1 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2 # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4 # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
9 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
10 "POT-Creation-Date: 2015-01-21 20:36+0900\n"
11 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
12 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
13 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
16 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
17 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
20 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38
26 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38
32 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38 build/C/man2/access.2:43 build/C/man2/alarm.2:30 build/C/man2/brk.2:29 build/C/man2/chdir.2:33 build/C/man2/chmod.2:32 build/C/man2/chown.2:38 build/C/man2/chroot.2:33 build/C/man2/close.2:35 build/C/man2/dup.2:37 build/C/man7/environ.7:34 build/C/man2/execve.2:37 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:65 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25 build/C/man2/flock.2:35 build/C/man2/fork.2:39 build/C/man2/fsync.2:38 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25 build/C/man2/gettid.2:26 build/C/man2/idle.2:32 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34 build/C/man2/mincore.2:34 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:11 build/C/man2/nice.2:31 build/C/man2/pread.2:25 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/setup.2:34 build/C/man2/swapon.2:42 build/C/man2/syscall.2:42 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14 build/C/man2/truncate.2:43 build/C/man2/umask.2:34 build/C/man2/uname.2:27 build/C/man2/uselib.2:31 build/C/man2/vfork.2:28 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28 build/C/man2/execveat.2:25
38 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38 build/C/man2/access.2:43 build/C/man2/alarm.2:30 build/C/man2/brk.2:29 build/C/man2/chdir.2:33 build/C/man2/chmod.2:32 build/C/man2/chown.2:38 build/C/man2/chroot.2:33 build/C/man2/close.2:35 build/C/man3/confstr.3:32 build/C/man3/crypt.3:36 build/C/man3/daemon.3:36 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:14 build/C/man2/dup.2:37 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:30 build/C/man7/environ.7:34 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:25 build/C/man3/exec.3:41 build/C/man2/execve.2:37 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:65 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25 build/C/man2/flock.2:35 build/C/man2/fork.2:39 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41 build/C/man2/fsync.2:38 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28 build/C/man3/getopt.3:41 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25 build/C/man2/gettid.2:26 build/C/man3/getumask.3:28 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30 build/C/man2/idle.2:32 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34 build/C/man3/lockf.3:28 build/C/man2/mincore.2:34 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:11 build/C/man2/nice.2:31 build/C/man2/pread.2:25 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/setup.2:34 build/C/man5/shells.5:28 build/C/man3/sleep.3:26 build/C/man3/swab.3:31 build/C/man2/swapon.2:42 build/C/man2/syscall.2:42 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25 build/C/man2/truncate.2:43 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:24 build/C/man2/umask.2:34 build/C/man2/uname.2:27 build/C/man2/uselib.2:31 build/C/man3/usleep.3:33 build/C/man2/vfork.2:28 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28 build/C/man2/execveat.2:25
40 msgid "Linux Programmer's Manual"
44 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:39 build/C/man2/access.2:44 build/C/man2/alarm.2:31 build/C/man2/brk.2:30 build/C/man2/chdir.2:34 build/C/man2/chmod.2:33 build/C/man2/chown.2:39 build/C/man2/chroot.2:34 build/C/man2/close.2:36 build/C/man3/confstr.3:33 build/C/man3/crypt.3:37 build/C/man3/daemon.3:37 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:15 build/C/man2/dup.2:38 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:31 build/C/man7/environ.7:35 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:26 build/C/man3/exec.3:42 build/C/man2/execve.2:38 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:26 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:66 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:26 build/C/man2/flock.2:36 build/C/man2/fork.2:40 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:42 build/C/man2/fsync.2:39 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:27 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:9 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:33 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:30 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:28 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:30 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:33 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:29 build/C/man3/getopt.3:42 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:26 build/C/man2/gettid.2:27 build/C/man3/getumask.3:29 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:31 build/C/man2/idle.2:33 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:42 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:31 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:35 build/C/man3/lockf.3:29 build/C/man2/mincore.2:35 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:12 build/C/man2/nice.2:32 build/C/man2/pread.2:26 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:9 build/C/man2/setup.2:35 build/C/man5/shells.5:29 build/C/man3/sleep.3:27 build/C/man3/swab.3:32 build/C/man2/swapon.2:43 build/C/man2/syscall.2:43 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:32 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:28 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:31 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:15 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:26 build/C/man2/truncate.2:44 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:25 build/C/man2/umask.2:35 build/C/man2/uname.2:28 build/C/man2/uselib.2:32 build/C/man3/usleep.3:34 build/C/man2/vfork.2:29 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:29 build/C/man2/execveat.2:26
50 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:41
51 msgid "_syscall - invoking a system call without library support (OBSOLETE)"
55 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:41 build/C/man2/access.2:46 build/C/man2/alarm.2:33 build/C/man2/brk.2:32 build/C/man2/chdir.2:36 build/C/man2/chmod.2:35 build/C/man2/chown.2:41 build/C/man2/chroot.2:36 build/C/man2/close.2:38 build/C/man3/confstr.3:35 build/C/man3/crypt.3:39 build/C/man3/daemon.3:39 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:18 build/C/man2/dup.2:40 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:33 build/C/man7/environ.7:37 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:28 build/C/man3/exec.3:44 build/C/man2/execve.2:40 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:28 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:68 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:28 build/C/man2/flock.2:38 build/C/man2/fork.2:42 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:44 build/C/man2/fsync.2:41 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:29 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:11 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:35 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:32 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:30 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:32 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:35 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:31 build/C/man3/getopt.3:45 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:28 build/C/man2/gettid.2:29 build/C/man3/getumask.3:31 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:33 build/C/man2/idle.2:35 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:44 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:37 build/C/man3/lockf.3:31 build/C/man2/mincore.2:37 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:14 build/C/man2/nice.2:34 build/C/man2/pread.2:28 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:11 build/C/man2/setup.2:37 build/C/man3/sleep.3:29 build/C/man3/swab.3:34 build/C/man2/swapon.2:45 build/C/man2/syscall.2:45 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:34 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:30 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:33 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:17 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:28 build/C/man2/truncate.2:46 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:27 build/C/man2/umask.2:37 build/C/man2/uname.2:30 build/C/man2/uselib.2:34 build/C/man3/usleep.3:36 build/C/man2/vfork.2:31 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:31 build/C/man2/execveat.2:28
61 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:43 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:13 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:13
62 msgid "B<#include E<lt>linux/unistd.hE<gt>>"
66 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:45
67 msgid "A _syscall macro"
71 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:47
72 msgid "desired system call"
76 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:47 build/C/man2/access.2:78 build/C/man2/alarm.2:39 build/C/man2/brk.2:64 build/C/man2/chdir.2:59 build/C/man2/chmod.2:81 build/C/man2/chown.2:88 build/C/man2/chroot.2:63 build/C/man2/close.2:44 build/C/man3/confstr.3:49 build/C/man3/crypt.3:56 build/C/man3/daemon.3:51 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:34 build/C/man2/dup.2:53 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:56 build/C/man7/environ.7:42 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:36 build/C/man3/exec.3:72 build/C/man2/execve.2:46 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:34 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:75 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:53 build/C/man2/flock.2:42 build/C/man2/fork.2:46 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:52 build/C/man2/fsync.2:61 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:35 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:75 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:51 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:57 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:56 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:63 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:52 build/C/man3/getopt.3:79 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:55 build/C/man2/gettid.2:38 build/C/man3/getumask.3:39 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:57 build/C/man2/idle.2:39 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:50 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:33 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:42 build/C/man3/lockf.3:48 build/C/man2/mincore.2:51 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:47 build/C/man2/nice.2:46 build/C/man2/pread.2:53 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man2/setup.2:41 build/C/man5/shells.5:31 build/C/man3/sleep.3:35 build/C/man3/swab.3:41 build/C/man2/swapon.2:53 build/C/man2/syscall.2:53 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:36 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:36 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:44 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:21 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:34 build/C/man2/truncate.2:79 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:58 build/C/man2/umask.2:43 build/C/man2/uname.2:34 build/C/man2/uselib.2:38 build/C/man3/usleep.3:67 build/C/man2/vfork.2:62 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:45 build/C/man2/execveat.2:36
82 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:53
84 "The important thing to know about a system call is its prototype. You need "
85 "to know how many arguments, their types, and the function return type. "
86 "There are seven macros that make the actual call into the system easier. "
91 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:56
92 msgid "_syscallI<X>(I<type>,I<name>,I<type1>,I<arg1>,I<type2>,I<arg2>,...)"
