq can be outside the tree rooted at \\(aqI</>\\(aq. In "
1726 "particular, the superuser can escape from a \"chroot jail\" by doing:"
1730 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:86
1732 msgid " mkdir foo; chroot foo; cd ..\n"
1736 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:90
1738 "This call does not close open file descriptors, and such file descriptors "
1739 "may allow access to files outside the chroot tree."
1743 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:98
1745 "Depending on the file system, other errors can be returned. The more "
1746 "general errors are listed below:"
1750 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:134
1751 msgid "The caller has insufficient privilege."
1754 #. SVr4 documents additional EINTR, ENOLINK and EMULTIHOP error conditions.
1755 #. X/OPEN does not document EIO, ENOMEM or EFAULT error conditions.
1757 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:139
1759 "SVr4, 4.4BSD, SUSv2 (marked LEGACY). This function is not part of "
1764 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:145
1766 "A child process created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's root "
1767 "directory. The root directory is left unchanged by B<execve>(2)."
1770 #. FIXME . eventually say something about containers,
1771 #. virtual servers, etc.?
1773 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:151
1774 msgid "FreeBSD has a stronger B<jail>() system call."
1778 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:154
1779 msgid "B<chdir>(2), B<path_resolution>(7)"
1783 #: build/C/man2/close.2:35
1789 #: build/C/man2/close.2:35
1795 #: build/C/man2/close.2:38
1796 msgid "close - close a file descriptor"
1800 #: build/C/man2/close.2:43
1802 msgid "B<int close(int >I<fd>B<);>\n"
1806 #: build/C/man2/close.2:53
1808 "B<close>() closes a file descriptor, so that it no longer refers to any "
1809 "file and may be reused. Any record locks (see B<fcntl>(2)) held on the "
1810 "file it was associated with, and owned by the process, are removed "
1811 "(regardless of the file descriptor that was used to obtain the lock)."
1815 #: build/C/man2/close.2:64
1817 "If I<fd> is the last file descriptor referring to the underlying open file "
1818 "description (see B<open>(2)), the resources associated with the open file "
1819 "description are freed; if the descriptor was the last reference to a file "
1820 "which has been removed using B<unlink>(2) the file is deleted."
1824 #: build/C/man2/close.2:70
1826 "B<close>() returns zero on success. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> "
1827 "is set appropriately."
1831 #: build/C/man2/close.2:75
1832 msgid "I<fd> isn't a valid open file descriptor."
1836 #: build/C/man2/close.2:75 build/C/man2/dup.2:143 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1110 build/C/man2/flock.2:121 build/C/man2/truncate.2:133 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:85 build/C/man3/usleep.3:78
1842 #: build/C/man2/close.2:81
1843 msgid "The B<close>() call was interrupted by a signal; see B<signal>(7)."
1847 #: build/C/man2/close.2:101
1849 "Not checking the return value of B<close>() is a common but nevertheless "
1850 "serious programming error. It is quite possible that errors on a previous "
1851 "B<write>(2) operation are first reported at the final B<close>(). Not "
1852 "checking the return value when closing the file may lead to silent loss of "
1853 "data. This can especially be observed with NFS and with disk quota."
1857 #: build/C/man2/close.2:110
1859 "A successful close does not guarantee that the data has been successfully "
1860 "saved to disk, as the kernel defers writes. It is not common for a file "
1861 "system to flush the buffers when the stream is closed. If you need to be "
1862 "sure that the data is physically stored use B<fsync>(2). (It will depend on "
1863 "the disk hardware at this point.)"
1866 #. Date: Tue, 4 Sep 2007 13:57:35 +0200
1867 #. From: Fredrik Noring <noring@nocrew.org>
1868 #. One such race involves signals and ERESTARTSYS. If a file descriptor
1869 #. in use by a system call is closed and then reused by e.g. an
1870 #. independent open() in some unrelated thread, before the original system
1871 #. call has restared after ERESTARTSYS, the original system call will
1872 #. later restart with the reused file descriptor. This is most likely a
1873 #. serious programming error.
1875 #: build/C/man2/close.2:125
1877 "It is probably unwise to close file descriptors while they may be in use by "
1878 "system calls in other threads in the same process. Since a file descriptor "
1879 "may be reused, there are some obscure race conditions that may cause "
1880 "unintended side effects."
1884 #: build/C/man2/close.2:132
1886 "B<fcntl>(2), B<fsync>(2), B<open>(2), B<shutdown>(2), B<unlink>(2), "
1891 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:31
1897 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:31
1903 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:31 build/C/man3/daemon.3:36 build/C/man3/exec.3:41 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28 build/C/man3/getopt.3:41 build/C/man3/getumask.3:28 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30 build/C/man3/lockf.3:28 build/C/man3/sleep.3:26 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25
1909 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:34
1910 msgid "confstr - get configuration dependent string variables"
1914 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:39
1916 msgid "B<size_t confstr(int >I<name>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1920 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:48
1921 msgid "B<confstr>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 2 || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
1925 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:51
1926 msgid "B<confstr>() gets the value of configuration-dependent string variables."
1930 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:56
1932 "The I<name> argument is the system variable to be queried. The following "
1933 "variables are supported:"
1937 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:56
1939 msgid "B<_CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION> (GNU C library only; since glibc 2.3.2)"
1943 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:60
1945 "A string which identifies the GNU C library version on this system (e.g, "
1950 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:60
1952 msgid "B<_CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION> (GNU C library only; since glibc 2.3.2)"
1956 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:64
1958 "A string which identifies the POSIX implementation supplied by this C "
1959 "library (e.g, \"NPTL 2.3.4\" or \"linuxthreads-0.10\")."
1963 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:64
1969 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:70
1971 "A value for the B<PATH> variable which indicates where all the POSIX.2 "
1972 "standard utilities can be found."
1976 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:86
1978 "If I<buf> is not NULL and I<len> is not zero, B<confstr>() copies the value "
1979 "of the string to I<buf> truncated to I<len - 1> bytes if necessary, with a "
1980 "null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) as terminator. This can be detected by comparing "
1981 "the return value of B<confstr>() against I<len>."
1985 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:94
1987 "If I<len> is zero and I<buf> is NULL, B<confstr>() just returns the value "
1992 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:106
1994 "If I<name> is a valid configuration variable, B<confstr>() returns the "
1995 "number of bytes (including the terminating null byte) that would be "
1996 "required to hold the entire value of that variable. This value may be "
1997 "greater than I<len>, which means that the value in I<buf> is truncated."
2001 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:121
2003 "If I<name> is a valid configuration variable, but that variable does not "
2004 "have a value, then B<confstr>() returns 0. If I<name> does not correspond "
2005 "to a valid configuration variable, B<confstr>() returns 0, and I<errno> is "
2010 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:127
2011 msgid "If the value of I<name> is invalid."
2015 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:129 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:171 build/C/man2/pread.2:117 build/C/man3/sleep.3:46 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:326 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:108
2016 msgid "POSIX.1-2001."
2020 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:132
2022 "The following code fragment determines the path where to find the POSIX.2 "
2027 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:138
2035 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:144
2038 "n = confstr(_CS_PATH, NULL, (size_t) 0);\n"
2039 "pathbuf = malloc(n);\n"
2040 "if (pathbuf == NULL)\n"
2042 "confstr(_CS_PATH, pathbuf, n);\n"
2046 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:150
2047 msgid "B<sh>(1), B<exec>(3), B<system>(3)"
2051 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:36
2057 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:36
2063 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:39
2064 msgid "crypt, crypt_r - password and data encryption"
2068 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:42
2070 msgid "B<#define _XOPEN_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
2074 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:46
2076 msgid "B<char *crypt(const char *>I<key>B<, const char *>I<salt>B<);>\n"
2080 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:48
2082 msgid "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
2086 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:50
2088 msgid "B<#include E<lt>crypt.hE<gt>>\n"
2092 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:53
2095 "B<char *crypt_r(const char *>I<key>B<, const char *>I<salt>B<,>\n"
2096 "B< struct crypt_data *>I<data>B<);>\n"
2100 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:56
2101 msgid "Link with I<-lcrypt>."
2105 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:62
2107 "B<crypt>() is the password encryption function. It is based on the Data "
2108 "Encryption Standard algorithm with variations intended (among other things) "
2109 "to discourage use of hardware implementations of a key search."
2113 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:65
2114 msgid "I<key> is a user's typed password."
2118 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:71
2120 "I<salt> is a two-character string chosen from the set "
2121 "[B<a>\\(enB<zA>\\(enB<Z0>\\(enB<9./>]. This string is used to perturb the "
2122 "algorithm in one of 4096 different ways."
2126 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:82
2128 "By taking the lowest 7 bits of each of the first eight characters of the "
2129 "I<key>, a 56-bit key is obtained. This 56-bit key is used to encrypt "
2130 "repeatedly a constant string (usually a string consisting of all zeros). "
2131 "The returned value points to the encrypted password, a series of 13 "
2132 "printable ASCII characters (the first two characters represent the salt "
2133 "itself). The return value points to static data whose content is "
2134 "overwritten by each call."
2138 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:84
2139 msgid "Warning: The key space consists of"
2143 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:99
2145 "equal 7.2e16 possible values. Exhaustive searches of this key space are "
2146 "possible using massively parallel computers. Software, such as B<crack>(1), "
2147 "is available which will search the portion of this key space that is "
2148 "generally used by humans for passwords. Hence, password selection should, "
2149 "at minimum, avoid common words and names. The use of a B<passwd>(1) "
2150 "program that checks for crackable passwords during the selection process is "
2155 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:108
2157 "The DES algorithm itself has a few quirks which make the use of the "
2158 "B<crypt>() interface a very poor choice for anything other than password "
2159 "authentication. If you are planning on using the B<crypt>() interface for "
2160 "a cryptography project, don't do it: get a good book on encryption and one "
2161 "of the widely available DES libraries."
2165 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:120
2167 "B<crypt_r>() is a reentrant version of B<crypt>(). The structure pointed "
2168 "to by I<data> is used to store result data and bookkeeping information. "
2169 "Other than allocating it, the only thing that the caller should do with this "
2170 "structure is to set I<data-E<gt>initialized> to zero before the first call "
2175 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:123
2177 "On success, a pointer to the encrypted password is returned. On error, NULL "
2182 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:124 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:120 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:86 build/C/man2/fork.2:200
2187 #. This level of detail is not necessary in this man page. . .
2189 #. When encrypting a plain text P using DES with the key K results in the
2190 #. encrypted text C, then the complementary plain text P' being encrypted
2191 #. using the complementary key K' will result in the complementary encrypted
2194 #. Weak keys are keys which stay invariant under the DES key transformation.
2195 #. The four known weak keys 0101010101010101, fefefefefefefefe,
2196 #. 1f1f1f1f0e0e0e0e and e0e0e0e0f1f1f1f1 must be avoided.
2198 #. There are six known half weak key pairs, which keys lead to the same
2199 #. encrypted data. Keys which are part of such key clusters should be
2201 #. Sorry, I could not find out what they are.
2204 #. Heavily redundant data causes trouble with DES encryption, when used in the
2210 #. interface should be used only for its intended purpose of password
2211 #. verification, and should not be used as part of a data encryption tool.
2213 #. The first and last three output bits of the fourth S-box can be
2214 #. represented as function of their input bits. Empiric studies have
2215 #. shown that S-boxes partially compute the same output for similar input.
2216 #. It is suspected that this may contain a back door which could allow the
2217 #. NSA to decrypt DES encrypted data.
2219 #. Making encrypted data computed using crypt() publicly available has
2220 #. to be considered insecure for the given reasons.
2222 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:163
2224 "The B<crypt>() function was not implemented, probably because of "
2225 "U.S.A. export restrictions."
2229 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:168
2230 msgid "B<crypt>(): SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. B<crypt_r>() is a GNU extension."
2234 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:169 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:140
2240 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:172
2242 "The glibc2 version of this function supports additional encryption "
2247 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:177
2249 "If I<salt> is a character string starting with the characters \"$I<id>$\" "
2250 "followed by a string terminated by \"$\":"
2254 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:180
2255 msgid "$I<id>$I<salt>$I<encrypted>"
2259 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:189
2261 "then instead of using the DES machine, I<id> identifies the encryption "
2262 "method used and this then determines how the rest of the password string is "
2263 "interpreted. The following values of I<id> are supported:"
2267 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:192
2269 msgid "ID | Method\n"
2273 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:193
2279 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:194
2285 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:195
2287 msgid "2a | Blowfish (not in mainline glibc; added in some\n"
2291 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:196
2293 msgid " | Linux distributions)\n"
2296 #. openSUSE has Blowfish, but AFAICS, this option is not supported
2297 #. natively by glibc -- mtk, Jul 08
2300 #. glibc doesn't appear to natively support Sun MD5; I don't know
2301 #. if any distros add the support.
2303 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:203
2305 msgid "5 | SHA-256 (since glibc 2.7)\n"
2309 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:204
2311 msgid "6 | SHA-512 (since glibc 2.7)\n"
2315 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:211
2317 "So $5$I<salt>$I<encrypted> is an SHA-256 encoded password and "
2318 "$6$I<salt>$I<encrypted> is an SHA-512 encoded one."
2322 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:216
2324 "\"I<salt>\" stands for the up to 16 characters following \"$I<id>$\" in the "
2325 "salt. The encrypted part of the password string is the actual computed "
2326 "password. The size of this string is fixed:"
2330 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:218
2332 msgid "MD5 | 22 characters\n"
2336 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:219
2338 msgid "SHA-256 | 43 characters\n"
2342 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:220
2344 msgid "SHA-512 | 86 characters\n"
2348 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:229
2350 "The characters in \"I<salt>\" and \"I<encrypted>\" are drawn from the set "
2351 "[B<a>\\(enB<zA>\\(enB<Z0>\\(enB<9./>]. In the MD5 and SHA implementations "
2352 "the entire I<key> is significant (instead of only the first 8 bytes in DES)."
2356 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:235
2357 msgid "B<login>(1), B<passwd>(1), B<encrypt>(3), B<getpass>(3), B<passwd>(5)"
2361 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:36
2367 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:36
2373 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:39
2374 msgid "daemon - run in the background"
2378 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:43
2379 msgid "B<int daemon(int >I<nochdir>B<, int >I<noclose>B<);>"
2383 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:51
2384 msgid "B<daemon>(): _BSD_SOURCE || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<lt>\\ 500)"
2388 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:56
2390 "The B<daemon>() function is for programs wishing to detach themselves from "
2391 "the controlling terminal and run in the background as system daemons."
2395 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:64
2397 "If I<nochdir> is zero, B<daemon>() changes the calling process's current "
2398 "working directory to the root directory (\"/\"); otherwise, the current "
2399 "working directory is left unchanged."
2403 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:72
2405 "If I<noclose> is zero, B<daemon>() redirects standard input, standard "
2406 "output and standard error to I</dev/null>; otherwise, no changes are made to "
2407 "these file descriptors."
2410 #. not .IR in order not to underline _
2412 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:90
2414 "(This function forks, and if the B<fork>(2) succeeds, the parent calls "
2415 "B<_exit>(2), so that further errors are seen by the child only.) On success "
2416 "B<daemon>() returns zero. If an error occurs, B<daemon>() returns -1 and "
2417 "sets I<errno> to any of the errors specified for the B<fork>(2) and "
2422 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:96
2424 "Not in POSIX.1-2001. A similar function appears on the BSDs. The "
2425 "B<daemon>() function first appeared in 4.4BSD."
2429 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:104
2431 "The glibc implementation can also return -1 when I</dev/null> exists but is "
2432 "not a character device with the expected major and minor numbers. In this "
2433 "case I<errno> need not be set."
2437 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:107
2438 msgid "B<fork>(2), B<setsid>(2)"
2442 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:14
2448 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:14
2454 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:18
2456 "des_crypt, ecb_crypt, cbc_crypt, des_setparity, DES_FAILED - fast DES "
2461 #. .B #include <des_crypt.h>
2463 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:23
2465 msgid "B<#include E<lt>rpc/des_crypt.hE<gt>>\n"
2469 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:26
2472 "B<int ecb_crypt(char *>I<key>B<, char *>I<data>B<, unsigned "
2474 "B< unsigned >I<mode>B<);>\n"
2478 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:29
2481 "B<int cbc_crypt(char *>I<key>B<, char *>I<data>B<, unsigned "
2483 "B< unsigned >I<mode>B<, char *>I<ivec>B<);>\n"
2487 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:31
2489 msgid "B<void des_setparity(char *>I<key>B<);>\n"
2493 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:33
2495 msgid "B<int DES_FAILED(int >I<status>B<);>\n"
2499 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:63
2501 "B<ecb_crypt>() and B<cbc_crypt>() implement the NBS DES (Data Encryption "
2502 "Standard). These routines are faster and more general purpose than "
2503 "B<crypt>(3). They also are able to utilize DES hardware if it is "
2504 "available. B<ecb_crypt>() encrypts in ECB (Electronic Code Book) mode, "
2505 "which encrypts blocks of data independently. B<cbc_crypt>() encrypts in "
2506 "CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) mode, which chains together successive blocks. "
2507 "CBC mode protects against insertions, deletions and substitutions of "
2508 "blocks. Also, regularities in the clear text will not appear in the cipher "
2513 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:106
2515 "Here is how to use these routines. The first argument, I<key>, is the "
2516 "8-byte encryption key with parity. To set the key's parity, which for DES "
2517 "is in the low bit of each byte, use B<des_setparity>(). The second "
2518 "argument, I<data>, contains the data to be encrypted or decrypted. The "
2519 "third argument, I<datalen>, is the length in bytes of I<data>, which must be "
2520 "a multiple of 8. The fourth argument, I<mode>, is formed by ORing together "
2521 "some things. For the encryption direction OR in either B<DES_ENCRYPT> or "
2522 "B<DES_DECRYPT>. For software versus hardware encryption, OR in either "
2523 "B<DES_HW> or B<DES_SW>. If B<DES_HW> is specified, and there is no "
2524 "hardware, then the encryption is performed in software and the routine "
2525 "returns B<DESERR_NOHWDEVICE>. For B<cbc_crypt>(), the argument I<ivec> is "
2526 "the 8-byte initialization vector for the chaining. It is updated to the "
2527 "next initialization vector upon return."
2531 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:108
2533 msgid "B<DESERR_NONE>"
2537 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:111
2542 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:111
2544 msgid "B<DESERR_NOHWDEVICE>"
2548 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:114
2550 "Encryption succeeded, but done in software instead of the requested "
2555 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:114
2557 msgid "B<DESERR_HWERROR>"
2561 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:117
2562 msgid "An error occurred in the hardware or driver."
2566 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:117
2568 msgid "B<DESERR_BADPARAM>"
2572 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:120
2573 msgid "Bad argument to routine."
2578 #. So far the Sun page
2579 #. Some additions - aeb
2581 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:131
2583 "Given a result status I<stat>, the macro B<DES_FAILED(>I<stat>B<)> is false "
2584 "only for the first two statuses."
2588 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:131 build/C/man2/dup.2:165 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:69 build/C/man3/exec.3:195 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:41 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:91 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:42 build/C/man2/gettid.2:54 build/C/man2/idle.2:59 build/C/man2/mincore.2:132 build/C/man2/pread.2:104 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:59 build/C/man2/setup.2:60
2594 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:134
2596 "These routines are present in libc 4.6.27 and later, and in glibc 2.1 and "
2601 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:137
2602 msgid "4.3BSD. Not in POSIX.1-2001."
2606 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:141
2607 msgid "B<des>(1), B<crypt>(3), B<xcrypt>(3)"
2611 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:36
2617 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:36
2623 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:39
2624 msgid "dup, dup2, dup3 - duplicate a file descriptor"
2628 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:45
2631 "B<int dup(int >I<oldfd>B<);>\n"
2632 "B<int dup2(int >I<oldfd>B<, int >I<newfd>B<);>\n"
2636 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:49
2639 "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
2640 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>> /* Obtain O_* constant "
2642 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
2646 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:51
2648 msgid "B<int dup3(int >I<oldfd>B<, int >I<newfd>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
2652 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:55
2653 msgid "These system calls create a copy of the file descriptor I<oldfd>."
2657 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:58
2658 msgid "B<dup>() uses the lowest-numbered unused descriptor for the new descriptor."
2662 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:62
2664 "B<dup2>() makes I<newfd> be the copy of I<oldfd>, closing I<newfd> first if "
2665 "necessary, but note the following:"
2669 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:68
2671 "If I<oldfd> is not a valid file descriptor, then the call fails, and "
2672 "I<newfd> is not closed."
2676 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:79
2678 "If I<oldfd> is a valid file descriptor, and I<newfd> has the same value as "
2679 "I<oldfd>, then B<dup2>() does nothing, and returns I<newfd>."
2683 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:88
2685 "After a successful return from one of these system calls, the old and new "
2686 "file descriptors may be used interchangeably. They refer to the same open "
2687 "file description (see B<open>(2)) and thus share file offset and file "
2688 "status flags; for example, if the file offset is modified by using "
2689 "B<lseek>(2) on one of the descriptors, the offset is also changed for the "
2694 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:96
2696 "The two descriptors do not share file descriptor flags (the close-on-exec "
2697 "flag). The close-on-exec flag (B<FD_CLOEXEC>; see B<fcntl>(2)) for the "
2698 "duplicate descriptor is off."
2702 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:101
2703 msgid "B<dup3>() is the same as B<dup2>(), except that:"
2707 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:110
2709 "The caller can force the close-on-exec flag to be set for the new file "
2710 "descriptor by specifying B<O_CLOEXEC> in I<flags>. See the description of "
2711 "the same flag in B<open>(2) for reasons why this may be useful."
2714 #. FIXME . To confirm with Al Viro that this was intended, and its rationale
2716 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:120
2717 msgid "If I<oldfd> equals I<newfd>, then B<dup3>() fails with the error B<EINVAL>."
2721 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:126
2723 "On success, these system calls return the new descriptor. On error, -1 is "
2724 "returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
2728 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:133
2730 "I<oldfd> isn't an open file descriptor, or I<newfd> is out of the allowed "
2731 "range for file descriptors."
2735 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:133 build/C/man2/swapon.2:114
2741 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:143
2743 "(Linux only) This may be returned by B<dup2>() or B<dup3>() during a race "
2744 "condition with B<open>(2) and B<dup>()."
2748 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:151
2750 "The B<dup2>() or B<dup3>() call was interrupted by a signal; see "
2754 #. FIXME . To confirm with Al Viro that this was intended, and its rationale
2756 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:161
2758 "(B<dup3>()) I<flags> contain an invalid value. Or, I<oldfd> was equal to "
2763 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:161 build/C/man2/execve.2:408 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1132 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:103
2769 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:165
2771 "The process already has the maximum number of file descriptors open and "
2772 "tried to open a new one."
2776 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:170
2778 "B<dup3>() was added to Linux in version 2.6.27; glibc support is available "
2779 "starting with version 2.9."
2783 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:174
2784 msgid "B<dup>(), B<dup2>(): SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
2787 #. SVr4 documents additional
2788 #. EINTR and ENOLINK error conditions. POSIX.1 adds EINTR.
2789 #. The EBUSY return is Linux-specific.
2791 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:180
2792 msgid "B<dup3>() is Linux-specific."
2796 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:194
2798 "The error returned by B<dup2>() is different from that returned by "
2799 "B<fcntl(>..., B<F_DUPFD>, ...B<)> when I<newfd> is out of range. On some "
2800 "systems B<dup2>() also sometimes returns B<EINVAL> like B<F_DUPFD>."
2804 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:207
2806 "If I<newfd> was open, any errors that would have been reported at "
2807 "B<close>(2) time are lost. A careful programmer will not use B<dup2>() or "
2808 "B<dup3>() without closing I<newfd> first."
2812 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:211
2813 msgid "B<close>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<open>(2)"
2817 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:30
2823 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:30
2829 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:33
2830 msgid "encrypt, setkey, encrypt_r, setkey_r - encrypt 64-bit messages"
2834 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:35 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:41
2835 msgid "B<#define _XOPEN_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
2839 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:39
2840 msgid "B<void encrypt(char >I<block>B<[64], int >I<edflag>B<);>"
2844 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:43
2845 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>"
2849 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:45
2850 msgid "B<void setkey(const char *>I<key>B<);>"
2854 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:47 build/C/man3/getumask.3:33
2855 msgid "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
2859 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:49
2860 msgid "B<#include E<lt>crypt.hE<gt>>"
2864 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:51
2865 msgid "B<void setkey_r(const char *>I<key>B<, struct crypt_data *>I<data>B<);>"
2869 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:54
2871 "B<void encrypt_r(char *>I<block>B<, int >I<edflag>B<, struct crypt_data "
2876 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:56
2877 msgid "Each of these requires linking with I<-lcrypt>."
2881 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:68
2883 "These functions encrypt and decrypt 64-bit messages. The B<setkey>() "
2884 "function sets the key used by B<encrypt>(). The I<key> argument used here "
2885 "is an array of 64 bytes, each of which has numerical value 1 or 0. The "
2886 "bytes key[n] where n=8*i-1 are ignored, so that the effective key length is "
2891 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:80
2893 "The B<encrypt>() function modifies the passed buffer, encoding if I<edflag> "
2894 "is 0, and decoding if 1 is being passed. Like the I<key> argument, also "
2895 "I<block> is a bit vector representation of the actual value that is "
2896 "encoded. The result is returned in that same vector."
2900 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:90
2902 "These two functions are not reentrant, that is, the key data is kept in "
2903 "static storage. The functions B<setkey_r>() and B<encrypt_r>() are the "
2904 "reentrant versions. They use the following structure to hold the key data:"
2908 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:105
2911 "struct crypt_data {\n"
2912 " char keysched[16 * 8];\n"
2913 " char sb0[32768];\n"
2914 " char sb1[32768];\n"
2915 " char sb2[32768];\n"
2916 " char sb3[32768];\n"
2917 " char crypt_3_buf[14];\n"
2918 " char current_salt[2];\n"
2919 " long int current_saltbits;\n"
2921 " int initialized;\n"
2926 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:113
2927 msgid "Before calling B<setkey_r>() set I<data-E<gt>initialized> to zero."
2931 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:115
2932 msgid "These functions do not return any value."
2936 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:120
2938 "Set I<errno> to zero before calling the above functions. On success, it is "
2943 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:124
2945 "The function is not provided. (For example because of former USA export "
2950 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:135
2952 "The functions B<encrypt>() and B<setkey>() conform to SVr4, SUSv2, and "
2953 "POSIX.1-2001. The functions B<encrypt_r>() and B<setkey_r>() are GNU "
2958 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:137
2959 msgid "In glibc 2.2 these functions use the DES algorithm."
2963 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:144
2965 "You need to link with libcrypt to compile this example with glibc. To do "
2966 "useful work the I<key[]> and I<txt[]> arrays must be filled with a useful "
2971 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:149
2974 "#define _XOPEN_SOURCE\n"
2975 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
2976 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
2980 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:155
2986 " char key[64]; /* bit pattern for key */\n"
2987 " char txt[64]; /* bit pattern for messages */\n"
2991 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:160
2995 " encrypt(txt, 0); /* encode */\n"
2996 " encrypt(txt, 1); /* decode */\n"
3002 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:166
3003 msgid "B<cbc_crypt>(3), B<crypt>(3), B<ecb_crypt>(3),"
3007 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:34
3013 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:34
3019 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:37
3020 msgid "environ - user environment"
3024 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:40
3026 msgid "B<extern char **>I<environ>B<;>\n"
3030 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:57
3032 "The variable I<environ> points to an array of pointers to strings called the "
3033 "\"environment\". The last pointer in this array has the value NULL. (This "
3034 "variable must be declared in the user program, but is declared in the header "
3035 "file I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> in case the header files came from libc4 or "
3036 "libc5, and in case they came from glibc and B<_GNU_SOURCE> was defined.) "
3037 "This array of strings is made available to the process by the B<exec>(3) "
3038 "call that started the process."
3042 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:62
3044 "By convention the strings in I<environ> have the form "
3045 "\"I<name>B<=>I<value>\". Common examples are:"
3049 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:62
3055 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:65
3056 msgid "The name of the logged-in user (used by some BSD-derived programs)."
3060 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:65
3066 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:68
3067 msgid "The name of the logged-in user (used by some System-V derived programs)."
3071 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:68
3077 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:74
3079 "A user's login directory, set by B<login>(1) from the password file "
3084 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:74
3090 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:81
3092 "The name of a locale to use for locale categories when not overridden by "
3093 "B<LC_ALL> or more specific environment variables like B<LC_COLLATE>, "
3094 "B<LC_CTYPE>, B<LC_MESSAGES>, B<LC_MONETARY>, B<LC_NUMERIC>, B<LC_TIME>, cf. "
3099 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:81
3105 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:92
3107 "The sequence of directory prefixes that B<sh>(1) and many other programs "
3108 "apply in searching for a file known by an incomplete pathname. The prefixes "
3109 "are separated by \\(aqB<:>\\(aq. (Similarly one has B<CDPATH> used by some "
3110 "shells to find the target of a change directory command, B<MANPATH> used by "
3111 "B<man>(1) to find manual pages, and so on)"
3115 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:92
3121 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:96
3122 msgid "The current working directory. Set by some shells."
3126 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:96
3132 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:99
3133 msgid "The pathname of the user's login shell."
3137 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:99
3143 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:102
3144 msgid "The terminal type for which output is to be prepared."
3148 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:102
3154 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:105
3155 msgid "The user's preferred utility to display text files."
3159 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:105
3161 msgid "B<EDITOR>/B<VISUAL>"
3166 #. The user's preferred utility to browse URLs. Sequence of colon-separated
3167 #. browser commands. See http://www.catb.org/~esr/BROWSER/ .
3169 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:112
3170 msgid "The user's preferred utility to edit text files."
3174 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:127
3176 "Further names may be placed in the environment by the I<export> command and "
3177 "\"name=value\" in B<sh>(1), or by the I<setenv> command if you use "
3178 "B<csh>(1). Arguments may also be placed in the environment at the point of "
3179 "an B<exec>(3). A C program can manipulate its environment using the "
3180 "functions B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), and B<unsetenv>(3)."
3184 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:131
3186 "Note that the behavior of many programs and library routines is influenced "
3187 "by the presence or value of certain environment variables. A random "
3192 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:137
3194 "The variables B<LANG>, B<LANGUAGE>, B<NLSPATH>, B<LOCPATH>, B<LC_ALL>, "
3195 "B<LC_MESSAGES>, etc. influence locale handling, cf. B<locale>(5)."
3199 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:144
3201 "B<TMPDIR> influences the path prefix of names created by B<tmpnam>(3) and "
3202 "other routines, the temporary directory used by B<sort>(1) and other "
3207 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:148
3209 "B<LD_LIBRARY_PATH>, B<LD_PRELOAD> and other LD_* variables influence the "
3210 "behavior of the dynamic loader/linker."
3214 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:152
3216 "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> makes certain programs and library routines follow the "
3217 "prescriptions of POSIX."
3221 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:158
3222 msgid "The behavior of B<malloc>(3) is influenced by B<MALLOC_*> variables."
3226 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:164
3228 "The variable B<HOSTALIASES> gives the name of a file containing aliases to "
3229 "be used with B<gethostbyname>(3)."
3233 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:175
3235 "B<TZ> and B<TZDIR> give timezone information used by B<tzset>(3) and "
3236 "through that by functions like B<ctime>(3), B<localtime>(3), B<mktime>(3), "
3237 "B<strftime>(3). See also B<tzselect>(8)."
3241 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:179
3243 "B<TERMCAP> gives information on how to address a given terminal (or gives "
3244 "the name of a file containing such information)."
3248 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:182
3250 "B<COLUMNS> and B<LINES> tell applications about the window size, possibly "
3251 "overriding the actual size."
3255 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:187
3257 "B<PRINTER> or B<LPDEST> may specify the desired printer to use. See "
3262 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:189
3267 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:194
3269 "Clearly there is a security risk here. Many a system command has been "
3270 "tricked into mischief by a user who specified unusual values for B<IFS> or "
3271 "B<LD_LIBRARY_PATH>."
3275 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:227
3277 "There is also the risk of name space pollution. Programs like I<make> and "
3278 "I<autoconf> allow overriding of default utility names from the environment "
3279 "with similarly named variables in all caps. Thus one uses B<CC> to select "
3280 "the desired C compiler (and similarly B<MAKE>, B<AR>, B<AS>, B<FC>, B<LD>, "
3281 "B<LEX>, B<RM>, B<YACC>, etc.). However, in some traditional uses such an "
3282 "environment variable gives options for the program instead of a pathname. "
3283 "Thus, one has B<MORE>, B<LESS>, and B<GZIP>. Such usage is considered "
3284 "mistaken, and to be avoided in new programs. The authors of I<gzip> should "
3285 "consider renaming their option to B<GZIP_OPT>."
3289 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:241
3291 "B<bash>(1), B<csh>(1), B<login>(1), B<sh>(1), B<tcsh>(1), B<execve>(2), "
3292 "B<clearenv>(3), B<exec>(3), B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), "
3293 "B<unsetenv>(3), B<locale>(5)"
3297 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:25
3303 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:25 build/C/man3/getopt.3:41
3309 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:28
3310 msgid "euidaccess, eaccess - check effective user's permissions for a file"
3314 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:32
3317 "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
3318 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
3322 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:35
3325 "B<int euidaccess(const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<mode>B<);>\n"
3326 "B<int eaccess(const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<mode>B<);>\n"
3330 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:47
3332 "Like B<access>(2), B<euidaccess>() checks permissions and existence of the "
3333 "file identified by its argument I<pathname>. However, whereas B<access>(2), "
3334 "performs checks using the real user and group identifiers of the process, "
3335 "B<euidaccess>() uses the effective identifiers."
3339 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:53
3341 "I<mode> is a mask consisting of one or more of B<R_OK>, B<W_OK>, B<X_OK> and "
3342 "B<F_OK>, with the same meanings as for B<access>(2)."
3346 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:58
3348 "B<eaccess>() is a synonym for B<euidaccess>(), provided for compatibility "
3349 "with some other systems."
3353 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:69
3354 msgid "As for B<access>(2)."
3358 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:73
3359 msgid "The B<eaccess>() function was added to glibc in version 2.4."
3362 #. e.g., FreeBSD 6.1.
3364 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:79
3366 "These functions are nonstandard. Some other systems have an B<eaccess>() "
3371 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:86
3373 "I<Warning>: Using this function to check a process's permissions on a file "
3374 "before performing some operation based on that information leads to race "
3375 "conditions: the file permissions may change between the two steps. "
3376 "Generally, it is safer just to attempt the desired operation and handle any "
3377 "permission error that occurs."
3381 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:94
3383 "This function always dereferences symbolic links. If you need to check the "
3384 "permissions on a symbolic link, use B<faccessat>(2) with the flags "
3385 "B<AT_EACCESS> and B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW>."
3389 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:105
3391 "B<access>(2), B<chmod>(2), B<chown>(2), B<faccessat>(2), B<open>(2), "
3392 "B<setgid>(2), B<setuid>(2), B<stat>(2), B<credentials>(7), "
3393 "B<path_resolution>(7)"
3397 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:41
3403 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:41
3409 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:44
3410 msgid "execl, execlp, execle, execv, execvp, execvpe - execute a file"
3414 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:48
3415 msgid "B<extern char **environ;>"
3419 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:50
3420 msgid "B<int execl(const char *>I<path>B<, const char *>I<arg>B<, ...);>"
3424 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:52
3425 msgid "B<int execlp(const char *>I<file>B<, const char *>I<arg>B<, ...);>"
3429 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:54
3430 msgid "B<int execle(const char *>I<path>B<, const char *>I<arg>B<,>"
3434 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:56
3435 msgid "B< ..., char * const >I<envp>B<[]);>"
3439 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:58
3440 msgid "B<int execv(const char *>I<path>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[]);>"
3444 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:60
3445 msgid "B<int execvp(const char *>I<file>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[]);>"
3449 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:62
3450 msgid "B<int execvpe(const char *>I<file>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[],>"
3454 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:64 build/C/man2/execve.2:46
3455 msgid "B< char *const >I<envp>B<[]);>"
3459 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:72
3460 msgid "B<execvpe>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
3464 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:82
3466 "The B<exec>() family of functions replaces the current process image with a "
3467 "new process image. The functions described in this manual page are "
3468 "front-ends for B<execve>(2). (See the manual page for B<execve>(2) for "
3469 "further details about the replacement of the current process image.)"
3473 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:85
3475 "The initial argument for these functions is the name of a file that is to be "
3480 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:107
3482 "The I<const char *arg> and subsequent ellipses in the B<execl>(), "
3483 "B<execlp>(), and B<execle>() functions can be thought of as I<arg0>, "
3484 "I<arg1>, \\&..., I<argn>. Together they describe a list of one or more "
3485 "pointers to null-terminated strings that represent the argument list "
3486 "available to the executed program. The first argument, by convention, "
3487 "should point to the filename associated with the file being executed. The "
3488 "list of arguments I<must> be terminated by a NULL pointer, and, since these "
3489 "are variadic functions, this pointer must be cast I<(char *) NULL>."
3493 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:120
3495 "The B<execv>(), B<execvp>(), and B<execvpe>() functions provide an array of "
3496 "pointers to null-terminated strings that represent the argument list "
3497 "available to the new program. The first argument, by convention, should "
3498 "point to the filename associated with the file being executed. The array of "
3499 "pointers I<must> be terminated by a NULL pointer."
3503 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:137
3505 "The B<execle>() and B<execvpe>() functions allow the caller to specify the "
3506 "environment of the executed program via the argument I<envp>. The I<envp> "
3507 "argument is an array of pointers to null-terminated strings and I<must> be "
3508 "terminated by a NULL pointer. The other functions take the environment for "
3509 "the new process image from the external variable I<environ> in the calling "
3514 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:137
3516 msgid "Special semantics for execlp() and execvp()"
3520 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:157
3522 "The B<execlp>(), B<execvp>(), and B<execvpe>() functions duplicate the "
3523 "actions of the shell in searching for an executable file if the specified "
3524 "filename does not contain a slash (/) character. The file is sought in the "
3525 "colon-separated list of directory pathnames specified in the B<PATH> "
3526 "environment variable. If this variable isn't defined, the path list "
3527 "defaults to the current directory followed by the list of directories "
3528 "returned by I<confstr(_CS_PATH)>. (This B<confstr>(3) call typically "
3529 "returns the value \"/bin:/usr/bin\".)"
3533 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:161
3535 "If the specified filename includes a slash character, then B<PATH> is "
3536 "ignored, and the file at the specified pathname is executed."
3540 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:163
3541 msgid "In addition, certain errors are treated specially."
3545 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:174
3547 "If permission is denied for a file (the attempted B<execve>(2) failed with "
3548 "the error B<EACCES>), these functions will continue searching the rest of "
3549 "the search path. If no other file is found, however, they will return with "
3550 "I<errno> set to B<EACCES>."
3554 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:183
3556 "If the header of a file isn't recognized (the attempted B<execve>(2) failed "
3557 "with the error B<ENOEXEC>), these functions will execute the shell "
3558 "(I</bin/sh>) with the path of the file as its first argument. (If this "
3559 "attempt fails, no further searching is done.)"
3563 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:190
3565 "The B<exec>() functions only return if an error has occurred. The return "
3566 "value is -1, and I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
3570 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:195
3572 "All of these functions may fail and set I<errno> for any of the errors "
3573 "specified for B<execve>(2)."
3577 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:199
3578 msgid "The B<execvpe>() function first appeared in glibc 2.11."
3582 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:201
3583 msgid "POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008."
3587 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:205
3588 msgid "The B<execvpe>() function is a GNU extension."
3592 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:215
3594 "On some other systems, the default path (used when the environment does not "
3595 "contain the variable B<PATH>) has the current working directory listed after "
3596 "I</bin> and I</usr/bin>, as an anti-Trojan-horse measure. Linux uses here "
3597 "the traditional \"current directory first\" default path."
3601 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:229
3603 "The behavior of B<execlp>() and B<execvp>() when errors occur while "
3604 "attempting to execute the file is historic practice, but has not "
3605 "traditionally been documented and is not specified by the POSIX standard. "
3606 "BSD (and possibly other systems) do an automatic sleep and retry if "
3607 "B<ETXTBSY> is encountered. Linux treats it as a hard error and returns "
3612 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:241
3614 "Traditionally, the functions B<execlp>() and B<execvp>() ignored all "
3615 "errors except for the ones described above and B<ENOMEM> and B<E2BIG>, upon "
3616 "which they returned. They now return if any error other than the ones "
3617 "described above occurs."
3621 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:248
3623 "B<sh>(1), B<execve>(2), B<fork>(2), B<ptrace>(2), B<fexecve>(3), "
3628 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:37
3634 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:37
3640 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:40
3641 msgid "execve - execute program"
3645 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:44
3646 msgid "B<int execve(const char *>I<filename>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[], >"
3650 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:51
3652 "B<execve>() executes the program pointed to by I<filename>. I<filename> "
3653 "must be either a binary executable, or a script starting with a line of the "
3658 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:55 build/C/man2/execve.2:267
3660 msgid "B<#!> I<interpreter >[optional-arg]\n"
3664 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:59
3665 msgid "For details of the latter case, see \"Interpreter scripts\" below."
3669 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:68
3671 "I<argv> is an array of argument strings passed to the new program. By "
3672 "convention, the first of these strings should contain the filename "
3673 "associated with the file being executed. I<envp> is an array of strings, "
3674 "conventionally of the form B<key=value>, which are passed as environment to "
3675 "the new program. Both I<argv> and I<envp> must be terminated by a NULL "
3676 "pointer. The argument vector and environment can be accessed by the called "
3677 "program's main function, when it is defined as:"
3681 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:72
3683 msgid "int main(int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[])\n"
3687 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:79
3689 "B<execve>() does not return on success, and the text, data, bss, and stack "
3690 "of the calling process are overwritten by that of the program loaded."
3694 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:83
3696 "If the current program is being ptraced, a B<SIGTRAP> is sent to it after a "
3697 "successful B<execve>()."
3701 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:98
3703 "If the set-user-ID bit is set on the program file pointed to by I<filename>, "
3704 "and the underlying file system is not mounted I<nosuid> (the B<MS_NOSUID> "
3705 "flag for B<mount>(2)), and the calling process is not being ptraced, then "
3706 "the effective user ID of the calling process is changed to that of the owner "
3707 "of the program file. Similarly, when the set-group-ID bit of the program "
3708 "file is set the effective group ID of the calling process is set to the "
3709 "group of the program file."
3713 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:103
3715 "The effective user ID of the process is copied to the saved set-user-ID; "
3716 "similarly, the effective group ID is copied to the saved set-group-ID. This "
3717 "copying takes place after any effective ID changes that occur because of the "
3718 "set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission bits."
3722 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:111
3724 "If the executable is an a.out dynamically linked binary executable "
3725 "containing shared-library stubs, the Linux dynamic linker B<ld.so>(8) is "
3726 "called at the start of execution to bring needed shared libraries into "
3727 "memory and link the executable with them."
3731 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:120
3733 "If the executable is a dynamically linked ELF executable, the interpreter "
3734 "named in the PT_INTERP segment is used to load the needed shared libraries. "
3735 "This interpreter is typically I</lib/ld-linux.so.2> for binaries linked with "
3736 "glibc 2. (For binaries linked with the old Linux libc5, the interpreter was "
3737 "typically I</lib/ld-linux.so.1>.)"