96 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:59
101 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:63
102 msgid "I<X> is 0\\(en6, which are the number of arguments taken by the system call"
106 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:66
107 msgid "I<type> is the return type of the system call"
111 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:69
112 msgid "I<name> is the name of the system call"
116 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:72
117 msgid "I<typeN> is the Nth argument's type"
121 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:75
122 msgid "I<argN> is the name of the Nth argument"
126 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:83
128 "These macros create a function called I<name> with the arguments you "
129 "specify. Once you include the _syscall() in your source file, you call the "
130 "system call by I<name>."
134 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:83 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:132 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:89 build/C/man5/shells.5:43
140 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:85
141 msgid "I</usr/include/linux/unistd.h>"
145 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:85 build/C/man2/access.2:262 build/C/man2/alarm.2:59 build/C/man2/brk.2:113 build/C/man2/chdir.2:125 build/C/man2/chmod.2:330 build/C/man2/chown.2:313 build/C/man2/chroot.2:134 build/C/man2/close.2:84 build/C/man3/confstr.3:128 build/C/man3/crypt.3:183 build/C/man3/daemon.3:96 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:142 build/C/man2/dup.2:208 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:137 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:80 build/C/man3/exec.3:199 build/C/man2/execve.2:464 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:43 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1640 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:94 build/C/man2/flock.2:139 build/C/man2/fork.2:226 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:169 build/C/man2/fsync.2:125 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:48 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:46 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:208 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:110 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:74 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:92 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:124 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:154 build/C/man3/getopt.3:318 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:64 build/C/man2/gettid.2:58 build/C/man3/getumask.3:58 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:101 build/C/man2/idle.2:61 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:119 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:101 build/C/man3/lockf.3:159 build/C/man2/mincore.2:134 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:204 build/C/man2/nice.2:75 build/C/man2/pread.2:115 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:63 build/C/man2/setup.2:62 build/C/man3/sleep.3:44 build/C/man3/swab.3:77 build/C/man2/swapon.2:162 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:327 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:100 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:87 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:116 build/C/man2/truncate.2:200 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:97 build/C/man2/umask.2:95 build/C/man2/uname.2:73 build/C/man2/uselib.2:76 build/C/man3/usleep.3:96 build/C/man2/vfork.2:159 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:63 build/C/man2/execveat.2:164
147 msgid "CONFORMING TO"
151 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:87
152 msgid "The use of these macros is Linux-specific, and deprecated."
156 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:87 build/C/man2/access.2:268 build/C/man2/alarm.2:61 build/C/man2/brk.2:121 build/C/man2/chdir.2:127 build/C/man2/chmod.2:337 build/C/man2/chown.2:330 build/C/man2/chroot.2:139 build/C/man2/close.2:87 build/C/man3/crypt.3:188 build/C/man3/daemon.3:102 build/C/man2/dup.2:218 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:148 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:86 build/C/man3/exec.3:205 build/C/man2/execve.2:472 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:45 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1705 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:99 build/C/man2/flock.2:148 build/C/man2/fork.2:228 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:171 build/C/man2/fsync.2:140 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:50 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:50 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:230 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:113 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:82 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:102 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:130 build/C/man3/getopt.3:350 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:71 build/C/man2/gettid.2:62 build/C/man3/getumask.3:60 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:134 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:105 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:211 build/C/man2/nice.2:82 build/C/man2/pread.2:117 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:67 build/C/man2/setup.2:65 build/C/man2/swapon.2:168 build/C/man2/syscall.2:80 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:667 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:114 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:118 build/C/man2/truncate.2:213 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:105 build/C/man2/umask.2:97 build/C/man2/uname.2:82 build/C/man2/uselib.2:80 build/C/man3/usleep.3:114 build/C/man2/vfork.2:174 build/C/man2/execveat.2:168
162 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:97
164 "Starting around kernel 2.6.18, the _syscall macros were removed from header "
165 "files supplied to user space. Use B<syscall>(2) instead. (Some "
166 "architectures, notably ia64, never provided the _syscall macros; on those "
167 "architectures, B<syscall>(2) was always required.)"
171 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:103
173 "The _syscall() macros I<do not> produce a prototype. You may have to create "
174 "one, especially for C++ users."
178 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:124
180 "System calls are not required to return only positive or negative error "
181 "codes. You need to read the source to be sure how it will return errors. "
182 "Usually, it is the negative of a standard error code, for example, "
183 "-I<EPERM>. The _syscall() macros will return the result I<r> of the system "
184 "call when I<r> is nonnegative, but will return -1 and set the variable "
185 "I<errno> to -I<r> when I<r> is negative. For the error codes, see "
189 #. The preferred way to invoke system calls that glibc does not know
192 #. However, this mechanism can be used only if using a libc
193 #. (such as glibc) that supports
196 #. .I <sys/syscall.h>
197 #. header file contains the required SYS_foo definition.
198 #. Otherwise, the use of a _syscall macro is required.
200 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:140
202 "When defining a system call, the argument types I<must> be passed by-value "
203 "or by-pointer (for aggregates like structs)."
207 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:140 build/C/man2/chown.2:442 build/C/man3/confstr.3:130 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:150 build/C/man2/execve.2:656 build/C/man2/fork.2:259 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:67 build/C/man3/getopt.3:376 build/C/man5/shells.5:45 build/C/man2/syscall.2:224 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:143
213 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:147
216 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
217 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
218 "#include E<lt>errno.hE<gt>\n"
219 "#include E<lt>linux/unistd.hE<gt> /* for _syscallX macros/related "
221 "#include E<lt>linux/kernel.hE<gt> /* for struct sysinfo */\n"
225 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:149
227 msgid "_syscall1(int, sysinfo, struct sysinfo *, info);\n"
231 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:152
234 "/* Note: if you copy directly from the nroff source, remember to\n"
235 "REMOVE the extra backslashes in the printf statement. */\n"
239 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:158
245 " struct sysinfo s_info;\n"
250 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:173
253 " error = sysinfo(&s_info);\n"
254 " printf(\"code error = %d\\en\", error);\n"
255 " printf(\"Uptime = %lds\\enLoad: 1 min %lu / 5 min %lu / 15 min "
257 " \"RAM: total %lu / free %lu / shared %lu\\en\"\n"
258 " \"Memory in buffers = %lu\\enSwap: total %lu / free %lu\\en\"\n"
259 " \"Number of processes = %d\\en\",\n"
260 " s_info.uptime, s_info.loads[0],\n"
261 " s_info.loads[1], s_info.loads[2],\n"
262 " s_info.totalram, s_info.freeram,\n"
263 " s_info.sharedram, s_info.bufferram,\n"
264 " s_info.totalswap, s_info.freeswap,\n"
266 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
271 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:174
273 msgid "Sample output"
277 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:183
282 "Load: 1 min 13376 / 5 min 5504 / 15 min 1152\n"
283 "RAM: total 15343616 / free 827392 / shared 8237056\n"
284 "Memory in buffers = 5066752\n"
285 "Swap: total 27881472 / free 24698880\n"
286 "Number of processes = 40\n"
290 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:184 build/C/man2/access.2:390 build/C/man2/alarm.2:86 build/C/man2/brk.2:163 build/C/man2/chdir.2:136 build/C/man2/chmod.2:361 build/C/man2/chown.2:490 build/C/man2/chroot.2:151 build/C/man2/close.2:131 build/C/man3/confstr.3:147 build/C/man3/crypt.3:249 build/C/man3/daemon.3:110 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:145 build/C/man2/dup.2:274 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:174 build/C/man7/environ.7:247 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:101 build/C/man3/exec.3:241 build/C/man2/execve.2:751 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:49 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1916 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:165 build/C/man2/flock.2:234 build/C/man2/fork.2:264 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:180 build/C/man2/fsync.2:162 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:55 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:249 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:127 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:95 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:124 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:176 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:209 build/C/man3/getopt.3:516 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:108 build/C/man2/gettid.2:71 build/C/man3/getumask.3:63 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:103 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:142 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:963 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:117 build/C/man3/lockf.3:161 build/C/man2/mincore.2:166 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:236 build/C/man2/nice.2:105 build/C/man2/pread.2:158 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:72 build/C/man5/shells.5:56 build/C/man3/sleep.3:61 build/C/man3/swab.3:79 build/C/man2/swapon.2:202 build/C/man2/syscall.2:241 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:844 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:338 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:181 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:90 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:127 build/C/man2/truncate.2:261 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:147 build/C/man2/umask.2:118 build/C/man2/uname.2:167 build/C/man2/uselib.2:102 build/C/man3/usleep.3:147 build/C/man2/vfork.2:273 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:66 build/C/man2/execveat.2:228
296 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:187
297 msgid "B<intro>(2), B<syscall>(2), B<errno>(3)"
301 #: build/C/man2/access.2:43
307 #: build/C/man2/access.2:43 build/C/man2/brk.2:29 build/C/man2/chmod.2:32 build/C/man2/chown.2:38 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:14 build/C/man7/environ.7:34 build/C/man2/fsync.2:38 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:11 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14
313 #: build/C/man2/access.2:46
314 msgid "access, faccessat - check user's permissions for a file"
318 #: build/C/man2/access.2:49 build/C/man2/alarm.2:36 build/C/man2/chown.2:44 build/C/man2/close.2:41 build/C/man3/confstr.3:38 build/C/man3/crypt.3:44 build/C/man2/dup.2:43 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:31 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:47 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:38 build/C/man3/getopt.3:48 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:36 build/C/man3/sleep.3:32 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:33 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:36 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:30 build/C/man3/usleep.3:39
320 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
324 #: build/C/man2/access.2:51
326 msgid "B<int access(const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<mode>B<);>\n"
330 #: build/C/man2/access.2:54 build/C/man2/chown.2:53
333 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt> >/* Definition of AT_* constants */\n"
334 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
338 #: build/C/man2/access.2:57
341 "B<int faccessat(int >I<dirfd>B<, const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<mode>B<, "
342 "int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
346 #: build/C/man2/access.2:62 build/C/man2/brk.2:42 build/C/man2/chdir.2:46 build/C/man2/chmod.2:53 build/C/man2/chown.2:62 build/C/man2/chroot.2:44 build/C/man3/confstr.3:45 build/C/man3/daemon.3:47 build/C/man3/exec.3:68 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:38 build/C/man2/fsync.2:51 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:49 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:42 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:38 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:42 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:45 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:45 build/C/man3/getopt.3:69 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:36 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:47 build/C/man3/lockf.3:39 build/C/man2/mincore.2:47 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:31 build/C/man2/nice.2:42 build/C/man2/pread.2:40 build/C/man2/truncate.2:58 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:37 build/C/man3/usleep.3:46 build/C/man2/vfork.2:41 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:39
347 msgid "Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see B<feature_test_macros>(7)):"
351 #: build/C/man2/access.2:65
352 msgid "B<faccessat>():"
356 #: build/C/man2/access.2:68 build/C/man2/chmod.2:71 build/C/man2/chown.2:79 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:44 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:37
358 msgid "Since glibc 2.10:"
362 #: build/C/man2/access.2:71 build/C/man2/chmod.2:74 build/C/man2/chown.2:82 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:47 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:40
363 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700 || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L"
367 #: build/C/man2/access.2:71 build/C/man2/chmod.2:74 build/C/man2/chown.2:82 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:47 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:40
369 msgid "Before glibc 2.10:"
373 #: build/C/man2/access.2:74 build/C/man2/chmod.2:77 build/C/man2/chown.2:85 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:43
374 msgid "_ATFILE_SOURCE"
378 #: build/C/man2/access.2:85
380 "B<access>() checks whether the calling process can access the file "
381 "I<pathname>. If I<pathname> is a symbolic link, it is dereferenced."
384 #. F_OK is defined as 0 on every system that I know of.
386 #: build/C/man2/access.2:99
388 "The I<mode> specifies the accessibility check(s) to be performed, and is "
389 "either the value B<F_OK>, or a mask consisting of the bitwise OR of one or "
390 "more of B<R_OK>, B<W_OK>, and B<X_OK>. B<F_OK> tests for the existence of "
391 "the file. B<R_OK>, B<W_OK>, and B<X_OK> test whether the file exists and "
392 "grants read, write, and execute permissions, respectively."
396 #: build/C/man2/access.2:108
398 "The check is done using the calling process's I<real> UID and GID, rather "
399 "than the effective IDs as is done when actually attempting an operation "
400 "(e.g., B<open>(2)) on the file. This allows set-user-ID programs to easily "
401 "determine the invoking user's authority."
405 #: build/C/man2/access.2:114
407 "If the calling process is privileged (i.e., its real UID is zero), then an "
408 "B<X_OK> check is successful for a regular file if execute permission is "
409 "enabled for any of the file owner, group, or other."
413 #: build/C/man2/access.2:114
419 #: build/C/man2/access.2:120
421 "The B<faccessat>() system call operates in exactly the same way as "
422 "B<access>(), except for the differences described here."
426 #: build/C/man2/access.2:130
428 "If the pathname given in I<pathname> is relative, then it is interpreted "
429 "relative to the directory referred to by the file descriptor I<dirfd> "
430 "(rather than relative to the current working directory of the calling "
431 "process, as is done by B<access>() for a relative pathname)."
435 #: build/C/man2/access.2:142
437 "If I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is the special value B<AT_FDCWD>, "
438 "then I<pathname> is interpreted relative to the current working directory of "
439 "the calling process (like B<access>())."
443 #: build/C/man2/access.2:148 build/C/man2/chmod.2:216 build/C/man2/chown.2:179 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:110 build/C/man2/execveat.2:75
444 msgid "If I<pathname> is absolute, then I<dirfd> is ignored."
448 #: build/C/man2/access.2:151
450 "I<flags> is constructed by ORing together zero or more of the following "
455 #: build/C/man2/access.2:151
457 msgid "B<AT_EACCESS>"
461 #: build/C/man2/access.2:158
463 "Perform access checks using the effective user and group IDs. By default, "
464 "B<faccessat>() uses the real IDs (like B<access>())."
468 #: build/C/man2/access.2:158 build/C/man2/chmod.2:219 build/C/man2/chown.2:208 build/C/man2/execveat.2:99
470 msgid "B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW>"
474 #: build/C/man2/access.2:164
476 "If I<pathname> is a symbolic link, do not dereference it: instead return "
477 "information about the link itself."
481 #: build/C/man2/access.2:169
482 msgid "See B<openat>(2) for an explanation of the need for B<faccessat>()."
486 #: build/C/man2/access.2:169 build/C/man2/alarm.2:54 build/C/man2/brk.2:93 build/C/man2/chdir.2:70 build/C/man2/chmod.2:231 build/C/man2/chown.2:224 build/C/man2/chroot.2:90 build/C/man2/close.2:64 build/C/man3/confstr.3:95 build/C/man3/crypt.3:120 build/C/man3/daemon.3:73 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:106 build/C/man2/dup.2:148 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:113 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:58 build/C/man3/exec.3:183 build/C/man2/execve.2:355 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:39 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1444 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:67 build/C/man2/flock.2:112 build/C/man2/fork.2:178 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:160 build/C/man2/fsync.2:108 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:46 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:29 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:156 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:75 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:61 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:71 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:89 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:95 build/C/man3/getopt.3:274 build/C/man2/gettid.2:50 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:85 build/C/man2/idle.2:52 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:85 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:107 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:79 build/C/man3/lockf.3:116 build/C/man2/mincore.2:94 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:115 build/C/man2/nice.2:56 build/C/man2/pread.2:79 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:44 build/C/man2/setup.2:53 build/C/man3/sleep.3:40 build/C/man3/swab.3:68 build/C/man2/swapon.2:111 build/C/man2/syscall.2:74 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:314 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:74 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:74 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:64 build/C/man2/truncate.2:110 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:81 build/C/man2/umask.2:92 build/C/man2/uname.2:63 build/C/man2/uselib.2:48 build/C/man3/usleep.3:75 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:50 build/C/man2/execveat.2:107
492 #: build/C/man2/access.2:185
494 "On success (all requested permissions granted, or I<mode> is B<F_OK> and the "
495 "file exists), zero is returned. On error (at least one bit in I<mode> asked "
496 "for a permission that is denied, or I<mode> is B<F_OK> and the file does not "
497 "exist, or some other error occurred), -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set "
502 #: build/C/man2/access.2:185 build/C/man2/chdir.2:75 build/C/man2/chmod.2:236 build/C/man2/chown.2:229 build/C/man2/chroot.2:95 build/C/man2/close.2:70 build/C/man3/confstr.3:122 build/C/man3/crypt.3:123 build/C/man2/dup.2:154 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:115 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:66 build/C/man3/exec.3:190 build/C/man2/execve.2:361 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1482 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:74 build/C/man2/flock.2:117 build/C/man2/fork.2:185 build/C/man2/fsync.2:113 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:35 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:172 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:80 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:63 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:81 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:94 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:103 build/C/man2/gettid.2:52 build/C/man2/idle.2:55 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:94 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:84 build/C/man3/lockf.3:121 build/C/man2/mincore.2:101 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:122 build/C/man2/nice.2:61 build/C/man2/pread.2:89 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:49 build/C/man2/setup.2:56 build/C/man2/swapon.2:116 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:81 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:79 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:86 build/C/man2/truncate.2:115 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:84 build/C/man2/uname.2:68 build/C/man2/uselib.2:53 build/C/man3/usleep.3:82 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:55 build/C/man2/execveat.2:114
508 #: build/C/man2/access.2:190
509 msgid "B<access>() and B<faccessat>() shall fail if:"
513 #: build/C/man2/access.2:190 build/C/man2/chdir.2:81 build/C/man2/chdir.2:117 build/C/man2/chmod.2:243 build/C/man2/chown.2:236 build/C/man2/chroot.2:98 build/C/man2/execve.2:369 build/C/man2/execve.2:376 build/C/man2/execve.2:379 build/C/man2/execve.2:382 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:173 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:84 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:123 build/C/man2/truncate.2:118 build/C/man2/uselib.2:59
519 #: build/C/man2/access.2:197
521 "The requested access would be denied to the file, or search permission is "
522 "denied for one of the directories in the path prefix of I<pathname>. (See "
523 "also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
527 #: build/C/man2/access.2:197 build/C/man2/chdir.2:94 build/C/man2/chmod.2:255 build/C/man2/chown.2:245 build/C/man2/chroot.2:112 build/C/man2/execve.2:417 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:145 build/C/man2/truncate.2:152 build/C/man2/execveat.2:129
533 #: build/C/man2/access.2:201 build/C/man2/chmod.2:259 build/C/man2/chown.2:249 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:149
534 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<pathname>."