3741 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:124
3743 "All process attributes are preserved during an B<execve>(), except the "
3748 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:128
3750 "The dispositions of any signals that are being caught are reset to the "
3751 "default (B<signal>(7))."
3755 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:131
3756 msgid "Any alternate signal stack is not preserved (B<sigaltstack>(2))."
3760 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:134
3761 msgid "Memory mappings are not preserved (B<mmap>(2))."
3765 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:137
3766 msgid "Attached System V shared memory segments are detached (B<shmat>(2))."
3770 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:140
3771 msgid "POSIX shared memory regions are unmapped (B<shm_open>(3))."
3775 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:143
3776 msgid "Open POSIX message queue descriptors are closed (B<mq_overview>(7))."
3780 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:146
3781 msgid "Any open POSIX named semaphores are closed (B<sem_overview>(7))."
3785 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:149
3786 msgid "POSIX timers are not preserved (B<timer_create>(2))."
3790 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:152
3791 msgid "Any open directory streams are closed (B<opendir>(3))."
3795 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:156
3796 msgid "Memory locks are not preserved (B<mlock>(2), B<mlockall>(2))."
3800 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:160
3801 msgid "Exit handlers are not preserved (B<atexit>(3), B<on_exit>(3))."
3805 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:163
3806 msgid "The floating-point environment is reset to the default (see B<fenv>(3))."
3810 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:169
3812 "The process attributes in the preceding list are all specified in "
3813 "POSIX.1-2001. The following Linux-specific process attributes are also not "
3814 "preserved during an B<execve>():"
3818 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:176
3820 "The B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_DUMPABLE> flag is set, unless a set-user-ID or "
3821 "set-group ID program is being executed, in which case it is cleared."
3825 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:181
3826 msgid "The B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_KEEPCAPS> flag is cleared."
3830 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:188
3832 "(Since Linux 2.4.36 / 2.6.23) If a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program is "
3833 "being executed, then the parent death signal set by B<prctl>(2) "
3834 "B<PR_SET_PDEATHSIG> flag is cleared."
3838 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:195
3840 "The process name, as set by B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_NAME> (and displayed by "
3841 "I<ps\\ -o comm>), is reset to the name of the new executable file."
3845 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:202
3847 "The B<SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS> I<securebits> flag is cleared. See "
3848 "B<capabilities>(7)."
3852 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:207
3853 msgid "The termination signal is reset to B<SIGCHLD> (see B<clone>(2))."
3857 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:209 build/C/man2/fork.2:133
3858 msgid "Note the following further points:"
3862 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:213
3864 "All threads other than the calling thread are destroyed during an "
3865 "B<execve>(). Mutexes, condition variables, and other pthreads objects are "
3870 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:216
3872 "The equivalent of I<setlocale(LC_ALL, \"C\")> is executed at program "
3877 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:224
3879 "POSIX.1-2001 specifies that the dispositions of any signals that are ignored "
3880 "or set to the default are left unchanged. POSIX.1-2001 specifies one "
3881 "exception: if B<SIGCHLD> is being ignored, then an implementation may leave "
3882 "the disposition unchanged or reset it to the default; Linux does the former."
3886 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:228
3888 "Any outstanding asynchronous I/O operations are canceled (B<aio_read>(3), "
3893 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:233
3894 msgid "For the handling of capabilities during B<execve>(), see B<capabilities>(7)."
3897 #. On Linux it appears that these file descriptors are
3898 #. always open after an execve(), and it looks like
3899 #. Solaris 8 and FreeBSD 6.1 are the same. -- mtk, 30 Apr 2007
3901 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:260
3903 "By default, file descriptors remain open across an B<execve>(). File "
3904 "descriptors that are marked close-on-exec are closed; see the description of "
3905 "B<FD_CLOEXEC> in B<fcntl>(2). (If a file descriptor is closed, this will "
3906 "cause the release of all record locks obtained on the underlying file by "
3907 "this process. See B<fcntl>(2) for details.) POSIX.1-2001 says that if "
3908 "file descriptors 0, 1, and 2 would otherwise be closed after a successful "
3909 "B<execve>(), and the process would gain privilege because the set-user_ID or "
3910 "set-group_ID permission bit was set on the executed file, then the system "
3911 "may open an unspecified file for each of these file descriptors. As a "
3912 "general principle, no portable program, whether privileged or not, can "
3913 "assume that these three file descriptors will remain closed across an "
3918 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:260
3920 msgid "Interpreter scripts"
3924 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:263
3926 "An interpreter script is a text file that has execute permission enabled and "
3927 "whose first line is of the form:"
3931 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:281
3933 "The I<interpreter> must be a valid pathname for an executable which is not "
3934 "itself a script. If the I<filename> argument of B<execve>() specifies an "
3935 "interpreter script, then I<interpreter> will be invoked with the following "
3940 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:285
3942 msgid "I<interpreter> [optional-arg] I<filename> arg...\n"
3946 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:294
3948 "where I<arg...> is the series of words pointed to by the I<argv> argument of "
3953 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:299
3955 "For portable use, I<optional-arg> should either be absent, or be specified "
3956 "as a single word (i.e., it should not contain white space); see NOTES below."
3960 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:299
3962 msgid "Limits on size of arguments and environment"
3966 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:312
3968 "Most UNIX implementations impose some limit on the total size of the "
3969 "command-line argument (I<argv>) and environment (I<envp>) strings that may "
3970 "be passed to a new program. POSIX.1 allows an implementation to advertise "
3971 "this limit using the B<ARG_MAX> constant (either defined in "
3972 "I<E<lt>limits.hE<gt>> or available at run time using the call "
3973 "I<sysconf(_SC_ARG_MAX)>)."
3977 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:319
3979 "On Linux prior to kernel 2.6.23, the memory used to store the environment "
3980 "and argument strings was limited to 32 pages (defined by the kernel constant "
3981 "B<MAX_ARG_PAGES>). On architectures with a 4-kB page size, this yields a "
3982 "maximum size of 128 kB."
3985 #. For some background on the changes to ARG_MAX in kernels 2.6.23 and
3987 #. http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=5786
3988 #. http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=10095
3989 #. http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/646709/focus=648101,
3990 #. checked into 2.6.25 as commit a64e715fc74b1a7dcc5944f848acc38b2c4d4ee2.
3991 #. Ollie: That doesn't include the lists of pointers, though,
3992 #. so the actual usage is a bit higher (1 pointer per argument).
3994 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:355
3996 "On kernel 2.6.23 and later, most architectures support a size limit derived "
3997 "from the soft B<RLIMIT_STACK> resource limit (see B<getrlimit>(2)) that is "
3998 "in force at the time of the B<execve>() call. (Architectures with no "
3999 "memory management unit are excepted: they maintain the limit that was in "
4000 "effect before kernel 2.6.23.) This change allows programs to have a much "
4001 "larger argument and/or environment list. For these architectures, the total "
4002 "size is limited to 1/4 of the allowed stack size. (Imposing the 1/4-limit "
4003 "ensures that the new program always has some stack space.) Since Linux "
4004 "2.6.25, the kernel places a floor of 32 pages on this size limit, so that, "
4005 "even when B<RLIMIT_STACK> is set very low, applications are guaranteed to "
4006 "have at least as much argument and environment space as was provided by "
4007 "Linux 2.6.23 and earlier. (This guarantee was not provided in Linux 2.6.23 "
4008 "and 2.6.24.) Additionally, the limit per string is 32 pages (the kernel "
4009 "constant B<MAX_ARG_STRLEN>), and the maximum number of strings is "
4014 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:361
4016 "On success, B<execve>() does not return, on error -1 is returned, and "
4017 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
4021 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:362
4027 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:369
4029 "The total number of bytes in the environment (I<envp>) and argument list "
4030 "(I<argv>) is too large."
4034 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:376
4036 "Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix of I<filename> "
4037 "or the name of a script interpreter. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
4041 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:379
4042 msgid "The file or a script interpreter is not a regular file."
4046 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:382
4047 msgid "Execute permission is denied for the file or a script or ELF interpreter."
4051 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:386
4052 msgid "The file system is mounted I<noexec>."
4056 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:390
4057 msgid "I<filename> points outside your accessible address space."
4061 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:394
4063 "An ELF executable had more than one PT_INTERP segment (i.e., tried to name "
4064 "more than one interpreter)."
4068 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:397 build/C/man2/truncate.2:148
4074 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:400
4075 msgid "An ELF interpreter was a directory."
4079 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:400
4085 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:403
4086 msgid "An ELF interpreter was not in a recognized format."
4090 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:408
4092 "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<filename> or the "
4093 "name of a script or ELF interpreter."
4097 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:411
4098 msgid "The process has the maximum number of files open."
4102 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:415
4103 msgid "I<filename> is too long."
4107 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:415 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:106 build/C/man2/swapon.2:133 build/C/man2/uselib.2:67
4113 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:418 build/C/man2/swapon.2:136 build/C/man2/uselib.2:70
4114 msgid "The system limit on the total number of open files has been reached."
4118 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:424
4120 "The file I<filename> or a script or ELF interpreter does not exist, or a "
4121 "shared library needed for file or interpreter cannot be found."
4125 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:424 build/C/man2/uselib.2:70
4131 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:429
4133 "An executable is not in a recognized format, is for the wrong architecture, "
4134 "or has some other format error that means it cannot be executed."
4138 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:437
4140 "A component of the path prefix of I<filename> or a script or ELF interpreter "
4141 "is not a directory."
4145 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:443
4147 "The file system is mounted I<nosuid>, the user is not the superuser, and the "
4148 "file has the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit set."
4152 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:447
4154 "The process is being traced, the user is not the superuser and the file has "
4155 "the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit set."
4159 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:450
4160 msgid "Executable was open for writing by one or more processes."
4163 #. SVr4 documents additional error
4164 #. conditions EAGAIN, EINTR, ELIBACC, ENOLINK, EMULTIHOP; POSIX does not
4165 #. document ETXTBSY, EPERM, EFAULT, ELOOP, EIO, ENFILE, EMFILE, EINVAL,
4166 #. EISDIR or ELIBBAD error conditions.
4168 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:458
4170 "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2001 does not document the #! behavior "
4171 "but is otherwise compatible."
4175 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:461
4176 msgid "Set-user-ID and set-group-ID processes can not be B<ptrace>(2)d."
4180 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:463
4181 msgid "Linux ignores the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits on scripts."
4185 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:474
4187 "The result of mounting a file system I<nosuid> varies across Linux kernel "
4188 "versions: some will refuse execution of set-user-ID and set-group-ID "
4189 "executables when this would give the user powers she did not have already "
4190 "(and return B<EPERM>), some will just ignore the set-user-ID and "
4191 "set-group-ID bits and B<exec>() successfully."
4195 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:477
4197 "A maximum line length of 127 characters is allowed for the first line in a "
4198 "#! executable shell script."
4202 #. e.g., FreeBSD before 6.0, but not FreeBSD 6.0 onward
4204 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:496
4206 "The semantics of the I<optional-arg> argument of an interpreter script vary "
4207 "across implementations. On Linux, the entire string following the "
4208 "I<interpreter> name is passed as a single argument to the interpreter, and "
4209 "this string can include white space. However, behavior differs on some "
4210 "other systems. Some systems use the first white space to terminate "
4211 "I<optional-arg>. On some systems, an interpreter script can have multiple "
4212 "arguments, and white spaces in I<optional-arg> are used to delimit the "
4216 #. e.g., EFAULT on Solaris 8 and FreeBSD 6.1; but
4217 #. HP-UX 11 is like Linux -- mtk, Apr 2007
4218 #. Bug filed 30 Apr 2007: http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=8408
4219 #. Bug rejected (because fix would constitute an ABI change).
4221 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:511
4223 "On Linux, I<argv> can be specified as NULL, which has the same effect as "
4224 "specifying this argument as a pointer to a list containing a single NULL "
4225 "pointer. B<Do not take advantage of this misfeature!> It is nonstandard and "
4226 "nonportable: on most other UNIX systems doing this will result in an error "
4232 #. Some Linux versions have failed to check permissions on ELF
4233 #. interpreters. This is a security hole, because it allows users to
4234 #. open any file, such as a rewinding tape device, for reading. Some
4235 #. Linux versions have also had other security holes in
4237 #. that could be exploited for denial of service by a suitably crafted
4238 #. ELF binary. There are no known problems with 2.0.34 or 2.2.15.
4240 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:531
4242 "POSIX.1-2001 says that values returned by B<sysconf>(3) should be invariant "
4243 "over the lifetime of a process. However, since Linux 2.6.23, if the "
4244 "B<RLIMIT_STACK> resource limit changes, then the value reported by "
4245 "B<_SC_ARG_MAX> will also change, to reflect the fact that the limit on space "
4246 "for holding command-line arguments and environment variables has changed."
4250 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:531
4256 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:542
4258 "With UNIX V6 the argument list of an B<exec>() call was ended by 0, while "
4259 "the argument list of I<main> was ended by -1. Thus, this argument list was "
4260 "not directly usable in a further B<exec>() call. Since UNIX V7 both are "
4265 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:545
4267 "The following program is designed to be execed by the second program below. "
4268 "It just echoes its command-line one per line."
4272 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:549
4274 msgid "/* myecho.c */\n"
4278 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:552
4281 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4282 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4286 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:557
4290 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4296 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:560
4299 " for (j = 0; j E<lt> argc; j++)\n"
4300 " printf(\"argv[%d]: %s\\en\", j, argv[j]);\n"
4304 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:568
4306 "This program can be used to exec the program named in its command-line "
4311 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:572
4313 msgid "/* execve.c */\n"
4317 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:576
4320 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4321 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4322 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
4326 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:582
4330 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4332 " char *newargv[] = { NULL, \"hello\", \"world\", NULL };\n"
4333 " char *newenviron[] = { NULL };\n"
4337 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:587
4340 " if (argc != 2) {\n"
4341 "\tfprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>file-to-execE<gt>\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
4342 "\texit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4347 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:589
4349 msgid " newargv[0] = argv[1];\n"
4353 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:594
4356 " execve(argv[1], newargv, newenviron);\n"
4357 " perror(\"execve\"); /* execve() only returns on error */\n"
4358 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4363 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:598
4364 msgid "We can use the second program to exec the first as follows:"
4368 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:607
4371 "$B< cc myecho.c -o myecho>\n"
4372 "$B< cc execve.c -o execve>\n"
4373 "$B< ./execve ./myecho>\n"
4374 "argv[0]: ./myecho\n"
4380 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:615
4382 "We can also use these programs to demonstrate the use of a script "
4383 "interpreter. To do this we create a script whose \"interpreter\" is our "
4384 "I<myecho> program:"
4388 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:622
4391 "$B< cat E<gt> script.sh>\n"
4392 "B<#! ./myecho script-arg>\n"
4394 "$B< chmod +x script.sh>\n"
4398 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:626
4399 msgid "We can then use our program to exec the script:"
4403 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:635
4406 "$B< ./execve ./script.sh>\n"
4407 "argv[0]: ./myecho\n"
4408 "argv[1]: script-arg\n"
4409 "argv[2]: ./script.sh\n"
4415 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:648
4417 "B<chmod>(2), B<fork>(2), B<ptrace>(2), B<execl>(3), B<fexecve>(3), "
4418 "B<getopt>(3), B<credentials>(7), B<environ>(7), B<path_resolution>(7), "
4423 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25
4429 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25
4435 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:28
4436 msgid "exit_group - exit all threads in a process"
4440 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:31
4442 msgid "B<#include E<lt>linux/unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
4446 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:33
4448 msgid "B<void exit_group(int >I<status>B<);>\n"
4452 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:39
4454 "This system call is equivalent to B<exit>(2) except that it terminates not "
4455 "only the calling thread, but all threads in the calling process's thread "
4460 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:41
4461 msgid "This system call does not return."
4465 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:43
4466 msgid "This call is present since Linux 2.5.35."
4470 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:45
4471 msgid "This call is Linux-specific."
4475 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:49
4477 "Since glibc 2.3, this is the system call invoked when the B<exit>(2) "
4478 "wrapper function is called."
4482 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:51
4487 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:61
4493 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:61
4499 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:64
4500 msgid "fcntl - manipulate file descriptor"
4504 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:68
4507 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
4508 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>>\n"
4512 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:70
4514 msgid "B<int fcntl(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<cmd>B<, ... /* >I<arg>B< */ );>\n"
4518 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:77
4520 "B<fcntl>() performs one of the operations described below on the open file "
4521 "descriptor I<fd>. The operation is determined by I<cmd>."
4525 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:91
4527 "B<fcntl>() can take an optional third argument. Whether or not this "
4528 "argument is required is determined by I<cmd>. The required argument type is "
4529 "indicated in parentheses after each I<cmd> name (in most cases, the required "
4530 "type is I<int>, and we identify the argument using the name I<arg>), or "
4531 "I<void> is specified if the argument is not required."
4535 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:91
4537 msgid "Duplicating a file descriptor"
4541 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:92
4543 msgid "B<F_DUPFD> (I<int>)"
4547 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:102
4549 "Find the lowest numbered available file descriptor greater than or equal to "
4550 "I<arg> and make it be a copy of I<fd>. This is different from B<dup2>(2), "
4551 "which uses exactly the descriptor specified."
4555 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:104
4556 msgid "On success, the new descriptor is returned."
4560 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:108
4561 msgid "See B<dup>(2) for further details."
4565 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:108
4567 msgid "B<F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC> (I<int>; since Linux 2.6.24)"
4571 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:125
4573 "As for B<F_DUPFD>, but additionally set the close-on-exec flag for the "
4574 "duplicate descriptor. Specifying this flag permits a program to avoid an "
4575 "additional B<fcntl>() B<F_SETFD> operation to set the B<FD_CLOEXEC> flag. "
4576 "For an explanation of why this flag is useful, see the description of "
4577 "B<O_CLOEXEC> in B<open>(2)."
4581 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:125
4583 msgid "File descriptor flags"
4587 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:136
4589 "The following commands manipulate the flags associated with a file "
4590 "descriptor. Currently, only one such flag is defined: B<FD_CLOEXEC>, the "
4591 "close-on-exec flag. If the B<FD_CLOEXEC> bit is 0, the file descriptor will "
4592 "remain open across an B<execve>(2), otherwise it will be closed."
4596 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:136
4598 msgid "B<F_GETFD> (I<void>)"
4602 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:141
4603 msgid "Read the file descriptor flags; I<arg> is ignored."
4607 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:141
4609 msgid "B<F_SETFD> (I<int>)"
4613 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:145
4614 msgid "Set the file descriptor flags to the value specified by I<arg>."
4618 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:145
4620 msgid "File status flags"
4626 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:160
4628 "Each open file description has certain associated status flags, initialized "
4629 "by B<open>(2) and possibly modified by B<fcntl>(). Duplicated file "
4630 "descriptors (made with B<dup>(2), B<fcntl>(F_DUPFD), B<fork>(2), etc.) refer "
4631 "to the same open file description, and thus share the same file status "
4636 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:163
4637 msgid "The file status flags and their semantics are described in B<open>(2)."
4641 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:163
4643 msgid "B<F_GETFL> (I<void>)"
4647 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:168
4648 msgid "Get the file access mode and the file status flags; I<arg> is ignored."
4652 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:168
4654 msgid "B<F_SETFL> (I<int>)"
4657 #. FIXME . According to POSIX.1-2001, O_SYNC should also be modifiable
4658 #. via fcntl(2), but currently Linux does not permit this
4659 #. See http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=5994
4661 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:191
4663 "Set the file status flags to the value specified by I<arg>. File access "
4664 "mode (B<O_RDONLY>, B<O_WRONLY>, B<O_RDWR>) and file creation flags (i.e., "
4665 "B<O_CREAT>, B<O_EXCL>, B<O_NOCTTY>, B<O_TRUNC>) in I<arg> are ignored. On "
4666 "Linux this command can change only the B<O_APPEND>, B<O_ASYNC>, B<O_DIRECT>, "
4667 "B<O_NOATIME>, and B<O_NONBLOCK> flags."
4671 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:191
4673 msgid "Advisory locking"
4677 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:199
4679 "B<F_GETLK>, B<F_SETLK> and B<F_SETLKW> are used to acquire, release, and "
4680 "test for the existence of record locks (also known as file-segment or "
4681 "file-region locks). The third argument, I<lock>, is a pointer to a "
4682 "structure that has at least the following fields (in unspecified order)."
4686 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:214
4691 " short l_type; /* Type of lock: F_RDLCK,\n"
4692 " F_WRLCK, F_UNLCK */\n"
4693 " short l_whence; /* How to interpret l_start:\n"
4694 " SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END */\n"
4695 " off_t l_start; /* Starting offset for lock */\n"
4696 " off_t l_len; /* Number of bytes to lock */\n"
4697 " pid_t l_pid; /* PID of process blocking our lock\n"
4698 " (F_GETLK only) */\n"
4704 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:222
4706 "The I<l_whence>, I<l_start>, and I<l_len> fields of this structure specify "
4707 "the range of bytes we wish to lock. Bytes past the end of the file may be "
4708 "locked, but not bytes before the start of the file."
4712 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:242
4714 "I<l_start> is the starting offset for the lock, and is interpreted relative "
4715 "to either: the start of the file (if I<l_whence> is B<SEEK_SET>); the "
4716 "current file offset (if I<l_whence> is B<SEEK_CUR>); or the end of the file "
4717 "(if I<l_whence> is B<SEEK_END>). In the final two cases, I<l_start> can be "
4718 "a negative number provided the offset does not lie before the start of the "
4723 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:257
4725 "I<l_len> specifies the number of bytes to be locked. If I<l_len> is "
4726 "positive, then the range to be locked covers bytes I<l_start> up to and "
4727 "including I<l_start>+I<l_len>-I<1>. Specifying 0 for I<l_len> has the "
4728 "special meaning: lock all bytes starting at the location specified by "
4729 "I<l_whence> and I<l_start> through to the end of file, no matter how large "
4734 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:270
4736 "POSIX.1-2001 allows (but does not require) an implementation to support a "
4737 "negative I<l_len> value; if I<l_len> is negative, the interval described by "
4738 "I<lock> covers bytes I<l_start>+I<l_len> up to and including I<l_start>-1. "
4739 "This is supported by Linux since kernel versions 2.4.21 and 2.5.49."
4743 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:289
4745 "The I<l_type> field can be used to place a read (B<F_RDLCK>) or a write "
4746 "(B<F_WRLCK>) lock on a file. Any number of processes may hold a read lock "
4747 "(shared lock) on a file region, but only one process may hold a write lock "
4748 "(exclusive lock). An exclusive lock excludes all other locks, both shared "
4749 "and exclusive. A single process can hold only one type of lock on a file "
4750 "region; if a new lock is applied to an already-locked region, then the "
4751 "existing lock is converted to the new lock type. (Such conversions may "
4752 "involve splitting, shrinking, or coalescing with an existing lock if the "
4753 "byte range specified by the new lock does not precisely coincide with the "
4754 "range of the existing lock.)"
4758 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:289
4760 msgid "B<F_SETLK> (I<struct flock *>)"
4764 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:312
4766 "Acquire a lock (when I<l_type> is B<F_RDLCK> or B<F_WRLCK>) or release a "
4767 "lock (when I<l_type> is B<F_UNLCK>) on the bytes specified by the "
4768 "I<l_whence>, I<l_start>, and I<l_len> fields of I<lock>. If a conflicting "
4769 "lock is held by another process, this call returns -1 and sets I<errno> to "
4770 "B<EACCES> or B<EAGAIN>."
4774 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:312
4776 msgid "B<F_SETLKW> (I<struct flock *>)"
4780 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:326
4782 "As for B<F_SETLK>, but if a conflicting lock is held on the file, then wait "
4783 "for that lock to be released. If a signal is caught while waiting, then the "
4784 "call is interrupted and (after the signal handler has returned) returns "
4785 "immediately (with return value -1 and I<errno> set to B<EINTR>; see "
4790 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:326
4792 msgid "B<F_GETLK> (I<struct flock *>)"
4796 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:350
4798 "On input to this call, I<lock> describes a lock we would like to place on "
4799 "the file. If the lock could be placed, B<fcntl>() does not actually place "
4800 "it, but returns B<F_UNLCK> in the I<l_type> field of I<lock> and leaves the "
4801 "other fields of the structure unchanged. If one or more incompatible locks "
4802 "would prevent this lock being placed, then B<fcntl>() returns details about "
4803 "one of these locks in the I<l_type>, I<l_whence>, I<l_start>, and I<l_len> "
4804 "fields of I<lock> and sets I<l_pid> to be the PID of the process holding "
4809 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:358
4811 "In order to place a read lock, I<fd> must be open for reading. In order to "
4812 "place a write lock, I<fd> must be open for writing. To place both types of "
4813 "lock, open a file read-write."
4816 #. (Additional file descriptors referring to the same file
4817 #. may have been obtained by calls to
4818 #. .BR open "(2), " dup "(2), " dup2 "(2), or " fcntl ().)
4820 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:375
4822 "As well as being removed by an explicit B<F_UNLCK>, record locks are "
4823 "automatically released when the process terminates or if it closes I<any> "
4824 "file descriptor referring to a file on which locks are held. This is bad: "
4825 "it means that a process can lose the locks on a file like I</etc/passwd> or "
4826 "I</etc/mtab> when for some reason a library function decides to open, read "
4831 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:380
4833 "Record locks are not inherited by a child created via B<fork>(2), but are "
4834 "preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
4838 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:389
4840 "Because of the buffering performed by the B<stdio>(3) library, the use of "
4841 "record locking with routines in that package should be avoided; use "
4842 "B<read>(2) and B<write>(2) instead."
4846 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:389
4848 msgid "Mandatory locking"
4852 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:393
4854 "(Non-POSIX.) The above record locks may be either advisory or mandatory, "
4855 "and are advisory by default."
4859 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:396
4861 "Advisory locks are not enforced and are useful only between cooperating "
4866 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:415
4868 "Mandatory locks are enforced for all processes. If a process tries to "
4869 "perform an incompatible access (e.g., B<read>(2) or B<write>(2)) on a file "
4870 "region that has an incompatible mandatory lock, then the result depends upon "
4871 "whether the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag is enabled for its open file description. If "
4872 "the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag is not enabled, then system call is blocked until the "
4873 "lock is removed or converted to a mode that is compatible with the access. "
4874 "If the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag is enabled, then the system call fails with the "
4879 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:432
4881 "To make use of mandatory locks, mandatory locking must be enabled both on "
4882 "the file system that contains the file to be locked, and on the file "
4883 "itself. Mandatory locking is enabled on a file system using the \"-o mand\" "
4884 "option to B<mount>(8), or the B<MS_MANDLOCK> flag for B<mount>(2). "
4885 "Mandatory locking is enabled on a file by disabling group execute permission "
4886 "on the file and enabling the set-group-ID permission bit (see B<chmod>(1) "
4891 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:435
4893 "The Linux implementation of mandatory locking is unreliable. See BUGS "
4898 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:435
4900 msgid "Managing signals"
4904 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:444
4906 "B<F_GETOWN>, B<F_SETOWN>, B<F_GETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETOWN_EX>, B<F_GETSIG> and "
4907 "B<F_SETSIG> are used to manage I/O availability signals:"
4911 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:444
4913 msgid "B<F_GETOWN> (I<void>)"
4917 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:457
4919 "Return (as the function result) the process ID or process group currently "
4920 "receiving B<SIGIO> and B<SIGURG> signals for events on file descriptor "
4921 "I<fd>. Process IDs are returned as positive values; process group IDs are "
4922 "returned as negative values (but see BUGS below). I<arg> is ignored."
4926 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:457
4928 msgid "B<F_SETOWN> (I<int>)"
4932 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:474
4934 "Set the process ID or process group ID that will receive B<SIGIO> and "
4935 "B<SIGURG> signals for events on file descriptor I<fd> to the ID given in "
4936 "I<arg>. A process ID is specified as a positive value; a process group ID "
4937 "is specified as a negative value. Most commonly, the calling process "
4938 "specifies itself as the owner (that is, I<arg> is specified as "
4944 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:491
4946 "If you set the B<O_ASYNC> status flag on a file descriptor by using the "
4947 "B<F_SETFL> command of B<fcntl>(), a B<SIGIO> signal is sent whenever input "
4948 "or output becomes possible on that file descriptor. B<F_SETSIG> can be used "
4949 "to obtain delivery of a signal other than B<SIGIO>. If this permission "
4950 "check fails, then the signal is silently discarded."
4954 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:499
4956 "Sending a signal to the owner process (group) specified by B<F_SETOWN> is "
4957 "subject to the same permissions checks as are described for B<kill>(2), "
4958 "where the sending process is the one that employs B<F_SETOWN> (but see BUGS "
4962 #. The following appears to be rubbish. It doesn't seem to
4963 #. be true according to the kernel source, and I can write
4964 #. a program that gets a terminal-generated SIGIO even though
4965 #. it is not the foreground process group of the terminal.
4968 #. If the file descriptor
4970 #. refers to a terminal device, then SIGIO
4971 #. signals are sent to the foreground process group of the terminal.
4973 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:523
4975 "If the file descriptor I<fd> refers to a socket, B<F_SETOWN> also selects "
4976 "the recipient of B<SIGURG> signals that are delivered when out-of-band data "
4977 "arrives on that socket. (B<SIGURG> is sent in any situation where "
4978 "B<select>(2) would report the socket as having an \"exceptional "
4983 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:526
4984 msgid "The following was true in 2.6.x kernels up to and including kernel 2.6.11:"
4987 #. The relevant place in the (2.6) kernel source is the
4988 #. 'switch' in fs/fcntl.c::send_sigio_to_task() -- MTK, Apr 2005
4989 #. send_sigurg()/send_sigurg_to_task() bypasses
4990 #. kill_fasync()/send_sigio()/send_sigio_to_task()
4991 #. to directly call send_group_sig_info()
4992 #. -- MTK, Apr 2005 (kernel 2.6.11)
4994 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:566
4996 "If a nonzero value is given to B<F_SETSIG> in a multithreaded process "
4997 "running with a threading library that supports thread groups (e.g., NPTL), "
4998 "then a positive value given to B<F_SETOWN> has a different meaning: instead "
4999 "of being a process ID identifying a whole process, it is a thread ID "
5000 "identifying a specific thread within a process. Consequently, it may be "
5001 "necessary to pass B<F_SETOWN> the result of B<gettid>(2) instead of "
5002 "B<getpid>(2) to get sensible results when B<F_SETSIG> is used. (In current "
5003 "Linux threading implementations, a main thread's thread ID is the same as "
5004 "its process ID. This means that a single-threaded program can equally use "
5005 "B<gettid>(2) or B<getpid>(2) in this scenario.) Note, however, that the "
5006 "statements in this paragraph do not apply to the B<SIGURG> signal generated "
5007 "for out-of-band data on a socket: this signal is always sent to either a "
5008 "process or a process group, depending on the value given to B<F_SETOWN>."
5012 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:577
5014 "The above behavior was accidentally dropped in Linux 2.6.12, and won't be "
5015 "restored. From Linux 2.6.32 onward, use B<F_SETOWN_EX> to target B<SIGIO> "
5016 "and B<SIGURG> signals at a particular thread."
5020 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:577
5022 msgid "B<F_GETOWN_EX> (struct f_owner_ex *) (since Linux 2.6.32)"
5026 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:586
5028 "Return the current file descriptor owner settings as defined by a previous "
5029 "B<F_SETOWN_EX> operation. The information is returned in the structure "
5030 "pointed to by I<arg>, which has the following form:"
5034 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:593
5037 "struct f_owner_ex {\n"
5044 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:610
5046 "The I<type> field will have one of the values B<F_OWNER_TID>, "
5047 "B<F_OWNER_PID>, or B<F_OWNER_PGRP>. The I<pid> field is a positive integer "
5048 "representing a thread ID, process ID, or process group ID. See "
5049 "B<F_SETOWN_EX> for more details."
5053 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:610
5055 msgid "B<F_SETOWN_EX> (struct f_owner_ex *) (since Linux 2.6.32)"
5059 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:626
5061 "This operation performs a similar task to B<F_SETOWN>. It allows the caller "
5062 "to direct I/O availability signals to a specific thread, process, or process "
5063 "group. The caller specifies the target of signals via I<arg>, which is a "
5064 "pointer to a I<f_owner_ex> structure. The I<type> field has one of the "
5065 "following values, which define how I<pid> is interpreted:"
5069 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:627
5071 msgid "B<F_OWNER_TID>"
5075 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:636
5077 "Send the signal to the thread whose thread ID (the value returned by a call "
5078 "to B<clone>(2) or B<gettid>(2)) is specified in I<pid>."
5082 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:636
5084 msgid "B<F_OWNER_PID>"
5088 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:641
5089 msgid "Send the signal to the process whose ID is specified in I<pid>."
5093 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:641
5095 msgid "B<F_OWNER_PGRP>"
5099 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:649
5101 "Send the signal to the process group whose ID is specified in I<pid>. (Note "
5102 "that, unlike with B<F_SETOWN>, a process group ID is specified as a positive "
5107 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:650
5109 msgid "B<F_GETSIG> (I<void>)"
5113 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:665
5115 "Return (as the function result) the signal sent when input or output "
5116 "becomes possible. A value of zero means B<SIGIO> is sent. Any other value "
5117 "(including B<SIGIO>) is the signal sent instead, and in this case "
5118 "additional info is available to the signal handler if installed with "
5119 "B<SA_SIGINFO>. I<arg> is ignored."
5123 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:665
5125 msgid "B<F_SETSIG> (I<int>)"
5129 #. The following was true only up until 2.6.11:
5131 #. Additionally, passing a nonzero value to
5133 #. changes the signal recipient from a whole process to a specific thread
5134 #. within a process.
5135 #. See the description of
5137 #. for more details.
5139 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:688
5141 "Set the signal sent when input or output becomes possible to the value given "
5142 "in I<arg>. A value of zero means to send the default B<SIGIO> signal. Any "
5143 "other value (including B<SIGIO>) is the signal to send instead, and in this "
5144 "case additional info is available to the signal handler if installed with "
5149 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:716
5151 "By using B<F_SETSIG> with a nonzero value, and setting B<SA_SIGINFO> for the "
5152 "signal handler (see B<sigaction>(2)), extra information about I/O events is "
5153 "passed to the handler in a I<siginfo_t> structure. If the I<si_code> field "
5154 "indicates the source is B<SI_SIGIO>, the I<si_fd> field gives the file "
5155 "descriptor associated with the event. Otherwise, there is no indication "
5156 "which file descriptors are pending, and you should use the usual mechanisms "
5157 "(B<select>(2), B<poll>(2), B<read>(2) with B<O_NONBLOCK> set etc.) to "
5158 "determine which file descriptors are available for I/O."
5162 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:725
5164 "By selecting a real time signal (value E<gt>= B<SIGRTMIN>), multiple I/O "
5165 "events may be queued using the same signal numbers. (Queuing is dependent "
5166 "on available memory). Extra information is available if B<SA_SIGINFO> is "
5167 "set for the signal handler, as above."
5170 #. See fs/fcntl.c::send_sigio_to_task() (2.4/2.6) sources -- MTK, Apr 05
5172 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:738
5174 "Note that Linux imposes a limit on the number of real-time signals that may "
5175 "be queued to a process (see B<getrlimit>(2) and B<signal>(7)) and if this "
5176 "limit is reached, then the kernel reverts to delivering B<SIGIO>, and this "
5177 "signal is delivered to the entire process rather than to a specific thread."
5181 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:745
5183 "Using these mechanisms, a program can implement fully asynchronous I/O "
5184 "without using B<select>(2) or B<poll>(2) most of the time."
5188 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:761
5190 "The use of B<O_ASYNC>, B<F_GETOWN>, B<F_SETOWN> is specific to BSD and "
5191 "Linux. B<F_GETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETOWN_EX>, B<F_GETSIG>, and B<F_SETSIG> are "
5192 "Linux-specific. POSIX has asynchronous I/O and the I<aio_sigevent> "
5193 "structure to achieve similar things; these are also available in Linux as "
5194 "part of the GNU C Library (Glibc)."
5198 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:761
5204 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:776
5206 "B<F_SETLEASE> and B<F_GETLEASE> (Linux 2.4 onward) are used (respectively) "
5207 "to establish a new lease, and retrieve the current lease, on the open file "
5208 "description referred to by the file descriptor I<fd>. A file lease provides "
5209 "a mechanism whereby the process holding the lease (the \"lease holder\") is "
5210 "notified (via delivery of a signal) when a process (the \"lease breaker\") "
5211 "tries to B<open>(2) or B<truncate>(2) the file referred to by that file "
5216 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:776
5218 msgid "B<F_SETLEASE> (I<int>)"
5222 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:781
5224 "Set or remove a file lease according to which of the following values is "
5225 "specified in the integer I<arg>:"
5229 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:782
5234 #. The following became true in kernel 2.6.10:
5235 #. See the man-pages-2.09 Changelog for further info.
5237 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:791
5239 "Take out a read lease. This will cause the calling process to be notified "
5240 "when the file is opened for writing or is truncated. A read lease can only "
5241 "be placed on a file descriptor that is opened read-only."
5245 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:791
5251 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:798
5253 "Take out a write lease. This will cause the caller to be notified when the "
5254 "file is opened for reading or writing or is truncated. A write lease may be "
5255 "placed on a file only if there are no other open file descriptors for the "
5260 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:798
5266 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:801
5267 msgid "Remove our lease from the file."
5271 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:815
5273 "Leases are associated with an open file description (see B<open>(2)). This "
5274 "means that duplicate file descriptors (created by, for example, B<fork>(2) "
5275 "or B<dup>(2)) refer to the same lease, and this lease may be modified or "
5276 "released using any of these descriptors. Furthermore, the lease is released "
5277 "by either an explicit B<F_UNLCK> operation on any of these duplicate "
5278 "descriptors, or when all such descriptors have been closed."
5282 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:822
5284 "Leases may only be taken out on regular files. An unprivileged process may "
5285 "only take out a lease on a file whose UID (owner) matches the file system "
5286 "UID of the process. A process with the B<CAP_LEASE> capability may take out "
5287 "leases on arbitrary files."
5291 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:822
5293 msgid "B<F_GETLEASE> (I<void>)"
5297 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:831
5299 "Indicates what type of lease is associated with the file descriptor I<fd> by "
5300 "returning either B<F_RDLCK>, B<F_WRLCK>, or B<F_UNLCK>, indicating, "
5301 "respectively, a read lease , a write lease, or no lease. I<arg> is ignored."
5305 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:862
5307 "When a process (the \"lease breaker\") performs an B<open>(2) or "
5308 "B<truncate>(2) that conflicts with a lease established via B<F_SETLEASE>, "
5309 "the system call is blocked by the kernel and the kernel notifies the lease "
5310 "holder by sending it a signal (B<SIGIO> by default). The lease holder "
5311 "should respond to receipt of this signal by doing whatever cleanup is "
5312 "required in preparation for the file to be accessed by another process "
5313 "(e.g., flushing cached buffers) and then either remove or downgrade its "
5314 "lease. A lease is removed by performing an B<F_SETLEASE> command specifying "
5315 "I<arg> as B<F_UNLCK>. If the lease holder currently holds a write lease on "
5316 "the file, and the lease breaker is opening the file for reading, then it is "
5317 "sufficient for the lease holder to downgrade the lease to a read lease. "
5318 "This is done by performing an B<F_SETLEASE> command specifying I<arg> as "
5323 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:867
5325 "If the lease holder fails to downgrade or remove the lease within the number "
5326 "of seconds specified in I</proc/sys/fs/lease-break-time> then the kernel "
5327 "forcibly removes or downgrades the lease holder's lease."
5331 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:877
5333 "Once a lease break has been initiated, B<F_GETLEASE> returns the target "
5334 "lease type (either B<F_RDLCK> or B<F_UNLCK>, depending on what would be "
5335 "compatible with the lease breaker) until the lease holder voluntarily "
5336 "downgrades or removes the lease or the kernel forcibly does so after the "
5337 "lease break timer expires."
5341 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:881
5343 "Once the lease has been voluntarily or forcibly removed or downgraded, and "
5344 "assuming the lease breaker has not unblocked its system call, the kernel "
5345 "permits the lease breaker's system call to proceed."
5349 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:902
5351 "If the lease breaker's blocked B<open>(2) or B<truncate>(2) is interrupted "
5352 "by a signal handler, then the system call fails with the error B<EINTR>, but "
5353 "the other steps still occur as described above. If the lease breaker is "
5354 "killed by a signal while blocked in B<open>(2) or B<truncate>(2), then the "
5355 "other steps still occur as described above. If the lease breaker specifies "
5356 "the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag when calling B<open>(2), then the call immediately "
5357 "fails with the error B<EWOULDBLOCK>, but the other steps still occur as "
5362 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:923
5364 "The default signal used to notify the lease holder is B<SIGIO>, but this can "
5365 "be changed using the B<F_SETSIG> command to B<fcntl>(). If a B<F_SETSIG> "
5366 "command is performed (even one specifying B<SIGIO>), and the signal handler "
5367 "is established using B<SA_SIGINFO>, then the handler will receive a "
5368 "I<siginfo_t> structure as its second argument, and the I<si_fd> field of "
5369 "this argument will hold the descriptor of the leased file that has been "
5370 "accessed by another process. (This is useful if the caller holds leases "
5371 "against multiple files)."
5375 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:923
5377 msgid "File and directory change notification (dnotify)"
5381 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:924
5383 msgid "B<F_NOTIFY> (I<int>)"
5387 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:934
5389 "(Linux 2.4 onward) Provide notification when the directory referred to by "
5390 "I<fd> or any of the files that it contains is changed. The events to be "
5391 "notified are specified in I<arg>, which is a bit mask specified by ORing "
5392 "together zero or more of the following bits:"
5396 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:937
5398 msgid "B<DN_ACCESS>"
5402 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:940
5403 msgid "A file was accessed (read, pread, readv)"
5407 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:940
5409 msgid "B<DN_MODIFY>"
5413 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:943
5414 msgid "A file was modified (write, pwrite, writev, truncate, ftruncate)."
5418 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:943
5420 msgid "B<DN_CREATE>"
5424 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:946
5425 msgid "A file was created (open, creat, mknod, mkdir, link, symlink, rename)."
5429 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:946
5431 msgid "B<DN_DELETE>"
5435 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:949
5436 msgid "A file was unlinked (unlink, rename to another directory, rmdir)."
5440 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:949
5442 msgid "B<DN_RENAME>"
5446 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:952
5447 msgid "A file was renamed within this directory (rename)."
5451 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:952
5453 msgid "B<DN_ATTRIB>"
5457 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:955
5458 msgid "The attributes of a file were changed (chown, chmod, utime[s])."
5462 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:963
5464 "(In order to obtain these definitions, the B<_GNU_SOURCE> feature test macro "
5465 "must be defined before including I<any> header files.)"
5469 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:971
5471 "Directory notifications are normally \"one-shot\", and the application must "
5472 "reregister to receive further notifications. Alternatively, if "
5473 "B<DN_MULTISHOT> is included in I<arg>, then notification will remain in "
5474 "effect until explicitly removed."
5477 #. The following does seem a poor API-design choice...
5479 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:983
5481 "A series of B<F_NOTIFY> requests is cumulative, with the events in I<arg> "
5482 "being added to the set already monitored. To disable notification of all "
5483 "events, make an B<F_NOTIFY> call specifying I<arg> as 0."
5487 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1001
5489 "Notification occurs via delivery of a signal. The default signal is "
5490 "B<SIGIO>, but this can be changed using the B<F_SETSIG> command to "
5491 "B<fcntl>(). In the latter case, the signal handler receives a I<siginfo_t> "
5492 "structure as its second argument (if the handler was established using "
5493 "B<SA_SIGINFO>) and the I<si_fd> field of this structure contains the file "
5494 "descriptor which generated the notification (useful when establishing "
5495 "notification on multiple directories)."
5499 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1006
5501 "Especially when using B<DN_MULTISHOT>, a real time signal should be used for "
5502 "notification, so that multiple notifications can be queued."
5506 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1015
5508 "B<NOTE:> New applications should use the I<inotify> interface (available "
5509 "since kernel 2.6.13), which provides a much superior interface for obtaining "
5510 "notifications of file system events. See B<inotify>(7)."
5514 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1015
5516 msgid "Changing the capacity of a pipe"
5520 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1016
5522 msgid "B<F_SETPIPE_SZ> (I<int>; since Linux 2.6.35)"
5526 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1047
5528 "Change the capacity of the pipe referred to by I<fd> to be at least I<arg> "
5529 "bytes. An unprivileged process can adjust the pipe capacity to any value "
5530 "between the system page size and the limit defined in "
5531 "I</proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size> (see B<proc>(5)). Attempts to set the pipe "
5532 "capacity below the page size are silently rounded up to the page size. "
5533 "Attempts by an unprivileged process to set the pipe capacity above the limit "
5534 "in I</proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size> yield the error B<EPERM>; a privileged "
5535 "process (B<CAP_SYS_RESOURCE>) can override the limit. When allocating the "
5536 "buffer for the pipe, the kernel may use a capacity larger than I<arg>, if "
5537 "that is convenient for the implementation. The B<F_GETPIPE_SZ> operation "
5538 "returns the actual size used. Attempting to set the pipe capacity smaller "
5539 "than the amount of buffer space currently used to store data produces the "
5544 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1047
5546 msgid "B<F_GETPIPE_SZ> (I<void>; since Linux 2.6.35)"
5550 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1051
5552 "Return (as the function result) the capacity of the pipe referred to by "
5557 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1053
5558 msgid "For a successful call, the return value depends on the operation:"
5562 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1053
5568 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1056
5569 msgid "The new descriptor."
5573 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1056
5579 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1059
5580 msgid "Value of file descriptor flags."
5584 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1059
5590 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1062
5591 msgid "Value of file status flags."
5595 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1062
5597 msgid "B<F_GETLEASE>"
5601 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1065
5602 msgid "Type of lease held on file descriptor."
5606 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1065
5612 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1068
5613 msgid "Value of descriptor owner."
5617 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1068
5623 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1074
5625 "Value of signal sent when read or write becomes possible, or zero for "
5626 "traditional B<SIGIO> behavior."
5630 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1074
5632 msgid "B<F_GETPIPE_SZ>"
5636 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1077
5637 msgid "The pipe capacity."
5641 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1077
5643 msgid "All other commands"
5647 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1080
5652 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1084
5653 msgid "On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
5657 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1085 build/C/man3/lockf.3:122
5659 msgid "B<EACCES> or B<EAGAIN>"
5663 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1088
5664 msgid "Operation is prohibited by locks held by other processes."
5668 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1088 build/C/man2/fork.2:181 build/C/man2/fork.2:186
5674 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1092
5676 "The operation is prohibited because the file has been memory-mapped by "
5681 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1101
5683 "I<fd> is not an open file descriptor, or the command was B<F_SETLK> or "
5684 "B<F_SETLKW> and the file descriptor open mode doesn't match with the type of "
5689 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1101 build/C/man3/lockf.3:142
5695 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1106
5697 "It was detected that the specified B<F_SETLKW> command would cause a "
5702 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1110
5703 msgid "I<lock> is outside your accessible address space."
5707 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1122
5709 "For B<F_SETLKW>, the command was interrupted by a signal; see B<signal>(7). "
5710 "For B<F_GETLK> and B<F_SETLK>, the command was interrupted by a signal "
5711 "before the lock was checked or acquired. Most likely when locking a remote "
5712 "file (e.g., locking over NFS), but can sometimes happen locally."
5716 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1132
5718 "For B<F_DUPFD>, I<arg> is negative or is greater than the maximum allowable "
5719 "value. For B<F_SETSIG>, I<arg> is not an allowable signal number."
5723 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1137
5725 "For B<F_DUPFD>, the process already has the maximum number of file "
5730 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1137 build/C/man2/flock.2:130 build/C/man3/lockf.3:151
5736 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1141
5738 "Too many segment locks open, lock table is full, or a remote locking "
5739 "protocol failed (e.g., locking over NFS)."
5743 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1146
5745 "Attempted to clear the B<O_APPEND> flag on a file that has the append-only "
5750 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1159
5752 "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. Only the operations B<F_DUPFD>, B<F_GETFD>, "
5753 "B<F_SETFD>, B<F_GETFL>, B<F_SETFL>, B<F_GETLK>, B<F_SETLK> and B<F_SETLKW>, "
5754 "are specified in POSIX.1-2001."
5758 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1171
5760 "B<F_GETOWN> and B<F_SETOWN> are specified in POSIX.1-2001. (To get their "
5761 "definitions, define B<BSD_SOURCE>, or B<_XOPEN_SOURCE> with the value 500 or "
5762 "greater, or define B<_POSIX_C_SOURCE> with the value 200809L or greater.)"
5766 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1179
5768 "B<F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC> is specified in POSIX.1-2008. (To get this definition, "
5769 "define B<_POSIX_C_SOURCE> with the value 200809L or greater, or "
5770 "B<_XOPEN_SOURCE> with the value 700 or greater.)"
5774 #. SVr4 documents additional EIO, ENOLINK and EOVERFLOW error conditions.
5776 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1196
5778 "B<F_GETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETPIPE_SZ>, B<F_GETPIPE_SZ>, "
5779 "B<F_GETSIG>, B<F_SETSIG>, B<F_NOTIFY>, B<F_GETLEASE>, and B<F_SETLEASE> are "
5780 "Linux-specific. (Define the B<_GNU_SOURCE> macro to obtain these "
5785 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1217
5787 "The original Linux B<fcntl>() system call was not designed to handle large "
5788 "file offsets (in the I<flock> structure). Consequently, an B<fcntl64>() "
5789 "system call was added in Linux 2.4. The newer system call employs a "
5790 "different structure for file locking, I<flock64>, and corresponding "
5791 "commands, B<F_GETLK64>, B<F_SETLK64>, and B<F_SETLKW64>. However, these "
5792 "details can be ignored by applications using glibc, whose B<fcntl>() "
5793 "wrapper function transparently employs the more recent system call where it "
5798 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1222
5800 "The errors returned by B<dup2>(2) are different from those returned by "
5805 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1228
5807 "Since kernel 2.0, there is no interaction between the types of lock placed "
5808 "by B<flock>(2) and B<fcntl>()."
5811 #. e.g., Solaris 8 documents this field in fcntl(2), and Irix 6.5
5812 #. documents it in fcntl(5). mtk, May 2007
5814 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1239
5816 "Several systems have more fields in I<struct flock> such as, for example, "
5817 "I<l_sysid>. Clearly, I<l_pid> alone is not going to be very useful if the "
5818 "process holding the lock may live on a different machine."
5821 #. glibc source: sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/sysdep.h
5822 #. mtk, Dec 04: some limited testing on alpha and ia64 seems to
5823 #. indicate that ANY negative PGID value will cause F_GETOWN
5824 #. to misinterpret the return as an error. Some other architectures
5825 #. seem to have the same range check as i386.
5827 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1265
5829 "A limitation of the Linux system call conventions on some architectures "
5830 "(notably i386) means that if a (negative) process group ID to be returned "
5831 "by B<F_GETOWN> falls in the range -1 to -4095, then the return value is "
5832 "wrongly interpreted by glibc as an error in the system call; that is, the "
5833 "return value of B<fcntl>() will be -1, and I<errno> will contain the "
5834 "(positive) process group ID. The Linux-specific B<F_GETOWN_EX> operation "
5835 "avoids this problem. Since glibc version 2.11, glibc makes the kernel "
5836 "B<F_GETOWN> problem invisible by implementing B<F_GETOWN> using "
5841 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1282
5843 "In Linux 2.4 and earlier, there is bug that can occur when an unprivileged "
5844 "process uses B<F_SETOWN> to specify the owner of a socket file descriptor as "
5845 "a process (group) other than the caller. In this case, B<fcntl>() can "
5846 "return -1 with I<errno> set to B<EPERM>, even when the owner process (group) "
5847 "is one that the caller has permission to send signals to. Despite this "
5848 "error return, the file descriptor owner is set, and signals will be sent to "
5852 #. http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=119013491707153&w=2
5854 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1297
5856 "The implementation of mandatory locking in all known versions of Linux is "
5857 "subject to race conditions which render it unreliable: a B<write>(2) call "
5858 "that overlaps with a lock may modify data after the mandatory lock is "
5859 "acquired; a B<read>(2) call that overlaps with a lock may detect changes to "
5860 "data that were made only after a write lock was acquired. Similar races "
5861 "exist between mandatory locks and B<mmap>(2). It is therefore inadvisable "
5862 "to rely on mandatory locking."
5866 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1305
5868 "B<dup2>(2), B<flock>(2), B<open>(2), B<socket>(2), B<lockf>(3), "
5869 "B<capabilities>(7), B<feature_test_macros>(7)"
5873 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1318
5875 "I<locks.txt>, I<mandatory-locking.txt>, and I<dnotify.txt> in the Linux "
5876 "kernel source directory I<Documentation/filesystems/> (on older kernels, "
5877 "these files are directly under the I<Documentation/> directory, and "
5878 "I<mandatory-locking.txt> is called I<mandatory.txt>)"
5882 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25
5888 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25
5894 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:28
5895 msgid "fexecve - execute program specified via file descriptor"
5899 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:33
5902 "B<int fexecve(int >I<fd>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[], char *const "
5907 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:41
5908 msgid "B<fexecve>():"
5912 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:44
5914 msgid "Since glibc 2.10:"
5918 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:47
5919 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700 || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L"
5923 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:47
5925 msgid "Before glibc 2.10:"
5929 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:50 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:54
5933 #. POSIX.1-2008 specifies the O_EXEC flag for open as an alternative,
5934 #. but Linux doesn't support this flag yet.
5936 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:67
5938 "B<fexecve>() performs the same task as B<execve>(2), with the difference "
5939 "that the file to be executed is specified via a file descriptor, I<fd>, "
5940 "rather than via a pathname. The file descriptor I<fd> must be opened "
5941 "read-only, and the caller must have permission to execute the file that it "
5946 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:74
5948 "A successful call to B<fexecve>() never returns. On error, the function "
5949 "returns, with a result value of -1, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
5953 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:78
5954 msgid "Errors are as for B<execve>(2), with the following additions:"
5958 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:86
5960 "I<fd> is not a valid file descriptor, or I<argv> is NULL, or I<envp> is "
5965 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:91
5966 msgid "The I</proc> file system could not be accessed."
5970 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:94
5971 msgid "B<fexecve>() is implemented since glibc 2.3.2."
5975 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:98
5977 "POSIX.1-2008. This function is not specified in POSIX.1-2001, and is not "
5978 "widely available on other systems."
5982 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:106
5984 "On Linux, B<fexecve>() is implemented using the B<proc>(5) file system, so "
5985 "I</proc> needs to be mounted and available at the time of the call."
5989 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:108
5990 msgid "B<execve>(2)"
5994 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:35
6000 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:35
6006 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:38
6007 msgid "flock - apply or remove an advisory lock on an open file"
6011 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:40
6012 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/file.hE<gt>>"
6016 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:42
6017 msgid "B<int flock(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<operation>B<);>"
6021 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:48
6023 "Apply or remove an advisory lock on the open file specified by I<fd>. The "
6024 "argument I<operation> is one of the following:"
6028 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:49
6034 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:54
6036 "Place a shared lock. More than one process may hold a shared lock for a "
6037 "given file at a given time."
6041 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:54
6047 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:59
6049 "Place an exclusive lock. Only one process may hold an exclusive lock for a "
6050 "given file at a given time."
6054 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:59
6060 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:62
6061 msgid "Remove an existing lock held by this process."
6065 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:71
6067 "A call to B<flock>() may block if an incompatible lock is held by another "
6068 "process. To make a nonblocking request, include B<LOCK_NB> (by ORing) with "
6069 "any of the above operations."
6073 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:73
6074 msgid "A single file may not simultaneously have both shared and exclusive locks."
6078 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:87
6080 "Locks created by B<flock>() are associated with an open file table entry. "
6081 "This means that duplicate file descriptors (created by, for example, "
6082 "B<fork>(2) or B<dup>(2)) refer to the same lock, and this lock may be "
6083 "modified or released using any of these descriptors. Furthermore, the lock "
6084 "is released either by an explicit B<LOCK_UN> operation on any of these "
6085 "duplicate descriptors, or when all such descriptors have been closed."
6089 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:96
6091 "If a process uses B<open>(2) (or similar) to obtain more than one "
6092 "descriptor for the same file, these descriptors are treated independently by "
6093 "B<flock>(). An attempt to lock the file using one of these file descriptors "
6094 "may be denied by a lock that the calling process has already placed via "
6095 "another descriptor."
6099 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:103
6101 "A process may only hold one type of lock (shared or exclusive) on a file. "
6102 "Subsequent B<flock>() calls on an already locked file will convert an "
6103 "existing lock to the new lock mode."
6107 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:108
6108 msgid "Locks created by B<flock>() are preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
6112 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:111
6114 "A shared or exclusive lock can be placed on a file regardless of the mode in "
6115 "which the file was opened."
6119 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:121
6120 msgid "I<fd> is not an open file descriptor."
6124 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:126
6126 "While waiting to acquire a lock, the call was interrupted by delivery of a "
6127 "signal caught by a handler; see B<signal>(7)."
6131 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:130
6132 msgid "I<operation> is invalid."
6136 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:133
6137 msgid "The kernel ran out of memory for allocating lock records."
6141 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:133
6143 msgid "B<EWOULDBLOCK>"
6147 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:138
6148 msgid "The file is locked and the B<LOCK_NB> flag was selected."
6152 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:147
6154 "4.4BSD (the B<flock>() call first appeared in 4.2BSD). A version of "
6155 "B<flock>(), possibly implemented in terms of B<fcntl>(2), appears on most "
6160 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:154
6162 "B<flock>() does not lock files over NFS. Use B<fcntl>(2) instead: that "
6163 "does work over NFS, given a sufficiently recent version of Linux and a "
6164 "server which supports locking."
6168 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:169
6170 "Since kernel 2.0, B<flock>() is implemented as a system call in its own "
6171 "right rather than being emulated in the GNU C library as a call to "
6172 "B<fcntl>(2). This yields true BSD semantics: there is no interaction "
6173 "between the types of lock placed by B<flock>() and B<fcntl>(2), and "
6174 "B<flock>() does not detect deadlock."
6178 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:175
6180 "B<flock>() places advisory locks only; given suitable permissions on a "
6181 "file, a process is free to ignore the use of B<flock>() and perform I/O on "
6186 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:188
6188 "B<flock>() and B<fcntl>(2) locks have different semantics with respect to "
6189 "forked processes and B<dup>(2). On systems that implement B<flock>() using "
6190 "B<fcntl>(2), the semantics of B<flock>() will be different from those "
6191 "described in this manual page."
6194 #. Kernel 2.5.21 changed things a little: during lock conversion
6195 #. it is now the highest priority process that will get the lock -- mtk
6197 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:201
6199 "Converting a lock (shared to exclusive, or vice versa) is not guaranteed to "
6200 "be atomic: the existing lock is first removed, and then a new lock is "
6201 "established. Between these two steps, a pending lock request by another "
6202 "process may be granted, with the result that the conversion either blocks, "
6203 "or fails if B<LOCK_NB> was specified. (This is the original BSD behavior, "
6204 "and occurs on many other implementations.)"
6208 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:210
6210 "B<flock>(1), B<close>(2), B<dup>(2), B<execve>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<fork>(2), "
6211 "B<open>(2), B<lockf>(3)"
6215 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:215
6217 "I<Documentation/filesystem/locks.txt> in the Linux kernel source tree "
6218 "(I<Documentation/locks.txt> in older kernels)"
6222 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:39
6228 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:39 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34
6234 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:42
6235 msgid "fork - create a child process"
6239 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:46
6240 msgid "B<pid_t fork(void);>"
6244 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:52
6246 "B<fork>() creates a new process by duplicating the calling process. The "
6247 "new process, referred to as the I<child>, is an exact duplicate of the "
6248 "calling process, referred to as the I<parent>, except for the following "
6253 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:56
6255 "The child has its own unique process ID, and this PID does not match the ID "
6256 "of any existing process group (B<setpgid>(2))."
6260 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:58
6261 msgid "The child's parent process ID is the same as the parent's process ID."
6265 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:62
6267 "The child does not inherit its parent's memory locks (B<mlock>(2), "
6272 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:68
6274 "Process resource utilizations (B<getrusage>(2)) and CPU time counters "
6275 "(B<times>(2)) are reset to zero in the child."
6279 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:71
6280 msgid "The child's set of pending signals is initially empty (B<sigpending>(2))."
6284 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:74
6286 "The child does not inherit semaphore adjustments from its parent "
6291 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:77
6292 msgid "The child does not inherit record locks from its parent (B<fcntl>(2))."
6296 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:82
6298 "The child does not inherit timers from its parent (B<setitimer>(2), "
6299 "B<alarm>(2), B<timer_create>(2))."
6303 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:89
6305 "The child does not inherit outstanding asynchronous I/O operations from its "
6306 "parent (B<aio_read>(3), B<aio_write>(3)), nor does it inherit any "
6307 "asynchronous I/O contexts from its parent (see B<io_setup>(2))."
6311 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:94
6313 "The process attributes in the preceding list are all specified in "
6314 "POSIX.1-2001. The parent and child also differ with respect to the "
6315 "following Linux-specific process attributes:"
6319 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:101
6321 "The child does not inherit directory change notifications (dnotify) from "
6322 "its parent (see the description of B<F_NOTIFY> in B<fcntl>(2))."
6326 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:107
6328 "The B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_PDEATHSIG> setting is reset so that the child does "
6329 "not receive a signal when its parent terminates."
6333 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:114
6335 "The default timer slack value is set to the parent's current timer slack "
6336 "value. See the description of B<PR_SET_TIMERSLACK> in B<prctl>(2)."
6340 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:120
6342 "Memory mappings that have been marked with the B<madvise>(2) "
6343 "B<MADV_DONTFORK> flag are not inherited across a B<fork>()."
6347 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:125
6348 msgid "The termination signal of the child is always B<SIGCHLD> (see B<clone>(2))."
6352 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:131
6354 "The port access permission bits set by B<ioperm>(2) are not inherited by "
6355 "the child; the child must turn on any bits that it requires using "
6360 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:142
6362 "The child process is created with a single thread\\(emthe one that called "
6363 "B<fork>(). The entire virtual address space of the parent is replicated in "
6364 "the child, including the states of mutexes, condition variables, and other "
6365 "pthreads objects; the use of B<pthread_atfork>(3) may be helpful for "
6366 "dealing with problems that this can cause."
6370 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:156
6372 "The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open file descriptors. "
6373 "Each file descriptor in the child refers to the same open file description "
6374 "(see B<open>(2)) as the corresponding file descriptor in the parent. This "
6375 "means that the two descriptors share open file status flags, current file "
6376 "offset, and signal-driven I/O attributes (see the description of B<F_SETOWN> "
6377 "and B<F_SETSIG> in B<fcntl>(2))."
6381 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:165
6383 "The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open message queue "
6384 "descriptors (see B<mq_overview>(7)). Each descriptor in the child refers to "
6385 "the same open message queue description as the corresponding descriptor in "
6386 "the parent. This means that the two descriptors share the same flags "
6391 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:173
6393 "The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open directory streams (see "
6394 "B<opendir>(3)). POSIX.1-2001 says that the corresponding directory streams "
6395 "in the parent and child I<may> share the directory stream positioning; on "
6396 "Linux/glibc they do not."
6400 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:180
6402 "On success, the PID of the child process is returned in the parent, and 0 is "
6403 "returned in the child. On failure, -1 is returned in the parent, no child "
6404 "process is created, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
6408 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:186
6410 "B<fork>() cannot allocate sufficient memory to copy the parent's page "
6411 "tables and allocate a task structure for the child."
6415 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:196
6417 "It was not possible to create a new process because the caller's "
6418 "B<RLIMIT_NPROC> resource limit was encountered. To exceed this limit, the "
6419 "process must have either the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> or the B<CAP_SYS_RESOURCE> "
6424 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:200
6426 "B<fork>() failed to allocate the necessary kernel structures because memory "
6430 #. e.g., arm (optionally), blackfin, c6x, frv, h8300, microblaze, xtensa
6432 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:206
6434 "B<fork>() is not supported on this platform (for example, hardware without "
6435 "a Memory-Management Unit)."
6439 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:215
6441 "Under Linux, B<fork>() is implemented using copy-on-write pages, so the "
6442 "only penalty that it incurs is the time and memory required to duplicate the "
6443 "parent's page tables, and to create a unique task structure for the child."
6446 #. nptl/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/fork.c
6447 #. and does some magic to ensure that getpid(2) returns the right value.
6449 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:239
6451 "Since version 2.3.3, rather than invoking the kernel's B<fork>() system "
6452 "call, the glibc B<fork>() wrapper that is provided as part of the NPTL "
6453 "threading implementation invokes B<clone>(2) with flags that provide the "
6454 "same effect as the traditional system call. (A call to B<fork>() is "
6455 "equivalent to a call to B<clone>(2) specifying I<flags> as just "
6456 "B<SIGCHLD>.) The glibc wrapper invokes any fork handlers that have been "
6457 "established using B<pthread_atfork>(3)."
6461 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:244
6462 msgid "See B<pipe>(2) and B<wait>(2)."
6466 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:255
6468 "B<clone>(2), B<execve>(2), B<exit>(2), B<setrlimit>(2), B<unshare>(2), "
6469 "B<vfork>(2), B<wait>(2), B<daemon>(3), B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7)"
6473 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41
6479 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41
6485 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:44
6486 msgid "fpathconf, pathconf - get configuration values for files"
6490 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:49
6492 msgid "B<long fpathconf(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<name>B<);>\n"
6496 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:51
6498 msgid "B<long pathconf(char *>I<path>B<, int >I<name>B<);>\n"
6502 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:58
6504 "B<fpathconf>() gets a value for the configuration option I<name> for the "
6505 "open file descriptor I<fd>."
6509 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:64
6511 "B<pathconf>() gets a value for configuration option I<name> for the "
6516 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:73
6518 "The corresponding macros defined in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> are minimum "
6519 "values; if an application wants to take advantage of values which may "
6520 "change, a call to B<fpathconf>() or B<pathconf>() can be made, which may "
6521 "yield more liberal results."
6525 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:78
6527 "Setting I<name> equal to one of the following constants returns the "
6528 "following configuration options:"
6532 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:78
6534 msgid "B<_PC_LINK_MAX>"
6538 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:88
6540 "returns the maximum number of links to the file. If I<fd> or I<path> refer "
6541 "to a directory, then the value applies to the whole directory. The "
6542 "corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_LINK_MAX>."
6546 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:88
6548 msgid "B<_PC_MAX_CANON>"
6552 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:97
6554 "returns the maximum length of a formatted input line, where I<fd> or I<path> "
6555 "must refer to a terminal. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_MAX_CANON>."
6559 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:97
6561 msgid "B<_PC_MAX_INPUT>"
6565 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:106
6567 "returns the maximum length of an input line, where I<fd> or I<path> must "
6568 "refer to a terminal. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_MAX_INPUT>."
6572 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:106
6574 msgid "B<_PC_NAME_MAX>"
6578 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:115
6580 "returns the maximum length of a filename in the directory I<path> or I<fd> "
6581 "that the process is allowed to create. The corresponding macro is "
6582 "B<_POSIX_NAME_MAX>."
6586 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:115
6588 msgid "B<_PC_PATH_MAX>"
6592 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:124
6594 "returns the maximum length of a relative pathname when I<path> or I<fd> is "
6595 "the current working directory. The corresponding macro is "
6596 "B<_POSIX_PATH_MAX>."
6600 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:124
6602 msgid "B<_PC_PIPE_BUF>"
6606 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:133
6608 "returns the size of the pipe buffer, where I<fd> must refer to a pipe or "
6609 "FIFO and I<path> must refer to a FIFO. The corresponding macro is "
6610 "B<_POSIX_PIPE_BUF>."
6614 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:133
6616 msgid "B<_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED>"
6620 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:146
6622 "returns nonzero if the B<chown>(2) call may not be used on this file. If "
6623 "I<fd> or I<path> refer to a directory, then this applies to all files in "
6624 "that directory. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED>."
6628 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:146
6630 msgid "B<_PC_NO_TRUNC>"
6634 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:153
6636 "returns nonzero if accessing filenames longer than B<_POSIX_NAME_MAX> "
6637 "generates an error. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_NO_TRUNC>."
6641 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:153
6643 msgid "B<_PC_VDISABLE>"
6647 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:160
6649 "returns nonzero if special character processing can be disabled, where I<fd> "
6650 "or I<path> must refer to a terminal."
6654 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:169
6656 "The limit is returned, if one exists. If the system does not have a limit "
6657 "for the requested resource, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is unchanged. If "
6658 "there is an error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set to reflect the nature "
6663 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:177
6665 "Files with name lengths longer than the value returned for I<name> equal to "
6666 "B<_PC_NAME_MAX> may exist in the given directory."
6670 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:180 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:335
6672 "Some returned values may be huge; they are not suitable for allocating "
6677 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:185
6678 msgid "B<getconf>(1), B<open>(2), B<statfs>(2), B<sysconf>(3)"
6682 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:38
6688 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:38
6694 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:41
6695 msgid "fsync, fdatasync - synchronize a file's in-core state with storage device"
6699 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:45
6700 msgid "B<int fsync(int >I<fd>B<);>"
6704 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:47
6705 msgid "B<int fdatasync(int >I<fd>B<);>"
6709 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:55
6710 msgid "B<fsync>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
6713 #. _POSIX_C_SOURCE\ >=\ 200112L only since glibc 2.8
6715 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:58
6717 msgid " || /* since glibc 2.8: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L\n"
6721 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:61
6723 "B<fdatasync>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 199309L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ "
6728 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:74
6730 "B<fsync>() transfers (\"flushes\") all modified in-core data of (i.e., "
6731 "modified buffer cache pages for) the file referred to by the file descriptor "
6732 "I<fd> to the disk device (or other permanent storage device) so that all "
6733 "changed information can be retrieved even after the system crashed or was "
6734 "rebooted. This includes writing through or flushing a disk cache if "
6735 "present. The call blocks until the device reports that the transfer has "
6736 "completed. It also flushes metadata information associated with the file "
6741 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:82
6743 "Calling B<fsync>() does not necessarily ensure that the entry in the "
6744 "directory containing the file has also reached disk. For that an explicit "
6745 "B<fsync>() on a file descriptor for the directory is also needed."
6749 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:103
6751 "B<fdatasync>() is similar to B<fsync>(), but does not flush modified "
6752 "metadata unless that metadata is needed in order to allow a subsequent data "
6753 "retrieval to be correctly handled. For example, changes to I<st_atime> or "
6754 "I<st_mtime> (respectively, time of last access and time of last "
6755 "modification; see B<stat>(2)) do not require flushing because they are not "
6756 "necessary for a subsequent data read to be handled correctly. On the other "
6757 "hand, a change to the file size (I<st_size>, as made by say "
6758 "B<ftruncate>(2)), would require a metadata flush."
6762 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:108
6764 "The aim of B<fdatasync>() is to reduce disk activity for applications that "
6765 "do not require all metadata to be synchronized with the disk."
6769 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:113
6771 "On success, these system calls return zero. On error, -1 is returned, and "
6772 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
6776 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:118
6777 msgid "I<fd> is not a valid open file descriptor."
6781 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:121
6782 msgid "An error occurred during synchronization."
6786 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:121
6788 msgid "B<EROFS>, B<EINVAL>"
6792 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:125
6793 msgid "I<fd> is bound to a special file which does not support synchronization."
6797 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:127
6798 msgid "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
6802 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:127
6804 msgid "AVAILABILITY"
6807 #. POSIX.1-2001: It shall be defined to -1 or 0 or 200112L.
6808 #. -1: unavailable, 0: ask using sysconf().
6809 #. glibc defines them to 1.
6811 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:140
6813 "On POSIX systems on which B<fdatasync>() is available, "
6814 "B<_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO> is defined in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> to a value "
6815 "greater than 0. (See also B<sysconf>(3).)"
6819 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:146
6821 "On some UNIX systems (but not Linux), I<fd> must be a I<writable> file "
6826 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:152
6828 "In Linux 2.2 and earlier, B<fdatasync>() is equivalent to B<fsync>(), and "
6829 "so has no performance advantage."
6833 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:162
6835 "The B<fsync>() implementations in older kernels and lesser used filesystems "
6836 "does not know how to flush disk caches. In these cases disk caches need to "
6837 "be disabled using B<hdparm>(8) or B<sdparm>(8) to guarantee safe "
6842 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:171
6844 "B<bdflush>(2), B<open>(2), B<sync>(2), B<sync_file_range>(2), B<hdparm>(8), "
6845 "B<mount>(8), B<sync>(8), B<update>(8)"
6849 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26
6855 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26
6861 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:29
6862 msgid "get_nprocs, get_nprocs_conf - get number of processors"
6866 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:31 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:19
6867 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/sysinfo.hE<gt>>"
6871 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:33
6872 msgid "B<int get_nprocs(void);>"
6876 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:35
6877 msgid "B<int get_nprocs_conf(void);>"
6881 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:39
6883 "The function B<get_nprocs_conf>() returns the number of processors "
6884 "configured by the operating system."
6888 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:46
6890 "The function B<get_nprocs>() returns the number of processors currently "
6891 "available in the system. This may be less than the number returned by "
6892 "B<get_nprocs_conf>() because processors may be offline (e.g., on "
6893 "hotpluggable systems)."
6897 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:48
6898 msgid "As given in DESCRIPTION."
6902 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:50 build/C/man3/getopt.3:350
6903 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions."
6908 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:57
6910 "The current implementation of these functions is rather expensive, since "
6911 "they open and parse files in the I</sys> file system each time they are "
6916 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:62
6918 "The following B<sysconf>(3) calls make use of the functions documented on "
6919 "this page to return the same information."
6923 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:66
6926 " np = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF); /* processors configured */\n"
6927 " np = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN); /* processors available */\n"
6931 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:73
6933 "The following example shows how B<get_nprocs>() and B<get_nprocs_conf>() "
6938 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:77
6941 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
6942 "#include E<lt>sys/sysinfo.hE<gt>\n"
6946 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:86
6950 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
6952 " printf(\"This system has %d processors configured and \"\n"
6953 " \"%d processors available.\\en\",\n"
6954 " get_nprocs_conf(), get_nprocs());\n"
6960 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8
6962 msgid "GET_THREAD_AREA"
6966 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8
6972 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:11
6973 msgid "get_thread_area - get a thread-local storage (TLS) area"
6977 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:15 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:15
6978 msgid "B<#include E<lt>asm/ldt.hE<gt>>"
6982 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:17
6983 msgid "B<int get_thread_area(struct user_desc *>I<u_info>B<);>"
6987 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man2/gettid.2:38 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:44
6988 msgid "I<Note>: There is no glibc wrapper for this system call; see NOTES."
6992 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:29
6994 "B<get_thread_area>() returns an entry in the current thread's thread-local "
6995 "storage (TLS) array. The index of the entry corresponds to the value of "
6996 "I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number>, passed in by the user. If the value is in "
6997 "bounds, B<get_thread_area>() copies the corresponding TLS entry into the "
6998 "area pointed to by I<u_info>."
7002 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:35
7004 "B<get_thread_area>() returns 0 on success. Otherwise, it returns -1 and "
7005 "sets I<errno> appropriately."
7009 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:39 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:56
7010 msgid "I<u_info> is an invalid pointer."
7014 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:42 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:53
7015 msgid "I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number> is out of bounds."
7019 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:46
7020 msgid "A version of B<get_thread_area>() first appeared in Linux 2.5.32."
7024 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:50
7026 "B<get_thread_area>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs "
7027 "that are intended to be portable."
7031 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:55 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:72
7033 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call, since it is generally "
7034 "intended only for use by threading libraries. In the unlikely event that "
7035 "you want to call it directly, use B<syscall>(2)."
7039 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:58
7040 msgid "B<modify_ldt>(2), B<set_thread_area>(2)"
7044 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32
7050 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:35
7051 msgid "getcwd, getwd, get_current_dir_name - get current working directory"
7055 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:40
7057 msgid "B<char *getcwd(char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
7061 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:42
7063 msgid "B<char *getwd(char *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
7067 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:44
7069 msgid "B<char *get_current_dir_name(void);>\n"
7073 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:52
7074 msgid "B<get_current_dir_name>():"
7078 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:57
7083 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:67 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:50 build/C/man3/usleep.3:59 build/C/man2/vfork.2:54
7087 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
7088 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
7089 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700)\n"
7093 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:72 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:54 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:52 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:55 build/C/man3/usleep.3:64 build/C/man2/vfork.2:59
7095 "Before glibc 2.12: _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
7096 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
7100 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:82
7102 "These functions return a null-terminated string containing an absolute "
7103 "pathname that is the current working directory of the calling process. The "
7104 "pathname is returned as the function result and via the argument I<buf>, if "
7109 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:90
7111 "The B<getcwd>() function copies an absolute pathname of the current working "
7112 "directory to the array pointed to by I<buf>, which is of length I<size>."
7116 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:100
7118 "If the length of the absolute pathname of the current working directory, "
7119 "including the terminating null byte, exceeds I<size> bytes, NULL is "
7120 "returned, and I<errno> is set to B<ERANGE>; an application should check for "
7121 "this error, and allocate a larger buffer if necessary."
7125 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:118
7127 "As an extension to the POSIX.1-2001 standard, Linux (libc4, libc5, glibc) "
7128 "B<getcwd>() allocates the buffer dynamically using B<malloc>(3) if I<buf> "
7129 "is NULL. In this case, the allocated buffer has the length I<size> unless "
7130 "I<size> is zero, when I<buf> is allocated as big as necessary. The caller "
7131 "should B<free>(3) the returned buffer."
7135 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:131
7137 "B<get_current_dir_name>() will B<malloc>(3) an array big enough to hold "
7138 "the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If the environment "
7139 "variable B<PWD> is set, and its value is correct, then that value will be "
7140 "returned. The caller should B<free>(3) the returned buffer."
7144 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:156
7146 "B<getwd>() does not B<malloc>(3) any memory. The I<buf> argument should "
7147 "be a pointer to an array at least B<PATH_MAX> bytes long. If the length of "
7148 "the absolute pathname of the current working directory, including the "
7149 "terminating null byte, exceeds B<PATH_MAX> bytes, NULL is returned, and "
7150 "I<errno> is set to B<ENAMETOOLONG>. (Note that on some systems, B<PATH_MAX> "
7151 "may not be a compile-time constant; furthermore, its value may depend on the "
7152 "file system, see B<pathconf>(3).) For portability and security reasons, use "
7153 "of B<getwd>() is deprecated."
7157 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:165
7159 "On success, these functions return a pointer to a string containing the "
7160 "pathname of the current working directory. In the case B<getcwd>() and "
7161 "B<getwd>() this is the same value as I<buf>."
7165 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:172
7167 "On failure, these functions return NULL, and I<errno> is set to indicate the "
7168 "error. The contents of the array pointed to by I<buf> are undefined on "
7173 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:176
7174 msgid "Permission to read or search a component of the filename was denied."
7178 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:180
7179 msgid "I<buf> points to a bad address."
7183 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:187
7184 msgid "The I<size> argument is zero and I<buf> is not a NULL pointer."
7188 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:187
7194 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:192
7195 msgid "B<getwd>(): I<buf> is NULL."
7199 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:192
7201 msgid "ENAMETOOLONG"
7205 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:198
7207 "B<getwd>(): The size of the null-terminated absolute pathname string exceeds "
7208 "B<PATH_MAX> bytes."
7212 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:201
7213 msgid "The current working directory has been unlinked."
7217 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:201 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:112
7223 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:208
7225 "The I<size> argument is less than the length of the absolute pathname of the "
7226 "working directory, including the terminating null byte. You need to "
7227 "allocate a bigger array and try again."
7231 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:216
7233 "B<getcwd>() conforms to POSIX.1-2001. Note however that POSIX.1-2001 "
7234 "leaves the behavior of B<getcwd>() unspecified if I<buf> is NULL."
7238 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:227
7240 "B<getwd>() is present in POSIX.1-2001, but marked LEGACY. POSIX.1-2008 "
7241 "removes the specification of B<getwd>(). Use B<getcwd>() instead. "
7242 "POSIX.1-2001 does not define any errors for B<getwd>()."
7246 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:230
7247 msgid "B<get_current_dir_name>() is a GNU extension."
7251 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:241
7253 "Under Linux, the function B<getcwd>() is a system call (since 2.1.92). On "
7254 "older systems it would query I</proc/self/cwd>. If both system call and "
7255 "proc file system are missing, a generic implementation is called. Only in "
7256 "that case can these calls fail under Linux with B<EACCES>."
7260 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:249
7262 "These functions are often used to save the location of the current working "
7263 "directory for the purpose of returning to it later. Opening the current "
7264 "directory (\".\") and calling B<fchdir>(2) to return is usually a faster "
7265 "and more reliable alternative when sufficiently many file descriptors are "
7266 "available, especially on platforms other than Linux."
7270 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:256
7272 "B<chdir>(2), B<fchdir>(2), B<open>(2), B<unlink>(2), B<free>(3), "
7277 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29
7279 msgid "GETDOMAINNAME"
7283 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29
7289 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:32
7290 msgid "getdomainname, setdomainname - get/set NIS domain name"
7294 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:36
7295 msgid "B<int getdomainname(char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
7299 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:38
7300 msgid "B<int setdomainname(const char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
7304 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:47
7305 msgid "B<getdomainname>(), B<setdomainname>():"
7309 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:49 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:54 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:60 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:55
7310 msgid "_BSD_SOURCE || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<lt>\\ 500)"
7314 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:54
7316 "These functions are used to access or to change the NIS domain name of the "
7321 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:65
7323 "B<setdomainname>() sets the domain name to the value given in the character "
7324 "array I<name>. The I<len> argument specifies the number of bytes in "
7325 "I<name>. (Thus, I<name> does not require a terminating null byte.)"
7329 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:75
7331 "B<getdomainname>() returns the null-terminated domain name in the character "
7332 "array I<name>, which has a length of I<len> bytes. If the null-terminated "
7333 "domain name requires more than I<len> bytes, B<getdomainname>() returns the "
7334 "first I<len> bytes (glibc) or gives an error (libc)."
7338 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:83
7339 msgid "B<setdomainname>() can fail with the following errors:"
7343 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:87
7344 msgid "I<name> pointed outside of user address space."
7348 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:91
7349 msgid "I<len> was negative or too large."
7353 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:96
7355 "the caller is unprivileged (Linux: does not have the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> "
7360 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:99
7361 msgid "B<getdomainname>() can fail with the following errors:"
7365 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:110
7367 "For B<getdomainname>() under libc: I<name> is NULL or I<name> is longer "
7368 "than I<len> bytes."
7371 #. But they appear on most systems...
7373 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:113
7374 msgid "POSIX does not specify these calls."
7378 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:117
7380 "Since Linux 1.0, the limit on the length of a domain name, including the "
7381 "terminating null byte, is 64 bytes. In older kernels, it was 8 bytes."
7385 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:127
7387 "On most Linux architectures (including x86), there is no B<getdomainname>() "
7388 "system call; instead, glibc implements B<getdomainname>() as a library "
7389 "function that returns a copy of the I<domainname> field returned from a call "
7394 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:131
7395 msgid "B<gethostname>(2), B<sethostname>(2), B<uname>(2)"
7399 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27
7401 msgid "GETDTABLESIZE"
7405 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27
7411 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:30
7412 msgid "getdtablesize - get descriptor table size"
7416 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:34
7417 msgid "B<int getdtablesize(void);>"
7421 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:41
7422 msgid "B<getdtablesize>():"
7426 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:49 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:47
7430 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
7434 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:61
7436 "B<getdtablesize>() returns the maximum number of files a process can have "
7437 "open, one more than the largest possible value for a file descriptor."
7441 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:63
7442 msgid "The current limit on the number of open files per process."
7446 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:69
7448 "On Linux, B<getdtablesize>() can return any of the errors described for "
7449 "B<getrlimit>(2); see NOTES below."
7453 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:77
7455 "SVr4, 4.4BSD (the B<getdtablesize>() function first appeared in 4.2BSD). "
7456 "It is not specified in POSIX.1-2001; portable applications should employ "
7457 "I<sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX)> instead of this call."
7461 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:90
7463 "B<getdtablesize>() is implemented as a libc library function. The glibc "
7464 "version calls B<getrlimit>(2) and returns the current B<RLIMIT_NOFILE> "
7465 "limit, or B<OPEN_MAX> when that fails. The libc4 and libc5 versions return "
7466 "B<OPEN_MAX> (set to 256 since Linux 0.98.4)."
7470 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:95
7471 msgid "B<close>(2), B<dup>(2), B<getrlimit>(2), B<open>(2)"
7475 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29
7481 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:32
7482 msgid "gethostid, sethostid - get or set the unique identifier of the current host"
7486 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:36
7487 msgid "B<long gethostid(void);>"
7491 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:38
7492 msgid "B<int sethostid(long >I<hostid>B<);>"
7496 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:47
7497 msgid "B<gethostid>():"
7501 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:52
7502 msgid "B<sethostid>():"
7506 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:67
7508 "B<gethostid>() and B<sethostid>() respectively get or set a unique 32-bit "
7509 "identifier for the current machine. The 32-bit identifier is intended to be "
7510 "unique among all UNIX systems in existence. This normally resembles the "
7511 "Internet address for the local machine, as returned by B<gethostbyname>(3), "
7512 "and thus usually never needs to be set."
7516 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:71
7517 msgid "The B<sethostid>() call is restricted to the superuser."
7521 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:75
7523 "B<gethostid>() returns the 32-bit identifier for the current host as set by "
7528 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:81
7530 "On success, B<sethostid>() returns 0; on error, -1 is returned, and "
7531 "I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
7535 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:84
7536 msgid "B<sethostid>() can fail with the following errors:"
7540 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:88
7542 "The caller did not have permission to write to the file used to store the "
7547 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:92
7549 "The calling process's effective user or group ID is not the same as its "
7550 "corresponding real ID."
7554 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:102
7556 "4.2BSD; these functions were dropped in 4.4BSD. SVr4 includes "
7557 "B<gethostid>() but not B<sethostid>(). POSIX.1-2001 specifies "
7558 "B<gethostid>() but not B<sethostid>()."