538 #: build/C/man2/access.2:201 build/C/man2/chdir.2:98 build/C/man2/chmod.2:259 build/C/man2/chown.2:249 build/C/man2/chroot.2:116 build/C/man2/execve.2:425 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:109 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:153 build/C/man2/truncate.2:155
540 msgid "B<ENAMETOOLONG>"
544 #: build/C/man2/access.2:205 build/C/man2/chmod.2:263 build/C/man2/chown.2:253
545 msgid "I<pathname> is too long."
549 #: build/C/man2/access.2:205 build/C/man2/chdir.2:102 build/C/man2/chmod.2:263 build/C/man2/chown.2:253 build/C/man2/chown.2:279 build/C/man2/chroot.2:120 build/C/man2/execve.2:432 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:198 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:122 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:156 build/C/man2/swapon.2:147 build/C/man2/truncate.2:159 build/C/man2/execveat.2:139
555 #: build/C/man2/access.2:210
556 msgid "A component of I<pathname> does not exist or is a dangling symbolic link."
560 #: build/C/man2/access.2:210 build/C/man2/access.2:252 build/C/man2/chdir.2:108 build/C/man2/chmod.2:269 build/C/man2/chmod.2:314 build/C/man2/chown.2:259 build/C/man2/chown.2:303 build/C/man2/chroot.2:126 build/C/man2/execve.2:446 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1617 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:173 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:194 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:88 build/C/man2/truncate.2:162 build/C/man2/execveat.2:153
566 #: build/C/man2/access.2:215 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:178
567 msgid "A component used as a directory in I<pathname> is not, in fact, a directory."
571 #: build/C/man2/access.2:215 build/C/man2/chmod.2:278 build/C/man2/chmod.2:296 build/C/man2/chown.2:266 build/C/man2/chown.2:285 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:183 build/C/man2/truncate.2:175
577 #: build/C/man2/access.2:218
578 msgid "Write permission was requested for a file on a read-only filesystem."
582 #: build/C/man2/access.2:223
583 msgid "B<access>() and B<faccessat>() may fail if:"
587 #: build/C/man2/access.2:223 build/C/man2/chdir.2:87 build/C/man2/chmod.2:248 build/C/man2/chown.2:241 build/C/man2/chroot.2:105 build/C/man2/execve.2:396 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1527 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:36 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:176 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:83 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:95 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:99 build/C/man2/mincore.2:104 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:142 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:53 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:82 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:80 build/C/man2/truncate.2:124 build/C/man2/uname.2:69
593 #: build/C/man2/access.2:227 build/C/man2/chmod.2:252 build/C/man2/chown.2:245 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:145
594 msgid "I<pathname> points outside your accessible address space."
598 #: build/C/man2/access.2:227 build/C/man2/access.2:248 build/C/man2/chmod.2:310 build/C/man2/chown.2:299 build/C/man3/confstr.3:123 build/C/man3/crypt.3:124 build/C/man2/dup.2:184 build/C/man2/dup.2:189 build/C/man2/execve.2:404 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1553 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1558 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1566 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1576 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1588 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1596 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:78 build/C/man2/flock.2:127 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:39 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:180 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:87 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:99 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:99 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:103 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:85 build/C/man3/lockf.3:147 build/C/man2/mincore.2:108 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:50 build/C/man2/swapon.2:124 build/C/man2/swapon.2:129 build/C/man2/swapon.2:139 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:91 build/C/man2/truncate.2:141 build/C/man2/truncate.2:196 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:88 build/C/man3/usleep.3:87 build/C/man2/execveat.2:125
604 #: build/C/man2/access.2:231
605 msgid "I<mode> was incorrectly specified."
609 #: build/C/man2/access.2:231 build/C/man2/chdir.2:91 build/C/man2/chmod.2:252 build/C/man2/chmod.2:290 build/C/man2/chown.2:276 build/C/man2/chroot.2:109 build/C/man2/close.2:81 build/C/man2/execve.2:408 build/C/man2/fsync.2:118 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:91 build/C/man2/truncate.2:146
615 #: build/C/man2/access.2:234 build/C/man2/chdir.2:94 build/C/man2/chmod.2:255 build/C/man2/chroot.2:112 build/C/man2/close.2:84 build/C/man2/execve.2:411
616 msgid "An I/O error occurred."
620 #: build/C/man2/access.2:234 build/C/man2/chdir.2:105 build/C/man2/chmod.2:266 build/C/man2/chown.2:256 build/C/man2/chroot.2:123 build/C/man2/execve.2:443 build/C/man2/fork.2:216 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:125 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:94 build/C/man2/mincore.2:112 build/C/man2/mincore.2:124 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:161 build/C/man2/swapon.2:152
626 #: build/C/man2/access.2:237 build/C/man2/chdir.2:108 build/C/man2/chmod.2:269 build/C/man2/chown.2:259 build/C/man2/chroot.2:126 build/C/man2/execve.2:446 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:164
627 msgid "Insufficient kernel memory was available."
631 #: build/C/man2/access.2:237 build/C/man2/execve.2:461 build/C/man2/truncate.2:178
637 #: build/C/man2/access.2:241
638 msgid "Write access was requested to an executable which is being executed."
642 #: build/C/man2/access.2:244
643 msgid "The following additional errors can occur for B<faccessat>():"
647 #: build/C/man2/access.2:244 build/C/man2/chdir.2:121 build/C/man2/chmod.2:285 build/C/man2/chmod.2:306 build/C/man2/chown.2:273 build/C/man2/chown.2:295 build/C/man2/close.2:71 build/C/man2/dup.2:155 build/C/man2/dup.2:159 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1490 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1494 build/C/man2/flock.2:118 build/C/man2/fsync.2:114 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:95 build/C/man3/lockf.3:130 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:190 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:87 build/C/man2/truncate.2:188 build/C/man2/execveat.2:121
653 #: build/C/man2/access.2:248 build/C/man2/chmod.2:310 build/C/man2/chown.2:299 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:194 build/C/man2/execveat.2:125
654 msgid "I<dirfd> is not a valid file descriptor."
658 #: build/C/man2/access.2:252 build/C/man2/chmod.2:314 build/C/man2/chown.2:303 build/C/man2/execveat.2:129
659 msgid "Invalid flag specified in I<flags>."
663 #: build/C/man2/access.2:258 build/C/man2/chmod.2:320 build/C/man2/chown.2:309 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:200 build/C/man2/execveat.2:159
665 "I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is a file descriptor referring to a "
666 "file other than a directory."
670 #: build/C/man2/access.2:258 build/C/man2/chmod.2:326 build/C/man2/chown.2:309 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:131 build/C/man2/dup.2:203 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:69 build/C/man3/exec.3:195 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:41 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:91 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:42 build/C/man2/gettid.2:54 build/C/man2/idle.2:59 build/C/man2/mincore.2:132 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:200 build/C/man2/pread.2:104 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:59 build/C/man2/setup.2:60 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:83 build/C/man2/execveat.2:159
676 #: build/C/man2/access.2:262
678 "B<faccessat>() was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16; library support was "
679 "added to glibc in version 2.4."
683 #: build/C/man2/access.2:265
684 msgid "B<access>(): SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008."
688 #: build/C/man2/access.2:268
689 msgid "B<faccessat>(): POSIX.1-2008."
693 #: build/C/man2/access.2:281
695 "B<Warning>: Using these calls to check if a user is authorized to, for "
696 "example, open a file before actually doing so using B<open>(2) creates a "
697 "security hole, because the user might exploit the short time interval "
698 "between checking and opening the file to manipulate it. B<For this reason, "
699 "the use of this system call should be avoided>. (In the example just "
700 "described, a safer alternative would be to temporarily switch the process's "
701 "effective user ID to the real ID and then call B<open>(2).)"
705 #: build/C/man2/access.2:288
707 "B<access>() always dereferences symbolic links. If you need to check the "
708 "permissions on a symbolic link, use B<faccessat>(2) with the flag "
709 "B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW>."
713 #: build/C/man2/access.2:294
715 "These calls return an error if any of the access types in I<mode> is denied, "
716 "even if some of the other access types in I<mode> are permitted."
719 #. HPU-UX 11 and Tru64 5.1 do this.
721 #: build/C/man2/access.2:301
723 "If the calling process has appropriate privileges (i.e., is superuser), "
724 "POSIX.1-2001 permits an implementation to indicate success for an B<X_OK> "
725 "check even if none of the execute file permission bits are set. Linux does "
730 #: build/C/man2/access.2:309
732 "A file is accessible only if the permissions on each of the directories in "
733 "the path prefix of I<pathname> grant search (i.e., execute) access. If any "
734 "directory is inaccessible, then the B<access>() call will fail, regardless "
735 "of the permissions on the file itself."
739 #: build/C/man2/access.2:317
741 "Only access bits are checked, not the file type or contents. Therefore, if "
742 "a directory is found to be writable, it probably means that files can be "
743 "created in the directory, and not that the directory can be written as a "
744 "file. Similarly, a DOS file may be found to be \"executable,\" but the "
745 "B<execve>(2) call will still fail."
749 #: build/C/man2/access.2:326
751 "These calls may not work correctly on NFSv2 filesystems with UID mapping "
752 "enabled, because UID mapping is done on the server and hidden from the "
753 "client, which checks permissions. (NFS versions 3 and higher perform the "
754 "check on the server.) Similar problems can occur to FUSE mounts."
758 #: build/C/man2/access.2:326 build/C/man2/brk.2:140 build/C/man2/chmod.2:338 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:140 build/C/man2/uname.2:138
760 msgid "C library/kernel ABI differences"
764 #: build/C/man2/access.2:339
766 "The raw B<faccessat>() system call takes only the first three arguments. "
767 "The B<AT_EACCESS> and B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW> flags are actually implemented "
768 "within the glibc wrapper function for B<faccessat>(). If either of these "
769 "flags is specified, then the wrapper function employs B<fstatat>(2) to "
770 "determine access permissions."
774 #: build/C/man2/access.2:339 build/C/man2/chmod.2:348 build/C/man2/chown.2:380 build/C/man3/crypt.3:189 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:223
780 #: build/C/man2/access.2:357
782 "On older kernels where B<faccessat>() is unavailable (and when the "
783 "B<AT_EACCESS> and B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW> flags are not specified), the glibc "
784 "wrapper function falls back to the use of B<access>(). When I<pathname> is "
785 "a relative pathname, glibc constructs a pathname based on the symbolic link "
786 "in I</proc/self/fd> that corresponds to the I<dirfd> argument."
790 #: build/C/man2/access.2:357 build/C/man7/environ.7:209 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1818 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:146 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:122 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:177 build/C/man3/getopt.3:369 build/C/man2/mincore.2:144 build/C/man2/pread.2:146 build/C/man3/sleep.3:46 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:329 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:135 build/C/man2/truncate.2:253 build/C/man2/vfork.2:252 build/C/man2/execveat.2:209
795 #. This behavior appears to have been an implementation accident.
797 #: build/C/man2/access.2:380
799 "In kernel 2.4 (and earlier) there is some strangeness in the handling of "
800 "B<X_OK> tests for superuser. If all categories of execute permission are "
801 "disabled for a nondirectory file, then the only B<access>() test that "
802 "returns -1 is when I<mode> is specified as just B<X_OK>; if B<R_OK> or "
803 "B<W_OK> is also specified in I<mode>, then B<access>() returns 0 for such "
804 "files. Early 2.6 kernels (up to and including 2.6.3) also behaved in the "
805 "same way as kernel 2.4."
809 #: build/C/man2/access.2:390
811 "In kernels before 2.6.20, these calls ignored the effect of the B<MS_NOEXEC> "
812 "flag if it was used to B<mount>(2) the underlying filesystem. Since kernel "
813 "2.6.20, the B<MS_NOEXEC> is honored"
817 #: build/C/man2/access.2:400
819 "B<chmod>(2), B<chown>(2), B<open>(2), B<setgid>(2), B<setuid>(2), "
820 "B<stat>(2), B<euidaccess>(3), B<credentials>(7), B<path_resolution>(7), "
825 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:30
831 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:30
837 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:33
838 msgid "alarm - set an alarm clock for delivery of a signal"
842 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:38
844 msgid "B<unsigned int alarm(unsigned int >I<seconds>B<);>\n"
848 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:46
850 "B<alarm>() arranges for a B<SIGALRM> signal to be delivered to the calling "
851 "process in I<seconds> seconds."
855 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:50
856 msgid "If I<seconds> is zero, any pending alarm is canceled."
860 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:54
861 msgid "In any event any previously set B<alarm>() is canceled."
865 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:59
867 "B<alarm>() returns the number of seconds remaining until any previously "
868 "scheduled alarm was due to be delivered, or zero if there was no previously "
873 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:61
874 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD."
878 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:67
880 "B<alarm>() and B<setitimer>(2) share the same timer; calls to one will "
881 "interfere with use of the other."
885 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:74
887 "Alarms created by B<alarm>() are preserved across B<execve>(2) and are not "
888 "inherited by children created via B<fork>(2)."
892 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:83
894 "B<sleep>(3) may be implemented using B<SIGALRM>; mixing calls to B<alarm>() "
895 "and B<sleep>(3) is a bad idea."
899 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:86
901 "Scheduling delays can, as ever, cause the execution of the process to be "
902 "delayed by an arbitrary amount of time."
906 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:94
908 "B<gettimeofday>(2), B<pause>(2), B<select>(2), B<setitimer>(2), "
909 "B<sigaction>(2), B<signal>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<time>(7)"
913 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:29
919 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:32
920 msgid "brk, sbrk - change data segment size"
924 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:34 build/C/man2/chdir.2:38 build/C/man2/chroot.2:38 build/C/man3/daemon.3:41 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:37 build/C/man3/exec.3:46 build/C/man2/execve.2:42 build/C/man2/fork.2:44 build/C/man2/fsync.2:43 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:34 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:32 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:34 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:37 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:33 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:30 build/C/man2/idle.2:37 build/C/man3/lockf.3:33 build/C/man2/mincore.2:39 build/C/man2/nice.2:36 build/C/man2/pread.2:30 build/C/man2/setup.2:39 build/C/man2/swapon.2:47 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:30 build/C/man2/truncate.2:48 build/C/man2/uselib.2:36 build/C/man2/vfork.2:35 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:33 build/C/man2/execveat.2:30
925 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>"
929 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:36
930 msgid "B<int brk(void *>I<addr>B<);>"
934 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:38
935 msgid "B<void *sbrk(intptr_t >I<increment>B<);>"
939 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:46
940 msgid "B<brk>(), B<sbrk>():"
944 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:49 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:60 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:44 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:42 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:43 build/C/man3/usleep.3:52 build/C/man2/vfork.2:47
946 msgid "Since glibc 2.12:"
950 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:56
953 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE ||\n"
954 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
955 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
956 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
960 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:61
962 "Before glibc 2.12: _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ "
963 "500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
967 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:76
969 "B<brk>() and B<sbrk>() change the location of the I<program break>, which "
970 "defines the end of the process's data segment (i.e., the program break is "
971 "the first location after the end of the uninitialized data segment). "
972 "Increasing the program break has the effect of allocating memory to the "
973 "process; decreasing the break deallocates memory."