7561 #. libc5 used /etc/hostid; libc4 didn't have these functions
7563 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:111
7565 "In the glibc implementation, the I<hostid> is stored in the file "
7566 "I</etc/hostid>. (In glibc versions before 2.2, the file I</var/adm/hostid> "
7571 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:122
7573 "In the glibc implementation, if B<gethostid>() cannot open the file "
7574 "containing the host ID, then it obtains the hostname using "
7575 "B<gethostname>(2), passes that hostname to B<gethostbyname_r>(3) in order "
7576 "to obtain the host's IPv4 address, and returns a value obtained by "
7577 "bit-twiddling the IPv4 address. (This value may not be unique.)"
7581 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:124
7582 msgid "It is impossible to ensure that the identifier is globally unique."
7586 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:127
7587 msgid "B<hostid>(1), B<gethostbyname>(3)"
7591 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32
7597 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:35
7598 msgid "gethostname, sethostname - get/set hostname"
7602 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:39
7603 msgid "B<int gethostname(char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
7607 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:41
7608 msgid "B<int sethostname(const char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
7612 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:50
7613 msgid "B<gethostname>():"
7617 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:53
7618 msgid "Since glibc 2.12: _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500"
7622 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:55
7623 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L"
7627 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:58
7628 msgid "B<sethostname>():"
7632 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:66
7634 "These system calls are used to access or to change the hostname of the "
7635 "current processor."
7639 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:77
7641 "B<sethostname>() sets the hostname to the value given in the character "
7642 "array I<name>. The I<len> argument specifies the number of bytes in "
7643 "I<name>. (Thus, I<name> does not require a terminating null byte.)"
7647 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:89
7649 "B<gethostname>() returns the null-terminated hostname in the character "
7650 "array I<name>, which has a length of I<len> bytes. If the null-terminated "
7651 "hostname is too large to fit, then the name is truncated, and no error is "
7652 "returned (but see NOTES below). POSIX.1-2001 says that if such truncation "
7653 "occurs, then it is unspecified whether the returned buffer includes a "
7654 "terminating null byte."
7658 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:99
7659 msgid "I<name> is an invalid address."
7662 #. Can't occur for gethostbyname() wrapper, since 'len' has an
7663 #. unsigned type; can occur for the underlying system call.
7665 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:109
7667 "I<len> is negative or, for B<sethostname>(), I<len> is larger than the "
7668 "maximum allowed size."
7672 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:117
7674 "(glibc B<gethostname>()) I<len> is smaller than the actual size. (Before "
7675 "version 2.1, glibc uses B<EINVAL> for this case.)"
7679 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:124
7681 "For B<sethostname>(), the caller did not have the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> "
7686 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:130
7688 "SVr4, 4.4BSD (these interfaces first appeared in 4.2BSD). POSIX.1-2001 "
7689 "specifies B<gethostname>() but not B<sethostname>()."
7693 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:140
7695 "SUSv2 guarantees that \"Host names are limited to 255 bytes\". POSIX.1-2001 "
7696 "guarantees that \"Host names (not including the terminating null byte) are "
7697 "limited to B<HOST_NAME_MAX> bytes\". On Linux, B<HOST_NAME_MAX> is defined "
7698 "with the value 64, which has been the limit since Linux 1.0 (earlier kernels "
7699 "imposed a limit of 8 bytes)."
7703 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:163
7705 "The GNU C library does not employ the B<gethostname>() system call; "
7706 "instead, it implements B<gethostname>() as a library function that calls "
7707 "B<uname>(2) and copies up to I<len> bytes from the returned I<nodename> "
7708 "field into I<name>. Having performed the copy, the function then checks if "
7709 "the length of the I<nodename> was greater than or equal to I<len>, and if it "
7710 "is, then the function returns -1 with I<errno> set to B<ENAMETOOLONG>; in "
7711 "this case, a terminating null byte is not included in the returned I<name>."
7714 #. At least glibc 2.0 and 2.1, older versions not checked
7716 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:176
7718 "Versions of glibc before 2.2 handle the case where the length of the "
7719 "I<nodename> was greater than or equal to I<len> differently: nothing is "
7720 "copied into I<name> and the function returns -1 with I<errno> set to "
7725 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:180
7726 msgid "B<getdomainname>(2), B<setdomainname>(2), B<uname>(2)"
7730 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28
7736 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28
7742 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:31
7743 msgid "getlogin, getlogin_r, cuserid - get username"
7747 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:35
7748 msgid "B<char *getlogin(void);>"
7752 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:37
7753 msgid "B<int getlogin_r(char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<bufsize>B<);>"
7757 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:39
7758 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>"
7762 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:41
7763 msgid "B<char *cuserid(char *>I<string>B<);>"
7767 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:49
7768 msgid "B<getlogin_r>(): _REENTRANT || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 199506L"
7772 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:52
7773 msgid "B<cuserid>(): _XOPEN_SOURCE"
7777 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:61
7779 "B<getlogin>() returns a pointer to a string containing the name of the user "
7780 "logged in on the controlling terminal of the process, or a NULL pointer if "
7781 "this information cannot be determined. The string is statically allocated "
7782 "and might be overwritten on subsequent calls to this function or to "
7787 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:67
7789 "B<getlogin_r>() returns this same username in the array I<buf> of size "
7794 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:79
7796 "B<cuserid>() returns a pointer to a string containing a username associated "
7797 "with the effective user ID of the process. If I<string> is not a NULL "
7798 "pointer, it should be an array that can hold at least B<L_cuserid> "
7799 "characters; the string is returned in this array. Otherwise, a pointer to a "
7800 "string in a static area is returned. This string is statically allocated "
7801 "and might be overwritten on subsequent calls to this function or to "
7806 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:83
7808 "The macro B<L_cuserid> is an integer constant that indicates how long an "
7809 "array you might need to store a username. B<L_cuserid> is declared in "
7810 "I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>."
7814 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:90
7816 "These functions let your program identify positively the user who is running "
7817 "(B<cuserid>()) or the user who logged in this session (B<getlogin>()). "
7818 "(These can differ when set-user-ID programs are involved.)"
7822 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:95
7824 "For most purposes, it is more useful to use the environment variable "
7825 "B<LOGNAME> to find out who the user is. This is more flexible precisely "
7826 "because the user can set B<LOGNAME> arbitrarily."
7830 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:101
7832 "B<getlogin>() returns a pointer to the username when successful, and NULL "
7833 "on failure. B<getlogin_r>() returns 0 when successful, and nonzero on "
7838 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:103
7839 msgid "POSIX specifies"
7843 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:106
7844 msgid "The calling process already has the maximum allowed number of open files."
7848 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:109
7849 msgid "The system already has the maximum allowed number of open files."
7853 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:109
7859 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:112
7860 msgid "The calling process has no controlling terminal."
7864 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:118
7866 "(getlogin_r) The length of the username, including the terminating null "
7867 "byte, is larger than I<bufsize>."
7871 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:120
7872 msgid "Linux/glibc also has"
7876 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:123
7877 msgid "There was no corresponding entry in the utmp-file."
7881 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:126
7882 msgid "Insufficient memory to allocate passwd structure."
7886 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:126 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:107 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:111 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:92
7892 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:130
7893 msgid "Standard input didn't refer to a terminal. (See BUGS.)"
7897 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:131
7899 msgid "I</etc/passwd>"
7903 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:134
7904 msgid "password database file"
7908 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:134
7910 msgid "I</var/run/utmp>"
7914 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:138
7915 msgid "(traditionally I</etc/utmp>; some libc versions used I</var/adm/utmp>)"
7919 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:143
7920 msgid "B<getlogin>() and B<getlogin_r>() specified in POSIX.1-2001."
7924 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:154
7926 "System V has a B<cuserid>() function which uses the real user ID rather "
7927 "than the effective user ID. The B<cuserid>() function was included in the "
7928 "1988 version of POSIX, but removed from the 1990 version. It was present in "
7929 "SUSv2, but removed in POSIX.1-2001."
7933 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:161
7935 "OpenBSD has B<getlogin>() and B<setlogin>(), and a username associated with "
7936 "a session, even if it has no controlling terminal."
7940 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:173
7942 "Unfortunately, it is often rather easy to fool B<getlogin>(). Sometimes it "
7943 "does not work at all, because some program messed up the utmp file. Often, "
7944 "it gives only the first 8 characters of the login name. The user currently "
7945 "logged in on the controlling terminal of our program need not be the user "
7946 "who started it. Avoid B<getlogin>() for security-related purposes."
7950 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:183
7952 "Note that glibc does not follow the POSIX specification and uses I<stdin> "
7953 "instead of I</dev/tty>. A bug. (Other recent systems, like SunOS 5.8 and "
7954 "HP-UX 11.11 and FreeBSD 4.8 all return the login name also when I<stdin> is "
7959 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:193
7961 "Nobody knows precisely what B<cuserid>() does; avoid it in portable "
7962 "programs. Or avoid it altogether: use I<getpwuid(geteuid())> instead, if "
7963 "that is what you meant. B<Do not use> B<cuserid>()."
7967 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:197
7968 msgid "B<geteuid>(2), B<getuid>(2), B<utmp>(5)"
7972 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:41
7978 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:45
7980 "getopt, getopt_long, getopt_long_only, optarg, optind, opterr, optopt - "
7981 "Parse command-line options"
7985 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:51
7988 "B<int getopt(int >I<argc>B<, char * const >I<argv[]>B<,>\n"
7989 "B< const char *>I<optstring>B<);>\n"
7993 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:54
7996 "B<extern char *>I<optarg>B<;>\n"
7997 "B<extern int >I<optind>B<, >I<opterr>B<, >I<optopt>B<;>\n"
8001 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:56
8003 msgid "B<#include E<lt>getopt.hE<gt>>\n"
8007 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:60
8010 "B<int getopt_long(int >I<argc>B<, char * const >I<argv[]>B<,>\n"
8011 "B< const char *>I<optstring>B<,>\n"
8012 "B< const struct option *>I<longopts>B<, int *>I<longindex>B<);>\n"
8016 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:64
8019 "B<int getopt_long_only(int >I<argc>B<, char * const >I<argv[]>B<,>\n"
8020 "B< const char *>I<optstring>B<,>\n"
8021 "B< const struct option *>I<longopts>B<, int *>I<longindex>B<);>\n"
8025 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:74
8026 msgid "B<getopt>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 2 || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
8030 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:78
8031 msgid "B<getopt_long>(), B<getopt_long_only>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
8035 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:99
8037 "The B<getopt>() function parses the command-line arguments. Its arguments "
8038 "I<argc> and I<argv> are the argument count and array as passed to the "
8039 "I<main>() function on program invocation. An element of I<argv> that "
8040 "starts with \\(aq-\\(aq (and is not exactly \"-\" or \"--\") is an option "
8041 "element. The characters of this element (aside from the initial "
8042 "\\(aq-\\(aq) are option characters. If B<getopt>() is called repeatedly, "
8043 "it returns successively each of the option characters from each of the "
8048 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:108
8050 "The variable I<optind> is the index of the next element to be processed in "
8051 "I<argv>. The system initializes this value to 1. The caller can reset it "
8052 "to 1 to restart scanning of the same I<argv>, or when scanning a new "
8057 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:118
8059 "If B<getopt>() finds another option character, it returns that character, "
8060 "updating the external variable I<optind> and a static variable I<nextchar> "
8061 "so that the next call to B<getopt>() can resume the scan with the following "
8062 "option character or I<argv>-element."
8066 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:124
8068 "If there are no more option characters, B<getopt>() returns -1. Then "
8069 "I<optind> is the index in I<argv> of the first I<argv>-element that is not "
8074 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:151
8076 "I<optstring> is a string containing the legitimate option characters. If "
8077 "such a character is followed by a colon, the option requires an argument, so "
8078 "B<getopt>() places a pointer to the following text in the same "
8079 "I<argv>-element, or the text of the following I<argv>-element, in "
8080 "I<optarg>. Two colons mean an option takes an optional arg; if there is "
8081 "text in the current I<argv>-element (i.e., in the same word as the option "
8082 "name itself, for example, \"-oarg\"), then it is returned in I<optarg>, "
8083 "otherwise I<optarg> is set to zero. This is a GNU extension. If "
8084 "I<optstring> contains B<W> followed by a semicolon, then B<-W foo> is "
8085 "treated as the long option B<--foo>. (The B<-W> option is reserved by "
8086 "POSIX.2 for implementation extensions.) This behavior is a GNU extension, "
8087 "not available with libraries before glibc 2."
8091 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:169
8093 "By default, B<getopt>() permutes the contents of I<argv> as it scans, so "
8094 "that eventually all the nonoptions are at the end. Two other modes are also "
8095 "implemented. If the first character of I<optstring> is \\(aq+\\(aq or the "
8096 "environment variable B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> is set, then option processing stops "
8097 "as soon as a nonoption argument is encountered. If the first character of "
8098 "I<optstring> is \\(aq-\\(aq, then each nonoption I<argv>-element is handled "
8099 "as if it were the argument of an option with character code 1. (This is "
8100 "used by programs that were written to expect options and other "
8101 "I<argv>-elements in any order and that care about the ordering of the two.) "
8102 "The special argument \"--\" forces an end of option-scanning regardless of "
8103 "the scanning mode."
8107 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:177
8109 "If B<getopt>() does not recognize an option character, it prints an error "
8110 "message to I<stderr>, stores the character in I<optopt>, and returns "
8111 "\\(aq?\\(aq. The calling program may prevent the error message by setting "
8116 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:196
8118 "If B<getopt>() finds an option character in I<argv> that was not included "
8119 "in I<optstring>, or if it detects a missing option argument, it returns "
8120 "\\(aq?\\(aq and sets the external variable I<optopt> to the actual option "
8121 "character. If the first character (following any optional \\(aq+\\(aq or "
8122 "\\(aq-\\(aq described above) of I<optstring> is a colon (\\(aq:\\(aq), then "
8123 "B<getopt>() returns \\(aq:\\(aq instead of \\(aq?\\(aq to indicate a "
8124 "missing option argument. If an error was detected, and the first character "
8125 "of I<optstring> is not a colon, and the external variable I<opterr> is "
8126 "nonzero (which is the default), B<getopt>() prints an error message."
8130 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:196
8132 msgid "getopt_long() and getopt_long_only()"
8136 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:212
8138 "The B<getopt_long>() function works like B<getopt>() except that it also "
8139 "accepts long options, started with two dashes. (If the program accepts only "
8140 "long options, then I<optstring> should be specified as an empty string "
8141 "(\"\"), not NULL.) Long option names may be abbreviated if the abbreviation "
8142 "is unique or is an exact match for some defined option. A long option may "
8143 "take a parameter, of the form B<--arg=param> or B<--arg param>."
8147 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:219
8149 "I<longopts> is a pointer to the first element of an array of I<struct "
8150 "option> declared in I<E<lt>getopt.hE<gt>> as"
8154 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:228
8158 " const char *name;\n"
8166 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:232
8167 msgid "The meanings of the different fields are:"
8171 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:232
8177 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:235
8178 msgid "is the name of the long option."
8182 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:235
8188 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:241
8190 "is: B<no_argument> (or 0) if the option does not take an argument; "
8191 "B<required_argument> (or 1) if the option requires an argument; or "
8192 "B<optional_argument> (or 2) if the option takes an optional argument."
8196 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:241
8202 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:255
8204 "specifies how results are returned for a long option. If I<flag> is NULL, "
8205 "then B<getopt_long>() returns I<val>. (For example, the calling program "
8206 "may set I<val> to the equivalent short option character.) Otherwise, "
8207 "B<getopt_long>() returns 0, and I<flag> points to a variable which is set "
8208 "to I<val> if the option is found, but left unchanged if the option is not "
8213 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:255
8219 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:259
8220 msgid "is the value to return, or to load into the variable pointed to by I<flag>."
8224 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:261
8225 msgid "The last element of the array has to be filled with zeros."
8229 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:265
8231 "If I<longindex> is not NULL, it points to a variable which is set to the "
8232 "index of the long option relative to I<longopts>."
8236 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:274
8238 "B<getopt_long_only>() is like B<getopt_long>(), but \\(aq-\\(aq as well as "
8239 "\"--\" can indicate a long option. If an option that starts with "
8240 "\\(aq-\\(aq (not \"--\") doesn't match a long option, but does match a short "
8241 "option, it is parsed as a short option instead."
8245 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:292
8247 "If an option was successfully found, then B<getopt>() returns the option "
8248 "character. If all command-line options have been parsed, then B<getopt>() "
8249 "returns -1. If B<getopt>() encounters an option character that was not in "
8250 "I<optstring>, then \\(aq?\\(aq is returned. If B<getopt>() encounters an "
8251 "option with a missing argument, then the return value depends on the first "
8252 "character in I<optstring>: if it is \\(aq:\\(aq, then \\(aq:\\(aq is "
8253 "returned; otherwise \\(aq?\\(aq is returned."
8257 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:304
8259 "B<getopt_long>() and B<getopt_long_only>() also return the option "
8260 "character when a short option is recognized. For a long option, they return "
8261 "I<val> if I<flag> is NULL, and 0 otherwise. Error and -1 returns are the "
8262 "same as for B<getopt>(), plus \\(aq?\\(aq for an ambiguous match or an "
8263 "extraneous parameter."
8267 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:304
8273 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:305
8275 msgid "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT>"
8279 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:309
8281 "If this is set, then option processing stops as soon as a nonoption argument "
8286 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:309
8288 msgid "B<_E<lt>PIDE<gt>_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_>"
8292 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:318
8294 "This variable was used by B<bash>(1) 2.0 to communicate to glibc which "
8295 "arguments are the results of wildcard expansion and so should not be "
8296 "considered as options. This behavior was removed in B<bash>(1) version "
8297 "2.01, but the support remains in glibc."
8301 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:319
8303 msgid "B<getopt>():"
8307 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:329
8309 "POSIX.2 and POSIX.1-2001, provided the environment variable "
8310 "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> is set. Otherwise, the elements of I<argv> aren't really "
8311 "const, because we permute them. We pretend they're const in the prototype "
8312 "to be compatible with other systems."
8316 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:333
8317 msgid "The use of \\(aq+\\(aq and \\(aq-\\(aq in I<optstring> is a GNU extension."
8321 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:347
8323 "On some older implementations, B<getopt>() was declared in "
8324 "I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>. SUSv1 permitted the declaration to appear in either "
8325 "I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> or I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>. POSIX.1-2001 marked the use "
8326 "of I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>> for this purpose as LEGACY. POSIX.1-2001 does not "
8327 "allow the declaration to appear in I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>."
8331 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:347
8333 msgid "B<getopt_long>() and B<getopt_long_only>():"
8337 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:369
8339 "A program that scans multiple argument vectors, or rescans the same vector "
8340 "more than once, and wants to make use of GNU extensions such as \\(aq+\\(aq "
8341 "and \\(aq-\\(aq at the start of I<optstring>, or changes the value of "
8342 "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> between scans, must reinitialize B<getopt>() by "
8343 "resetting I<optind> to 0, rather than the traditional value of 1. "
8344 "(Resetting to 0 forces the invocation of an internal initialization routine "
8345 "that rechecks B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> and checks for GNU extensions in "
8350 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:376
8352 "The POSIX.2 specification of B<getopt>() has a technical error described in "
8353 "POSIX.2 Interpretation 150. The GNU implementation (and probably all other "
8354 "implementations) implements the correct behavior rather than that specified."
8358 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:384
8360 "The following trivial example program uses B<getopt>() to handle two "
8361 "program options: I<-n>, with no associated value; and I<-t val>, which "
8362 "expects an associated value."
8366 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:389
8369 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
8370 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
8371 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
8375 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:395
8379 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
8381 " int flags, opt;\n"
8382 " int nsecs, tfnd;\n"
8386 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:414
8392 " while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, \"nt:\")) != -1) {\n"
8394 " case \\(aqn\\(aq:\n"
8397 " case \\(aqt\\(aq:\n"
8398 " nsecs = atoi(optarg);\n"
8401 " default: /* \\(aq?\\(aq */\n"
8402 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s [-t nsecs] [-n] name\\en\",\n"
8404 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
8410 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:416
8412 msgid " printf(\"flags=%d; tfnd=%d; optind=%d\\en\", flags, tfnd, optind);\n"
8416 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:421
8419 " if (optind E<gt>= argc) {\n"
8420 " fprintf(stderr, \"Expected argument after options\\en\");\n"
8421 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
8426 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:423
8428 msgid " printf(\"name argument = %s\\en\", argv[optind]);\n"
8432 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:425
8434 msgid " /* Other code omitted */\n"
8438 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:433
8440 "The following example program illustrates the use of B<getopt_long>() with "
8441 "most of its features."
8445 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:438
8448 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt> /* for printf */\n"
8449 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt> /* for exit */\n"
8450 "#include E<lt>getopt.hE<gt>\n"
8454 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:444
8458 "main(int argc, char **argv)\n"
8461 " int digit_optind = 0;\n"
8465 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:457
8469 " int this_option_optind = optind ? optind : 1;\n"
8470 " int option_index = 0;\n"
8471 " static struct option long_options[] = {\n"
8472 " {\"add\", required_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
8473 " {\"append\", no_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
8474 " {\"delete\", required_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
8475 " {\"verbose\", no_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
8476 " {\"create\", required_argument, 0, \\(aqc\\(aq},\n"
8477 " {\"file\", required_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
8483 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:462
8486 " c = getopt_long(argc, argv, \"abc:d:012\",\n"
8487 " long_options, &option_index);\n"
8493 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:470
8498 " printf(\"option %s\", long_options[option_index].name);\n"
8500 " printf(\" with arg %s\", optarg);\n"
8501 " printf(\"\\en\");\n"
8506 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:479
8509 " case \\(aq0\\(aq:\n"
8510 " case \\(aq1\\(aq:\n"
8511 " case \\(aq2\\(aq:\n"
8512 " if (digit_optind != 0 && digit_optind != this_option_optind)\n"
8513 " printf(\"digits occur in two different "
8514 "argv-elements.\\en\");\n"
8515 " digit_optind = this_option_optind;\n"
8516 " printf(\"option %c\\en\", c);\n"
8521 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:483
8524 " case \\(aqa\\(aq:\n"
8525 " printf(\"option a\\en\");\n"
8530 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:487
8533 " case \\(aqb\\(aq:\n"
8534 " printf(\"option b\\en\");\n"
8539 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:491
8542 " case \\(aqc\\(aq:\n"
8543 " printf(\"option c with value \\(aq%s\\(aq\\en\", optarg);\n"
8548 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:495
8551 " case \\(aqd\\(aq:\n"
8552 " printf(\"option d with value \\(aq%s\\(aq\\en\", optarg);\n"
8557 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:498
8560 " case \\(aq?\\(aq:\n"
8565 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:503
8569 " printf(\"?? getopt returned character code 0%o ??\\en\", c);\n"
8575 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:510
8578 " if (optind E<lt> argc) {\n"
8579 " printf(\"non-option ARGV-elements: \");\n"
8580 " while (optind E<lt> argc)\n"
8581 " printf(\"%s \", argv[optind++]);\n"
8582 " printf(\"\\en\");\n"
8587 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:516
8588 msgid "B<getsubopt>(3)"
8592 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25
8598 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25
8604 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:28
8605 msgid "getpagesize - get memory page size"
8609 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:32
8610 msgid "B<int getpagesize(void);>"
8614 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:39
8615 msgid "B<getpagesize>():"
8619 #. This call first appeared in 4.2BSD.
8621 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:64
8623 "The function B<getpagesize>() returns the number of bytes in a memory page, "
8624 "where \"page\" is a fixed-length block, the unit for memory allocation and "
8625 "file mapping performed by B<mmap>(2)."
8629 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:71
8631 "SVr4, 4.4BSD, SUSv2. In SUSv2 the B<getpagesize>() call is labeled LEGACY, "
8632 "and in POSIX.1-2001 it has been dropped; HP-UX does not have this call."
8636 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:76
8638 "Portable applications should employ I<sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)> instead of "
8643 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:81
8646 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
8647 "long sz = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);\n"
8651 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:88
8652 msgid "(Most systems allow the synonym B<_SC_PAGE_SIZE> for B<_SC_PAGESIZE>.)"
8656 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:108
8658 "Whether B<getpagesize>() is present as a Linux system call depends on the "
8659 "architecture. If it is, it returns the kernel symbol B<PAGE_SIZE>, whose "
8660 "value depends on the architecture and machine model. Generally, one uses "
8661 "binaries that are dependent on the architecture but not on the machine "
8662 "model, in order to have a single binary distribution per architecture. This "
8663 "means that a user program should not find B<PAGE_SIZE> at compile time from "
8664 "a header file, but use an actual system call, at least for those "
8665 "architectures (like sun4) where this dependency exists. Here libc4, libc5, "
8666 "glibc 2.0 fail because their B<getpagesize>() returns a statically derived "
8667 "value, and does not use a system call. Things are OK in glibc 2.1."
8671 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:111
8672 msgid "B<mmap>(2), B<sysconf>(3)"
8676 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:26
8682 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:26
8688 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:29
8689 msgid "gettid - get thread identification"
8693 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:32
8695 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
8699 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:34
8701 msgid "B<pid_t gettid(void);>\n"
8705 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:50
8707 "B<gettid>() returns the caller's thread ID (TID). In a single-threaded "
8708 "process, the thread ID is equal to the process ID (PID, as returned by "
8709 "B<getpid>(2)). In a multithreaded process, all threads have the same PID, "
8710 "but each one has a unique TID. For further details, see the discussion of "
8711 "B<CLONE_THREAD> in B<clone>(2)."
8715 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:52
8716 msgid "On success, returns the thread ID of the calling process."
8720 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:54
8721 msgid "This call is always successful."
8725 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:58
8726 msgid "The B<gettid>() system call first appeared on Linux in kernel 2.4.11."
8730 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:62
8732 "B<gettid>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs that are "
8733 "intended to be portable."
8736 #. FIXME See http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=6399
8737 #. "gettid() should have a wrapper"
8739 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:67
8741 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using "
8746 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:71
8748 "The thread ID returned by this call is not the same thing as a POSIX thread "
8749 "ID (i.e., the opaque value returned by B<pthread_self>(3))."
8753 #. .BR move_pages (2),
8754 #. .BR migrate_pages (2),
8755 #. .BR process_vm_readv (2),
8758 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:90
8760 "B<capget>(2), B<clone>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<fork>(2), B<get_robust_list>(2), "
8761 "B<getpid>(2), B<ioprio_set>(2), B<perf_event_open>(2), "
8762 "B<sched_setaffinity>(2), B<sched_setparam>(2), B<sched_setscheduler>(2), "
8763 "B<timer_create>(2), B<tgkill>(2)"
8767 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:28
8773 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:28
8779 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:31
8780 msgid "getumask - get file creation mask"
8784 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:35 build/C/man2/truncate.2:50 build/C/man2/umask.2:39 build/C/man2/vfork.2:33
8785 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>"
8789 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:39
8790 msgid "B<mode_t getumask(void);>"
8794 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:42
8795 msgid "This function returns the current file creation mask. It is equivalent to"
8799 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:51
8802 "mode_t getumask(void)\n"
8804 " mode_t mask = umask( 0 );\n"
8811 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:58
8813 "except that it is documented to be thread-safe (that is, shares a lock with "
8814 "the B<umask>(2) library call)."
8818 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:60
8819 msgid "This is a vaporware GNU extension."
8823 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:63
8825 "This function is documented but not implemented yet in glibc, as at version "
8830 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:65
8835 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30
8837 msgid "GETUSERSHELL"
8841 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30 build/C/man2/nice.2:31 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28
8847 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:33
8848 msgid "getusershell, setusershell, endusershell - get permitted user shells"
8852 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:38
8854 msgid "B<char *getusershell(void);>\n"
8858 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:40
8860 msgid "B<void setusershell(void);>\n"
8864 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:42
8866 msgid "B<void endusershell(void);>\n"
8870 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:53
8871 msgid "B<getusershell>(), B<setusershell>(), B<endusershell>():"
8875 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:69
8877 "The B<getusershell>() function returns the next line from the file "
8878 "I</etc/shells>, opening the file if necessary. The line should contain the "
8879 "pathname of a valid user shell. If I</etc/shells> does not exist or is "
8880 "unreadable, B<getusershell>() behaves as if I</bin/sh> and I</bin/csh> were "
8881 "listed in the file."
8885 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:73
8886 msgid "The B<setusershell>() function rewinds I</etc/shells>."
8890 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:77
8891 msgid "The B<endusershell>() function closes I</etc/shells>."
8895 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:81
8896 msgid "The B<getusershell>() function returns a NULL pointer on end-of-file."
8900 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:84
8902 msgid "/etc/shells\n"
8906 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:87
8911 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:89
8912 msgid "B<shells>(5)"
8916 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:32
8922 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:32 build/C/man5/shells.5:28
8928 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:35
8929 msgid "idle - make process 0 idle"
8933 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:39
8934 msgid "B<int idle(void);>"
8938 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:46
8940 "B<idle>() is an internal system call used during bootstrap. It marks the "
8941 "process's pages as swappable, lowers its priority, and enters the main "
8942 "scheduling loop. B<idle>() never returns."
8946 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:52
8948 "Only process 0 may call B<idle>(). Any user process, even a process with "
8949 "superuser permission, will receive B<EPERM>."
8953 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:55
8955 "B<idle>() never returns for process 0, and always returns -1 for a user "
8960 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:59 build/C/man2/setup.2:60
8961 msgid "Always, for a user process."
8965 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:61
8966 msgid "Since Linux 2.3.13, this system call does not exist anymore."
8970 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:64 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:86
8972 "This function is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended "
8977 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41
8983 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41
8989 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:44
8990 msgid "ioctl - control device"
8994 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:46
8995 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/ioctl.hE<gt>>"
8999 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:48
9000 msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<d>B<, int >I<request>B<, ...);>"
9004 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:59
9006 "The B<ioctl>() function manipulates the underlying device parameters of "
9007 "special files. In particular, many operating characteristics of character "
9008 "special files (e.g., terminals) may be controlled with B<ioctl>() "
9009 "requests. The argument I<d> must be an open file descriptor."
9013 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:67
9015 "The second argument is a device-dependent request code. The third argument "
9016 "is an untyped pointer to memory. It's traditionally B<char *>I<argp> (from "
9017 "the days before B<void *> was valid C), and will be so named for this "
9022 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:83
9024 "An B<ioctl>() I<request> has encoded in it whether the argument is an I<in> "
9025 "parameter or I<out> parameter, and the size of the argument I<argp> in "
9026 "bytes. Macros and defines used in specifying an B<ioctl>() I<request> are "
9027 "located in the file I<E<lt>sys/ioctl.hE<gt>>."
9031 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:92
9033 "Usually, on success zero is returned. A few B<ioctl>() requests use the "
9034 "return value as an output parameter and return a nonnegative value on "
9035 "success. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
9039 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:97
9040 msgid "I<d> is not a valid descriptor."
9044 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:101
9045 msgid "I<argp> references an inaccessible memory area."
9049 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:107
9050 msgid "I<Request> or I<argp> is not valid."
9054 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:111
9055 msgid "I<d> is not associated with a character special device."
9059 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:117
9061 "The specified request does not apply to the kind of object that the "
9062 "descriptor I<d> references."
9066 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:132
9068 "No single standard. Arguments, returns, and semantics of B<ioctl>() vary "
9069 "according to the device driver in question (the call is used as a catch-all "
9070 "for operations that don't cleanly fit the UNIX stream I/O model). See "
9071 "B<ioctl_list>(2) for a list of many of the known B<ioctl>() calls. The "
9072 "B<ioctl>() function call appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX."
9076 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:140
9078 "In order to use this call, one needs an open file descriptor. Often the "
9079 "B<open>(2) call has unwanted side effects, that can be avoided under Linux "
9080 "by giving it the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag."
9085 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:148
9086 msgid "B<execve>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<ioctl_list>(2), B<open>(2), B<sd>(4), B<tty>(4)"
9090 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30
9096 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30
9102 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:33
9103 msgid "ioctl_list - list of ioctl calls in Linux/i386 kernel"
9107 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:40
9109 "This is Ioctl List 1.3.27, a list of ioctl calls in Linux/i386 kernel "
9110 "1.3.27. It contains 421 ioctls from "
9111 "I<E<lt>/usr/include/{asm,linux}/*.hE<gt>>. For each ioctl, its numerical "
9112 "value, its name, and its argument type are given."
9116 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:48
9118 "An argument type of I<const struct foo *> means the argument is input to the "
9119 "kernel. I<struct foo *> means the kernel outputs the argument. If the "
9120 "kernel uses the argument for both input and output, this is marked with "
9125 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:53
9127 "Some ioctls take more arguments or return more values than a single "
9128 "structure. These are marked I<//\\ MORE> and documented further in a "
9133 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:55
9134 msgid "This list is very incomplete."
9138 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:55
9140 msgid "ioctl structure"
9143 #. added two sections - aeb
9145 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:60
9147 "Ioctl command values are 32-bit constants. In principle these constants are "
9148 "completely arbitrary, but people have tried to build some structure into "
9153 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:79
9155 "The old Linux situation was that of mostly 16-bit constants, where the last "
9156 "byte is a serial number, and the preceding byte(s) give a type indicating "
9157 "the driver. Sometimes the major number was used: 0x03 for the B<HDIO_*> "
9158 "ioctls, 0x06 for the B<LP*> ioctls. And sometimes one or more ASCII letters "
9159 "were used. For example, B<TCGETS> has value 0x00005401, with 0x54 = "
9160 "\\(aqT\\(aq indicating the terminal driver, and B<CYGETTIMEOUT> has value "
9161 "0x00435906, with 0x43 0x59 = \\(aqC\\(aq \\(aqY\\(aq indicating the cyclades "
9166 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:87
9168 "Later (0.98p5) some more information was built into the number. One has 2 "
9169 "direction bits (00: none, 01: write, 10: read, 11: read/write) followed by "
9170 "14 size bits (giving the size of the argument), followed by an 8-bit type "
9171 "(collecting the ioctls in groups for a common purpose or a common driver), "
9172 "and an 8-bit serial number."
9176 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:97
9178 "The macros describing this structure live in I<E<lt>asm/ioctl.hE<gt>> and "
9179 "are B<_IO(type,nr)> and B<{_IOR,_IOW,_IOWR}(type,nr,size)>. They use "
9180 "I<sizeof(size)> so that size is a misnomer here: this third argument is a "
9185 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:102
9187 "Note that the size bits are very unreliable: in lots of cases they are "
9188 "wrong, either because of buggy macros using I<sizeof(sizeof(struct))>, or "
9189 "because of legacy values."
9193 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:106
9195 "Thus, it seems that the new structure only gave disadvantages: it does not "
9196 "help in checking, but it causes varying values for the various "
9201 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:112
9203 "Decent ioctls return 0 on success and -1 on error, while any output value is "
9204 "stored via the argument. However, quite a few ioctls in fact return an "
9205 "output value. This is not yet indicated below."
9209 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:114
9210 msgid "// Main table."
9214 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:116
9215 msgid "// E<lt>include/asm-i386/socket.hE<gt>"
9219 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:118
9221 msgid "0x00008901\tFIOSETOWN\tconst int *\n"
9225 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:119
9227 msgid "0x00008902\tSIOCSPGRP\tconst int *\n"
9231 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:120
9233 msgid "0x00008903\tFIOGETOWN\tint *\n"
9237 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:121
9239 msgid "0x00008904\tSIOCGPGRP\tint *\n"
9243 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:122
9245 msgid "0x00008905\tSIOCATMAR\tint *\n"
9249 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:123
9251 msgid "0x00008906\tSIOCGSTAMP\ttimeval *\n"
9255 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:127
9256 msgid "// E<lt>include/asm-i386/termios.hE<gt>"
9260 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:129
9262 msgid "0x00005401\tTCGETS\tstruct termios *\n"
9266 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:130
9268 msgid "0x00005402\tTCSETS\tconst struct termios *\n"
9272 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:131
9274 msgid "0x00005403\tTCSETSW\tconst struct termios *\n"
9278 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:132
9280 msgid "0x00005404\tTCSETSF\tconst struct termios *\n"
9284 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:133
9286 msgid "0x00005405\tTCGETA\tstruct termio *\n"
9290 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:134
9292 msgid "0x00005406\tTCSETA\tconst struct termio *\n"
9296 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:135
9298 msgid "0x00005407\tTCSETAW\tconst struct termio *\n"
9302 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:136
9304 msgid "0x00005408\tTCSETAF\tconst struct termio *\n"
9308 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:137
9310 msgid "0x00005409\tTCSBRK\tint\n"
9314 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:138
9316 msgid "0x0000540A\tTCXONC\tint\n"
9320 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:139
9322 msgid "0x0000540B\tTCFLSH\tint\n"
9326 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:140
9328 msgid "0x0000540C\tTIOCEXCL\tvoid\n"
9332 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:141
9334 msgid "0x0000540D\tTIOCNXCL\tvoid\n"
9338 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:142
9340 msgid "0x0000540E\tTIOCSCTTY\tint\n"
9344 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:143
9346 msgid "0x0000540F\tTIOCGPGRP\tpid_t *\n"
9350 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:144
9352 msgid "0x00005410\tTIOCSPGRP\tconst pid_t *\n"
9356 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:145
9358 msgid "0x00005411\tTIOCOUTQ\tint *\n"
9362 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:146
9364 msgid "0x00005412\tTIOCSTI\tconst char *\n"
9368 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:147
9370 msgid "0x00005413\tTIOCGWINSZ\tstruct winsize *\n"
9374 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:148
9376 msgid "0x00005414\tTIOCSWINSZ\tconst struct winsize *\n"
9380 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:149
9382 msgid "0x00005415\tTIOCMGET\tint *\n"
9386 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:150
9388 msgid "0x00005416\tTIOCMBIS\tconst int *\n"
9392 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:151
9394 msgid "0x00005417\tTIOCMBIC\tconst int *\n"
9398 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:152
9400 msgid "0x00005418\tTIOCMSET\tconst int *\n"
9404 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:153
9406 msgid "0x00005419\tTIOCGSOFTCAR\tint *\n"
9410 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:154
9412 msgid "0x0000541A\tTIOCSSOFTCAR\tconst int *\n"
9416 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:155
9418 msgid "0x0000541B\tFIONREAD\tint *\n"
9422 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:156
9424 msgid "0x0000541B\tTIOCINQ\tint *\n"
9428 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:157
9430 msgid "0x0000541C\tTIOCLINUX\tconst char *\t// MORE\n"
9434 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:158
9436 msgid "0x0000541D\tTIOCCONS\tvoid\n"
9440 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:159
9442 msgid "0x0000541E\tTIOCGSERIAL\tstruct serial_struct *\n"
9446 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:160
9448 msgid "0x0000541F\tTIOCSSERIAL\tconst struct serial_struct *\n"
9452 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:161
9454 msgid "0x00005420\tTIOCPKT\tconst int *\n"
9458 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:162
9460 msgid "0x00005421\tFIONBIO\tconst int *\n"
9464 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:163
9466 msgid "0x00005422\tTIOCNOTTY\tvoid\n"
9470 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:164
9472 msgid "0x00005423\tTIOCSETD\tconst int *\n"
9476 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:165
9478 msgid "0x00005424\tTIOCGETD\tint *\n"
9482 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:166
9484 msgid "0x00005425\tTCSBRKP\tint\n"
9488 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:167
9490 msgid "0x00005426\tTIOCTTYGSTRUCT\tstruct tty_struct *\n"
9494 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:168
9496 msgid "0x00005450\tFIONCLEX\tvoid\n"
9500 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:169
9502 msgid "0x00005451\tFIOCLEX\tvoid\n"
9506 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:170
9508 msgid "0x00005452\tFIOASYNC\tconst int *\n"
9512 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:171
9514 msgid "0x00005453\tTIOCSERCONFIG\tvoid\n"
9518 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:172
9520 msgid "0x00005454\tTIOCSERGWILD\tint *\n"
9524 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:173
9526 msgid "0x00005455\tTIOCSERSWILD\tconst int *\n"
9530 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:174
9532 msgid "0x00005456\tTIOCGLCKTRMIOS\tstruct termios *\n"
9536 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:175
9538 msgid "0x00005457\tTIOCSLCKTRMIOS\tconst struct termios *\n"
9542 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:176
9544 msgid "0x00005458\tTIOCSERGSTRUCT\tstruct async_struct *\n"
9548 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:177
9550 msgid "0x00005459\tTIOCSERGETLSR\tint *\n"
9554 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:184
9556 msgid "0x0000545A\tTIOCSERGETMULTI\tstruct serial_multiport_struct *\n"
9560 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:185
9562 msgid "0x0000545B\tTIOCSERSETMULTI\tconst struct serial_multiport_struct *\n"
9566 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:189
9567 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/ax25.hE<gt>"
9571 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:191
9573 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCAX25GETUID\tconst struct sockaddr_ax25 *\n"
9577 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:192
9579 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCAX25ADDUID\tconst struct sockaddr_ax25 *\n"
9583 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:193
9585 msgid "0x000089E2\tSIOCAX25DELUID\tconst struct sockaddr_ax25 *\n"
9589 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:194
9591 msgid "0x000089E3\tSIOCAX25NOUID\tconst int *\n"
9595 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:195
9597 msgid "0x000089E4\tSIOCAX25DIGCTL\tconst int *\n"
9601 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:196
9603 msgid "0x000089E5\tSIOCAX25GETPARMS\tstruct ax25_parms_struct *\t// I-O\n"
9607 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:200
9609 msgid "0x000089E6\tSIOCAX25SETPARMS\tconst struct ax25_parms_struct *\n"
9613 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:204
9614 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cdk.hE<gt>"
9618 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:206
9620 msgid "0x00007314\tSTL_BINTR\tvoid\n"
9624 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:207
9626 msgid "0x00007315\tSTL_BSTART\tvoid\n"
9630 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:208
9632 msgid "0x00007316\tSTL_BSTOP\tvoid\n"
9636 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:209
9638 msgid "0x00007317\tSTL_BRESET\tvoid\n"
9642 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:213
9643 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cdrom.hE<gt>"
9647 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:215
9649 msgid "0x00005301\tCDROMPAUSE\tvoid\n"
9653 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:216
9655 msgid "0x00005302\tCDROMRESUME\tvoid\n"
9659 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:217
9661 msgid "0x00005303\tCDROMPLAYMSF\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\n"
9665 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:218
9667 msgid "0x00005304\tCDROMPLAYTRKIND\tconst struct cdrom_ti *\n"
9671 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:219
9673 msgid "0x00005305\tCDROMREADTOCHDR\tstruct cdrom_tochdr *\n"
9677 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:223
9679 msgid "0x00005306\tCDROMREADTOCENTRY\tstruct cdrom_tocentry *\t// I-O\n"
9683 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:227
9685 msgid "0x00005307\tCDROMSTOP\tvoid\n"
9689 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:228
9691 msgid "0x00005308\tCDROMSTART\tvoid\n"
9695 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:229
9697 msgid "0x00005309\tCDROMEJECT\tvoid\n"
9701 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:230
9703 msgid "0x0000530A\tCDROMVOLCTRL\tconst struct cdrom_volctrl *\n"
9707 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:231
9709 msgid "0x0000530B\tCDROMSUBCHNL\tstruct cdrom_subchnl *\t// I-O\n"
9713 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:232
9715 msgid "0x0000530C\tCDROMREADMODE2\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
9719 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:233
9721 msgid "0x0000530D\tCDROMREADMODE1\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
9725 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:234
9727 msgid "0x0000530E\tCDROMREADAUDIO\tconst struct cdrom_read_audio *\t// MORE\n"
9731 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:235
9733 msgid "0x0000530F\tCDROMEJECT_SW\tint\n"
9737 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:239
9739 msgid "0x00005310\tCDROMMULTISESSION\tstruct cdrom_multisession *\t// I-O\n"
9743 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:243
9745 msgid "0x00005311\tCDROM_GET_UPC\tstruct { char [8]; } *\n"
9749 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:244
9751 msgid "0x00005312\tCDROMRESET\tvoid\n"
9755 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:245
9757 msgid "0x00005313\tCDROMVOLREAD\tstruct cdrom_volctrl *\n"
9761 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:246
9763 msgid "0x00005314\tCDROMREADRAW\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
9767 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:247
9769 msgid "0x00005315\tCDROMREADCOOKED\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
9773 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:248
9775 msgid "0x00005316\tCDROMSEEK\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\n"
9779 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:252
9780 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cm206.hE<gt>"
9784 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:254
9786 msgid "0x00002000\tCM206CTL_GET_STAT\tint\n"
9790 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:255
9792 msgid "0x00002001\tCM206CTL_GET_LAST_STAT\tint\n"
9796 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:259
9797 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cyclades.hE<gt>"
9801 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:261
9803 msgid "0x00435901\tCYGETMON\tstruct cyclades_monitor *\n"
9807 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:262
9809 msgid "0x00435902\tCYGETTHRESH\tint *\n"
9813 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:263
9815 msgid "0x00435903\tCYSETTHRESH\tint\n"
9819 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:264
9821 msgid "0x00435904\tCYGETDEFTHRESH\tint *\n"
9825 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:265
9827 msgid "0x00435905\tCYSETDEFTHRESH\tint\n"
9831 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:266
9833 msgid "0x00435906\tCYGETTIMEOUT\tint *\n"
9837 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:267
9839 msgid "0x00435907\tCYSETTIMEOUT\tint\n"
9843 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:268
9845 msgid "0x00435908\tCYGETDEFTIMEOUT\tint *\n"
9849 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:269
9851 msgid "0x00435909\tCYSETDEFTIMEOUT\tint\n"
9855 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:273
9856 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/ext2_fs.hE<gt>"
9860 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:275
9862 msgid "0x80046601\tEXT2_IOC_GETFLAGS\tint *\n"
9866 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:276
9868 msgid "0x40046602\tEXT2_IOC_SETFLAGS\tconst int *\n"
9872 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:277
9874 msgid "0x80047601\tEXT2_IOC_GETVERSION\tint *\n"
9878 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:278
9880 msgid "0x40047602\tEXT2_IOC_SETVERSION\tconst int *\n"
9884 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:282
9885 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/fd.hE<gt>"
9889 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:284
9891 msgid "0x00000000\tFDCLRPRM\tvoid\n"
9895 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:285
9897 msgid "0x00000001\tFDSETPRM\tconst struct floppy_struct *\n"
9901 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:286
9903 msgid "0x00000002\tFDDEFPRM\tconst struct floppy_struct *\n"
9907 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:287
9909 msgid "0x00000003\tFDGETPRM\tstruct floppy_struct *\n"
9913 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:288
9915 msgid "0x00000004\tFDMSGON\tvoid\n"
9919 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:289
9921 msgid "0x00000005\tFDMSGOFF\tvoid\n"
9925 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:290
9927 msgid "0x00000006\tFDFMTBEG\tvoid\n"
9931 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:291
9933 msgid "0x00000007\tFDFMTTRK\tconst struct format_descr *\n"
9937 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:292
9939 msgid "0x00000008\tFDFMTEND\tvoid\n"
9943 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:293
9945 msgid "0x0000000A\tFDSETEMSGTRESH\tint\n"
9949 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:294
9951 msgid "0x0000000B\tFDFLUSH\tvoid\n"
9955 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:295
9957 msgid "0x0000000C\tFDSETMAXERRS\tconst struct floppy_max_errors *\n"
9961 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:296
9963 msgid "0x0000000E\tFDGETMAXERRS\tstruct floppy_max_errors *\n"
9967 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:297
9969 msgid "0x00000010\tFDGETDRVTYP\tstruct { char [16]; } *\n"
9973 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:298
9975 msgid "0x00000014\tFDSETDRVPRM\tconst struct floppy_drive_params *\n"
9979 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:299
9981 msgid "0x00000015\tFDGETDRVPRM\tstruct floppy_drive_params *\n"
9985 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:300
9987 msgid "0x00000016\tFDGETDRVSTAT\tstruct floppy_drive_struct *\n"
9991 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:301
9993 msgid "0x00000017\tFDPOLLDRVSTAT\tstruct floppy_drive_struct *\n"
9997 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:302
9999 msgid "0x00000018\tFDRESET\tint\n"
10003 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:303
10005 msgid "0x00000019\tFDGETFDCSTAT\tstruct floppy_fdc_state *\n"
10009 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:304
10011 msgid "0x0000001B\tFDWERRORCLR\tvoid\n"
10015 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:305
10017 msgid "0x0000001C\tFDWERRORGET\tstruct floppy_write_errors *\n"
10021 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:309
10023 msgid "0x0000001E\tFDRAWCMD\tstruct floppy_raw_cmd *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10027 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:310
10029 msgid "0x00000028\tFDTWADDLE\tvoid\n"
10032 #. type: Plain text
10033 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:314
10034 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/fs.hE<gt>"
10038 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:316
10040 msgid "0x0000125D\tBLKROSET\tconst int *\n"
10044 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:317
10046 msgid "0x0000125E\tBLKROGET\tint *\n"
10050 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:318
10052 msgid "0x0000125F\tBLKRRPART\tvoid\n"
10056 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:319
10058 msgid "0x00001260\tBLKGETSIZE\tunsigned long *\n"
10062 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:320
10064 msgid "0x00001261\tBLKFLSBUF\tvoid\n"
10068 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:321
10070 msgid "0x00001262\tBLKRASET\tint\n"
10074 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:322
10076 msgid "0x00001263\tBLKRAGET\tint *\n"
10080 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:323
10082 msgid "0x00000001\tFIBMAP\tint *\t// I-O\n"
10086 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:324
10088 msgid "0x00000002\tFIGETBSZ\tint *\n"
10091 #. type: Plain text
10092 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:328
10093 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/hdreg.hE<gt>"
10097 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:330
10099 msgid "0x00000301\tHDIO_GETGEO\tstruct hd_geometry *\n"
10103 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:331
10105 msgid "0x00000302\tHDIO_GET_UNMASKINTR\tint *\n"
10109 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:332
10111 msgid "0x00000304\tHDIO_GET_MULTCOUNT\tint *\n"
10115 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:333
10117 msgid "0x00000307\tHDIO_GET_IDENTITY\tstruct hd_driveid *\n"
10121 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:334
10123 msgid "0x00000308\tHDIO_GET_KEEPSETTINGS\tint *\n"
10127 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:335
10129 msgid "0x00000309\tHDIO_GET_CHIPSET\tint *\n"
10133 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:336
10135 msgid "0x0000030A\tHDIO_GET_NOWERR\tint *\n"
10139 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:337
10141 msgid "0x0000030B\tHDIO_GET_DMA\tint *\n"
10145 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:338
10147 msgid "0x0000031F\tHDIO_DRIVE_CMD\tint *\t// I-O\n"
10151 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:339
10153 msgid "0x00000321\tHDIO_SET_MULTCOUNT\tint\n"
10157 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:340
10159 msgid "0x00000322\tHDIO_SET_UNMASKINTR\tint\n"
10163 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:341
10165 msgid "0x00000323\tHDIO_SET_KEEPSETTINGS\tint\n"
10169 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:342
10171 msgid "0x00000324\tHDIO_SET_CHIPSET\tint\n"
10175 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:343
10177 msgid "0x00000325\tHDIO_SET_NOWERR\tint\n"
10181 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:344
10183 msgid "0x00000326\tHDIO_SET_DMA\tint\n"
10186 #. type: Plain text
10187 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:348
10188 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/if_eql.hE<gt>"
10192 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:350
10194 msgid "0x000089F0\tEQL_ENSLAVE\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10198 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:351
10200 msgid "0x000089F1\tEQL_EMANCIPATE\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10204 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:352
10206 msgid "0x000089F2\tEQL_GETSLAVECFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10210 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:353
10212 msgid "0x000089F3\tEQL_SETSLAVECFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10216 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:354
10218 msgid "0x000089F4\tEQL_GETMASTRCFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10222 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:355
10224 msgid "0x000089F5\tEQL_SETMASTRCFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10227 #. type: Plain text
10228 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:359
10229 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/if_plip.hE<gt>"
10233 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:361
10235 msgid "0x000089F0\tSIOCDEVPLIP\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
10238 #. type: Plain text
10239 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:365
10240 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/if_ppp.hE<gt>"
10244 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:367
10246 msgid "0x00005490\tPPPIOCGFLAGS\tint *\n"
10250 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:368
10252 msgid "0x00005491\tPPPIOCSFLAGS\tconst int *\n"
10256 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:369
10258 msgid "0x00005492\tPPPIOCGASYNCMAP\tint *\n"
10262 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:370
10264 msgid "0x00005493\tPPPIOCSASYNCMAP\tconst int *\n"
10268 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:371
10270 msgid "0x00005494\tPPPIOCGUNIT\tint *\n"
10274 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:372
10276 msgid "0x00005495\tPPPIOCSINPSIG\tconst int *\n"
10280 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:373
10282 msgid "0x00005497\tPPPIOCSDEBUG\tconst int *\n"
10286 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:374
10288 msgid "0x00005498\tPPPIOCGDEBUG\tint *\n"
10292 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:375
10294 msgid "0x00005499\tPPPIOCGSTAT\tstruct ppp_stats *\n"
10298 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:376
10300 msgid "0x0000549A\tPPPIOCGTIME\tstruct ppp_ddinfo *\n"
10304 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:377
10306 msgid "0x0000549B\tPPPIOCGXASYNCMAP\tstruct { int [8]; } *\n"
10310 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:378
10312 msgid "0x0000549C\tPPPIOCSXASYNCMAP\tconst struct { int [8]; } *\n"
10316 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:379
10318 msgid "0x0000549D\tPPPIOCSMRU\tconst int *\n"
10322 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:380
10324 msgid "0x0000549E\tPPPIOCRASYNCMAP\tconst int *\n"
10328 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:381
10330 msgid "0x0000549F\tPPPIOCSMAXCID\tconst int *\n"
10333 #. type: Plain text
10334 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:385
10335 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/ipx.hE<gt>"
10339 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:387
10341 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCAIPXITFCRT\tconst char *\n"
10345 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:388
10347 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCAIPXPRISLT\tconst char *\n"
10351 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:389
10353 msgid "0x000089E2\tSIOCIPXCFGDATA\tstruct ipx_config_data *\n"
10356 #. type: Plain text
10357 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:393
10358 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/kd.hE<gt>"
10362 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:395
10364 msgid "0x00004B60\tGIO_FONT\tstruct { char [8192]; } *\n"
10368 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:396
10370 msgid "0x00004B61\tPIO_FONT\tconst struct { char [8192]; } *\n"
10374 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:400
10376 msgid "0x00004B6B\tGIO_FONTX\tstruct console_font_desc *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10380 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:401
10382 msgid "0x00004B6C\tPIO_FONTX\tconst struct console_font_desc *\t//MORE\n"
10386 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:405
10388 msgid "0x00004B70\tGIO_CMAP\tstruct { char [48]; } *\n"
10392 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:406
10394 msgid "0x00004B71\tPIO_CMAP\tconst struct { char [48]; }\n"
10398 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:410
10400 msgid "0x00004B2F\tKIOCSOUND\tint\n"
10404 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:411
10406 msgid "0x00004B30\tKDMKTONE\tint\n"
10410 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:412
10412 msgid "0x00004B31\tKDGETLED\tchar *\n"
10416 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:413
10418 msgid "0x00004B32\tKDSETLED\tint\n"
10422 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:414
10424 msgid "0x00004B33\tKDGKBTYPE\tchar *\n"
10428 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:415
10430 msgid "0x00004B34\tKDADDIO\tint\t// MORE\n"
10434 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:416
10436 msgid "0x00004B35\tKDDELIO\tint\t// MORE\n"
10440 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:417
10442 msgid "0x00004B36\tKDENABIO\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
10446 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:418
10448 msgid "0x00004B37\tKDDISABIO\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
10452 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:419
10454 msgid "0x00004B3A\tKDSETMODE\tint\n"
10458 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:420
10460 msgid "0x00004B3B\tKDGETMODE\tint *\n"
10464 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:421
10466 msgid "0x00004B3C\tKDMAPDISP\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
10470 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:422
10472 msgid "0x00004B3D\tKDUNMAPDISP\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
10476 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:423
10478 msgid "0x00004B40\tGIO_SCRNMAP\tstruct { char [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
10482 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:427
10484 msgid "0x00004B41\tPIO_SCRNMAP\tconst struct { char [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
10488 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:428
10490 msgid "0x00004B69\tGIO_UNISCRNMAP\tstruct { short [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
10494 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:429
10496 msgid "0x00004B6A\tPIO_UNISCRNMAP\tconst struct { short [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
10500 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:433
10502 msgid "0x00004B66\tGIO_UNIMAP\tstruct unimapdesc *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10506 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:434
10508 msgid "0x00004B67\tPIO_UNIMAP\tconst struct unimapdesc *\t// MORE\n"
10512 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:435
10514 msgid "0x00004B68\tPIO_UNIMAPCLR\tconst struct unimapinit *\n"
10518 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:436
10520 msgid "0x00004B44\tKDGKBMODE\tint *\n"
10524 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:437
10526 msgid "0x00004B45\tKDSKBMODE\tint\n"
10530 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:438
10532 msgid "0x00004B62\tKDGKBMETA\tint *\n"
10536 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:439
10538 msgid "0x00004B63\tKDSKBMETA\tint\n"
10542 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:440
10544 msgid "0x00004B64\tKDGKBLED\tint *\n"
10548 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:441
10550 msgid "0x00004B65\tKDSKBLED\tint\n"
10554 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:442
10556 msgid "0x00004B46\tKDGKBENT\tstruct kbentry *\t// I-O\n"
10560 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:443
10562 msgid "0x00004B47\tKDSKBENT\tconst struct kbentry *\n"
10566 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:444
10568 msgid "0x00004B48\tKDGKBSENT\tstruct kbsentry *\t// I-O\n"
10572 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:445
10574 msgid "0x00004B49\tKDSKBSENT\tconst struct kbsentry *\n"
10578 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:446
10580 msgid "0x00004B4A\tKDGKBDIACR\tstruct kbdiacrs *\n"
10584 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:447
10586 msgid "0x00004B4B\tKDSKBDIACR\tconst struct kbdiacrs *\n"
10590 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:448
10592 msgid "0x00004B4C\tKDGETKEYCODE\tstruct kbkeycode *\t// I-O\n"
10596 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:449
10598 msgid "0x00004B4D\tKDSETKEYCODE\tconst struct kbkeycode *\n"
10602 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:450
10604 msgid "0x00004B4E\tKDSIGACCEPT\tint\n"
10607 #. type: Plain text
10608 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:454
10609 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/lp.hE<gt>"
10613 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:456
10615 msgid "0x00000601\tLPCHAR\tint\n"
10619 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:457
10621 msgid "0x00000602\tLPTIME\tint\n"
10625 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:458
10627 msgid "0x00000604\tLPABORT\tint\n"
10631 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:459
10633 msgid "0x00000605\tLPSETIRQ\tint\n"
10637 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:460
10639 msgid "0x00000606\tLPGETIRQ\tint *\n"
10643 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:461
10645 msgid "0x00000608\tLPWAIT\tint\n"
10649 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:462
10651 msgid "0x00000609\tLPCAREFUL\tint\n"
10655 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:463
10657 msgid "0x0000060A\tLPABORTOPEN\tint\n"
10661 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:464
10663 msgid "0x0000060B\tLPGETSTATUS\tint *\n"
10667 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:465
10669 msgid "0x0000060C\tLPRESET\tvoid\n"
10673 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:466
10675 msgid "0x0000060D\tLPGETSTATS\tstruct lp_stats *\n"
10678 #. type: Plain text
10679 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:470
10680 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/mroute.hE<gt>"
10684 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:472
10686 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCGETVIFCNT\tstruct sioc_vif_req *\t// I-O\n"
10690 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:473
10692 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCGETSGCNT\tstruct sioc_sg_req *\t// I-O\n"
10695 #. type: Plain text
10696 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:477
10697 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/mtio.hE<gt>"
10701 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:479
10703 msgid "0x40086D01\tMTIOCTOP\tconst struct mtop *\n"
10707 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:480
10709 msgid "0x801C6D02\tMTIOCGET\tstruct mtget *\n"
10713 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:481
10715 msgid "0x80046D03\tMTIOCPOS\tstruct mtpos *\n"
10719 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:482
10721 msgid "0x80206D04\tMTIOCGETCONFIG\tstruct mtconfiginfo *\n"
10725 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:483
10727 msgid "0x40206D05\tMTIOCSETCONFIG\tconst struct mtconfiginfo *\n"
10730 #. type: Plain text
10731 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:487
10732 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/netrom.hE<gt>"
10736 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:489
10738 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCNRGETPARMS\tstruct nr_parms_struct *\t// I-O\n"
10742 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:490
10744 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCNRSETPARMS\tconst struct nr_parms_struct *\n"
10748 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:491
10750 msgid "0x000089E2\tSIOCNRDECOBS\tvoid\n"
10754 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:492
10756 msgid "0x000089E3\tSIOCNRRTCTL\tconst int *\n"
10759 #. type: Plain text
10760 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:496
10761 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/sbpcd.hE<gt>"
10765 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:498
10767 msgid "0x00009000\tDDIOCSDBG\tconst int *\n"
10771 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:499
10773 msgid "0x00005382\tCDROMAUDIOBUFSIZ\tint\n"
10776 #. type: Plain text
10777 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:503
10778 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/scc.hE<gt>"
10782 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:505
10784 msgid "0x00005470\tTIOCSCCINI\tvoid\n"
10788 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:506
10790 msgid "0x00005471\tTIOCCHANINI\tconst struct scc_modem *\n"
10794 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:507
10796 msgid "0x00005472\tTIOCGKISS\tstruct ioctl_command *\t// I-O\n"
10800 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:508
10802 msgid "0x00005473\tTIOCSKISS\tconst struct ioctl_command *\n"
10806 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:509
10808 msgid "0x00005474\tTIOCSCCSTAT\tstruct scc_stat *\n"
10811 #. type: Plain text
10812 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:513
10813 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/scsi.hE<gt>"
10817 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:515
10819 msgid "0x00005382\tSCSI_IOCTL_GET_IDLUN\tstruct { int [2]; } *\n"
10823 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:516
10825 msgid "0x00005383\tSCSI_IOCTL_TAGGED_ENABLE\tvoid\n"
10829 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:517
10831 msgid "0x00005384\tSCSI_IOCTL_TAGGED_DISABLE\tvoid\n"
10835 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:521
10837 msgid "0x00005385\tSCSI_IOCTL_PROBE_HOST\tconst int *\t// MORE\n"
10840 #. type: Plain text
10841 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:525
10842 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/smb_fs.hE<gt>"
10846 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:527
10848 msgid "0x80027501\tSMB_IOC_GETMOUNTUID\tuid_t *\n"
10851 #. type: Plain text
10852 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:531
10853 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/sockios.hE<gt>"
10857 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:533
10859 msgid "0x0000890B\tSIOCADDRT\tconst struct rtentry *\t// MORE\n"
10863 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:534
10865 msgid "0x0000890C\tSIOCDELRT\tconst struct rtentry *\t// MORE\n"
10869 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:535
10871 msgid "0x00008910\tSIOCGIFNAME\tchar []\n"
10875 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:536
10877 msgid "0x00008911\tSIOCSIFLINK\tvoid\n"
10881 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:537
10883 msgid "0x00008912\tSIOCGIFCONF\tstruct ifconf *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10887 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:538
10889 msgid "0x00008913\tSIOCGIFFLAGS\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
10893 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:539
10895 msgid "0x00008914\tSIOCSIFFLAGS\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
10899 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:540
10901 msgid "0x00008915\tSIOCGIFADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
10905 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:541
10907 msgid "0x00008916\tSIOCSIFADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
10911 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:542
10913 msgid "0x00008917\tSIOCGIFDSTADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
10917 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:543
10919 msgid "0x00008918\tSIOCSIFDSTADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
10923 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:544
10925 msgid "0x00008919\tSIOCGIFBRDADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
10929 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:545
10931 msgid "0x0000891A\tSIOCSIFBRDADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
10935 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:546
10937 msgid "0x0000891B\tSIOCGIFNETMASK\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
10941 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:547
10943 msgid "0x0000891C\tSIOCSIFNETMASK\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
10947 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:548
10949 msgid "0x0000891D\tSIOCGIFMETRIC\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
10953 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:549
10955 msgid "0x0000891E\tSIOCSIFMETRIC\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
10959 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:550
10961 msgid "0x0000891F\tSIOCGIFMEM\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
10965 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:551
10967 msgid "0x00008920\tSIOCSIFMEM\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
10971 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:552
10973 msgid "0x00008921\tSIOCGIFMTU\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
10977 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:553
10979 msgid "0x00008922\tSIOCSIFMTU\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
10983 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:557
10985 msgid "0x00008923\tOLD_SIOCGIFHWADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
10989 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:558
10991 msgid "0x00008924\tSIOCSIFHWADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\t// MORE\n"
10995 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:559
10997 msgid "0x00008925\tSIOCGIFENCAP\tint *\n"
11001 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:560
11003 msgid "0x00008926\tSIOCSIFENCAP\tconst int *\n"
11007 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:561
11009 msgid "0x00008927\tSIOCGIFHWADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11013 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:562
11015 msgid "0x00008929\tSIOCGIFSLAVE\tvoid\n"
11019 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:563
11021 msgid "0x00008930\tSIOCSIFSLAVE\tvoid\n"
11025 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:564
11027 msgid "0x00008931\tSIOCADDMULTI\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11031 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:565
11033 msgid "0x00008932\tSIOCDELMULTI\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11037 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:566
11039 msgid "0x00008940\tSIOCADDRTOLD\tvoid\n"
11043 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:567
11045 msgid "0x00008941\tSIOCDELRTOLD\tvoid\n"
11049 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:568
11051 msgid "0x00008950\tSIOCDARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
11055 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:569
11057 msgid "0x00008951\tSIOCGARP\tstruct arpreq *\t// I-O\n"
11061 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:570
11063 msgid "0x00008952\tSIOCSARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
11067 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:571
11069 msgid "0x00008960\tSIOCDRARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
11073 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:572
11075 msgid "0x00008961\tSIOCGRARP\tstruct arpreq *\t// I-O\n"
11079 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:573
11081 msgid "0x00008962\tSIOCSRARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
11085 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:574
11087 msgid "0x00008970\tSIOCGIFMAP\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11091 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:575
11093 msgid "0x00008971\tSIOCSIFMAP\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11096 #. type: Plain text
11097 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:579
11098 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/soundcard.hE<gt>"
11102 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:581
11104 msgid "0x00005100\tSNDCTL_SEQ_RESET\tvoid\n"
11108 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:582
11110 msgid "0x00005101\tSNDCTL_SEQ_SYNC\tvoid\n"
11114 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:586
11116 msgid "0xC08C5102\tSNDCTL_SYNTH_INFO\tstruct synth_info *\t// I-O\n"
11120 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:587
11122 msgid "0xC0045103\tSNDCTL_SEQ_CTRLRATE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11126 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:588
11128 msgid "0x80045104\tSNDCTL_SEQ_GETOUTCOUNT\tint *\n"
11132 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:589
11134 msgid "0x80045105\tSNDCTL_SEQ_GETINCOUNT\tint *\n"
11138 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:590
11140 msgid "0x40045106\tSNDCTL_SEQ_PERCMODE\tvoid\n"
11144 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:594
11146 msgid "0x40285107\tSNDCTL_FM_LOAD_INSTR\tconst struct sbi_instrument *\n"
11150 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:598
11152 msgid "0x40045108\tSNDCTL_SEQ_TESTMIDI\tconst int *\n"
11156 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:599
11158 msgid "0x40045109\tSNDCTL_SEQ_RESETSAMPLES\tconst int *\n"
11162 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:600
11164 msgid "0x8004510A\tSNDCTL_SEQ_NRSYNTHS\tint *\n"
11168 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:601
11170 msgid "0x8004510B\tSNDCTL_SEQ_NRMIDIS\tint *\n"
11174 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:602
11176 msgid "0xC074510C\tSNDCTL_MIDI_INFO\tstruct midi_info *\t// I-O\n"
11180 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:603
11182 msgid "0x4004510D\tSNDCTL_SEQ_THRESHOLD\tconst int *\n"
11186 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:604
11188 msgid "0xC004510E\tSNDCTL_SYNTH_MEMAVL\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11192 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:605
11194 msgid "0x4004510F\tSNDCTL_FM_4OP_ENABLE\tconst int *\n"
11198 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:606
11200 msgid "0xCFB85110\tSNDCTL_PMGR_ACCESS\tstruct patmgr_info *\t// I-O\n"
11204 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:607
11206 msgid "0x00005111\tSNDCTL_SEQ_PANIC\tvoid\n"
11210 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:611
11212 msgid "0x40085112\tSNDCTL_SEQ_OUTOFBAND\tconst struct seq_event_rec *\n"
11216 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:615
11218 msgid "0xC0045401\tSNDCTL_TMR_TIMEBASE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11222 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:616
11224 msgid "0x00005402\tSNDCTL_TMR_START\tvoid\n"
11228 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:617
11230 msgid "0x00005403\tSNDCTL_TMR_STOP\tvoid\n"
11234 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:618
11236 msgid "0x00005404\tSNDCTL_TMR_CONTINUE\tvoid\n"
11240 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:619
11242 msgid "0xC0045405\tSNDCTL_TMR_TEMPO\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11246 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:620
11248 msgid "0xC0045406\tSNDCTL_TMR_SOURCE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11252 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:621
11254 msgid "0x40045407\tSNDCTL_TMR_METRONOME\tconst int *\n"
11258 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:622
11260 msgid "0x40045408\tSNDCTL_TMR_SELECT\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11264 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:623
11266 msgid "0xCFB85001\tSNDCTL_PMGR_IFACE\tstruct patmgr_info *\t// I-O\n"
11270 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:624
11272 msgid "0xC0046D00\tSNDCTL_MIDI_PRETIME\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11276 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:625
11278 msgid "0xC0046D01\tSNDCTL_MIDI_MPUMODE\tconst int *\n"
11282 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:629
11284 msgid "0xC0216D02\tSNDCTL_MIDI_MPUCMD\tstruct mpu_command_rec *\t// I-O\n"
11288 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:633
11290 msgid "0x00005000\tSNDCTL_DSP_RESET\tvoid\n"
11294 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:634
11296 msgid "0x00005001\tSNDCTL_DSP_SYNC\tvoid\n"
11300 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:635
11302 msgid "0xC0045002\tSNDCTL_DSP_SPEED\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11306 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:636
11308 msgid "0xC0045003\tSNDCTL_DSP_STEREO\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11312 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:637
11314 msgid "0xC0045004\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETBLKSIZE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11318 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:638
11320 msgid "0xC0045006\tSOUND_PCM_WRITE_CHANNELS\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11324 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:639
11326 msgid "0xC0045007\tSOUND_PCM_WRITE_FILTER\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11330 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:640
11332 msgid "0x00005008\tSNDCTL_DSP_POST\tvoid\n"
11336 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:641
11338 msgid "0xC0045009\tSNDCTL_DSP_SUBDIVIDE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11342 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:642
11344 msgid "0xC004500A\tSNDCTL_DSP_SETFRAGMENT\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11348 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:643
11350 msgid "0x8004500B\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETFMTS\tint *\n"
11354 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:644
11356 msgid "0xC0045005\tSNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11360 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:648
11362 msgid "0x800C500C\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETOSPACE\tstruct audio_buf_info *\n"
11366 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:649
11368 msgid "0x800C500D\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETISPACE\tstruct audio_buf_info *\n"
11372 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:650
11374 msgid "0x0000500E\tSNDCTL_DSP_NONBLOCK\tvoid\n"
11378 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:651
11380 msgid "0x80045002\tSOUND_PCM_READ_RATE\tint *\n"
11384 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:652
11386 msgid "0x80045006\tSOUND_PCM_READ_CHANNELS\tint *\n"
11390 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:653
11392 msgid "0x80045005\tSOUND_PCM_READ_BITS\tint *\n"
11396 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:654
11398 msgid "0x80045007\tSOUND_PCM_READ_FILTER\tint *\n"
11402 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:655
11404 msgid "0x00004300\tSNDCTL_COPR_RESET\tvoid\n"
11408 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:656
11410 msgid "0xCFB04301\tSNDCTL_COPR_LOAD\tconst struct copr_buffer *\n"
11414 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:660
11416 msgid "0xC0144302\tSNDCTL_COPR_RDATA\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
11420 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:661
11422 msgid "0xC0144303\tSNDCTL_COPR_RCODE\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
11426 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:665
11428 msgid "0x40144304\tSNDCTL_COPR_WDATA\tconst struct copr_debug_buf *\n"
11432 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:666
11434 msgid "0x40144305\tSNDCTL_COPR_WCODE\tconst struct copr_debug_buf *\n"
11438 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:670
11440 msgid "0xC0144306\tSNDCTL_COPR_RUN\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
11444 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:671
11446 msgid "0xC0144307\tSNDCTL_COPR_HALT\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
11450 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:675
11452 msgid "0x4FA44308\tSNDCTL_COPR_SENDMSG\tconst struct copr_msg *\n"
11456 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:676
11458 msgid "0x8FA44309\tSNDCTL_COPR_RCVMSG\tstruct copr_msg *\n"
11462 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:677
11464 msgid "0x80044D00\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_VOLUME\tint *\n"
11468 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:678
11470 msgid "0x80044D01\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_BASS\tint *\n"
11474 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:679
11476 msgid "0x80044D02\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_TREBLE\tint *\n"
11480 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:680
11482 msgid "0x80044D03\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_SYNTH\tint *\n"
11486 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:681
11488 msgid "0x80044D04\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_PCM\tint *\n"
11492 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:682
11494 msgid "0x80044D05\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_SPEAKER\tint *\n"
11498 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:683
11500 msgid "0x80044D06\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE\tint *\n"
11504 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:684
11506 msgid "0x80044D07\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_MIC\tint *\n"
11510 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:685
11512 msgid "0x80044D08\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_CD\tint *\n"
11516 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:686
11518 msgid "0x80044D09\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_IMIX\tint *\n"
11522 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:687
11524 msgid "0x80044D0A\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_ALTPCM\tint *\n"
11528 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:688
11530 msgid "0x80044D0B\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_RECLEV\tint *\n"
11534 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:689
11536 msgid "0x80044D0C\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_IGAIN\tint *\n"
11540 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:690
11542 msgid "0x80044D0D\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_OGAIN\tint *\n"
11546 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:691
11548 msgid "0x80044D0E\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE1\tint *\n"
11552 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:692
11554 msgid "0x80044D0F\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE2\tint *\n"
11558 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:693
11560 msgid "0x80044D10\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE3\tint *\n"
11564 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:694
11566 msgid "0x80044D1C\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_MUTE\tint *\n"
11570 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:695
11572 msgid "0x80044D1D\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_ENHANCE\tint *\n"
11576 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:696
11578 msgid "0x80044D1E\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LOUD\tint *\n"
11582 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:697
11584 msgid "0x80044DFF\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_RECSRC\tint *\n"
11588 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:698
11590 msgid "0x80044DFE\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_DEVMASK\tint *\n"
11594 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:699
11596 msgid "0x80044DFD\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_RECMASK\tint *\n"
11600 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:700
11602 msgid "0x80044DFB\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_STEREODEVS\tint *\n"
11606 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:701
11608 msgid "0x80044DFC\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_CAPS\tint *\n"
11612 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:705
11614 msgid "0xC0044D00\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_VOLUME\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11618 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:706
11620 msgid "0xC0044D01\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_BASS\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11624 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:707
11626 msgid "0xC0044D02\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_TREBLE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11630 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:708
11632 msgid "0xC0044D03\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_SYNTH\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11636 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:709
11638 msgid "0xC0044D04\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_PCM\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11642 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:710
11644 msgid "0xC0044D05\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_SPEAKER\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11648 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:711
11650 msgid "0xC0044D06\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11654 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:712
11656 msgid "0xC0044D07\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_MIC\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11660 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:713
11662 msgid "0xC0044D08\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_CD\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11666 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:714
11668 msgid "0xC0044D09\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_IMIX\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11672 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:715
11674 msgid "0xC0044D0A\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_ALTPCM\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11678 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:716
11680 msgid "0xC0044D0B\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_RECLEV\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11684 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:717
11686 msgid "0xC0044D0C\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_IGAIN\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11690 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:718
11692 msgid "0xC0044D0D\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_OGAIN\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11696 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:719
11698 msgid "0xC0044D0E\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE1\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11702 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:720
11704 msgid "0xC0044D0F\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE2\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11708 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:721
11710 msgid "0xC0044D10\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE3\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11714 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:722
11716 msgid "0xC0044D1C\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_MUTE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11720 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:723
11722 msgid "0xC0044D1D\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_ENHANCE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11726 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:724
11728 msgid "0xC0044D1E\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LOUD\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11732 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:725
11734 msgid "0xC0044DFF\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_RECSRC\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11737 #. type: Plain text
11738 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:729
11739 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/umsdos_fs.hE<gt>"
11743 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:731
11745 msgid "0x000004D2\tUMSDOS_READDIR_DOS\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\t// I-O\n"
11749 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:732
11751 msgid "0x000004D3\tUMSDOS_UNLINK_DOS\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
11755 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:733
11757 msgid "0x000004D4\tUMSDOS_RMDIR_DOS\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
11761 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:734
11763 msgid "0x000004D5\tUMSDOS_STAT_DOS\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\t// I-O\n"
11767 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:735
11769 msgid "0x000004D6\tUMSDOS_CREAT_EMD\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
11773 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:736
11775 msgid "0x000004D7\tUMSDOS_UNLINK_EMD\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
11779 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:737
11781 msgid "0x000004D8\tUMSDOS_READDIR_EMD\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\t// I-O\n"
11785 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:738
11787 msgid "0x000004D9\tUMSDOS_GETVERSION\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
11791 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:739
11793 msgid "0x000004DA\tUMSDOS_INIT_EMD\tvoid\n"
11797 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:740
11799 msgid "0x000004DB\tUMSDOS_DOS_SETUP\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
11803 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:741
11805 msgid "0x000004DC\tUMSDOS_RENAME_DOS\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
11808 #. type: Plain text
11809 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:745
11810 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/vt.hE<gt>"
11814 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:747
11816 msgid "0x00005600\tVT_OPENQRY\tint *\n"
11820 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:748
11822 msgid "0x00005601\tVT_GETMODE\tstruct vt_mode *\n"
11826 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:749
11828 msgid "0x00005602\tVT_SETMODE\tconst struct vt_mode *\n"
11832 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:750
11834 msgid "0x00005603\tVT_GETSTATE\tstruct vt_stat *\n"
11838 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:751
11840 msgid "0x00005604\tVT_SENDSIG\tvoid\n"
11844 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:752
11846 msgid "0x00005605\tVT_RELDISP\tint\n"
11850 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:753
11852 msgid "0x00005606\tVT_ACTIVATE\tint\n"
11856 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:754
11858 msgid "0x00005607\tVT_WAITACTIVE\tint\n"
11862 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:755
11864 msgid "0x00005608\tVT_DISALLOCATE\tint\n"
11868 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:756
11870 msgid "0x00005609\tVT_RESIZE\tconst struct vt_sizes *\n"
11874 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:757
11876 msgid "0x0000560A\tVT_RESIZEX\tconst struct vt_consize *\n"
11879 #. type: Plain text
11880 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:764
11882 "// More arguments. Some ioctl's take a pointer to a structure which "
11883 "contains additional pointers. These are documented here in alphabetical "
11887 #. type: Plain text
11888 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:772
11890 "B<CDROMREADAUDIO> takes an input pointer I<const struct cdrom_read_audio "
11891 "*>. The I<buf> field points to an output buffer of length I<nframes * "
11892 "CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW>."
11895 #. type: Plain text
11896 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:788
11898 "B<CDROMREADCOOKED>, B<CDROMREADMODE1>, B<CDROMREADMODE2>, and "
11899 "B<CDROMREADRAW> take an input pointer I<const struct cdrom_msf *>. They use "
11900 "the same pointer as an output pointer to I<char []>. The length varies by "
11901 "request. For B<CDROMREADMODE1>, most drivers use CD_FRAMESIZE, but the "
11902 "Optics Storage driver uses OPT_BLOCKSIZE instead (both have the numerical "
11906 #. type: Plain text
11907 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:794
11910 " CDROMREADCOOKED char [CD_FRAMESIZE]\n"
11911 " CDROMREADMODE1 char [CD_FRAMESIZE or OPT_BLOCKSIZE]\n"
11912 " CDROMREADMODE2 char [CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW0]\n"
11913 " CDROMREADRAW char [CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW]\n"
11916 #. type: Plain text
11917 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:808
11919 "B<EQL_ENSLAVE>, B<EQL_EMANCIPATE>, B<EQL_GETSLAVECFG>, B<EQL_SETSLAVECFG>, "
11920 "B<EQL_GETMASTERCFG>, and B<EQL_SETMASTERCFG> take a I<struct ifreq *>. The "
11921 "I<ifr_data> field is a pointer to another structure as follows:"
11924 #. type: Plain text
11925 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:816
11928 " EQL_ENSLAVE const struct slaving_request *\n"
11929 " EQL_EMANCIPATE const struct slaving_request *\n"
11930 " EQL_GETSLAVECFG struct slave_config * // I-O\n"
11931 " EQL_SETSLAVECFG const struct slave_config *\n"
11932 " EQL_GETMASTERCFG struct master_config *\n"
11933 " EQL_SETMASTERCFG const struct master_config *\n"
11936 #. type: Plain text
11937 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:833
11939 "B<FDRAWCMD> takes a I<struct floppy raw_cmd *>. If I<flags & FD_RAW_WRITE> "
11940 "is nonzero, then I<data> points to an input buffer of length I<length>. If "
11941 "I<flags & FD_RAW_READ> is nonzero, then I<data> points to an output buffer "
11942 "of length I<length>."
11945 #. type: Plain text
11946 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:849
11948 "B<GIO_FONTX> and B<PIO_FONTX> take a I<struct console_font_desc *> or a "
11949 "I<const struct console_font_desc *>, respectively. I<chardata> points to a "
11950 "buffer of I<char [charcount]>. This is an output buffer for B<GIO_FONTX> "
11951 "and an input buffer for B<PIO_FONTX>."
11954 #. type: Plain text
11955 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:865
11957 "B<GIO_UNIMAP> and B<PIO_UNIMAP> take a I<struct unimapdesc *> or a I<const "
11958 "struct unimapdesc *>, respectively. I<entries> points to a buffer of "
11959 "I<struct unipair [entry_ct]>. This is an output buffer for B<GIO_UNIMAP> "
11960 "and an input buffer for B<PIO_UNIMAP>."
11963 #. type: Plain text
11964 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:869
11966 "KDADDIO, KDDELIO, KDDISABIO, and KDENABIO enable or disable access to I/O "
11967 "ports. They are essentially alternate interfaces to 'ioperm'."
11970 #. type: Plain text
11971 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:875
11973 "B<KDMAPDISP> and B<KDUNMAPDISP> enable or disable memory mappings or I/O "
11974 "port access. They are not implemented in the kernel."
11977 #. type: Plain text
11978 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:883
11980 "B<SCSI_IOCTL_PROBE_HOST> takes an input pointer I<const int *>, which is a "
11981 "length. It uses the same pointer as an output pointer to a I<char []> "
11982 "buffer of this length."
11985 #. type: Plain text
11986 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:889
11988 "B<SIOCADDRT> and B<SIOCDELRT> take an input pointer whose type depends on "
11992 #. type: Plain text
11993 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:894
11996 " Most protocols const struct rtentry *\n"
11997 " AX.25 const struct ax25_route *\n"
11998 " NET/ROM const struct nr_route_struct *\n"
12001 #. type: Plain text
12002 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:905
12004 "B<SIOCGIFCONF> takes a I<struct ifconf *>. The I<ifc_buf> field points to a "
12005 "buffer of length I<ifc_len> bytes, into which the kernel writes a list of "
12006 "type I<struct ifreq []>."
12009 #. type: Plain text
12010 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:908
12011 msgid "B<SIOCSIFHWADDR> takes an input pointer whose type depends on the protocol:"
12014 #. type: Plain text
12015 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:912
12018 " Most protocols const struct ifreq *\n"
12019 " AX.25 const char [AX25_ADDR_LEN]\n"
12022 #. type: Plain text
12023 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:927
12025 "B<TIOCLINUX> takes a I<const char *>. It uses this to distinguish several "
12026 "independent subcases. In the table below, I<N + foo> means I<foo> after an "
12027 "N-byte pad. I<struct selection> is implicitly defined in "
12028 "I<drivers/char/selection.c>"
12031 #. type: Plain text
12032 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:936
12035 " TIOCLINUX-2 1 + const struct selection *\n"
12036 " TIOCLINUX-3 void\n"
12037 " TIOCLINUX-4 void\n"
12038 " TIOCLINUX-5 4 + const struct { long [8]; } *\n"
12039 " TIOCLINUX-6 char *\n"
12040 " TIOCLINUX-7 char *\n"
12041 " TIOCLINUX-10 1 + const char *\n"
12044 #. type: Plain text
12045 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:939
12046 msgid "// Duplicate ioctls"
12049 #. type: Plain text
12050 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:944
12052 "This list does not include ioctls in the range B<SIOCDEVPRIVATE> and "
12053 "B<SIOCPROTOPRIVATE>."
12057 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:946
12059 msgid "0x00000001\tFDSETPRM\tFIBMAP\n"
12063 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:947
12065 msgid "0x00000002\tFDDEFPRM\tFIGETBSZ\n"
12069 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:948
12071 msgid "0x00005382\tCDROMAUDIOBUFSIZ\tSCSI_IOCTL_GET_IDLUN\n"
12075 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:949
12077 msgid "0x00005402\tSNDCTL_TMR_START\tTCSETS\n"
12081 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:950
12083 msgid "0x00005403\tSNDCTL_TMR_STOP\tTCSETSW\n"
12087 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:951
12089 msgid "0x00005404\tSNDCTL_TMR_CONTINUE\tTCSETSF\n"
12092 #. type: Plain text
12093 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:955
12094 msgid "B<ioctl>(2)"
12098 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34
12103 #. type: Plain text
12104 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:37
12105 msgid "ioperm - set port input/output permissions"
12108 #. type: Plain text
12109 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:40
12110 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> /* for libc5 */"
12113 #. type: Plain text
12114 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:43
12115 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/io.hE<gt>> /* for glibc */"
12118 #. type: Plain text
12119 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:45
12121 "B<int ioperm(unsigned long >I<from>B<, unsigned long >I<num>B<, int "
12125 #. type: Plain text
12126 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:59
12128 "B<ioperm>() sets the port access permission bits for the calling thread for "
12129 "I<num> bits starting from port address I<from>. If I<turn_on> is nonzero, "
12130 "then permission for the specified bits is enabled; otherwise it is "
12131 "disabled. If I<turn_on> is nonzero, the calling thread must be privileged "
12132 "(B<CAP_SYS_RAWIO>)."