977 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:83
979 "B<brk>() sets the end of the data segment to the value specified by "
980 "I<addr>, when that value is reasonable, the system has enough memory, and "
981 "the process does not exceed its maximum data size (see B<setrlimit>(2))."
985 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:93
987 "B<sbrk>() increments the program's data space by I<increment> bytes. "
988 "Calling B<sbrk>() with an I<increment> of 0 can be used to find the current "
989 "location of the program break."
993 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:101
995 "On success, B<brk>() returns zero. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> "
996 "is set to B<ENOMEM>."
1000 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:113
1002 "On success, B<sbrk>() returns the previous program break. (If the break "
1003 "was increased, then this value is a pointer to the start of the newly "
1004 "allocated memory). On error, I<(void\\ *)\\ -1> is returned, and I<errno> "
1005 "is set to B<ENOMEM>."
1012 #. are not defined in the C Standard and are deliberately excluded from the
1013 #. POSIX.1-1990 standard (see paragraphs B.1.1.1.3 and B.8.3.3).
1015 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:121
1016 msgid "4.3BSD; SUSv1, marked LEGACY in SUSv2, removed in POSIX.1-2001."
1020 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:130
1022 "Avoid using B<brk>() and B<sbrk>(): the B<malloc>(3) memory allocation "
1023 "package is the portable and comfortable way of allocating memory."
1027 #. \fIint\fP (e.g., XPGv4, DU 4.0, HP-UX 11, FreeBSD 4.0, OpenBSD 3.2),
1028 #. \fIssize_t\fP (OSF1 2.0, Irix 5.3, 6.5),
1029 #. \fIptrdiff_t\fP (libc4, libc5, ulibc, glibc 2.0, 2.1),
1030 #. \fIintptr_t\fP (e.g., XPGv5, AIX, SunOS 5.8, 5.9, FreeBSD 4.7, NetBSD 1.6,
1031 #. Tru64 5.1, glibc2.2).
1033 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:140
1035 "Various systems use various types for the argument of B<sbrk>(). Common are "
1036 "I<int>, I<ssize_t>, I<ptrdiff_t>, I<intptr_t>."
1040 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:156
1042 "The return value described above for B<brk>() is the behavior provided by "
1043 "the glibc wrapper function for the Linux B<brk>() system call. (On most "
1044 "other implementations, the return value from B<brk>() is the same; this "
1045 "return value was also specified in SUSv2.) However, the actual Linux system "
1046 "call returns the new program break on success. On failure, the system call "
1047 "returns the current break. The glibc wrapper function does some work (i.e., "
1048 "checks whether the new break is less than I<addr>) to provide the 0 and -1 "
1049 "return values described above."
1053 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:163
1055 "On Linux, B<sbrk>() is implemented as a library function that uses the "
1056 "B<brk>() system call, and does some internal bookkeeping so that it can "
1057 "return the old break value."
1061 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:167
1062 msgid "B<execve>(2), B<getrlimit>(2), B<end>(3), B<malloc>(3)"
1066 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:33
1072 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:33
1078 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:36
1079 msgid "chdir, fchdir - change working directory"
1083 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:40
1084 msgid "B<int chdir(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
1088 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:42
1089 msgid "B<int fchdir(int >I<fd>B<);>"
1093 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:49
1094 msgid "B<fchdir>():"
1098 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:54 build/C/man2/chmod.2:62 build/C/man2/chown.2:71 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:50 build/C/man2/truncate.2:66 build/C/man2/truncate.2:74
1100 "_BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ "
1101 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
1105 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:56 build/C/man2/chmod.2:64 build/C/man2/chown.2:73 build/C/man2/pread.2:50 build/C/man2/truncate.2:68
1106 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L"
1110 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:64
1112 "B<chdir>() changes the current working directory of the calling process to "
1113 "the directory specified in I<path>."
1117 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:70
1119 "B<fchdir>() is identical to B<chdir>(); the only difference is that the "
1120 "directory is given as an open file descriptor."
1124 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:75 build/C/man2/chmod.2:236 build/C/man2/chown.2:229 build/C/man2/chroot.2:95 build/C/man2/flock.2:117 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:80 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:94 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:84 build/C/man3/lockf.3:121 build/C/man2/swapon.2:116 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:79 build/C/man2/truncate.2:115 build/C/man2/uname.2:68 build/C/man2/uselib.2:53 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:55
1126 "On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set "
1131 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:81
1133 "Depending on the filesystem, other errors can be returned. The more general "
1134 "errors for B<chdir>() are listed below:"
1138 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:87
1140 "Search permission is denied for one of the components of I<path>. (See also "
1141 "B<path_resolution>(7).)"
1145 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:91 build/C/man2/chroot.2:109
1146 msgid "I<path> points outside your accessible address space."
1150 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:98 build/C/man2/chroot.2:116
1151 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<path>."
1155 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:102 build/C/man2/chroot.2:120
1156 msgid "I<path> is too long."
1160 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:105 build/C/man2/chmod.2:266 build/C/man2/chown.2:256 build/C/man2/chroot.2:123
1161 msgid "The file does not exist."
1165 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:113 build/C/man2/chroot.2:131
1166 msgid "A component of I<path> is not a directory."
1170 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:117
1171 msgid "The general errors for B<fchdir>() are listed below:"
1175 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:121
1176 msgid "Search permission was denied on the directory open on I<fd>."
1180 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:125 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:91
1181 msgid "I<fd> is not a valid file descriptor."
1185 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:127
1186 msgid "SVr4, 4.4BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
1190 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:130
1192 "The current working directory is the starting point for interpreting "
1193 "relative pathnames (those not starting with \\(aq/\\(aq)."
1197 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:136
1199 "A child process created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's current "
1200 "working directory. The current working directory is left unchanged by "
1205 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:139
1206 msgid "B<chroot>(2), B<getcwd>(3), B<path_resolution>(7)"
1210 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:32
1216 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:35
1217 msgid "chmod, fchmod, fchmodat - change permissions of a file"
1221 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:38
1223 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
1227 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:40
1229 msgid "B<int chmod(const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<);>\n"
1233 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:42
1235 msgid "B<int fchmod(int >I<fd>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<);>\n"
1239 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:45
1242 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>> /* Definition of AT_* constants */\n"
1243 "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
1247 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:48
1250 "B<int fchmodat(int >I<dirfd>B<, const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t "
1251 ">I<mode>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
1255 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:58
1256 msgid "B<fchmod>():"
1260 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:68
1261 msgid "B<fchmodat>():"
1265 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:88
1267 "The B<chmod>() and B<fchmod>() system calls change the permissions of a "
1268 "file. They differ only in how the file is specified:"
1272 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:88 build/C/man2/chmod.2:93 build/C/man2/chown.2:96 build/C/man2/chown.2:101 build/C/man2/chown.2:105 build/C/man2/chown.2:353 build/C/man2/chown.2:358 build/C/man2/chown.2:364 build/C/man2/dup.2:106 build/C/man2/dup.2:112 build/C/man2/dup.2:129 build/C/man2/dup.2:138 build/C/man2/execve.2:122 build/C/man2/execve.2:126 build/C/man2/execve.2:129 build/C/man2/execve.2:132 build/C/man2/execve.2:135 build/C/man2/execve.2:138 build/C/man2/execve.2:141 build/C/man2/execve.2:144 build/C/man2/execve.2:147 build/C/man2/execve.2:150 build/C/man2/execve.2:154 build/C/man2/execve.2:158 build/C/man2/execve.2:167 build/C/man2/execve.2:174 build/C/man2/execve.2:179 build/C/man2/execve.2:186 build/C/man2/execve.2:193 build/C/man2/execve.2:200 build/C/man2/execve.2:207 build/C/man2/execve.2:211 build/C/man2/execve.2:214 build/C/man2/execve.2:222 build/C/man2/execve.2:226 build/C/man2/execve.2:231 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:452 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:468 build/C/man2/fork.2:52 build/C/man2/fork.2:56 build/C/man2/fork.2:58 build/C/man2/fork.2:62 build/C/man2/fork.2:68 build/C/man2/fork.2:71 build/C/man2/fork.2:74 build/C/man2/fork.2:82 build/C/man2/fork.2:87 build/C/man2/fork.2:99 build/C/man2/fork.2:106 build/C/man2/fork.2:112 build/C/man2/fork.2:119 build/C/man2/fork.2:125 build/C/man2/fork.2:130 build/C/man2/fork.2:138 build/C/man2/fork.2:147 build/C/man2/fork.2:161 build/C/man2/fork.2:170 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:87 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:90 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:96 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:112 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:118 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:124 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:130 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:137 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:703 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:724 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:735 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:742 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:753 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:765 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:786 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:794 build/C/man2/vfork.2:193 build/C/man2/vfork.2:197
1278 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:93
1280 "B<chmod>() changes the permissions of the file specified whose pathname is "
1281 "given in I<pathname>, which is dereferenced if it is a symbolic link."