12135 #. type: Plain text
12136 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:68
12138 "Before Linux 2.6.8, only the first 0x3ff I/O ports could be specified in "
12139 "this manner. For more ports, the B<iopl>(2) system call had to be used "
12140 "(with a I<level> argument of 3). Since Linux 2.6.8, 65,536 I/O ports can be "
12144 #. type: Plain text
12145 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:78
12147 "Permissions are not inherited by the child created by B<fork>(2); following "
12148 "a B<fork>(2) the child must turn on those permissions that it needs. "
12149 "Permissions are preserved across B<execve>(2); this is useful for giving "
12150 "port access permissions to unprivileged programs."
12153 #. type: Plain text
12154 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:82
12156 "This call is mostly for the i386 architecture. On many other architectures "
12157 "it does not exist or will always return an error."
12160 #. type: Plain text
12161 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:94
12162 msgid "Invalid values for I<from> or I<num>."
12165 #. type: Plain text
12166 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:97
12167 msgid "(on PowerPC) This call is not supported."
12170 #. Could not allocate I/O bitmap.
12171 #. type: Plain text
12172 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:101
12173 msgid "Out of memory."
12176 #. type: Plain text
12177 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:104
12178 msgid "The calling thread has insufficient privilege."
12181 #. type: Plain text
12182 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:108
12184 "B<ioperm>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs intended "
12188 #. type: Plain text
12189 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:112
12191 "The I</proc/ioports> file shows the I/O ports that are currently allocated "
12195 #. type: Plain text
12196 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:121
12198 "Libc5 treats it as a system call and has a prototype in "
12199 "I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>. Glibc1 does not have a prototype. Glibc2 has a "
12200 "prototype both in I<E<lt>sys/io.hE<gt>> and in I<E<lt>sys/perm.hE<gt>>. "
12201 "Avoid the latter, it is available on i386 only."
12204 #. type: Plain text
12205 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:125
12206 msgid "B<iopl>(2), B<outb>(2), B<capabilities>(7)"
12210 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:28
12216 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:28
12221 #. type: Plain text
12222 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:31
12223 msgid "lockf - apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on an open file"
12226 #. type: Plain text
12227 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:35
12228 msgid "B<int lockf(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<cmd>B<, off_t >I<len>B<);>"
12231 #. type: Plain text
12232 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:42
12233 msgid "B<lockf>():"
12236 #. type: Plain text
12237 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:46
12239 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
12240 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
12243 #. type: Plain text
12244 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:69
12246 "Apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on a section of an open file. The file "
12247 "is specified by I<fd>, a file descriptor open for writing, the action by "
12248 "I<cmd>, and the section consists of byte positions I<pos>..I<pos>+I<len>-1 "
12249 "if I<len> is positive, and I<pos>-I<len>..I<pos>-1 if I<len> is negative, "
12250 "where I<pos> is the current file position, and if I<len> is zero, the "
12251 "section extends from the current file position to infinity, encompassing the "
12252 "present and future end-of-file positions. In all cases, the section may "
12253 "extend past current end-of-file."
12256 #. type: Plain text
12257 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:84
12259 "On Linux, B<lockf>() is just an interface on top of B<fcntl>(2) locking. "
12260 "Many other systems implement B<lockf>() in this way, but note that "
12261 "POSIX.1-2001 leaves the relationship between B<lockf>() and B<fcntl>(2) "
12262 "locks unspecified. A portable application should probably avoid mixing "
12263 "calls to these interfaces."
12266 #. type: Plain text
12267 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:86
12268 msgid "Valid operations are given below:"
12272 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:86
12277 #. type: Plain text
12278 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:96
12280 "Set an exclusive lock on the specified section of the file. If (part of) "
12281 "this section is already locked, the call blocks until the previous lock is "
12282 "released. If this section overlaps an earlier locked section, both are "
12283 "merged. File locks are released as soon as the process holding the locks "
12284 "closes some file descriptor for the file. A child process does not inherit "
12289 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:96
12294 #. type: Plain text
12295 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:102
12297 "Same as B<F_LOCK> but the call never blocks and returns an error instead if "
12298 "the file is already locked."
12302 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:102
12307 #. type: Plain text
12308 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:106
12310 "Unlock the indicated section of the file. This may cause a locked section "
12311 "to be split into two locked sections."
12315 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:106
12320 #. type: Plain text
12321 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:116
12323 "Test the lock: return 0 if the specified section is unlocked or locked by "
12324 "this process; return -1, set I<errno> to B<EAGAIN> (B<EACCES> on some other "
12325 "systems), if another process holds a lock."
12328 #. type: Plain text
12329 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:130
12331 "The file is locked and B<F_TLOCK> or B<F_TEST> was specified, or the "
12332 "operation is prohibited because the file has been memory-mapped by another "
12336 #. type: Plain text
12337 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:142
12339 "I<fd> is not an open file descriptor; or I<cmd> is B<F_LOCK> or B<F_TLOCK> "
12340 "and I<fd> is not a writable file descriptor."
12343 #. type: Plain text
12344 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:147
12345 msgid "The command was B<F_LOCK> and this lock operation would cause a deadlock."
12348 #. type: Plain text
12349 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:151
12350 msgid "An invalid operation was specified in I<fd>."
12353 #. type: Plain text
12354 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:154
12355 msgid "Too many segment locks open, lock table is full."
12358 #. type: Plain text
12359 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:156
12360 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001."
12363 #. type: Plain text
12364 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:159
12365 msgid "B<fcntl>(2), B<flock>(2)"
12368 #. type: Plain text
12369 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:171
12371 "I<locks.txt> and I<mandatory-locking.txt> in the Linux kernel source "
12372 "directory I<Documentation/filesystems> (on older kernels, these files are "
12373 "directly under the I<Documentation> directory, and I<mandatory-locking.txt> "
12374 "is called I<mandatory.txt>)"
12378 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:34
12384 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:34
12389 #. type: Plain text
12390 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:37
12391 msgid "mincore - determine whether pages are resident in memory"
12394 #. type: Plain text
12395 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:41
12396 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/mman.hE<gt>>"
12399 #. type: Plain text
12400 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:43
12402 "B<int mincore(void *>I<addr>B<, size_t >I<length>B<, unsigned char "
12406 #. type: Plain text
12407 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:51
12408 msgid "B<mincore>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
12411 #. type: Plain text
12412 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:62
12414 "B<mincore>() returns a vector that indicates whether pages of the calling "
12415 "process's virtual memory are resident in core (RAM), and so will not cause a "
12416 "disk access (page fault) if referenced. The kernel returns residency "
12417 "information about the pages starting at the address I<addr>, and continuing "
12418 "for I<length> bytes."
12421 #. type: Plain text
12422 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:76
12424 "The I<addr> argument must be a multiple of the system page size. The "
12425 "I<length> argument need not be a multiple of the page size, but since "
12426 "residency information is returned for whole pages, I<length> is effectively "
12427 "rounded up to the next multiple of the page size. One may obtain the page "
12428 "size (B<PAGE_SIZE>) using I<sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)>."
12431 #. type: Plain text
12432 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:94
12434 "The I<vec> argument must point to an array containing at least "
12435 "I<(length+PAGE_SIZE-1) / PAGE_SIZE> bytes. On return, the least significant "
12436 "bit of each byte will be set if the corresponding page is currently resident "
12437 "in memory, and be clear otherwise. (The settings of the other bits in each "
12438 "byte are undefined; these bits are reserved for possible later use.) Of "
12439 "course the information returned in I<vec> is only a snapshot: pages that are "
12440 "not locked in memory can come and go at any moment, and the contents of "
12441 "I<vec> may already be stale by the time this call returns."
12444 #. type: Plain text
12445 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:101
12447 "On success, B<mincore>() returns zero. On error, -1 is returned, and "
12448 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
12451 #. type: Plain text
12452 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:104
12453 msgid "B<EAGAIN> kernel is temporarily out of resources."
12456 #. type: Plain text
12457 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:108
12458 msgid "I<vec> points to an invalid address."
12461 #. type: Plain text
12462 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:112
12463 msgid "I<addr> is not a multiple of the page size."
12466 #. type: Plain text
12467 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:124
12469 "I<length> is greater than (I<TASK_SIZE> - I<addr>). (This could occur if a "
12470 "negative value is specified for I<length>, since that value will be "
12471 "interpreted as a large unsigned integer.) In Linux 2.6.11 and earlier, the "
12472 "error B<EINVAL> was returned for this condition."
12475 #. type: Plain text
12476 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:132
12477 msgid "I<addr> to I<addr> + I<length> contained unmapped memory."
12480 #. type: Plain text
12481 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:134
12482 msgid "Available since Linux 2.3.99pre1 and glibc 2.2."
12485 #. It is on at least NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris 8,
12486 #. AIX 5.1, SunOS 4.1
12490 #. function first appeared in 4.4BSD.
12491 #. type: Plain text
12492 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:144
12494 "B<mincore>() is not specified in POSIX.1-2001, and it is not available on "
12495 "all UNIX implementations."
12498 #. Linux (up to now, 2.6.5),
12500 #. does not return correct information for MAP_PRIVATE mappings:
12501 #. for a MAP_PRIVATE file mapping,
12503 #. returns the residency of the file pages, rather than any
12504 #. modified process-private pages that have been copied on write;
12505 #. for a MAP_PRIVATE mapping of
12508 #. always reports pages as nonresident;
12509 #. and for a MAP_PRIVATE, MAP_ANONYMOUS mapping,
12511 #. always fails with the error
12513 #. type: Plain text
12514 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:166
12516 "Before kernel 2.6.21, B<mincore>() did not return correct information for "
12517 "B<MAP_PRIVATE> mappings, or for nonlinear mappings (established using "
12518 "B<remap_file_pages>(2))."
12521 #. type: Plain text
12522 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:169
12523 msgid "B<mlock>(2), B<mmap>(2)"
12527 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:10
12533 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:10
12538 #. type: Plain text
12539 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:13
12540 msgid "mkdir - create a directory"
12543 #. .B #include <unistd.h>
12544 #. type: Plain text
12545 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:18
12548 "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
12549 "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
12552 #. type: Plain text
12553 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:20
12555 msgid "B<int mkdir(const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<);>\n"
12558 #. type: Plain text
12559 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:25
12560 msgid "B<mkdir>() attempts to create a directory named I<pathname>."
12563 #. type: Plain text
12564 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:35
12566 "The argument I<mode> specifies the permissions to use. It is modified by "
12567 "the process's I<umask> in the usual way: the permissions of the created "
12568 "directory are (I<mode> & ~I<umask> & 0777). Other mode bits of the created "
12569 "directory depend on the operating system. For Linux, see below."
12572 #. type: Plain text
12573 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:45
12575 "The newly created directory will be owned by the effective user ID of the "
12576 "process. If the directory containing the file has the set-group-ID bit set, "
12577 "or if the file system is mounted with BSD group semantics (I<mount -o "
12578 "bsdgroups> or, synonymously I<mount -o grpid>), the new directory will "
12579 "inherit the group ownership from its parent; otherwise it will be owned by "
12580 "the effective group ID of the process."
12583 #. type: Plain text
12584 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:48
12586 "If the parent directory has the set-group-ID bit set then so will the newly "
12587 "created directory."
12590 #. type: Plain text
12591 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:53
12593 "B<mkdir>() returns zero on success, or -1 if an error occurred (in which "
12594 "case, I<errno> is set appropriately)."
12597 #. type: Plain text
12598 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:62
12600 "The parent directory does not allow write permission to the process, or one "
12601 "of the directories in I<pathname> did not allow search permission. (See "
12602 "also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
12606 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:62
12611 #. type: Plain text
12612 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:66
12614 "The user's quota of disk blocks or inodes on the file system has been "
12619 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:66
12624 #. type: Plain text
12625 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:73
12627 "I<pathname> already exists (not necessarily as a directory). This includes "
12628 "the case where I<pathname> is a symbolic link, dangling or not."
12632 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:80
12637 #. type: Plain text
12638 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:84
12639 msgid "The number of links to the parent directory would exceed B<LINK_MAX>."
12642 #. type: Plain text
12643 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:87
12644 msgid "I<pathname> was too long."
12647 #. type: Plain text
12648 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:92
12650 "A directory component in I<pathname> does not exist or is a dangling "
12655 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:95 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:100
12660 #. type: Plain text
12661 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:100
12662 msgid "The device containing I<pathname> has no room for the new directory."
12665 #. type: Plain text
12666 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:104
12668 "The new directory cannot be created because the user's disk quota is "
12672 #. type: Plain text
12673 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:114
12675 "The file system containing I<pathname> does not support the creation of "
12679 #. type: Plain text
12680 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:118
12681 msgid "I<pathname> refers to a file on a read-only file system."
12684 #. SVr4 documents additional EIO, EMULTIHOP
12685 #. type: Plain text
12686 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:121
12687 msgid "SVr4, BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
12690 #. type: Plain text
12691 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:129
12693 "Under Linux apart from the permission bits, only the B<S_ISVTX> mode bit is "
12694 "honored. That is, under Linux the created directory actually gets mode "
12695 "(I<mode> & ~I<umask> & 01777). See also B<stat>(2)."
12698 #. type: Plain text
12699 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:133
12701 "There are many infelicities in the protocol underlying NFS. Some of these "
12702 "affect B<mkdir>()."
12705 #. type: Plain text
12706 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:145
12708 "B<mkdir>(1), B<chmod>(2), B<chown>(2), B<mkdirat>(2), B<mknod>(2), "
12709 "B<mount>(2), B<rmdir>(2), B<stat>(2), B<umask>(2), B<unlink>(2), "
12710 "B<path_resolution>(7)"
12714 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:31
12719 #. type: Plain text
12720 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:34
12721 msgid "nice - change process priority"
12724 #. type: Plain text
12725 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:38
12726 msgid "B<int nice(int >I<inc>B<);>"
12729 #. type: Plain text
12730 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:46
12731 msgid "B<nice>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
12734 #. type: Plain text
12735 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:56
12737 "B<nice>() adds I<inc> to the nice value for the calling process. (A higher "
12738 "nice value means a low priority.) Only the super\\%user may specify a "
12739 "negative increment, or priority increase. The range for nice values is "
12740 "described in B<getpriority>(2)."
12743 #. type: Plain text
12744 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:61
12746 "On success, the new nice value is returned (but see NOTES below). On error, "
12747 "-1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
12750 #. type: Plain text
12751 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:75
12753 "The calling process attempted to increase its priority by supplying a "
12754 "negative I<inc> but has insufficient privileges. Under Linux the "
12755 "B<CAP_SYS_NICE> capability is required. (But see the discussion of the "
12756 "B<RLIMIT_NICE> resource limit in B<setrlimit>(2).)"
12759 #. type: Plain text
12760 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:82
12762 "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. However, the Linux and (g)libc (earlier than "
12763 "glibc 2.2.4) return value is nonstandard, see below. SVr4 documents an "
12764 "additional B<EINVAL> error code."
12767 #. type: Plain text
12768 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:92
12770 "SUSv2 and POSIX.1-2001 specify that B<nice>() should return the new nice "
12771 "value. However, the Linux syscall and the B<nice>() library function "
12772 "provided in older versions of (g)libc (earlier than glibc 2.2.4) return 0 on "
12773 "success. The new nice value can be found using B<getpriority>(2)."
12776 #. type: Plain text
12777 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:105
12779 "Since glibc 2.2.4, B<nice>() is implemented as a library function that "
12780 "calls B<getpriority>(2) to obtain the new nice value to be returned to the "
12781 "caller. With this implementation, a successful call can legitimately return "
12782 "-1. To reliably detect an error, set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and "
12783 "check its value when B<nice>() returns -1."
12786 #. type: Plain text
12787 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:112
12789 "B<nice>(1), B<renice>(1), B<fork>(2), B<getpriority>(2), B<setpriority>(2), "
12790 "B<capabilities>(7)"
12794 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:25
12800 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:25
12805 #. type: Plain text
12806 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:28
12807 msgid "pread, pwrite - read from or write to a file descriptor at a given offset"
12810 #. type: Plain text
12811 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:33
12813 "B<ssize_t pread(int >I<fd>B<, void *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<count>B<, off_t "
12817 #. type: Plain text
12818 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:36
12820 "B<ssize_t pwrite(int >I<fd>B<, const void *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<count>B<, "
12821 "off_t >I<offset>B<);>"
12824 #. type: Plain text
12825 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:46
12826 msgid "B<pread>(), B<pwrite>():"
12829 #. type: Plain text
12830 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:48
12831 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500"
12834 #. type: Plain text
12835 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:64
12837 "B<pread>() reads up to I<count> bytes from file descriptor I<fd> at offset "
12838 "I<offset> (from the start of the file) into the buffer starting at I<buf>. "
12839 "The file offset is not changed."
12842 #. type: Plain text
12843 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:75
12845 "B<pwrite>() writes up to I<count> bytes from the buffer starting at I<buf> "
12846 "to the file descriptor I<fd> at offset I<offset>. The file offset is not "
12850 #. type: Plain text
12851 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:79
12852 msgid "The file referenced by I<fd> must be capable of seeking."
12855 #. type: Plain text
12856 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:89
12858 "On success, the number of bytes read or written is returned (zero indicates "
12859 "that nothing was written, in the case of B<pwrite>(), or end of file, in the "
12860 "case of B<pread>()), or -1 on error, in which case I<errno> is set to "
12861 "indicate the error."
12864 #. type: Plain text
12865 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:104
12867 "B<pread>() can fail and set I<errno> to any error specified for B<read>(2) "
12868 "or B<lseek>(2). B<pwrite>() can fail and set I<errno> to any error "
12869 "specified for B<write>(2) or B<lseek>(2)."
12872 #. type: Plain text
12873 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:115
12875 "The B<pread>() and B<pwrite>() system calls were added to Linux in version "
12876 "2.1.60; the entries in the i386 system call table were added in 2.1.69. C "
12877 "library support (including emulation using B<lseek>(2) on older kernels "
12878 "without the system calls) was added in glibc 2.1."
12881 #. type: Plain text
12882 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:133
12884 "On Linux, the underlying system calls were renamed in kernel 2.6: B<pread>() "
12885 "became B<pread64>(), and B<pwrite>() became B<pwrite64>(). The system call "
12886 "numbers remained the same. The glibc B<pread>() and B<pwrite>() wrapper "
12887 "functions transparently deal with the change."
12890 #. FIXME https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=43178
12891 #. type: Plain text
12892 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:145
12894 "POSIX requires that opening a file with the B<O_APPEND> flag should have no "
12895 "affect on the location at which B<pwrite>() writes data. However, on "
12896 "Linux, if a file is opened with B<O_APPEND>, B<pwrite>() appends data to "
12897 "the end of the file, regardless of the value of I<offset>."
12900 #. type: Plain text
12901 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:150
12902 msgid "B<lseek>(2), B<read>(2), B<readv>(2), B<write>(2)"
12906 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8
12908 msgid "SET_THREAD_AREA"
12911 #. type: Plain text
12912 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:11
12913 msgid "set_thread_area - set a thread local storage (TLS) area"
12916 #. type: Plain text
12917 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:17
12918 msgid "B<int set_thread_area(struct user_desc *>I<u_info>B<);>"
12921 #. type: Plain text
12922 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:33
12924 "B<set_thread_area>() sets an entry in the current thread's thread-local "
12925 "storage (TLS) array. The TLS array entry set by B<set_thread_area>() "
12926 "corresponds to the value of I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number> passed in by the "
12927 "user. If this value is in bounds, B<set_thread_area>() copies the TLS "
12928 "descriptor pointed to by I<u_info> into the thread's TLS array."
12931 #. type: Plain text
12932 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:44
12934 "When B<set_thread_area>() is passed an I<entry_number> of -1, it uses a "
12935 "free TLS entry. If B<set_thread_area>() finds a free TLS entry, the value "
12936 "of I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number> is set upon return to show which entry was "
12940 #. type: Plain text
12941 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:49
12943 "B<set_thread_area>() returns 0 on success, and -1 on failure, with I<errno> "
12944 "set appropriately."
12948 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:56
12953 #. type: Plain text
12954 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:59
12955 msgid "A free TLS entry could not be located."
12958 #. type: Plain text
12959 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:63
12960 msgid "A version of B<set_thread_area>() first appeared in Linux 2.5.29."
12963 #. type: Plain text
12964 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:67
12966 "B<set_thread_area>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs "
12967 "that are intended to be portable."
12970 #. type: Plain text
12971 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:74
12972 msgid "B<get_thread_area>(2)"
12976 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:34
12982 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:34 build/C/man2/uname.2:27
12987 #. type: Plain text
12988 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:37
12989 msgid "setup - setup devices and file systems, mount root file system"
12992 #. type: Plain text
12993 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:41
12994 msgid "B<int setup(void);>"
12997 #. type: Plain text
12998 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:47
13000 "B<setup>() is called once from within I<linux/init/main.c>. It calls "
13001 "initialization functions for devices and file systems configured into the "
13002 "kernel and then mounts the root file system."
13005 #. type: Plain text
13006 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:53
13008 "No user process may call B<setup>(). Any user process, even a process with "
13009 "superuser permission, will receive B<EPERM>."
13012 #. type: Plain text
13013 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:56
13014 msgid "B<setup>() always returns -1 for a user process."
13017 #. type: Plain text
13018 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:62
13019 msgid "Since Linux 2.1.121, no such function exists anymore."
13022 #. type: Plain text
13023 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:65
13025 "This function is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended "
13026 "to be portable, or indeed in any programs at all."
13029 #. type: Plain text
13030 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:72
13032 "The calling sequence varied: at some times I<setup ()> has had a single "
13033 "argument I<void *BIOS> and at other times a single argument I<int magic>."
13037 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:28
13042 #. type: Plain text
13043 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:31
13044 msgid "shells - pathnames of valid login shells"
13047 #. type: Plain text
13048 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:37
13050 "I</etc/shells> is a text file which contains the full pathnames of valid "
13051 "login shells. This file is consulted by B<chsh>(1) and available to be "
13052 "queried by other programs."
13055 #. type: Plain text
13056 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:43
13058 "Be aware that there are programs which consult this file to find out if a "
13059 "user is a normal user; for example, FTP daemons traditionally disallow "
13060 "access to users with shells not included in this file."
13063 #. type: Plain text
13064 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:45
13065 msgid "I</etc/shells>"
13068 #. type: Plain text
13069 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:48
13070 msgid "I</etc/shells> may contain the following paths:"
13073 #. type: Plain text
13074 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:51
13078 #. type: Plain text
13079 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:53
13080 msgid "I</bin/bash>"
13083 #. type: Plain text
13084 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:55
13085 msgid "I</bin/csh>"
13088 #. type: Plain text
13089 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:59
13090 msgid "B<chsh>(1), B<getusershell>(3)"
13094 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:26
13100 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:26
13105 #. type: Plain text
13106 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:29
13107 msgid "sleep - sleep for the specified number of seconds"
13110 #. type: Plain text
13111 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:34
13113 msgid "B<unsigned int sleep(unsigned int >I<seconds>B<);>\n"
13116 #. type: Plain text
13117 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:40
13119 "B<sleep>() makes the calling thread sleep until I<seconds> seconds have "
13120 "elapsed or a signal arrives which is not ignored."
13123 #. type: Plain text
13124 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:44
13126 "Zero if the requested time has elapsed, or the number of seconds left to "
13127 "sleep, if the call was interrupted by a signal handler."
13130 #. type: Plain text
13131 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:55
13133 "B<sleep>() may be implemented using B<SIGALRM>; mixing calls to B<alarm>(2) "
13134 "and B<sleep>() is a bad idea."
13137 #. type: Plain text
13138 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:61
13140 "Using B<longjmp>(3) from a signal handler or modifying the handling of "
13141 "B<SIGALRM> while sleeping will cause undefined results."
13144 #. type: Plain text
13145 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:66
13146 msgid "B<alarm>(2), B<nanosleep>(2), B<signal>(2), B<signal>(7)"
13150 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:31
13156 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:31
13161 #. type: Plain text
13162 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:34
13163 msgid "swab - swap adjacent bytes"
13166 #. type: Plain text
13167 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:38
13170 "B<#define _XOPEN_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
13171 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
13174 #. type: Plain text
13175 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:40
13177 msgid "B<void swab(const void *>I<from>B<, void *>I<to>B<, ssize_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
13180 #. type: Plain text
13181 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:49
13183 "The B<swab>() function copies I<n> bytes from the array pointed to by "
13184 "I<from> to the array pointed to by I<to>, exchanging adjacent even and odd "
13185 "bytes. This function is used to exchange data between machines that have "
13186 "different low/high byte ordering."
13189 #. type: Plain text
13190 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:54
13192 "This function does nothing when I<n> is negative. When I<n> is positive and "
13193 "odd, it handles I<n-1> bytes as above, and does something unspecified with "
13194 "the last byte. (In other words, I<n> should be even.)"
13197 #. type: Plain text
13198 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:58
13199 msgid "The B<swab>() function returns no value."
13202 #. type: Plain text
13203 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:62
13204 msgid "B<bstring>(3)"
13208 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:37
13214 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:37
13219 #. type: Plain text
13220 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:40
13221 msgid "swapon, swapoff - start/stop swapping to file/device"
13224 #. type: Plain text
13225 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:44
13226 msgid "B<#include E<lt>asm/page.hE<gt> /* to find PAGE_SIZE */>"
13229 #. type: Plain text
13230 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:46
13231 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/swap.hE<gt>>"
13234 #. type: Plain text
13235 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:48
13236 msgid "B<int swapon(const char *>I<path>B<, int >I<swapflags>B<);>"
13239 #. type: Plain text
13240 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:50
13241 msgid "B<int swapoff(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
13244 #. type: Plain text
13245 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:57
13247 "B<swapon>() sets the swap area to the file or block device specified by "
13248 "I<path>. B<swapoff>() stops swapping to the file or block device specified "
13252 #. type: Plain text
13253 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:67
13255 "If the B<SWAP_FLAG_PREFER> flag is specified in the B<swapon>() "
13256 "I<swapflags> argument, the new swap area will have a higher priority than "
13257 "default. The priority is encoded within I<swapflags> as:"
13260 #. type: Plain text
13261 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:70
13262 msgid "I<(prio E<lt>E<lt> SWAP_FLAG_PRIO_SHIFT) & SWAP_FLAG_PRIO_MASK>"
13265 #. type: Plain text
13266 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:82
13268 "If the B<SWAP_FLAG_DISCARD> flag is specified in the B<swapon>() "
13269 "I<swapflags> argument, freed swap pages will be discarded before they are "
13270 "reused, if the swap device supports the discard or trim operation. (This "
13271 "may improve performance on some Solid State Devices, but often it does not.) "
13275 #. type: Plain text
13276 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:86
13278 "These functions may only be used by a privileged process (one having the "
13279 "B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability)."
13283 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:86
13288 #. type: Plain text
13289 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:91
13291 "Each swap area has a priority, either high or low. The default priority is "
13292 "low. Within the low-priority areas, newer areas are even lower priority "
13293 "than older areas."
13296 #. type: Plain text
13297 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:97
13299 "All priorities set with I<swapflags> are high-priority, higher than "
13300 "default. They may have any nonnegative value chosen by the caller. Higher "
13301 "numbers mean higher priority."
13304 #. type: Plain text
13305 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:105
13307 "Swap pages are allocated from areas in priority order, highest priority "
13308 "first. For areas with different priorities, a higher-priority area is "
13309 "exhausted before using a lower-priority area. If two or more areas have the "
13310 "same priority, and it is the highest priority available, pages are allocated "
13311 "on a round-robin basis between them."
13314 #. type: Plain text
13315 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:108
13317 "As of Linux 1.3.6, the kernel usually follows these rules, but there are "
13321 #. type: Plain text
13322 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:121
13324 "(for B<swapon>()) The specified I<path> is already being used as a swap "
13328 #. type: Plain text
13329 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:133
13331 "The file I<path> exists, but refers neither to a regular file nor to a block "
13332 "device; or, for B<swapon>(), the indicated path does not contain a valid "
13333 "swap signature or resides on an in-memory file system like tmpfs; or, for "
13334 "B<swapoff>(), I<path> is not currently a swap area."
13337 #. type: Plain text
13338 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:141
13339 msgid "The file I<path> does not exist."
13342 #. type: Plain text
13343 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:144
13344 msgid "The system has insufficient memory to start swapping."
13347 #. type: Plain text
13348 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:151
13350 "The caller does not have the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability. Alternatively, "
13351 "the maximum number of swap files are already in use; see NOTES below."
13354 #. type: Plain text
13355 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:157
13357 "These functions are Linux-specific and should not be used in programs "
13358 "intended to be portable. The second I<swapflags> argument was introduced in "
13362 #. type: Plain text
13363 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:160
13364 msgid "The partition or path must be prepared with B<mkswap>(8)."
13367 #. type: Plain text
13368 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:180
13370 "There is an upper limit on the number of swap files that may be used, "
13371 "defined by the kernel constant B<MAX_SWAPFILES>. Before kernel 2.4.10, "
13372 "B<MAX_SWAPFILES> has the value 8; since kernel 2.4.10, it has the value 32. "
13373 "Since kernel 2.6.18, the limit is decreased by 2 (thus: 30) if the kernel "
13374 "is built with the B<CONFIG_MIGRATION> option (which reserves two swap table "
13375 "entries for the page migration features of B<mbind>(2) and "
13376 "B<migrate_pages>(2)). Since kernel 2.6.32, the limit is further decreased "
13377 "by 1 if the kernel is built with the B<CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE> option."
13380 #. To be precise: 2.6.35.5
13381 #. type: Plain text
13382 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:191
13384 "Discard of swap pages was introduced in kernel 2.6.29, then made conditional "
13385 "on the B<SWAP_FLAG_DISCARD> flag in kernel 2.6.36, which still discards the "
13386 "entire swap area when B<swapon>() is called, even if that flag bit is not "
13390 #. type: Plain text
13391 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:195
13392 msgid "B<mkswap>(8), B<swapoff>(8), B<swapon>(8)"
13396 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:40
13402 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:40
13407 #. type: Plain text
13408 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:43
13409 msgid "syscall - indirect system call"
13412 #. type: Plain text
13413 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:48
13416 "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
13417 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
13418 "B<#include E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt> >/* For SYS_xxx definitions */\n"
13421 #. type: Plain text
13422 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:50
13424 msgid "B<int syscall(int >I<number>B<, ...);>\n"
13427 #. type: Plain text
13428 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:62
13430 "B<syscall>() is a small library function that invokes the system call whose "
13431 "assembly language interface has the specified I<number> with the specified "
13432 "arguments. Employing B<syscall>() is useful, for example, when invoking a "
13433 "system call that has no wrapper function in the C library."
13436 #. type: Plain text
13437 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:69
13439 "B<syscall>() saves CPU registers before making the system call, restores "
13440 "the registers upon return from the system call, and stores any error code "
13441 "returned by the system call in B<errno>(3) if an error occurs."
13444 #. type: Plain text
13445 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:72
13447 "Symbolic constants for system call numbers can be found in the header file "
13448 "I<E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt>>."
13451 #. type: Plain text
13452 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:78
13454 "The return value is defined by the system call being invoked. In general, a "
13455 "0 return value indicates success. A -1 return value indicates an error, and "
13456 "an error code is stored in I<errno>."
13459 #. type: Plain text
13460 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:82
13461 msgid "B<syscall>() first appeared in 4BSD."
13464 #. type: Plain text
13465 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:88
13468 "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n"
13469 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
13470 "#include E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt>\n"
13471 "#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>\n"
13474 #. type: Plain text
13475 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:93
13479 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
13484 #. type: Plain text
13485 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:97
13488 " tid = syscall(SYS_gettid);\n"
13489 " tid = syscall(SYS_tgkill, getpid(), tid);\n"
13493 #. type: Plain text
13494 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:102
13495 msgid "B<_syscall>(2), B<intro>(2), B<syscalls>(2)"
13499 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31
13505 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31
13510 #. type: Plain text
13511 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:34
13512 msgid "syscalls - Linux system calls"
13515 #. type: Plain text
13516 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:36
13517 msgid "Linux system calls."
13520 #. type: Plain text
13521 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:39
13523 "The system call is the fundamental interface between an application and the "
13528 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:39
13530 msgid "System calls and library wrapper functions"
13533 #. type: Plain text
13534 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:49
13536 "System calls are generally not invoked directly, but rather via wrapper "
13537 "functions in glibc (or perhaps some other library). For details of direct "
13538 "invocation of a system call, see B<intro>(2). Often, but not always, the "
13539 "name of the wrapper function is the same as the name of the system call that "
13540 "it invokes. For example, glibc contains a function B<truncate>() which "
13541 "invokes the underlying \"truncate\" system call."
13544 #. type: Plain text
13545 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:67
13547 "Often the glibc wrapper function is quite thin, doing little work other than "
13548 "copying arguments to the right registers before invoking the system call, "
13549 "and then setting I<errno> appropriately after the system call has returned. "
13550 "(These are the same steps that are performed by B<syscall>(2), which can be "
13551 "used to invoke system calls for which no wrapper function is provided.) "
13552 "Note: system calls indicate a failure by returning a negative error number "
13553 "to the caller; when this happens, the wrapper function negates the returned "
13554 "error number (to make it positive), copies it to I<errno>, and returns -1 to "
13555 "the caller of the wrapper."
13558 #. type: Plain text
13559 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:79
13561 "Sometimes, however, the wrapper function does some extra work before "
13562 "invoking the system call. For example, nowadays there are (for reasons "
13563 "described below) two related system calls, B<truncate>(2) and "
13564 "B<truncate64>(2), and the glibc B<truncate>() wrapper function checks which "
13565 "of those system calls are provided by the kernel and determines which should "
13570 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:79
13572 msgid "System call list"
13575 #. type: Plain text
13576 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:87
13578 "Below is a list of the Linux system calls. In the list, the I<Kernel> "
13579 "column indicates the kernel version for those system calls that were new in "
13580 "Linux 2.2, or have appeared since that kernel version. Note the following "
13584 #. type: Plain text
13585 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:90
13587 "Where no kernel version is indicated, the system call appeared in kernel 1.0 "
13591 #. type: Plain text
13592 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:96
13594 "Where a system call is marked \"1.2\" this means the system call probably "
13595 "appeared in a 1.1.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
13596 "with 1.2. (Development of the 1.2 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
13597 "kernel 1.0.6 via the 1.1.x unstable kernel series.)"
13600 #. Was kernel 2.0 started from a branch of 1.2.10?
13601 #. At least from the timestamps of the tarballs of
13602 #. of 1.2.10 and 1.3.0, that's how it looks, but in
13603 #. fact the diff doesn't seem very clear, the
13604 #. 1.3.0 .tar.bz is much bigger (2.0 MB) than the
13605 #. 1.2.10 .tar.bz2 (1.8 MB), and AEB points out the
13606 #. timestamps of some files in 1.3.0 seem to be older
13607 #. than those in 1.2.10. All of this suggests
13608 #. that there might not have been a clean branch point.
13609 #. type: Plain text
13610 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:112
13612 "Where a system call is marked \"2.0\" this means the system call probably "
13613 "appeared in a 1.3.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
13614 "with 2.0. (Development of the 2.0 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
13615 "kernel 1.2.x, somewhere around 1.2.10, via the 1.3.x unstable kernel "
13619 #. type: Plain text
13620 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:118
13622 "Where a system call is marked \"2.2\" this means the system call probably "
13623 "appeared in a 2.1.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
13624 "with 2.2.0. (Development of the 2.2 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
13625 "kernel 2.0.21 via the 2.1.x unstable kernel series.)"
13628 #. type: Plain text
13629 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:124
13631 "Where a system call is marked \"2.4\" this means the system call probably "
13632 "appeared in a 2.3.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
13633 "with 2.4.0. (Development of the 2.4 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
13634 "kernel 2.2.8 via the 2.3.x unstable kernel series.)"
13637 #. type: Plain text
13638 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:130
13640 "Where a system call is marked \"2.6\" this means the system call probably "
13641 "appeared in a 2.5.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
13642 "with 2.6.0. (Development of kernel 2.6 was initiated from a branch of "
13643 "kernel 2.4.15 via the 2.5.x unstable kernel series.)"
13646 #. type: Plain text
13647 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:137
13649 "Starting with kernel 2.6.0, the development model changed, and new system "
13650 "calls may appear in each 2.6.x release. In this case, the exact version "
13651 "number where the system call appeared is shown. This convention continues "
13652 "with the 3.x kernel series, which followed on from kernel 2.6.39."
13655 #. type: Plain text
13656 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:145
13658 "In some cases, a system call was added to a stable kernel series after it "
13659 "branched from the previous stable kernel series, and then backported into "
13660 "the earlier stable kernel series. For example some system calls that "
13661 "appeared in 2.6.x were also backported into a 2.4.x release after 2.4.15. "
13662 "When this is so, the version where the system call appeared in both of the "
13663 "major kernel series is listed."
13667 #. Looking at scripts/checksyscalls.sh in the kernel source is
13668 #. instructive about x86 specifics.
13669 #. type: Plain text
13670 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:152
13672 "The list of system calls that are available as at kernel 3.5 (or in a few "
13673 "cases only on older kernels) is as follows:"
13677 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:157
13679 msgid "B<System call>\tB<Kernel>\tB<Notes>\n"
13683 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:159
13685 msgid "B<_llseek>(2)\t1.2\n"
13689 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:160
13691 msgid "B<_newselect>(2)\t2.0\n"
13695 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:161
13697 msgid "B<_sysctl>(2)\t2.0\n"
13701 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:162
13703 msgid "B<accept>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
13707 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:163
13709 msgid "B<accept4>(2)\t2.6.28\n"
13713 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:164
13715 msgid "B<access>(2)\t1.0\n"
13719 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:165
13721 msgid "B<acct>(2)\t1.0\n"
13725 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:166
13727 msgid "B<add_key>(2)\t2.6.11\n"
13731 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:167
13733 msgid "B<adjtimex>(2)\t1.0\n"
13737 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:168
13739 msgid "B<alarm>(2)\t1.0\n"
13743 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:169
13745 msgid "B<alloc_hugepages>(2)\t2.5.36\tRemoved in 2.5.44\n"
13749 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:170
13751 msgid "B<bdflush>(2)\t1.2\tT{\n"
13755 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:171
13757 msgid "Deprecated (does nothing) since 2.6\n"
13761 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:172 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:182 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:310 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:381 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:395 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:405 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:532
13767 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:173
13769 msgid "B<bind>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
13773 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:174
13775 msgid "B<brk>(2)\t1.0\n"
13779 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:175
13781 msgid "B<cacheflush>(2)\t1.2\tNot on x86\n"
13785 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:176
13787 msgid "B<capget>(2)\t2.2\n"
13791 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:177
13793 msgid "B<capset>(2)\t2.2\n"
13797 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:178
13799 msgid "B<chdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
13803 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:179
13805 msgid "B<chmod>(2)\t1.0\n"
13809 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:180
13811 msgid "B<chown>(2)\t2.2\tT{\n"
13815 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:181 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:309
13817 msgid "See B<chown>(2) for version details\n"
13821 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:183
13823 msgid "B<chown32>(2)\t2.4\n"
13827 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:184
13829 msgid "B<chroot>(2)\t1.0\n"
13833 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:185
13835 msgid "B<clock_adjtime>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
13839 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:186
13841 msgid "B<clock_getres>(2)\t2.6\n"
13845 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:187
13847 msgid "B<clock_gettime>(2)\t2.6\n"
13851 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:188
13853 msgid "B<clock_nanosleep>(2)\t2.6\n"
13857 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:189
13859 msgid "B<clock_settime>(2)\t2.6\n"
13863 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:190
13865 msgid "B<clone>(2)\t1.0\n"
13869 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:191
13871 msgid "B<close>(2)\t1.0\n"
13875 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:192
13877 msgid "B<connect>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
13881 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:193
13883 msgid "B<creat>(2)\t1.0\n"
13887 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:194
13889 msgid "B<create_module>(2)\t\tRemoved in 2.6\n"
13893 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:195
13895 msgid "B<delete_module>(2)\t1.0\n"
13899 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:196
13901 msgid "B<dup>(2)\t1.0\n"
13905 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:197
13907 msgid "B<dup2>(2)\t1.0\n"
13911 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:198
13913 msgid "B<dup3>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
13917 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:199
13919 msgid "B<epoll_create>(2)\t2.6\n"
13923 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:200
13925 msgid "B<epoll_create1>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
13929 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:201
13931 msgid "B<epoll_ctl>(2)\t2.6\n"
13935 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:202
13937 msgid "B<epoll_pwait>(2)\t2.6.19\n"
13941 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:203
13943 msgid "B<epoll_wait>(2)\t2.6\n"
13947 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:204
13949 msgid "B<eventfd>(2)\t2.6.22\n"
13953 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:205
13955 msgid "B<eventfd2>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
13959 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:206
13961 msgid "B<execve>(2)\t1.0\n"
13965 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:207
13967 msgid "B<exit>(2)\t1.0\n"
13971 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:208
13973 msgid "B<exit_group>(2)\t2.6\n"
13977 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:209
13979 msgid "B<faccessat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
13983 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:210
13985 msgid "B<fadvise64>(2)\t2.6\n"
13988 #. Implements \fBposix_fadvise\fP(2)
13990 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:212
13992 msgid "B<fadvise64_64>(2)\t2.6\n"
13996 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:213
13998 msgid "B<fallocate>(2)\t2.6.23\n"
14002 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:214
14004 msgid "B<fanotify_init>(2)\t2.6.37\n"
14008 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:215
14010 msgid "B<fanotify_mark>(2)\t2.6.37\n"
14013 #. The fanotify calls were added in Linux 2.6.36,
14014 #. but disabled while the API was finalized.
14016 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:218
14018 msgid "B<fchdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
14022 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:219
14024 msgid "B<fchmod>(2)\t1.0\n"
14028 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:220
14030 msgid "B<fchmodat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
14034 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:221
14036 msgid "B<fchown>(2)\t1.0\n"
14040 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:222
14042 msgid "B<fchown32>(2)\t2.4\n"
14046 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:223
14048 msgid "B<fchownat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
14052 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:224
14054 msgid "B<fcntl>(2)\t1.0\n"
14058 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:225
14060 msgid "B<fcntl64>(2)\t2.4\n"
14064 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:226
14066 msgid "B<fdatasync>(2)\t2.0\n"
14070 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:227
14072 msgid "B<fgetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
14076 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:228
14078 msgid "B<finit_module>(2)\t3.8\n"
14082 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:229
14084 msgid "B<flistxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
14088 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:230
14090 msgid "B<flock>(2)\t2.0\n"
14094 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:231
14096 msgid "B<fork>(2)\t1.0\n"
14100 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:232
14102 msgid "B<free_hugepages>(2)\t2.5.36\tRemoved in 2.5.44\n"
14106 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:233
14108 msgid "B<fremovexattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
14112 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:234
14114 msgid "B<fsetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
14118 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:235
14120 msgid "B<fstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
14124 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:236
14126 msgid "B<fstat64>(2)\t2.4\n"
14130 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:237
14132 msgid "B<fstatat64>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
14136 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:238
14138 msgid "B<fstatfs>(2)\t1.0\n"
14142 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:239
14144 msgid "B<fstatfs64>(2)\t2.6\n"
14148 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:240
14150 msgid "B<fsync>(2)\t1.0\t1.0\n"
14154 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:241
14156 msgid "B<ftruncate>(2)\t1.0\n"
14160 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:242
14162 msgid "B<ftruncate64>(2)\t2.4\n"
14166 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:243
14168 msgid "B<futex>(2)\t2.6\n"
14172 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:244
14174 msgid "B<futimesat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
14178 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:245
14180 msgid "B<get_kernel_syms>(2)\t\tRemoved in 2.6\n"
14184 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:246
14186 msgid "B<get_mempolicy>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
14190 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:247
14192 msgid "B<get_robust_list>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
14196 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:248
14198 msgid "B<get_thread_area>(2)\t2.6\n"
14202 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:249
14204 msgid "B<getcpu>(2)\t2.6.19\n"
14208 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:250
14210 msgid "B<getcwd>(2)\t2.2\n"
14214 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:251
14216 msgid "B<getdents>(2)\t2.0\n"
14220 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:252
14222 msgid "B<getdents64>(2)\t2.4\n"
14226 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:253
14228 msgid "B<getegid>(2)\t1.0\n"
14232 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:254
14234 msgid "B<getegid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
14238 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:255
14240 msgid "B<geteuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
14244 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:256
14246 msgid "B<geteuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
14250 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:257
14252 msgid "B<getgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
14256 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:258
14258 msgid "B<getgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
14262 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:259
14264 msgid "B<getgroups>(2)\t1.0\n"
14268 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:260
14270 msgid "B<getgroups32>(2)\t2.4\n"
14274 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:261
14276 msgid "B<getitimer>(2)\t1.0\n"
14280 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:262
14282 msgid "B<getpeername>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
14286 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:263
14288 msgid "B<getpagesize>(2)\t2.0\tNot on x86\n"
14292 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:264
14294 msgid "B<getpgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
14298 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:265
14300 msgid "B<getpgrp>(2)\t1.0\n"
14304 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:266
14306 msgid "B<getpid>(2)\t1.0\n"
14310 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:267
14312 msgid "B<getppid>(2)\t1.0\n"
14316 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:268
14318 msgid "B<getpriority>(2)\t1.0\n"
14322 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:269
14324 msgid "B<getresgid>(2)\t2.2\n"
14328 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:270
14330 msgid "B<getresgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
14334 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:271
14336 msgid "B<getresuid>(2)\t2.2\n"
14340 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:272
14342 msgid "B<getresuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
14346 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:273
14348 msgid "B<getrlimit>(2)\t1.0\n"
14352 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:274
14354 msgid "B<getrusage>(2)\t1.0\n"
14358 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:275
14360 msgid "B<getsid>(2)\t2.0\n"
14364 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:276
14366 msgid "B<getsockname>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
14370 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:277
14372 msgid "B<getsockopt>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
14376 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:278
14378 msgid "B<gettid>(2)\t2.4.11\n"
14382 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:279
14384 msgid "B<gettimeofday>(2)\t1.0\n"
14388 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:280
14390 msgid "B<getuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
14394 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:281
14396 msgid "B<getuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
14399 #. \fBgetunwind\fP(2) 2.4.8 ia64; DEPRECATED
14401 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:283
14403 msgid "B<getxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
14407 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:284
14409 msgid "B<init_module>(2)\t1.0\n"
14413 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:285
14415 msgid "B<inotify_add_watch>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
14419 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:286
14421 msgid "B<inotify_init>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
14425 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:287
14427 msgid "B<inotify_init1>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
14431 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:288
14433 msgid "B<inotify_rm_watch>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
14437 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:289
14439 msgid "B<io_cancel>(2)\t2.6\n"
14443 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:290
14445 msgid "B<io_destroy>(2)\t2.6\n"
14449 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:291
14451 msgid "B<io_getevents>(2)\t2.6\n"
14455 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:292
14457 msgid "B<io_setup>(2)\t2.6\n"
14461 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:293
14463 msgid "B<io_submit>(2)\t2.6\n"
14467 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:294
14469 msgid "B<ioctl>(2)\t1.0\n"
14473 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:295
14475 msgid "B<ioperm>(2)\t1.0\n"
14479 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:296
14481 msgid "B<iopl>(2)\t1.0\n"
14485 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:297
14487 msgid "B<ioprio_get>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
14491 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:298
14493 msgid "B<ioprio_set>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
14497 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:299
14499 msgid "B<ipc>(2)\t1.0\n"
14502 #. Implements System V IPC calls
14504 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:301
14506 msgid "B<kcmp>(2)\t3.5\n"
14510 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:302
14512 msgid "B<kern_features>(2)\t3.7\tSparc64\n"
14516 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:303
14518 msgid "B<kexec_load>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
14521 #. The entry in the syscall table was reserved starting in 2.6.7
14522 #. Was named sys_kexec_load() from 2.6.7 to 2.6.16
14524 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:306
14526 msgid "B<keyctl>(2)\t2.6.11\n"
14530 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:307
14532 msgid "B<kill>(2)\t1.0\n"
14536 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:308
14538 msgid "B<lchown>(2)\t1.0\tT{\n"
14542 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:311
14544 msgid "B<lchown32>(2)\t2.4\n"
14548 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:312
14550 msgid "B<lgetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
14554 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:313
14556 msgid "B<link>(2)\t1.0\n"
14560 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:314
14562 msgid "B<linkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
14566 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:315
14568 msgid "B<listen>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
14572 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:316
14574 msgid "B<listxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
14578 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:317
14580 msgid "B<llistxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
14584 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:318
14586 msgid "B<lookup_dcookie>(2)\t2.6\n"
14590 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:319
14592 msgid "B<lremovexattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
14596 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:320
14598 msgid "B<lseek>(2)\t1.0\n"
14602 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:321
14604 msgid "B<lsetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
14608 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:322
14610 msgid "B<lstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
14614 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:323
14616 msgid "B<lstat64>(2)\t2.4\n"
14620 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:324
14622 msgid "B<madvise>(2)\t2.4\n"
14626 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:325
14628 msgid "B<madvise1>(2)\t2.4\n"
14632 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:326
14634 msgid "B<mbind>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
14637 #. \fBmemory_ordering\fP(2) ??? Sparc64
14639 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:328
14641 msgid "B<migrate_pages>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
14645 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:329
14647 msgid "B<mincore>(2)\t2.4\n"
14651 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:330
14653 msgid "B<mkdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
14657 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:331
14659 msgid "B<mkdirat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
14663 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:332
14665 msgid "B<mknod>(2)\t1.0\n"
14669 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:333
14671 msgid "B<mknodat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
14675 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:334
14677 msgid "B<mlock>(2)\t2.0\n"
14681 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:335
14683 msgid "B<mlockall>(2)\t2.0\n"
14687 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:336
14689 msgid "B<mmap>(2)\t1.0\n"
14693 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:337
14695 msgid "B<mmap2>(2)\t2.4\n"
14699 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:338
14701 msgid "B<modify_ldt>(2)\t1.0\n"
14705 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:339
14707 msgid "B<mount>(2)\t1.0\n"
14711 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:340
14713 msgid "B<move_pages>(2)\t2.6.18\n"
14717 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:341
14719 msgid "B<mprotect>(2)\t1.0\n"
14723 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:342
14725 msgid "B<mq_getsetattr>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
14728 #. Implements \fBmq_getattr\fP(3) and \fBmq_setattr\fP(3)
14730 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:344
14732 msgid "B<mq_notify>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
14736 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:345
14738 msgid "B<mq_open>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
14742 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:346
14744 msgid "B<mq_timedreceive>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
14748 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:347
14750 msgid "B<mq_timedsend>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
14754 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:348
14756 msgid "B<mq_unlink>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
14760 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:349
14762 msgid "B<mremap>(2)\t2.0\n"
14766 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:350
14768 msgid "B<msgctl>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
14772 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:351
14774 msgid "B<msgget>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
14778 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:352
14780 msgid "B<msgrcv>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
14784 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:353
14786 msgid "B<msgsnd>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
14790 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:354
14792 msgid "B<msync>(2)\t2.0\n"
14795 #. \fBmultiplexer\fP(2) ?? __NR_multiplexer reserved on
14796 #. PowerPC, but unimplemented?
14798 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:357
14800 msgid "B<munlock>(2)\t2.0\n"
14804 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:358
14806 msgid "B<munlockall>(2)\t2.0\n"
14810 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:359
14812 msgid "B<munmap>(2)\t1.0\n"
14816 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:360
14818 msgid "B<name_to_handle_at>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
14822 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:361
14824 msgid "B<nanosleep>(2)\t2.0\n"
14828 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:362
14830 msgid "B<nfsservctl>(2)\t2.2\tRemoved in 3.1\n"
14834 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:363
14836 msgid "B<nice>(2)\t1.0\n"
14840 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:364
14842 msgid "B<oldfstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
14846 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:365
14848 msgid "B<oldlstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
14852 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:366
14854 msgid "B<oldolduname>(2)\t1.0\n"
14858 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:367
14860 msgid "B<oldstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
14864 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:368
14866 msgid "B<olduname>(2)\t1.0\n"
14870 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:369
14872 msgid "B<open>(2)\t1.0\n"
14876 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:370
14878 msgid "B<open_by_handle_at>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
14882 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:371
14884 msgid "B<openat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
14888 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:372
14890 msgid "B<pause>(2)\t1.0\n"
14894 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:373
14896 msgid "B<pciconfig_iobase>(2)\t2.2.15; 2.4\tNot on x86\n"
14899 #. Alpha, PowerPC, ARM; not x86
14901 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:375
14903 msgid "B<pciconfig_read>(2)\t2.0.26; 2.2\tNot on x86\n"
14906 #. , PowerPC, ARM; not x86
14908 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:377
14910 msgid "B<pciconfig_write>(2)\t2.0.26; 2.2\tNot on x86\n"
14913 #. , PowerPC, ARM; not x86
14915 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:379
14917 msgid "B<perf_event_open>(2)\t2.6.31\tT{\n"
14921 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:380
14923 msgid "Was called perf_counter_open() in 2.6.31; renamed in 2.6.32\n"
14927 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:382
14929 msgid "B<personality>(2)\t1.2\n"
14933 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:383
14935 msgid "B<perfctr>(2)\t2.2\tSparc; removed in 2.6.34\n"
14938 #. commit c7d5a0050773e98d1094eaa9f2a1a793fafac300 removed perfctr()
14940 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:385
14942 msgid "B<perfmonctl>(2)\t2.4\tia64\n"
14946 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:386
14948 msgid "B<pipe>(2)\t1.0\n"
14952 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:387
14954 msgid "B<pipe2>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
14958 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:388
14960 msgid "B<pivot_root>(2)\t2.4\n"
14964 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:389
14966 msgid "B<poll>(2)\t2.0.36; 2.2\n"
14970 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:390
14972 msgid "B<ppc_rtas>(2)\t\tPowerPC only\n"
14976 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:391
14978 msgid "B<ppoll>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
14982 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:392
14984 msgid "B<prctl>(2)\t2.2\n"
14988 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:393
14990 msgid "B<pread64>(2)\t\tT{\n"
14994 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:394
14996 msgid "Added as \"pread\" in 2.2; renamed \"pread64\" in 2.6\n"
15000 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:396
15002 msgid "B<preadv>(2)\t2.6.30\n"
15006 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:397
15008 msgid "B<prlimit>(2)\t2.6.36\n"
15012 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:398
15014 msgid "B<process_vm_readv>(2)\t3.2\n"
15018 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:399
15020 msgid "B<process_vm_writev>(2)\t3.2\n"
15024 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:400
15026 msgid "B<pselect6>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15029 #. Implements \fBpselect\fP(2)
15031 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:402
15033 msgid "B<ptrace>(2)\t1.0\n"
15037 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:403
15039 msgid "B<pwrite64>(2)\t\tT{\n"
15043 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:404
15045 msgid "Added as \"pwrite\" in 2.2; renamed \"pwrite64\" in 2.6\n"
15049 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:406
15051 msgid "B<pwritev>(2)\t2.6.30\n"
15055 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:407
15057 msgid "B<query_module>(2)\t2.2\tRemoved in 2.6\n"
15061 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:408
15063 msgid "B<quotactl>(2)\t1.0\n"
15067 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:409
15069 msgid "B<read>(2)\t1.0\n"
15073 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:410
15075 msgid "B<readahead>(2)\t2.4.13\n"
15079 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:411
15081 msgid "B<readdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
15084 #. Supersedes \fBgetdents\fP(2)
15086 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:413
15088 msgid "B<readlink>(2)\t1.0\n"
15092 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:414
15094 msgid "B<readlinkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15098 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:415
15100 msgid "B<readv>(2)\t2.0\n"
15104 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:416
15106 msgid "B<reboot>(2)\t1.0\n"
15110 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:417
15112 msgid "B<recv>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15116 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:418
15118 msgid "B<recvfrom>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15122 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:419
15124 msgid "B<recvmsg>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15128 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:420
15130 msgid "B<recvmmsg>(2)\t2.6.33\n"
15134 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:421
15136 msgid "B<remap_file_pages>(2)\t2.6\n"
15140 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:422
15142 msgid "B<removexattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15146 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:423
15148 msgid "B<rename>(2)\t1.0\n"
15152 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:424
15154 msgid "B<renameat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15158 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:425
15160 msgid "B<request_key>(2)\t2.6.11\n"
15164 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:426
15166 msgid "B<restart_syscall>(2)\t2.6\n"
15170 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:427
15172 msgid "B<rmdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
15176 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:428
15178 msgid "B<rt_sigaction>(2)\t2.2\n"
15182 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:429
15184 msgid "B<rt_sigpending>(2)\t2.2\n"
15188 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:430
15190 msgid "B<rt_sigprocmask>(2)\t2.2\n"
15194 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:431
15196 msgid "B<rt_sigqueueinfo>(2)\t2.2\n"
15200 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:432
15202 msgid "B<rt_sigreturn>(2)\t2.2\n"
15206 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:433
15208 msgid "B<rt_sigsuspend>(2)\t2.2\n"
15212 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:434
15214 msgid "B<rt_sigtimedwait>(2)\t2.2\n"
15218 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:435
15220 msgid "B<rt_tgsigqueueinfo>(2)\t2.6.31\n"
15224 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:436
15226 msgid "B<s390_runtime_instr>(2)\t3.7\ts390 only\n"
15230 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:437
15232 msgid "B<sched_get_priority_max>(2)\t2.0\n"
15236 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:438
15238 msgid "B<sched_get_priority_min>(2)\t2.0\n"
15242 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:439
15244 msgid "B<sched_getaffinity>(2)\t2.6\n"
15248 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:440
15250 msgid "B<sched_getparam>(2)\t2.0\n"
15254 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:441
15256 msgid "B<sched_getscheduler>(2)\t2.0\n"
15260 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:442
15262 msgid "B<sched_rr_get_interval>(2)\t2.0\n"
15266 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:443
15268 msgid "B<sched_setaffinity>(2)\t2.6\n"
15272 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:444
15274 msgid "B<sched_setparam>(2)\t2.0\n"
15278 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:445
15280 msgid "B<sched_setscheduler>(2)\t2.0\n"
15284 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:446
15286 msgid "B<sched_yield>(2)\t2.0\n"
15290 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:447
15292 msgid "B<select>(2)\t1.0\n"
15296 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:448
15298 msgid "B<semctl>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
15302 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:449
15304 msgid "B<semget>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
15308 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:450
15310 msgid "B<semop>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
15314 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:451
15316 msgid "B<semtimedop>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.22\n"
15320 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:452
15322 msgid "B<send>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15326 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:453
15328 msgid "B<sendfile>(2)\t2.2\n"
15332 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:454
15334 msgid "B<sendfile64>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.19\n"
15338 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:455
15340 msgid "B<sendmmsg>(2)\t3.0\n"
15344 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:456
15346 msgid "B<sendmsg>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15350 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:457
15352 msgid "B<sendto>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15356 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:458
15358 msgid "B<set_mempolicy>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15362 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:459
15364 msgid "B<set_robust_list>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
15368 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:460
15370 msgid "B<set_thread_area>(2)\t2.6\n"
15374 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:461
15376 msgid "B<set_tid_address>(2)\t2.6\n"
15379 #. See http://lkml.org/lkml/2005/8/1/83
15380 #. "[PATCH] remove sys_set_zone_reclaim()"
15382 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:464
15384 msgid "B<setdomainname>(2)\t1.0\n"
15388 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:465
15390 msgid "B<setfsgid>(2)\t1.2\n"
15394 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:466
15396 msgid "B<setfsgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15400 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:467
15402 msgid "B<setfsuid>(2)\t1.2\n"
15406 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:468
15408 msgid "B<setfsuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15412 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:469
15414 msgid "B<setgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15418 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:470
15420 msgid "B<setgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15424 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:471
15426 msgid "B<setgroups>(2)\t1.0\n"
15430 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:472
15432 msgid "B<setgroups32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15436 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:473
15438 msgid "B<sethostname>(2)\t1.0\n"
15442 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:474
15444 msgid "B<setitimer>(2)\t1.0\n"
15448 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:475
15450 msgid "B<setns>(2)\t3.0\n"
15454 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:476
15456 msgid "B<setpgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15460 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:477
15462 msgid "B<setpriority>(2)\t1.0\n"
15466 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:478
15468 msgid "B<setregid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15472 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:479
15474 msgid "B<setregid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15478 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:480
15480 msgid "B<setresgid>(2)\t2.2\n"
15484 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:481
15486 msgid "B<setresgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15490 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:482
15492 msgid "B<setresuid>(2)\t2.2\n"
15496 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:483
15498 msgid "B<setresuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15502 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:484
15504 msgid "B<setreuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15508 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:485
15510 msgid "B<setreuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15514 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:486
15516 msgid "B<setrlimit>(2)\t1.0\n"
15520 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:487
15522 msgid "B<setsid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15526 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:488
15528 msgid "B<setsockopt>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15532 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:489
15534 msgid "B<settimeofday>(2)\t1.0\n"
15538 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:490
15540 msgid "B<setuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15544 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:491
15546 msgid "B<setuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15550 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:492
15552 msgid "B<setup>(2)\t\tRemoved in 2.2\n"
15556 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:493
15558 msgid "B<setxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15562 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:494
15564 msgid "B<sgetmask>(2)\t1.0\n"
15568 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:495
15570 msgid "B<shmat>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
15574 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:496
15576 msgid "B<shmctl>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
15580 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:497
15582 msgid "B<shmdt>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
15586 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:498
15588 msgid "B<shmget>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
15592 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:499
15594 msgid "B<shutdown>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15598 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:500
15600 msgid "B<sigaction>(2)\t1.0\n"
15604 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:501
15606 msgid "B<sigaltstack>(2)\t2.2\n"
15610 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:502
15612 msgid "B<signal>(2)\t1.0\n"
15616 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:503
15618 msgid "B<signalfd>(2)\t2.6.22\n"
15622 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:504
15624 msgid "B<signalfd4>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
15628 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:505
15630 msgid "B<sigpending>(2)\t1.0\n"
15634 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:506
15636 msgid "B<sigprocmask>(2)\t1.0\n"
15640 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:507
15642 msgid "B<sigreturn>(2)\t1.0\n"
15646 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:508
15648 msgid "B<sigsuspend>(2)\t1.0\n"
15652 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:509
15654 msgid "B<socket>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15658 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:510
15660 msgid "B<socketcall>(2)\t1.0\n"
15663 #. Implements BSD socket calls
15665 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:512
15667 msgid "B<socketpair>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15671 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:513
15673 msgid "B<splice>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
15677 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:514
15679 msgid "B<spu_create>(2)\t2.6.16\tPowerPC only\n"
15683 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:515
15685 msgid "B<spu_run>(2)\t2.6.16\tPowerPC only\n"
15689 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:516
15691 msgid "B<ssetmask>(2)\t1.0\n"
15695 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:517
15697 msgid "B<stat>(2)\t1.0\n"
15701 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:518
15703 msgid "B<stat64>(2)\t2.4\n"
15707 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:519
15709 msgid "B<statfs>(2)\t1.0\n"
15713 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:520
15715 msgid "B<statfs64>(2)\t2.6\n"
15719 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:521
15721 msgid "B<stime>(2)\t1.0\n"
15725 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:522
15727 msgid "B<subpage_prot>(2)\t2.6.25\tPowerPC if\n"
15731 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:523
15733 msgid "\t\tCONFIG_PPC_64K_PAGES\n"
15737 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:524
15739 msgid "B<swapoff>(2)\t1.0\n"
15743 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:525
15745 msgid "B<swapon>(2)\t1.0\n"
15749 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:526
15751 msgid "B<symlink>(2)\t1.0\n"
15755 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:527
15757 msgid "B<symlinkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15761 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:528
15763 msgid "B<sync>(2)\t1.0\n"
15767 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:529
15769 msgid "B<sync_file_range>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
15773 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:530
15775 msgid "B<sync_file_range2>(2)\t2.6.22\tT{\n"
15779 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:531
15781 msgid "Architecture-specific variant of B<sync_file_range>(2)\n"
15784 #. PowerPC, ARM, tile
15785 #. First appeared on ARM, as arm_sync_file_range(), but later renamed
15786 #. \fBsys_debug_setcontext\fP(2) ??? PowerPC if CONFIG_PPC32
15788 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:536
15790 msgid "B<syncfs>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
15794 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:537
15796 msgid "B<sysfs>(2)\t1.2\n"
15800 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:538
15802 msgid "B<sysinfo>(2)\t1.0\n"
15806 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:539
15808 msgid "B<syslog>(2)\t1.0\n"
15811 #. glibc interface is \fBklogctl\fP(3)
15813 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:541
15815 msgid "B<tee>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
15819 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:542
15821 msgid "B<tgkill>(2)\t2.6\n"
15825 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:543
15827 msgid "B<time>(2)\t1.0\n"
15831 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:544
15833 msgid "B<timer_create>(2)\t2.6\n"
15837 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:545
15839 msgid "B<timer_delete>(2)\t2.6\n"
15843 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:546
15845 msgid "B<timer_getoverrun>(2)\t2.6\n"
15849 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:547
15851 msgid "B<timer_gettime>(2)\t2.6\n"
15855 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:548
15857 msgid "B<timer_settime>(2)\t2.6\n"
15861 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:549
15863 msgid "B<timerfd_create>(2)\t2.6.25\n"
15867 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:550
15869 msgid "B<timerfd_gettime>(2)\t2.6.25\n"
15873 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:551
15875 msgid "B<timerfd_settime>(2)\t2.6.25\n"
15879 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:552
15881 msgid "B<times>(2)\t1.0\n"
15885 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:553
15887 msgid "B<tkill>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.22\n"
15891 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:554
15893 msgid "B<truncate>(2)\t1.0\n"
15897 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:555
15899 msgid "B<truncate64>(2)\t2.4\n"
15903 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:556
15905 msgid "B<ugetrlimit>(2)\t2.4\n"
15909 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:557
15911 msgid "B<umask>(2)\t1.0\n"
15915 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:558
15917 msgid "B<umount>(2)\t1.0\n"
15920 #. sys_oldumount() -- __NR_umount
15922 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:560
15924 msgid "B<umount2>(2)\t2.2\n"
15927 #. sys_umount() -- __NR_umount2
15929 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:562
15931 msgid "B<uname>(2)\t1.0\n"
15935 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:563
15937 msgid "B<unlink>(2)\t1.0\n"
15941 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:564
15943 msgid "B<unlinkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15947 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:565
15949 msgid "B<unshare>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15953 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:566
15955 msgid "B<uselib>(2)\t1.0\n"
15959 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:567
15961 msgid "B<ustat>(2)\t1.0\n"
15965 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:568
15967 msgid "B<utime>(2)\t1.0\n"
15971 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:569
15973 msgid "B<utimensat>(2)\t2.6.22\n"
15977 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:570
15979 msgid "B<utimes>(2)\t2.2\n"
15983 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:571
15985 msgid "B<utrap_install>(2)\t2.2\tSparc\n"
15989 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:572
15991 msgid "B<vfork>(2)\t2.2\n"
15995 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:573
15997 msgid "B<vhangup>(2)\t1.0\n"
16001 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:574
16003 msgid "B<vm86old>(2)\t1.0\tWas \"vm86\"; renamed in 2.0.28/2.2\n"
16007 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:575
16009 msgid "B<vm86>(2)\t2.0.28; 2.2\n"
16013 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:576
16015 msgid "B<vmsplice>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
16019 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:577
16021 msgid "B<wait4>(2)\t1.0\n"
16025 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:578
16027 msgid "B<waitid>(2)\t2.6.10\n"
16031 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:579
16033 msgid "B<waitpid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16037 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:580
16039 msgid "B<write>(2)\t1.0\n"
16043 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:581
16045 msgid "B<writev>(2)\t2.0\n"
16048 #. type: Plain text
16049 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:590
16051 "On many platforms, including x86-32, socket calls are all multiplexed (via "
16052 "glibc wrapper functions) through B<socketcall>(2) and similarly System V "
16053 "IPC calls are multiplexed through B<ipc>(2)."
16056 #. __NR_afs_syscall is 53 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
16057 #. __NR_break is 17 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
16058 #. __NR_ftime is 35 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
16059 #. __NR_getpmsg is 188 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
16060 #. __NR_gtty is 32 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
16061 #. __NR_idle is 112 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
16062 #. __NR_lock is 53 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
16063 #. __NR_madvise1 is 219 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
16064 #. __NR_mpx is 66 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
16065 #. Slot has been reused
16066 #. __NR_prof is 44 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
16067 #. __NR_profil is 98 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
16068 #. __NR_putpmsg is 189 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
16069 #. __NR_security is 223 on Linux 2.4/i386
16070 #. __NR_security is 223 on Linux 2.4/i386; absent on 2.6/i386, present
16071 #. on a couple of 2.6 architectures
16072 #. __NR_stty is 31 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
16073 #. The security call is for future use.
16074 #. __NR_tuxcall is 184 on x86_64, also on PPC and alpha
16075 #. __NR_ulimit is 58 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
16076 #. __NR_vserver is 273 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
16077 #. type: Plain text
16078 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:635
16080 "Although slots are reserved for them in the system call table, the following "
16081 "system calls are not implemented in the standard kernel: B<afs_syscall>(2), "
16082 "B<break>(2), B<ftime>(2), B<getpmsg>(2), B<gtty>(2), B<idle>(2), B<lock>(2), "
16083 "B<madvise1>(2), B<mpx>(2), B<phys>(2), B<prof>(2), B<profil>(2), "
16084 "B<putpmsg>(2), B<security>(2), B<stty>(2), B<tuxcall>(2), B<ulimit>(2), and "
16085 "B<vserver>(2) (see also B<unimplemented>(2)). However, B<ftime>(3), "
16086 "B<profil>(3) and B<ulimit>(3) exist as library routines. The slot for "
16087 "B<phys>(2) is in use since kernel 2.1.116 for B<umount>(2); B<phys>(2) "
16088 "will never be implemented. The B<getpmsg>(2) and B<putpmsg>(2) calls are "
16089 "for kernels patched to support STREAMS, and may never be in the standard "
16093 #. type: Plain text
16094 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:640
16096 "There was briefly B<set_zone_reclaim>(2), added in Linux 2.6.13, and removed "
16097 "in 2.6.16; this system call was never available to user space."
16100 #. type: Plain text
16101 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:657
16103 "Roughly speaking, the code belonging to the system call with number __NR_xxx "
16104 "defined in I</usr/include/asm/unistd.h> can be found in the Linux kernel "
16105 "source in the routine I<sys_xxx>(). (The dispatch table for i386 can be "
16106 "found in I</usr/src/linux/arch/i386/kernel/entry.S>.) There are many "
16107 "exceptions, however, mostly because older system calls were superseded by "
16108 "newer ones, and this has been treated somewhat unsystematically. On "
16109 "platforms with proprietary operating-system emulation, such as parisc, "
16110 "sparc, sparc64 and alpha, there are many additional system calls; mips64 "
16111 "also contains a full set of 32-bit system calls."
16114 #. type: Plain text
16115 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:676
16117 "Over time, changes to the interfaces of some system calls have been "
16118 "necessary. One reason for such changes was the need to increase the size of "
16119 "structures or scalar values passed to the system call. Because of these "
16120 "changes, there are now various groups of related system calls (e.g., "
16121 "B<truncate>(2) and B<truncate64>(2)) which perform similar tasks, but "
16122 "which vary in details such as the size of their arguments. (As noted "
16123 "earlier, applications are generally unaware of this: the glibc wrapper "
16124 "functions do some work to ensure that the right system call is invoked, and "
16125 "that ABI compatibility is preserved for old binaries.) Examples of systems "
16126 "calls that exist in multiple versions are the following:"
16129 #. e.g., on 2.6.22/i386: __NR_oldstat 18, __NR_stat 106, __NR_stat64 195
16130 #. The stat system calls deal with three different data structures,
16131 #. defined in include/asm-i386/stat.h: __old_kernel_stat, stat, stat64
16132 #. type: Plain text
16133 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:697
16135 "By now there are three different versions of B<stat>(2): I<sys_stat>() "
16136 "(slot I<__NR_oldstat>), I<sys_newstat>() (slot I<__NR_stat>), and "
16137 "I<sys_stat64>() (slot I<__NR_stat64>), with the last being the most "
16138 "current. A similar story applies for B<lstat>(2) and B<fstat>(2)."
16141 #. type: Plain text
16142 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:708
16144 "Similarly, the defines I<__NR_oldolduname>, I<__NR_olduname>, and "
16145 "I<__NR_uname> refer to the routines I<sys_olduname>(), I<sys_uname>() and "
16146 "I<sys_newuname>()."
16149 #. type: Plain text
16150 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:715
16152 "In Linux 2.0, a new version of B<vm86>(2) appeared, with the old and the "
16153 "new kernel routines being named I<sys_vm86old>() and I<sys_vm86>()."
16156 #. type: Plain text
16157 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:726
16159 "In Linux 2.4, a new version of B<getrlimit>(2) appeared, with the old and "
16160 "the new kernel routines being named I<sys_old_getrlimit>() (slot "
16161 "I<__NR_getrlimit>) and I<sys_getrlimit>() (slot I<__NR_ugetrlimit>)."
16164 #. 64-bit off_t changes: ftruncate64, *stat64,
16165 #. fcntl64 (because of the flock structure), getdents64, *statfs64
16166 #. type: Plain text
16167 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:738
16169 "Linux 2.4 increased the size of user and group IDs from 16 to 32 bits. To "
16170 "support this change, a range of system calls were added (e.g., "
16171 "B<chown32>(2), B<getuid32>(2), B<getgroups32>(2), B<setresuid32>(2)), "
16172 "superseding earlier calls of the same name without the \"32\" suffix."
16175 #. type: Plain text
16176 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:755
16178 "Linux 2.4 added support for applications on 32-bit architectures to access "
16179 "large files (i.e., files for which the sizes and file offsets can't be "
16180 "represented in 32 bits.) To support this change, replacements were required "
16181 "for system calls that deal with file offsets and sizes. Thus the following "
16182 "system calls were added: B<fcntl64>(2), B<ftruncate64>(2), B<getdents64>(2), "
16183 "B<stat64>(2), B<statfs64>(2), and their analogs that work with file "
16184 "descriptors or symbolic links. These system calls supersede the older "
16185 "system calls which, except in the case of the \"stat\" calls, have the same "
16186 "name without the \"64\" suffix."
16189 #. type: Plain text
16190 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:759
16192 "On newer platforms that only have 64-bit file access and 32-bit uids (e.g., "
16193 "alpha, ia64, s390x) there are no *64 or *32 calls. Where the *64 and *32 "
16194 "calls exist, the other versions are obsolete."
16197 #. type: Plain text
16198 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:767
16200 "The I<rt_sig*> calls were added in kernel 2.2 to support the addition of "
16201 "real-time signals (see B<signal>(7)). These system calls supersede the "
16202 "older system calls of the same name without the \"rt_\" prefix."
16205 #. (used by libc 6)
16207 #. Two system call numbers,
16208 #. .IR __NR__llseek
16210 #. .IR __NR__sysctl
16211 #. have an additional underscore absent in
16212 #. .IR sys_llseek ()
16214 #. .IR sys_sysctl ().
16216 #. In kernel 2.1.81,
16220 #. were swapped; that is,
16222 #. was added with the semantics that were then current for
16224 #. and the semantics of the latter call were changed to what
16226 #. type: Plain text
16227 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:817
16229 "The B<select>(2) and B<mmap>(2) system calls use five or more arguments, "
16230 "which caused problems in the way argument passing on the i386 used to be set "
16231 "up. Thus, while other architectures have I<sys_select>() and I<sys_mmap>() "
16232 "corresponding to I<__NR_select> and I<__NR_mmap>, on i386 one finds "
16233 "I<old_select>() and I<old_mmap>() (routines that use a pointer to a "
16234 "argument block) instead. These days passing five arguments is not a problem "
16235 "any more, and there is a I<__NR__newselect> that corresponds directly to "
16236 "I<sys_select>() and similarly I<__NR_mmap2>."
16239 #. type: Plain text
16240 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:821
16241 msgid "B<syscall>(2), B<unimplemented>(2), B<libc>(7)"
16245 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27
16251 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27
16256 #. type: Plain text
16257 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:30
16258 msgid "sysconf - get configuration information at run time"
16261 #. type: Plain text
16262 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:35
16264 msgid "B<long sysconf(int >I<name>B<);>\n"
16267 #. type: Plain text
16268 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:40
16270 "POSIX allows an application to test at compile or run time whether certain "
16271 "options are supported, or what the value is of certain configurable "
16272 "constants or limits."
16275 #. type: Plain text
16276 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:46
16278 "At compile time this is done by including I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> and/or "
16279 "I<E<lt>limits.hE<gt>> and testing the value of certain macros."
16282 #. type: Plain text
16283 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:56
16285 "At run time, one can ask for numerical values using the present function "
16286 "B<sysconf>(). One can ask for numerical values that may depend on the file "
16287 "system a file is in using the calls B<fpathconf>(3) and B<pathconf>(3). "
16288 "One can ask for string values using B<confstr>(3)."
16291 #. except that sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX) may change answer after a call
16292 #. to setrlimit( ) which changes the RLIMIT_NOFILE soft limit
16293 #. type: Plain text
16294 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:61
16296 "The values obtained from these functions are system configuration "
16297 "constants. They do not change during the lifetime of a process."
16300 #. and 999 to indicate support for options no longer present in the latest
16302 #. type: Plain text
16303 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:84
16305 "For options, typically, there is a constant B<_POSIX_FOO> that may be "
16306 "defined in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>. If it is undefined, one should ask at run "
16307 "time. If it is defined to -1, then the option is not supported. If it is "
16308 "defined to 0, then relevant functions and headers exist, but one has to ask "
16309 "at run time what degree of support is available. If it is defined to a "
16310 "value other than -1 or 0, then the option is supported. Usually the value "
16311 "(such as 200112L) indicates the year and month of the POSIX revision "
16312 "describing the option. Glibc uses the value 1 to indicate support as long "
16313 "as the POSIX revision has not been published yet. The B<sysconf>() "
16314 "argument will be B<_SC_FOO>. For a list of options, see B<posixoptions>(7)."
16317 #. type: Plain text
16318 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:104
16320 "For variables or limits, typically, there is a constant B<_FOO>, maybe "
16321 "defined in I<E<lt>limits.hE<gt>>, or B<_POSIX_FOO>, maybe defined in "
16322 "I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>. The constant will not be defined if the limit is "
16323 "unspecified. If the constant is defined, it gives a guaranteed value, and a "
16324 "greater value might actually be supported. If an application wants to take "
16325 "advantage of values which may change between systems, a call to B<sysconf>() "
16326 "can be made. The B<sysconf>() argument will be B<_SC_FOO>."
16330 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:104
16332 msgid "POSIX.1 variables"
16335 #. type: Plain text
16336 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:109
16338 "We give the name of the variable, the name of the B<sysconf>() argument "
16339 "used to inquire about its value, and a short description."
16342 #. [for the moment: only the things that are unconditionally present]
16344 #. .BR AIO_LISTIO_MAX " - " _SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX
16345 #. (if _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO)
16346 #. Maximum number of I/O operations in a single list I/O call.
16347 #. Must not be less than _POSIX_AIO_LISTIO_MAX.
16349 #. .BR AIO_MAX " - " _SC_AIO_MAX
16350 #. (if _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO)
16351 #. Maximum number of outstanding asynchronous I/O operations.
16352 #. Must not be less than _POSIX_AIO_MAX.
16354 #. .BR AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX " - " _SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX
16355 #. (if _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO)
16356 #. The maximum amount by which a process can decrease its
16357 #. asynchronous I/O priority level from its own scheduling priority.
16358 #. Must be nonnegative.
16359 #. type: Plain text
16360 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:128
16361 msgid "First, the POSIX.1 compatible values."
16365 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:128
16367 msgid "B<ARG_MAX> - B<_SC_ARG_MAX>"
16370 #. type: Plain text
16371 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:136
16373 "The maximum length of the arguments to the B<exec>(3) family of functions. "
16374 "Must not be less than B<_POSIX_ARG_MAX> (4096)."
16378 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:136
16380 msgid "B<CHILD_MAX> - B<_SC_CHILD_MAX>"
16383 #. type: Plain text
16384 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:142
16386 "The max number of simultaneous processes per user ID. Must not be less than "
16387 "B<_POSIX_CHILD_MAX> (25)."
16391 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:142
16393 msgid "B<HOST_NAME_MAX> - B<_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX>"
16396 #. type: Plain text
16397 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:150
16399 "Max length of a hostname, not including the terminating null byte, as "
16400 "returned by B<gethostname>(2). Must not be less than "
16401 "B<_POSIX_HOST_NAME_MAX> (255)."
16405 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:150
16407 msgid "B<LOGIN_NAME_MAX> - B<_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX>"
16410 #. type: Plain text
16411 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:156
16413 "Maximum length of a login name, including the terminating null byte. Must "
16414 "not be less than B<_POSIX_LOGIN_NAME_MAX> (9)."
16418 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:156
16420 msgid "clock ticks - B<_SC_CLK_TCK>"
16423 #. type: Plain text
16424 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:165
16426 "The number of clock ticks per second. The corresponding variable is "
16427 "obsolete. It was of course called B<CLK_TCK>. (Note: the macro "
16428 "B<CLOCKS_PER_SEC> does not give information: it must equal 1000000.)"
16432 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:165
16434 msgid "B<OPEN_MAX> - B<_SC_OPEN_MAX>"
16437 #. type: Plain text
16438 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:171
16440 "The maximum number of files that a process can have open at any time. Must "
16441 "not be less than B<_POSIX_OPEN_MAX> (20)."
16445 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:171
16447 msgid "B<PAGESIZE> - B<_SC_PAGESIZE>"
16450 #. type: Plain text
16451 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:176
16453 "Size of a page in bytes. Must not be less than 1. (Some systems use "
16454 "PAGE_SIZE instead.)"
16458 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:176 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:263
16460 msgid "B<RE_DUP_MAX> - B<_SC_RE_DUP_MAX>"
16463 #. type: Plain text
16464 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:185
16466 "The number of repeated occurrences of a BRE permitted by B<regexec>(3) and "
16467 "B<regcomp>(3). Must not be less than B<_POSIX2_RE_DUP_MAX> (255)."
16471 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:185
16473 msgid "B<STREAM_MAX> - B<_SC_STREAM_MAX>"
16476 #. type: Plain text
16477 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:194
16479 "The maximum number of streams that a process can have open at any time. If "
16480 "defined, it has the same value as the standard C macro B<FOPEN_MAX>. Must "
16481 "not be less than B<_POSIX_STREAM_MAX> (8)."
16485 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:194
16487 msgid "B<SYMLOOP_MAX> - B<_SC_SYMLOOP_MAX>"
16490 #. type: Plain text
16491 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:202
16493 "The maximum number of symbolic links seen in a pathname before resolution "
16494 "returns B<ELOOP>. Must not be less than B<_POSIX_SYMLOOP_MAX> (8)."
16498 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:202
16500 msgid "B<TTY_NAME_MAX> - B<_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX>"
16503 #. type: Plain text
16504 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:209
16506 "The maximum length of terminal device name, including the terminating null "
16507 "byte. Must not be less than B<_POSIX_TTY_NAME_MAX> (9)."
16511 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:209
16513 msgid "B<TZNAME_MAX> - B<_SC_TZNAME_MAX>"
16516 #. type: Plain text
16517 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:215
16519 "The maximum number of bytes in a timezone name. Must not be less than "
16520 "B<_POSIX_TZNAME_MAX> (6)."
16524 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:215
16526 msgid "B<_POSIX_VERSION> - B<_SC_VERSION>"
16529 #. type: Plain text
16530 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:223
16532 "indicates the year and month the POSIX.1 standard was approved in the format "
16533 "B<YYYYMML>; the value B<199009L> indicates the Sept. 1990 revision."
16537 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:223
16539 msgid "POSIX.2 variables"
16542 #. type: Plain text
16543 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:225
16544 msgid "Next, the POSIX.2 values, giving limits for utilities."
16548 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:225
16550 msgid "B<BC_BASE_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_BASE_MAX>"
16553 #. type: Plain text
16554 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:232
16555 msgid "indicates the maximum I<obase> value accepted by the B<bc>(1) utility."
16559 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:232
16561 msgid "B<BC_DIM_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_DIM_MAX>"
16564 #. type: Plain text
16565 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:236
16566 msgid "indicates the maximum value of elements permitted in an array by B<bc>(1)."
16570 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:236
16572 msgid "B<BC_SCALE_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_SCALE_MAX>"
16575 #. type: Plain text
16576 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:242
16577 msgid "indicates the maximum I<scale> value allowed by B<bc>(1)."
16581 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:242
16583 msgid "B<BC_STRING_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_STRING_MAX>"
16586 #. type: Plain text
16587 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:246
16588 msgid "indicates the maximum length of a string accepted by B<bc>(1)."
16592 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:246
16594 msgid "B<COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX> - B<_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX>"
16597 #. type: Plain text
16598 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:252
16600 "indicates the maximum numbers of weights that can be assigned to an entry of "
16601 "the B<LC_COLLATE order> keyword in the locale definition file,"
16605 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:252
16607 msgid "B<EXPR_NEST_MAX> - B<_SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX>"
16610 #. type: Plain text
16611 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:257
16613 "is the maximum number of expressions which can be nested within parentheses "
16618 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:257
16620 msgid "B<LINE_MAX> - B<_SC_LINE_MAX>"
16623 #. type: Plain text
16624 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:263
16626 "The maximum length of a utility's input line, either from standard input or "
16627 "from a file. This includes space for a trailing newline."