1285 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:97
1287 "B<fchmod>() changes the permissions of the file referred to by the open "
1288 "file descriptor I<fd>."
1292 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:102
1294 "The new file permissions are specified in I<mode>, which is a bit mask "
1295 "created by ORing together zero or more of the following:"
1299 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:102
1301 msgid "B<S_ISUID> (04000)"
1305 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:106
1306 msgid "set-user-ID (set process effective user ID on B<execve>(2))"
1310 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:106
1312 msgid "B<S_ISGID> (02000)"
1316 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:116
1318 "set-group-ID (set process effective group ID on B<execve>(2); mandatory "
1319 "locking, as described in B<fcntl>(2); take a new file's group from parent "
1320 "directory, as described in B<chown>(2) and B<mkdir>(2))"
1324 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:116
1326 msgid "B<S_ISVTX> (01000)"
1330 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:120
1331 msgid "sticky bit (restricted deletion flag, as described in B<unlink>(2))"
1335 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:120
1337 msgid "B<S_IRUSR> (00400)"
1341 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:123
1342 msgid "read by owner"
1346 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:123
1348 msgid "B<S_IWUSR> (00200)"
1352 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:126
1353 msgid "write by owner"
1357 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:126
1359 msgid "B<S_IXUSR> (00100)"
1363 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:130
1365 "execute/search by owner (\"search\" applies for directories, and means that "
1366 "entries within the directory can be accessed)"
1370 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:130
1372 msgid "B<S_IRGRP> (00040)"
1376 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:133
1377 msgid "read by group"
1381 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:133
1383 msgid "B<S_IWGRP> (00020)"
1387 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:136
1388 msgid "write by group"
1392 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:136
1394 msgid "B<S_IXGRP> (00010)"
1398 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:139
1399 msgid "execute/search by group"
1403 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:139
1405 msgid "B<S_IROTH> (00004)"
1409 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:142
1410 msgid "read by others"
1414 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:142
1416 msgid "B<S_IWOTH> (00002)"
1420 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:145
1421 msgid "write by others"
1425 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:145
1427 msgid "B<S_IXOTH> (00001)"
1431 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:148
1432 msgid "execute/search by others"
1436 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:153
1438 "The effective UID of the calling process must match the owner of the file, "
1439 "or the process must be privileged (Linux: it must have the B<CAP_FOWNER> "
1444 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:162
1446 "If the calling process is not privileged (Linux: does not have the "
1447 "B<CAP_FSETID> capability), and the group of the file does not match the "
1448 "effective group ID of the process or one of its supplementary group IDs, the "
1449 "B<S_ISGID> bit will be turned off, but this will not cause an error to be "
1454 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:174
1456 "As a security measure, depending on the filesystem, the set-user-ID and "
1457 "set-group-ID execution bits may be turned off if a file is written. (On "
1458 "Linux this occurs if the writing process does not have the B<CAP_FSETID> "
1459 "capability.) On some filesystems, only the superuser can set the sticky "
1460 "bit, which may have a special meaning. For the sticky bit, and for "
1461 "set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits on directories, see B<stat>(2)."
1465 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:182
1467 "On NFS filesystems, restricting the permissions will immediately influence "
1468 "already open files, because the access control is done on the server, but "
1469 "open files are maintained by the client. Widening the permissions may be "
1470 "delayed for other clients if attribute caching is enabled on them."
1474 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:182
1480 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:188
1482 "The B<fchmodat>() system call operates in exactly the same way as "
1483 "B<chmod>(), except for the differences described here."
1487 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:198
1489 "If the pathname given in I<pathname> is relative, then it is interpreted "
1490 "relative to the directory referred to by the file descriptor I<dirfd> "
1491 "(rather than relative to the current working directory of the calling "
1492 "process, as is done by B<chmod>() for a relative pathname)."
1496 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:210
1498 "If I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is the special value B<AT_FDCWD>, "
1499 "then I<pathname> is interpreted relative to the current working directory of "
1500 "the calling process (like B<chmod>())."
1504 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:219
1505 msgid "I<flags> can either be 0, or include the following flag:"
1509 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:226
1511 "If I<pathname> is a symbolic link, do not dereference it: instead operate on "
1512 "the link itself. This flag is not currently implemented."
1516 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:231
1517 msgid "See B<openat>(2) for an explanation of the need for B<fchmodat>()."
1521 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:239 build/C/man2/chown.2:232
1523 "Depending on the filesystem, errors other than those listed below can be "
1528 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:243
1529 msgid "The more general errors for B<chmod>() are listed below:"
1532 #. Also search permission is required on the final component,
1533 #. maybe just to guarantee that it is a directory?
1535 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:248 build/C/man2/chown.2:241 build/C/man2/chroot.2:105
1537 "Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix. (See also "
1538 "B<path_resolution>(7).)"
1542 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:272 build/C/man2/chown.2:262 build/C/man2/truncate.2:165
1543 msgid "A component of the path prefix is not a directory."
1547 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:272 build/C/man2/chmod.2:293 build/C/man2/chown.2:262 build/C/man2/chown.2:282 build/C/man2/chroot.2:131 build/C/man3/crypt.3:169 build/C/man2/execve.2:451 build/C/man2/execve.2:457 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1625 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1630 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:91 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:88 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:117 build/C/man2/idle.2:56 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:98 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:178 build/C/man2/nice.2:62 build/C/man2/setup.2:57 build/C/man2/swapon.2:155 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:104 build/C/man2/truncate.2:165 build/C/man2/truncate.2:171 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:56
1553 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:278
1555 "The effective UID does not match the owner of the file, and the process is "
1556 "not privileged (Linux: it does not have the B<CAP_FOWNER> capability)."
1560 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:281 build/C/man2/chown.2:269 build/C/man2/truncate.2:178
1561 msgid "The named file resides on a read-only filesystem."
1565 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:285
1566 msgid "The general errors for B<fchmod>() are listed below:"
1570 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:290
1571 msgid "The file descriptor I<fd> is not valid."
1575 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:293 build/C/man2/chmod.2:296 build/C/man2/chmod.2:299 build/C/man2/chown.2:282 build/C/man2/chown.2:285 build/C/man2/chown.2:288
1580 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:306
1582 "The same errors that occur for B<chmod>() can also occur for "
1583 "B<fchmodat>(). The following additional errors can occur for B<fchmodat>():"
1587 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:320
1593 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:326
1594 msgid "I<flags> specified B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW>, which is not supported."
1598 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:330
1600 "B<fchmodat>() was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16; library support was "
1601 "added to glibc in version 2.4."
1605 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:334
1606 msgid "B<chmod>(), B<fchmod>(): 4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001i, POSIX.1-2008."
1610 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:337
1611 msgid "B<fchmodat>(): POSIX.1-2008."
1615 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:348
1617 "The GNU C library B<fchmodat>() wrapper function implements the "
1618 "POSIX-specified interface described in this page. This interface differs "
1619 "from the underlying Linux system call, which does I<not> have a I<flags> "
1624 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:361
1626 "On older kernels where B<fchmodat>() is unavailable, the glibc wrapper "
1627 "function falls back to the use of B<chmod>(). When I<pathname> is a "
1628 "relative pathname, glibc constructs a pathname based on the symbolic link in "
1629 "I</proc/self/fd> that corresponds to the I<dirfd> argument."