16630 #. type: Plain text
16631 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:269
16633 "The maximum number of repeated occurrences of a regular expression when the "
16634 "interval notation B<\\e{m,n\\e}> is used."
16638 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:269
16640 msgid "B<POSIX2_VERSION> - B<_SC_2_VERSION>"
16643 #. type: Plain text
16644 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:273
16645 msgid "indicates the version of the POSIX.2 standard in the format of YYYYMML."
16649 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:273
16651 msgid "B<POSIX2_C_DEV> - B<_SC_2_C_DEV>"
16654 #. type: Plain text
16655 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:277
16657 "indicates whether the POSIX.2 C language development facilities are "
16662 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:277
16664 msgid "B<POSIX2_FORT_DEV> - B<_SC_2_FORT_DEV>"
16667 #. type: Plain text
16668 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:281
16669 msgid "indicates whether the POSIX.2 FORTRAN development utilities are supported."
16673 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:281
16675 msgid "B<POSIX2_FORT_RUN> - B<_SC_2_FORT_RUN>"
16678 #. type: Plain text
16679 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:284
16680 msgid "indicates whether the POSIX.2 FORTRAN run-time utilities are supported."
16684 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:284
16686 msgid "B<_POSIX2_LOCALEDEF> - B<_SC_2_LOCALEDEF>"
16689 #. type: Plain text
16690 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:289
16692 "indicates whether the POSIX.2 creation of locates via B<localedef>(1) is "
16697 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:289
16699 msgid "B<POSIX2_SW_DEV> - B<_SC_2_SW_DEV>"
16702 #. type: Plain text
16703 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:293
16705 "indicates whether the POSIX.2 software development utilities option is "
16709 #. type: Plain text
16710 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:295
16711 msgid "These values also exist, but may not be standard."
16715 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:295
16717 msgid " - B<_SC_PHYS_PAGES>"
16720 #. type: Plain text
16721 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:302
16723 "The number of pages of physical memory. Note that it is possible for the "
16724 "product of this value and the value of B<_SC_PAGESIZE> to overflow."
16728 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:302
16730 msgid " - B<_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES>"
16733 #. type: Plain text
16734 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:305
16735 msgid "The number of currently available pages of physical memory."
16739 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:305
16741 msgid " - B<_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF>"
16744 #. type: Plain text
16745 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:308
16746 msgid "The number of processors configured."
16750 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:308
16752 msgid " - B<_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN>"
16755 #. type: Plain text
16756 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:311
16757 msgid "The number of processors currently online (available)."
16760 #. type: Plain text
16761 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:324
16763 "If I<name> is invalid, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set to B<EINVAL>. "
16764 "Otherwise, the value returned is the value of the system resource and "
16765 "I<errno> is not changed. In the case of options, a positive value is "
16766 "returned if a queried option is available, and -1 if it is not. In the case "
16767 "of limits, -1 means that there is no definite limit."
16770 #. type: Plain text
16771 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:332
16773 "It is difficult to use B<ARG_MAX> because it is not specified how much of "
16774 "the argument space for B<exec>(3) is consumed by the user's environment "
16778 #. type: Plain text
16779 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:343
16781 "B<bc>(1), B<expr>(1), B<getconf>(1), B<locale>(1), B<fpathconf>(3), "
16782 "B<pathconf>(3), B<posixoptions>(7)"
16786 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30
16792 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30
16797 #. type: Plain text
16798 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:33
16799 msgid "sysctl - read/write system parameters"
16802 #. type: Plain text
16803 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:38
16805 msgid "B<#include E<lt>linux/sysctl.hE<gt>>\n"
16808 #. type: Plain text
16809 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:40
16811 msgid "B<int _sysctl(struct __sysctl_args *>I<args>B<);>\n"
16814 #. type: Plain text
16815 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:47
16816 msgid "B<Do not use this system call!> See NOTES."
16819 #. type: Plain text
16820 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:54
16822 "The B<_sysctl>() call reads and/or writes kernel parameters. For example, "
16823 "the hostname, or the maximum number of open files. The argument has the "
16827 #. type: Plain text
16828 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:66
16831 "struct __sysctl_args {\n"
16832 " int *name; /* integer vector describing variable */\n"
16833 " int nlen; /* length of this vector */\n"
16834 " void *oldval; /* 0 or address where to store old value */\n"
16835 " size_t *oldlenp; /* available room for old value,\n"
16836 " overwritten by actual size of old value */\n"
16837 " void *newval; /* 0 or address of new value */\n"
16838 " size_t newlen; /* size of new value */\n"
16842 #. type: Plain text
16843 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:74
16845 "This call does a search in a tree structure, possibly resembling a directory "
16846 "tree under I</proc/sys>, and if the requested item is found calls some "
16847 "appropriate routine to read or modify the value."
16850 #. type: Plain text
16851 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:81
16853 "Upon successful completion, B<_sysctl>() returns 0. Otherwise, a value of "
16854 "-1 is returned and I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
16857 #. type: Plain text
16858 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:88
16860 "The invocation asked for the previous value by setting I<oldval> non-NULL, "
16861 "but allowed zero room in I<oldlenp>."
16864 #. type: Plain text
16865 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:92
16866 msgid "I<name> was not found."
16870 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:92
16872 msgid "B<EACCES>, B<EPERM>"
16875 #. type: Plain text
16876 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:100
16878 "No search permission for one of the encountered \"directories\", or no read "
16879 "permission where I<oldval> was nonzero, or no write permission where "
16880 "I<newval> was nonzero."
16883 #. type: Plain text
16884 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:114
16886 "This call is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended to "
16887 "be portable. A B<sysctl>() call has been present in Linux since version "
16888 "1.3.57. It originated in 4.4BSD. Only Linux has the I</proc/sys> mirror, "
16889 "and the object naming schemes differ between Linux and 4.4BSD, but the "
16890 "declaration of the B<sysctl>() function is the same in both."
16893 #. See http://lwn.net/Articles/247243/
16894 #. Though comments in suggest that it is needed by old glibc binaries,
16895 #. so maybe it's not going away.
16896 #. type: Plain text
16897 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:131
16899 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using "
16900 "B<syscall>(2). Or rather... I<don't> call it: use of this system call has "
16901 "long been discouraged, and it is so unloved that B<it is likely to disappear "
16902 "in a future kernel version>. Since Linux 2.6.24, uses of this system call "
16903 "result in warnings in the kernel log. Remove it from your programs now; use "
16904 "the I</proc/sys> interface instead."
16907 #. type: Plain text
16908 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:135
16910 "This system call is available only if the kernel was configured with the "
16911 "B<CONFIG_SYSCTL_SYSCALL> option."
16914 #. type: Plain text
16915 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:138
16917 "The object names vary between kernel versions, making this system call "
16918 "worthless for applications."
16921 #. type: Plain text
16922 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:140
16923 msgid "Not all available objects are properly documented."
16926 #. type: Plain text
16927 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:143
16929 "It is not yet possible to change operating system by writing to "
16930 "I</proc/sys/kernel/ostype>."
16933 #. type: Plain text
16934 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:152
16937 "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n"
16938 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
16939 "#include E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt>\n"
16940 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
16941 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
16942 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
16943 "#include E<lt>linux/sysctl.hE<gt>\n"
16946 #. type: Plain text
16947 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:154
16949 msgid "int _sysctl(struct __sysctl_args *args );\n"
16952 #. type: Plain text
16953 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:156
16955 msgid "#define OSNAMESZ 100\n"
16958 #. type: Plain text
16959 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:164
16965 " struct __sysctl_args args;\n"
16966 " char osname[OSNAMESZ];\n"
16967 " size_t osnamelth;\n"
16968 " int name[] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_OSTYPE };\n"
16971 #. type: Plain text
16972 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:170
16975 " memset(&args, 0, sizeof(struct __sysctl_args));\n"
16976 " args.name = name;\n"
16977 " args.nlen = sizeof(name)/sizeof(name[0]);\n"
16978 " args.oldval = osname;\n"
16979 " args.oldlenp = &osnamelth;\n"
16982 #. type: Plain text
16983 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:172
16985 msgid " osnamelth = sizeof(osname);\n"
16988 #. type: Plain text
16989 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:180
16992 " if (syscall(SYS__sysctl, &args) == -1) {\n"
16993 " perror(\"_sysctl\");\n"
16994 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
16996 " printf(\"This machine is running %*s\\en\", osnamelth, osname);\n"
16997 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
17001 #. type: Plain text
17002 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:183 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:96
17007 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14
17013 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14
17018 #. type: Plain text
17019 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:17
17020 msgid "sysinfo - returns information on overall system statistics"
17023 #. type: Plain text
17024 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:21
17025 msgid "B<int sysinfo(struct sysinfo *>I<info>B<);>"
17028 #. type: Plain text
17029 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:25
17031 "Until Linux 2.3.16, B<sysinfo>() used to return information in the "
17032 "following structure:"
17035 #. type: Plain text
17036 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:40
17039 "struct sysinfo {\n"
17040 " long uptime; /* Seconds since boot */\n"
17041 " unsigned long loads[3]; /* 1, 5, and 15 minute load averages */\n"
17042 " unsigned long totalram; /* Total usable main memory size */\n"
17043 " unsigned long freeram; /* Available memory size */\n"
17044 " unsigned long sharedram; /* Amount of shared memory */\n"
17045 " unsigned long bufferram; /* Memory used by buffers */\n"
17046 " unsigned long totalswap; /* Total swap space size */\n"
17047 " unsigned long freeswap; /* swap space still available */\n"
17048 " unsigned short procs; /* Number of current processes */\n"
17049 " char _f[22]; /* Pads structure to 64 bytes */\n"
17053 #. type: Plain text
17054 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:44
17055 msgid "and the sizes were given in bytes."
17058 #. type: Plain text
17059 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:47
17060 msgid "Since Linux 2.3.23 (i386), 2.3.48 (all architectures) the structure is:"
17063 #. type: Plain text
17064 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:65
17067 "struct sysinfo {\n"
17068 " long uptime; /* Seconds since boot */\n"
17069 " unsigned long loads[3]; /* 1, 5, and 15 minute load averages */\n"
17070 " unsigned long totalram; /* Total usable main memory size */\n"
17071 " unsigned long freeram; /* Available memory size */\n"
17072 " unsigned long sharedram; /* Amount of shared memory */\n"
17073 " unsigned long bufferram; /* Memory used by buffers */\n"
17074 " unsigned long totalswap; /* Total swap space size */\n"
17075 " unsigned long freeswap; /* swap space still available */\n"
17076 " unsigned short procs; /* Number of current processes */\n"
17077 " unsigned long totalhigh; /* Total high memory size */\n"
17078 " unsigned long freehigh; /* Available high memory size */\n"
17079 " unsigned int mem_unit; /* Memory unit size in bytes */\n"
17080 " char _f[20-2*sizeof(long)-sizeof(int)]; /* Padding to 64 bytes */\n"
17084 #. type: Plain text
17085 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:69
17086 msgid "and the sizes are given as multiples of I<mem_unit> bytes."
17089 #. type: Plain text
17090 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:74
17092 "B<sysinfo>() provides a simple way of getting overall system statistics. "
17093 "This is more portable than reading I</dev/kmem>."
17096 #. type: Plain text
17097 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:83
17098 msgid "pointer to I<struct\\ sysinfo> is invalid"
17101 #. type: Plain text
17102 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:94
17104 "The Linux kernel has a B<sysinfo>() system call since 0.98.pl6. Linux libc "
17105 "contains a B<sysinfo>() routine since 5.3.5, and glibc has one since 1.90."
17109 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25
17115 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25
17120 #. type: Plain text
17121 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:28
17122 msgid "tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp - get and set terminal foreground process group"
17125 #. type: Plain text
17126 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:32
17127 msgid "B<pid_t tcgetpgrp(int >I<fd>B<);>"
17130 #. type: Plain text
17131 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:34
17132 msgid "B<int tcsetpgrp(int >I<fd>B<, pid_t >I<pgrp>B<);>"
17135 #. The process itself may be a background process.
17136 #. type: Plain text
17137 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:42
17139 "The function B<tcgetpgrp>() returns the process group ID of the foreground "
17140 "process group on the terminal associated to I<fd>, which must be the "
17141 "controlling terminal of the calling process."
17144 #. type: Plain text
17145 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:52
17147 "The function B<tcsetpgrp>() makes the process group with process group ID "
17148 "I<pgrp> the foreground process group on the terminal associated to I<fd>, "
17149 "which must be the controlling terminal of the calling process, and still be "
17150 "associated with its session. Moreover, I<pgrp> must be a (nonempty) process "
17151 "group belonging to the same session as the calling process."
17154 #. type: Plain text
17155 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:61
17157 "If B<tcsetpgrp>() is called by a member of a background process group in "
17158 "its session, and the calling process is not blocking or ignoring B<SIGTTOU>, "
17159 "a B<SIGTTOU> signal is sent to all members of this background process group."
17162 #. type: Plain text
17163 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:76
17165 "When I<fd> refers to the controlling terminal of the calling process, the "
17166 "function B<tcgetpgrp>() will return the foreground process group ID of that "
17167 "terminal if there is one, and some value larger than 1 that is not presently "
17168 "a process group ID otherwise. When I<fd> does not refer to the controlling "
17169 "terminal of the calling process, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set "
17173 #. type: Plain text
17174 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:83
17176 "When successful, B<tcsetpgrp>() returns 0. Otherwise, it returns -1, and "
17177 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
17180 #. type: Plain text
17181 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:92
17182 msgid "I<pgrp> has an unsupported value."
17185 #. type: Plain text
17186 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:101
17188 "The calling process does not have a controlling terminal, or it has one but "
17189 "it is not described by I<fd>, or, for B<tcsetpgrp>(), this controlling "
17190 "terminal is no longer associated with the session of the calling process."
17193 #. type: Plain text
17194 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:106
17196 "I<pgrp> has a supported value, but is not the process group ID of a process "
17197 "in the same session as the calling process."
17200 #. type: Plain text
17201 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:114
17203 "These functions are implemented via the B<TIOCGPGRP> and B<TIOCSPGRP> "
17208 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:114 build/C/man2/vfork.2:234
17213 #. type: Plain text
17214 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:117
17215 msgid "The ioctls appeared in 4.2BSD. The functions are POSIX inventions."
17218 #. type: Plain text
17219 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:121
17220 msgid "B<setpgid>(2), B<setsid>(2), B<credentials>(7)"
17224 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:43
17230 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:43
17235 #. type: Plain text
17236 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:46
17237 msgid "truncate, ftruncate - truncate a file to a specified length"
17240 #. type: Plain text
17241 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:52
17242 msgid "B<int truncate(const char *>I<path>B<, off_t >I<length>B<);>"
17245 #. type: Plain text
17246 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:54
17247 msgid "B<int ftruncate(int >I<fd>B<, off_t >I<length>B<);>"
17250 #. type: Plain text
17251 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:63
17252 msgid "B<truncate>():"
17255 #. type: Plain text
17256 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:71
17257 msgid "B<ftruncate>():"
17260 #. type: Plain text
17261 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:76
17262 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.3.5: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L"
17265 #. type: Plain text
17266 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:91
17268 "The B<truncate>() and B<ftruncate>() functions cause the regular file "
17269 "named by I<path> or referenced by I<fd> to be truncated to a size of "
17270 "precisely I<length> bytes."
17273 #. type: Plain text
17274 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:95
17276 "If the file previously was larger than this size, the extra data is lost. "
17277 "If the file previously was shorter, it is extended, and the extended part "
17278 "reads as null bytes (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq)."
17281 #. type: Plain text
17282 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:97
17283 msgid "The file offset is not changed."
17286 #. type: Plain text
17287 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:104
17289 "If the size changed, then the st_ctime and st_mtime fields (respectively, "
17290 "time of last status change and time of last modification; see B<stat>(2)) "
17291 "for the file are updated, and the set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission "
17292 "bits may be cleared."
17295 #. type: Plain text
17296 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:110
17298 "With B<ftruncate>(), the file must be open for writing; with B<truncate>(), "
17299 "the file must be writable."
17302 #. type: Plain text
17303 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:118
17304 msgid "For B<truncate>():"
17307 #. type: Plain text
17308 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:124
17310 "Search permission is denied for a component of the path prefix, or the named "
17311 "file is not writable by the user. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
17314 #. type: Plain text
17315 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:128
17316 msgid "I<Path> points outside the process's allocated address space."
17320 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:128
17325 #. type: Plain text
17326 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:133
17327 msgid "The argument I<length> is larger than the maximum file size. (XSI)"
17330 #. type: Plain text
17331 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:140
17333 "While blocked waiting to complete, the call was interrupted by a signal "
17334 "handler; see B<fcntl>(2) and B<signal>(7)."
17337 #. type: Plain text
17338 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:145
17339 msgid "The argument I<length> is negative or larger than the maximum file size."
17342 #. type: Plain text
17343 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:148
17344 msgid "An I/O error occurred updating the inode."
17347 #. type: Plain text
17348 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:151
17349 msgid "The named file is a directory."
17352 #. type: Plain text
17353 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:154
17354 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in translating the pathname."
17357 #. type: Plain text
17358 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:158
17360 "A component of a pathname exceeded 255 characters, or an entire pathname "
17361 "exceeded 1023 characters."
17364 #. type: Plain text
17365 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:161
17366 msgid "The named file does not exist."
17369 #. This happens for at least MSDOS and VFAT file systems
17370 #. on kernel 2.6.13
17371 #. type: Plain text
17372 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:170
17374 "The underlying file system does not support extending a file beyond its "
17378 #. type: Plain text
17379 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:176
17380 msgid "The file is a pure procedure (shared text) file that is being executed."
17383 #. type: Plain text
17384 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:183
17386 "For B<ftruncate>() the same errors apply, but instead of things that can be "
17387 "wrong with I<path>, we now have things that can be wrong with the file "
17388 "descriptor, I<fd>:"
17391 #. type: Plain text
17392 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:187
17393 msgid "I<fd> is not a valid descriptor."
17397 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:187
17399 msgid "B<EBADF> or B<EINVAL>"
17402 #. type: Plain text
17403 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:191
17404 msgid "I<fd> is not open for writing."
17407 #. type: Plain text
17408 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:195
17409 msgid "I<fd> does not reference a regular file."
17412 #. POSIX.1-1996 has
17413 #. .BR ftruncate ().
17414 #. POSIX.1-2001 also has
17415 #. .BR truncate (),
17416 #. as an XSI extension.
17418 #. SVr4 documents additional
17420 #. error conditions EMFILE, EMULTIHP, ENFILE, ENOLINK. SVr4 documents for
17421 #. .BR ftruncate ()
17422 #. an additional EAGAIN error condition.
17423 #. type: Plain text
17424 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:208
17425 msgid "4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001 (these calls first appeared in 4.2BSD)."
17428 #. At the very least: OSF/1, Solaris 7, and FreeBSD conform, mtk, Jan 2002
17429 #. type: Plain text
17430 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:229
17432 "The details in DESCRIPTION are for XSI-compliant systems. For "
17433 "non-XSI-compliant systems, the POSIX standard allows two behaviors for "
17434 "B<ftruncate>() when I<length> exceeds the file length (note that "
17435 "B<truncate>() is not specified at all in such an environment): either "
17436 "returning an error, or extending the file. Like most UNIX implementations, "
17437 "Linux follows the XSI requirement when dealing with native file systems. "
17438 "However, some nonnative file systems do not permit B<truncate>() and "
17439 "B<ftruncate>() to be used to extend a file beyond its current length: a "
17440 "notable example on Linux is VFAT."
17443 #. type: Plain text
17444 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:243
17446 "The original Linux B<truncate>() and B<ftruncate>() system calls were not "
17447 "designed to handle large file offsets. Consequently, Linux 2.4 added "
17448 "B<truncate64>() and B<ftruncate64>() system calls that handle large "
17449 "files. However, these details can be ignored by applications using glibc, "
17450 "whose wrapper functions transparently employ the more recent system calls "
17451 "where they are available."
17454 #. http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12037
17455 #. type: Plain text
17456 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:251
17458 "A header file bug in glibc 2.12 meant that the minimum value of "
17459 "B<_POSIX_C_SOURCE> required to expose the declaration of B<ftruncate>() was "
17460 "200809L instead of 200112L. This has been fixed in later glibc versions."
17463 #. type: Plain text
17464 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:255
17465 msgid "B<open>(2), B<stat>(2), B<path_resolution>(7)"
17469 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:24
17474 #. type: Plain text
17475 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:27
17476 msgid "ualarm - schedule signal after given number of microseconds"
17479 #. type: Plain text
17480 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:32
17482 msgid "B<useconds_t ualarm(useconds_t >I<usecs>B<, useconds_t >I<interval>B<);>\n"
17485 #. type: Plain text
17486 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:40
17487 msgid "B<ualarm>():"
17490 #. type: Plain text
17491 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:69
17493 "The B<ualarm>() function causes the signal B<SIGALRM> to be sent to the "
17494 "invoking process after (not less than) I<usecs> microseconds. The delay "
17495 "may be lengthened slightly by any system activity or by the time spent "
17496 "processing the call or by the granularity of system timers."
17499 #. type: Plain text
17500 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:73
17501 msgid "Unless caught or ignored, the B<SIGALRM> signal will terminate the process."
17504 #. type: Plain text
17505 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:81
17507 "If the I<interval> argument is nonzero, further B<SIGALRM> signals will be "
17508 "sent every I<interval> microseconds after the first."
17511 #. type: Plain text
17512 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:84
17514 "This function returns the number of microseconds remaining for any alarm "
17515 "that was previously set, or 0 if no alarm was pending."
17518 #. type: Plain text
17519 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:88
17520 msgid "Interrupted by a signal."
17523 #. type: Plain text
17524 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:92
17526 "I<usecs> or I<interval> is not smaller than 1000000. (On systems where that "
17527 "is considered an error.)"
17530 #. type: Plain text
17531 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:100
17533 "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2001 marks B<ualarm>() as obsolete. "
17534 "POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of B<ualarm>(). 4.3BSD, SUSv2, and "
17535 "POSIX do not define any errors."
17538 #. type: Plain text
17539 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:113
17541 "The type I<useconds_t> is an unsigned integer type capable of holding "
17542 "integers in the range [0,1000000]. On the original BSD implementation, and "
17543 "in glibc before version 2.1, the arguments to B<ualarm>() were instead "
17544 "typed as I<unsigned int>. Programs will be more portable if they never "
17545 "mention I<useconds_t> explicitly."
17548 #. type: Plain text
17549 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:127
17551 "The interaction of this function with other timer functions such as "
17552 "B<alarm>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<nanosleep>(2), B<setitimer>(2), "
17553 "B<timer_create>(2), B<timer_delete>(2), B<timer_getoverrun>(2), "
17554 "B<timer_gettime>(2), B<timer_settime>(2), B<usleep>(3) is unspecified."
17557 #. type: Plain text
17558 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:135
17560 "This function is obsolete. Use B<setitimer>(2) or POSIX interval timers "
17561 "(B<timer_create>(2), etc.) instead."
17564 #. type: Plain text
17565 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:143
17567 "B<alarm>(2), B<getitimer>(2), B<nanosleep>(2), B<select>(2), "
17568 "B<setitimer>(2), B<usleep>(3), B<time>(7)"
17572 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:34
17578 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:34
17583 #. type: Plain text
17584 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:37
17585 msgid "umask - set file mode creation mask"
17588 #. type: Plain text
17589 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:43
17590 msgid "B<mode_t umask(mode_t >I<mask>B<);>"
17593 #. type: Plain text
17594 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:50
17596 "B<umask>() sets the calling process's file mode creation mask (umask) to "
17597 "I<mask> & 0777 (i.e., only the file permission bits of I<mask> are used), "
17598 "and returns the previous value of the mask."
17601 #. e.g., mkfifo(), creat(), mknod(), sem_open(), mq_open(), shm_open()
17602 #. but NOT the System V IPC *get() calls
17603 #. type: Plain text
17604 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:63
17606 "The umask is used by B<open>(2), B<mkdir>(2), and other system calls that "
17607 "create files to modify the permissions placed on newly created files or "
17608 "directories. Specifically, permissions in the umask are turned off from the "
17609 "I<mode> argument to B<open>(2) and B<mkdir>(2)."
17612 #. type: Plain text
17613 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:68
17615 "The constants that should be used to specify I<mask> are described under "
17619 #. type: Plain text
17620 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:77
17622 "The typical default value for the process umask is I<S_IWGRP\\ |\\ S_IWOTH> "
17623 "(octal 022). In the usual case where the I<mode> argument to B<open>(2) is "
17627 #. type: Plain text
17628 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:80
17630 msgid " S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH\n"
17633 #. type: Plain text
17634 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:84
17636 "(octal 0666) when creating a new file, the permissions on the resulting file "
17640 #. type: Plain text
17641 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:87
17643 msgid " S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH\n"
17646 #. type: Plain text
17647 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:90
17648 msgid "(because 0666 & ~022 = 0644; i.e., rw-r--r--)."
17651 #. type: Plain text
17652 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:93
17654 "This system call always succeeds and the previous value of the mask is "
17658 #. type: Plain text
17659 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:101
17661 "A child process created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's umask. The "
17662 "umask is left unchanged by B<execve>(2)."
17665 #. type: Plain text
17666 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:116
17668 "The umask setting also affects the permissions assigned to POSIX IPC objects "
17669 "(B<mq_open>(3), B<sem_open>(3), B<shm_open>(3)), FIFOs (B<mkfifo>(3)), and "
17670 "UNIX domain sockets (B<unix>(7)) created by the process. The umask does "
17671 "not affect the permissions assigned to System V IPC objects created by the "
17672 "process (using B<msgget>(2), B<semget>(2), B<shmget>(2))."
17675 #. FIXME . eventually: .BR acl (5)
17676 #. type: Plain text
17677 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:122
17678 msgid "B<chmod>(2), B<mkdir>(2), B<open>(2), B<stat>(2)"
17682 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:27
17687 #. type: Plain text
17688 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:30
17689 msgid "uname - get name and information about current kernel"
17692 #. type: Plain text
17693 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:32
17694 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/utsname.hE<gt>>"
17697 #. type: Plain text
17698 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:34
17699 msgid "B<int uname(struct utsname *>I<buf>B<);>"
17702 #. type: Plain text
17703 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:42
17705 "B<uname>() returns system information in the structure pointed to by "
17706 "I<buf>. The I<utsname> struct is defined in I<E<lt>sys/utsname.hE<gt>>:"
17709 #. type: Plain text
17710 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:56
17713 "struct utsname {\n"
17714 " char sysname[]; /* Operating system name (e.g., \"Linux\") */\n"
17715 " char nodename[]; /* Name within \"some implementation-defined\n"
17717 " char release[]; /* Operating system release (e.g., \"2.6.28\") */\n"
17718 " char version[]; /* Operating system version */\n"
17719 " char machine[]; /* Hardware identifier */\n"
17720 "#ifdef _GNU_SOURCE\n"
17721 " char domainname[]; /* NIS or YP domain name */\n"
17726 #. type: Plain text
17727 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:63
17729 "The length of the arrays in a I<struct utsname> is unspecified (see NOTES); "
17730 "the fields are terminated by a null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq)."
17733 #. type: Plain text
17734 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:73
17735 msgid "I<buf> is not valid."
17738 #. type: Plain text
17739 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:78
17740 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001. There is no B<uname>() call in 4.3BSD."
17743 #. type: Plain text
17744 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:82
17745 msgid "The I<domainname> member (the NIS or YP domain name) is a GNU extension."
17748 #. type: Plain text
17749 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:94
17751 "This is a system call, and the operating system presumably knows its name, "
17752 "release and version. It also knows what hardware it runs on. So, four of "
17753 "the fields of the struct are meaningful. On the other hand, the field "
17754 "I<nodename> is meaningless: it gives the name of the present machine in some "
17755 "undefined network, but typically machines are in more than one network and "
17756 "have several names. Moreover, the kernel has no way of knowing about such "
17757 "things, so it has to be told what to answer here. The same holds for the "
17758 "additional I<domainname> field."
17761 #. type: Plain text
17762 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:108
17764 "To this end Linux uses the system calls B<sethostname>(2) and "
17765 "B<setdomainname>(2). Note that there is no standard that says that the "
17766 "hostname set by B<sethostname>(2) is the same string as the I<nodename> "
17767 "field of the struct returned by B<uname>() (indeed, some systems allow a "
17768 "256-byte hostname and an 8-byte nodename), but this is true on Linux. The "
17769 "same holds for B<setdomainname>(2) and the I<domainname> field."
17772 #. type: Plain text
17773 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:123
17775 "The length of the fields in the struct varies. Some operating systems or "
17776 "libraries use a hardcoded 9 or 33 or 65 or 257. Other systems use "
17777 "B<SYS_NMLN> or B<_SYS_NMLN> or B<UTSLEN> or B<_UTSNAME_LENGTH>. Clearly, it "
17778 "is a bad idea to use any of these constants; just use sizeof(...). Often "
17779 "257 is chosen in order to have room for an internet hostname."
17782 #. type: Plain text
17783 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:130
17785 "Part of the utsname information is also accessible via "
17786 "I</proc/sys/kernel/>{I<ostype>, I<hostname>, I<osrelease>, I<version>, "
17791 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:130
17793 msgid "Underlying kernel interface"
17796 #. That was back before Linux 1.0
17797 #. That was also back before Linux 1.0
17798 #. type: Plain text
17799 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:157
17801 "Over time, increases in the size of the I<utsname> structure have led to "
17802 "three successive versions of B<uname>(): I<sys_olduname>() (slot "
17803 "I<__NR_oldolduname>), I<sys_uname>() (slot I<__NR_olduname>), and "
17804 "I<sys_newuname>() (slot I<__NR_uname)>. The first one used length 9 for "
17805 "all fields; the second used 65; the third also uses 65 but adds the "
17806 "I<domainname> field. The glibc B<uname>() wrapper function hides these "
17807 "details from applications, invoking the most recent version of the system "
17808 "call provided by the kernel."
17811 #. type: Plain text
17812 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:161
17813 msgid "B<uname>(1), B<getdomainname>(2), B<gethostname>(2)"
17817 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:31
17823 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:31
17828 #. type: Plain text
17829 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:34
17830 msgid "uselib - load shared library"
17833 #. type: Plain text
17834 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:38
17835 msgid "B<int uselib(const char *>I<library>B<);>"
17838 #. type: Plain text
17839 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:48
17841 "The system call B<uselib>() serves to load a shared library to be used by "
17842 "the calling process. It is given a pathname. The address where to load is "
17843 "found in the library itself. The library can have any recognized binary "
17847 #. type: Plain text
17848 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:59
17850 "In addition to all of the error codes returned by B<open>(2) and "
17851 "B<mmap>(2), the following may also be returned:"
17854 #. type: Plain text
17855 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:67
17857 "The library specified by I<library> does not have read or execute "
17858 "permission, or the caller does not have search permission for one of the "
17859 "directories in the path prefix. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
17862 #. type: Plain text
17863 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:76
17865 "The file specified by I<library> is not an executable of known type, e.g., "
17866 "does not have the correct magic numbers."
17869 #. type: Plain text
17870 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:80
17872 "B<uselib>() is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended "
17876 #. type: Plain text
17877 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:85
17879 "B<uselib>() was used by early libc startup code to load the shared "
17880 "libraries with names found in an array of names in the binary."
17883 #. libc 4.3.1f - changelog 1993-03-02
17884 #. libc 4.3.4 - changelog 1993-04-21
17885 #. type: Plain text
17886 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:95
17888 "Since libc 4.3.2, startup code tries to prefix these names with "
17889 "\"/usr/lib\", \"/lib\" and \"\" before giving up. In libc 4.3.4 and later "
17890 "these names are looked for in the directories found in B<LD_LIBRARY_PATH>, "
17891 "and if not found there, prefixes \"/usr/lib\", \"/lib\" and \"/\" are tried."
17894 #. type: Plain text
17895 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:100
17897 "From libc 4.4.4 on only the library \"/lib/ld.so\" is loaded, so that this "
17898 "dynamic library can load the remaining libraries needed (again using this "
17899 "call). This is also the state of affairs in libc5."
17902 #. type: Plain text
17903 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:102
17904 msgid "glibc2 does not use this call."
17907 #. type: Plain text
17908 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:112
17910 "B<ar>(1), B<gcc>(1), B<ld>(1), B<ldd>(1), B<mmap>(2), B<open>(2), "
17911 "B<dlopen>(3), B<capabilities>(7), B<ld.so>(8)"
17915 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:33
17921 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:33
17926 #. type: Plain text
17927 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:36
17928 msgid "usleep - suspend execution for microsecond intervals"
17931 #. type: Plain text
17932 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:41
17934 msgid "B<int usleep(useconds_t >I<usec>B<);>\n"
17937 #. type: Plain text
17938 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:49
17939 msgid "B<usleep>():"
17942 #. type: Plain text
17943 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:75
17945 "The B<usleep>() function suspends execution of the calling thread for (at "
17946 "least) I<usec> microseconds. The sleep may be lengthened slightly by any "
17947 "system activity or by the time spent processing the call or by the "
17948 "granularity of system timers."
17951 #. type: Plain text
17952 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:77
17953 msgid "0 on success, -1 on error."
17956 #. type: Plain text
17957 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:82
17958 msgid "Interrupted by a signal; see B<signal>(7)."
17961 #. type: Plain text
17962 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:86
17964 "I<usec> is not smaller than 1000000. (On systems where that is considered "
17968 #. type: Plain text
17969 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:93
17971 "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2001 declares this function obsolete; use "
17972 "B<nanosleep>(2) instead. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
17976 #. type: Plain text
17977 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:100
17979 "On the original BSD implementation, and in glibc before version 2.2.2, the "
17980 "return type of this function is I<void>. The POSIX version returns I<int>, "
17981 "and this is also the prototype used since glibc 2.2.2."
17984 #. type: Plain text
17985 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:104
17986 msgid "Only the B<EINVAL> error return is documented by SUSv2 and POSIX.1-2001."
17989 #. type: Plain text
17990 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:112
17992 "The type I<useconds_t> is an unsigned integer type capable of holding "
17993 "integers in the range [0,1000000]. Programs will be more portable if they "
17994 "never mention this type explicitly. Use"
17997 #. type: Plain text
17998 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:120
18001 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
18003 " unsigned int usecs;\n"
18005 " usleep(usecs);\n"
18008 #. type: Plain text
18009 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:137
18011 "The interaction of this function with the B<SIGALRM> signal, and with other "
18012 "timer functions such as B<alarm>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<nanosleep>(2), "
18013 "B<setitimer>(2), B<timer_create>(2), B<timer_delete>(2), "
18014 "B<timer_getoverrun>(2), B<timer_gettime>(2), B<timer_settime>(2), "
18015 "B<ualarm>(3) is unspecified."
18018 #. type: Plain text
18019 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:146
18021 "B<alarm>(2), B<getitimer>(2), B<nanosleep>(2), B<select>(2), "
18022 "B<setitimer>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<ualarm>(3), B<time>(7)"
18026 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:28
18032 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:28
18037 #. type: Plain text
18038 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:31
18039 msgid "vfork - create a child process and block parent"
18042 #. type: Plain text
18043 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:37
18044 msgid "B<pid_t vfork(void);>"
18047 #. type: Plain text
18048 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:44
18049 msgid "B<vfork>():"
18053 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:63
18055 msgid "Standard description"
18058 #. type: Plain text
18059 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:82
18061 "(From POSIX.1) The B<vfork>() function has the same effect as B<fork>(2), "
18062 "except that the behavior is undefined if the process created by B<vfork>() "
18063 "either modifies any data other than a variable of type I<pid_t> used to "
18064 "store the return value from B<vfork>(), or returns from the function in "
18065 "which B<vfork>() was called, or calls any other function before "
18066 "successfully calling B<_exit>(2) or one of the B<exec>(3) family of "
18071 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:82
18073 msgid "Linux description"
18076 #. type: Plain text
18077 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:89
18079 "B<vfork>(), just like B<fork>(2), creates a child process of the calling "
18080 "process. For details and return value and errors, see B<fork>(2)."
18083 #. type: Plain text
18084 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:98
18086 "B<vfork>() is a special case of B<clone>(2). It is used to create new "
18087 "processes without copying the page tables of the parent process. It may be "
18088 "useful in performance-sensitive applications where a child is created which "
18089 "then immediately issues an B<execve>(2)."
18092 #. type: Plain text
18093 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:115
18095 "B<vfork>() differs from B<fork>(2) in that the calling thread is suspended "
18096 "until the child terminates (either normally, by calling B<_exit>(2), or "
18097 "abnormally, after delivery of a fatal signal), or it makes a call to "
18098 "B<execve>(2). Until that point, the child shares all memory with its "
18099 "parent, including the stack. The child must not return from the current "
18100 "function or call B<exit>(3), but may call B<_exit>(2)."
18103 #. type: Plain text
18104 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:126
18106 "As with B<fork>(2), the child process created by B<vfork>() inherits copies "
18107 "of various of the caller's process attributes (e.g., file descriptors, "
18108 "signal dispositions, and current working directory); the B<vfork>() call "
18109 "differs only in the treatment of the virtual address space, as described "
18113 #. type: Plain text
18114 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:132
18116 "Signals sent to the parent arrive after the child releases the parent's "
18117 "memory (i.e., after the child terminates or calls B<execve>(2))."
18121 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:132
18123 msgid "Historic description"
18126 #. type: Plain text
18127 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:159
18129 "Under Linux, B<fork>(2) is implemented using copy-on-write pages, so the "
18130 "only penalty incurred by B<fork>(2) is the time and memory required to "
18131 "duplicate the parent's page tables, and to create a unique task structure "
18132 "for the child. However, in the bad old days a B<fork>(2) would require "
18133 "making a complete copy of the caller's data space, often needlessly, since "
18134 "usually immediately afterward an B<exec>(3) is done. Thus, for greater "
18135 "efficiency, BSD introduced the B<vfork>() system call, which did not fully "
18136 "copy the address space of the parent process, but borrowed the parent's "
18137 "memory and thread of control until a call to B<execve>(2) or an exit "
18138 "occurred. The parent process was suspended while the child was using its "
18139 "resources. The use of B<vfork>() was tricky: for example, not modifying "
18140 "data in the parent process depended on knowing which variables were held in "
18144 #. type: Plain text
18145 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:163
18147 "4.3BSD; POSIX.1-2001 (but marked OBSOLETE). POSIX.1-2008 removes the "
18148 "specification of B<vfork>()."
18151 #. In AIXv3.1 vfork is equivalent to fork.
18152 #. type: Plain text
18153 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:174
18155 "The requirements put on B<vfork>() by the standards are weaker than those "
18156 "put on B<fork>(2), so an implementation where the two are synonymous is "
18157 "compliant. In particular, the programmer cannot rely on the parent "
18158 "remaining blocked until the child either terminates or calls B<execve>(2), "
18159 "and cannot rely on any specific behavior with respect to shared memory."
18162 #. type: Plain text
18163 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:193
18165 "Some consider the semantics of B<vfork>() to be an architectural blemish, "
18166 "and the 4.2BSD man page stated: \"This system call will be eliminated when "
18167 "proper system sharing mechanisms are implemented. Users should not depend "
18168 "on the memory sharing semantics of B<vfork>() as it will, in that case, be "
18169 "made synonymous to B<fork>(2).\" However, even though modern memory "
18170 "management hardware has decreased the performance difference between "
18171 "B<fork>(2) and B<vfork>(), there are various reasons why Linux and other "
18172 "systems have retained B<vfork>():"
18175 #. type: Plain text
18176 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:197
18178 "Some performance-critical applications require the small performance "
18179 "advantage conferred by B<vfork>()."
18182 #. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4259629/what-is-the-difference-between-fork-and-vfork
18183 #. http://developers.sun.com/solaris/articles/subprocess/subprocess.html
18184 #. http://mailman.uclinux.org/pipermail/uclinux-dev/2009-April/000684.html
18185 #. type: Plain text
18186 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:213
18188 "B<vfork>() can be implemented on systems that lack a memory-management unit "
18189 "(MMU), but B<fork>(2) can't be implemented on such systems. (POSIX.1-2008 "
18190 "removed B<vfork>() from the standard; the POSIX rationale for the "
18191 "B<posix_spawn>(3) function notes that that function, which provides "
18192 "functionality equivalent to B<fork>(2)+B<exec>(3), is designed to be "
18193 "implementable on systems that lack an MMU.)"
18196 #. type: Plain text
18197 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:224
18199 "Fork handlers established using B<pthread_atfork>(3) are not called when a "
18200 "multithreaded program employing the NPTL threading library calls "
18201 "B<vfork>(). Fork handlers are called in this case in a program using the "
18202 "LinuxThreads threading library. (See B<pthreads>(7) for a description of "
18203 "Linux threading libraries.)"
18206 #. type: Plain text
18207 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:232
18209 "A call to B<vfork>() is equivalent to calling B<clone>(2) with I<flags> "
18213 #. type: Plain text
18214 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:234
18216 msgid " CLONE_VM | CLONE_VFORK | SIGCHLD\n"
18219 #. In the release notes for 4.2BSD Sam Leffler wrote: `vfork: Is still
18220 #. present, but definitely on its way out'.
18221 #. type: Plain text
18222 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:252
18224 "The B<vfork>() system call appeared in 3.0BSD. In 4.4BSD it was made "
18225 "synonymous to B<fork>(2) but NetBSD introduced it again, cf. E<.UR "
18226 "http://www.netbsd.org\\:/Documentation\\:/kernel\\:/vfork.html> E<.UE .> In "
18227 "Linux, it has been equivalent to B<fork>(2) until 2.2.0-pre6 or so. Since "
18228 "2.2.0-pre9 (on i386, somewhat later on other architectures) it is an "
18229 "independent system call. Support was added in glibc 2.0.112."
18233 #. As far as I can tell, the following is not true in 2.6.19:
18234 #. Currently (Linux 2.3.25),
18238 #. and requires a kernel patch.
18239 #. type: Plain text
18240 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:273
18242 "Details of the signal handling are obscure and differ between systems. The "
18243 "BSD man page states: \"To avoid a possible deadlock situation, processes "
18244 "that are children in the middle of a B<vfork>() are never sent B<SIGTTOU> "
18245 "or B<SIGTTIN> signals; rather, output or I<ioctl>s are allowed and input "
18246 "attempts result in an end-of-file indication.\""
18249 #. type: Plain text
18250 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:279
18251 msgid "B<clone>(2), B<execve>(2), B<fork>(2), B<unshare>(2), B<wait>(2)"
18255 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28
18260 #. type: Plain text
18261 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:31
18262 msgid "vhangup - virtually hangup the current terminal"
18265 #. type: Plain text
18266 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:35
18267 msgid "B<int vhangup(void);>"
18270 #. type: Plain text
18271 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:44
18272 msgid "B<vhangup>(): _BSD_SOURCE || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<lt>\\ 500)"
18275 #. type: Plain text
18276 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:50
18278 "B<vhangup>() simulates a hangup on the current terminal. This call "
18279 "arranges for other users to have a ``clean'' terminal at login time."
18282 #. type: Plain text
18283 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:63
18285 "The calling process has insufficient privilege to call B<vhangup>(); the "
18286 "B<CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG> capability is required."
18289 #. type: Plain text
18290 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:66
18292 "This call is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended to "
18296 #. type: Plain text
18297 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:69
18298 msgid "B<capabilities>(7), B<init>(8)"