1633 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:367
1635 "B<chown>(2), B<execve>(2), B<open>(2), B<stat>(2), B<path_resolution>(7), "
1640 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:38
1646 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:41
1647 msgid "chown, fchown, lchown, fchownat - change ownership of a file"
1651 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:46
1654 "B<int chown(const char *>I<pathname>B<, uid_t >I<owner>B<, gid_t "
1659 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:48
1661 msgid "B<int fchown(int >I<fd>B<, uid_t >I<owner>B<, gid_t >I<group>B<);>\n"
1665 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:50
1668 "B<int lchown(const char *>I<pathname>B<, uid_t >I<owner>B<, gid_t "
1673 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:56
1676 "B<int fchownat(int >I<dirfd>B<, const char *>I<pathname>B<,>\n"
1677 "B< uid_t >I<owner>B<, gid_t >I<group>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
1681 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:66
1682 msgid "B<fchown>(), B<lchown>():"
1686 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:76
1687 msgid "B<fchownat>():"
1691 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:96
1693 "These system calls change the owner and group of a file. The B<chown>(), "
1694 "B<fchown>(), and B<lchown>() system calls differ only in how the file is "
1699 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:101
1701 "B<chown>() changes the ownership of the file specified by I<pathname>, "
1702 "which is dereferenced if it is a symbolic link."
1706 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:105
1708 "B<fchown>() changes the ownership of the file referred to by the open file "
1713 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:110
1714 msgid "B<lchown>() is like B<chown>(), but does not dereference symbolic links."
1718 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:119
1720 "Only a privileged process (Linux: one with the B<CAP_CHOWN> capability) may "
1721 "change the owner of a file. The owner of a file may change the group of the "
1722 "file to any group of which that owner is a member. A privileged process "
1723 "(Linux: with B<CAP_CHOWN>) may change the group arbitrarily."
1727 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:125
1728 msgid "If the I<owner> or I<group> is specified as -1, then that ID is not changed."
1731 #. In Linux 2.0 kernels, superuser was like everyone else
1732 #. In 2.2, up to 2.2.12, these bits were not cleared for superuser.
1733 #. Since 2.2.13, superuser is once more like everyone else.
1735 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:145
1737 "When the owner or group of an executable file are changed by an unprivileged "
1738 "user the B<S_ISUID> and B<S_ISGID> mode bits are cleared. POSIX does not "
1739 "specify whether this also should happen when root does the B<chown>(); the "
1740 "Linux behavior depends on the kernel version. In case of a "
1741 "non-group-executable file (i.e., one for which the B<S_IXGRP> bit is not "
1742 "set) the B<S_ISGID> bit indicates mandatory locking, and is not cleared by a "
1747 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:145
1753 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:151
1755 "The B<fchownat>() system call operates in exactly the same way as "
1756 "B<chown>(), except for the differences described here."
1760 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:161
1762 "If the pathname given in I<pathname> is relative, then it is interpreted "
1763 "relative to the directory referred to by the file descriptor I<dirfd> "
1764 "(rather than relative to the current working directory of the calling "
1765 "process, as is done by B<chown>() for a relative pathname)."
1769 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:173
1771 "If I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is the special value B<AT_FDCWD>, "
1772 "then I<pathname> is interpreted relative to the current working directory of "
1773 "the calling process (like B<chown>())."
1777 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:184
1779 "The I<flags> argument is a bit mask created by ORing together 0 or more of "
1780 "the following values;"
1784 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:184
1786 msgid "B<AT_EMPTY_PATH> (since Linux 2.6.39)"
1789 #. commit 65cfc6722361570bfe255698d9cd4dccaf47570d
1790 #. Before glibc 2.16, defining _ATFILE_SOURCE sufficed
1792 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:207
1794 "If I<pathname> is an empty string, operate on the file referred to by "
1795 "I<dirfd> (which may have been obtained using the B<open>(2) B<O_PATH> "
1796 "flag). In this case, I<dirfd> can refer to any type of file, not just a "
1797 "directory. If I<dirfd> is B<AT_FDCWD>, the call operates on the current "
1798 "working directory. This flag is Linux-specific; define B<_GNU_SOURCE> to "
1799 "obtain its definition."
1803 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:219
1805 "If I<pathname> is a symbolic link, do not dereference it: instead operate on "
1806 "the link itself, like B<lchown>(). (By default, B<fchownat>() dereferences "
1807 "symbolic links, like B<chown>().)"
1811 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:224
1812 msgid "See B<openat>(2) for an explanation of the need for B<fchownat>()."
1816 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:236
1817 msgid "The more general errors for B<chown>() are listed below."
1821 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:266
1823 "The calling process did not have the required permissions (see above) to "
1824 "change owner and/or group."
1828 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:273
1829 msgid "The general errors for B<fchown>() are listed below:"
1833 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:276
1834 msgid "The descriptor is not valid."
1838 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:279
1839 msgid "A low-level I/O error occurred while modifying the inode."
1843 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:295
1845 "The same errors that occur for B<chown>() can also occur for "
1846 "B<fchownat>(). The following additional errors can occur for B<fchownat>():"
1850 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:313
1852 "B<fchownat>() was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16; library support was "
1853 "added to glibc in version 2.4."
1857 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:318
1859 "B<chown>(), B<fchown>(), B<lchown>(): 4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, "
1864 #. SVr4 documents EINVAL, EINTR, ENOLINK and EMULTIHOP returns, but no
1865 #. ENOMEM. POSIX.1 does not document ENOMEM or ELOOP error conditions.
1867 #. SVr4 documents additional EINVAL, EIO, EINTR, and ENOLINK
1868 #. error conditions.
1870 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:327
1872 "The 4.4BSD version can be used only by the superuser (that is, ordinary "
1873 "users cannot give away files)."
1877 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:330
1878 msgid "B<fchownat>(): POSIX.1-2008."
1882 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:331
1884 msgid "Ownership of new files"
1888 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:353
1890 "When a new file is created (by, for example, B<open>(2) or B<mkdir>(2)), "
1891 "its owner is made the same as the filesystem user ID of the creating "
1892 "process. The group of the file depends on a range of factors, including the "
1893 "type of filesystem, the options used to mount the filesystem, and whether or "
1894 "not the set-group-ID permission bit is enabled on the parent directory. If "
1895 "the filesystem supports the I<-o\\ grpid> (or, synonymously I<-o\\ "
1896 "bsdgroups>) and I<-o\\ nogrpid> (or, synonymously I<-o\\ sysvgroups>) "
1897 "B<mount>(8) options, then the rules are as follows:"
1901 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:358
1903 "If the filesystem is mounted with I<-o\\ grpid>, then the group of a new "
1904 "file is made the same as that of the parent directory."
1908 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:364
1910 "If the filesystem is mounted with I<-o\\ nogrpid> and the set-group-ID bit "
1911 "is disabled on the parent directory, then the group of a new file is made "
1912 "the same as the process's filesystem GID."
1916 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:370
1918 "If the filesystem is mounted with I<-o\\ nogrpid> and the set-group-ID bit "
1919 "is enabled on the parent directory, then the group of a new file is made the "
1920 "same as that of the parent directory."
1924 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:380
1926 "As at Linux 2.6.25, the I<-o\\ grpid> and I<-o\\ nogrpid> mount options are "
1927 "supported by ext2, ext3, ext4, and XFS. Filesystems that don't support "
1928 "these mount options follow the I<-o\\ nogrpid> rules."
1932 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:395
1934 "On older kernels where B<fchownat>() is unavailable, the glibc wrapper "
1935 "function falls back to the use of B<chown>() and B<lchown>(). When "
1936 "I<pathname> is a relative pathname, glibc constructs a pathname based on the "
1937 "symbolic link in I</proc/self/fd> that corresponds to the I<dirfd> argument."
1941 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:395
1947 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:408
1949 "The B<chown>() semantics are deliberately violated on NFS filesystems which "
1950 "have UID mapping enabled. Additionally, the semantics of all system calls "
1951 "which access the file contents are violated, because B<chown>() may cause "
1952 "immediate access revocation on already open files. Client side caching may "
1953 "lead to a delay between the time where ownership have been changed to allow "
1954 "access for a user and the time where the file can actually be accessed by "
1955 "the user on other clients."
1959 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:408
1961 msgid "Historical details"
1965 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:427
1967 "The original Linux B<chown>(), B<fchown>(), and B<lchown>() system calls "
1968 "supported only 16-bit user and group IDs. Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added "
1969 "B<chown32>(), B<fchown32>(), and B<lchown32>(), supporting 32-bit IDs. The "
1970 "glibc B<chown>(), B<fchown>(), and B<lchown>() wrapper functions "
1971 "transparently deal with the variations across kernel versions."
1975 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:442
1977 "In versions of Linux prior to 2.1.81 (and distinct from 2.1.46), B<chown>() "
1978 "did not follow symbolic links. Since Linux 2.1.81, B<chown>() does follow "
1979 "symbolic links, and there is a new system call B<lchown>() that does not "
1980 "follow symbolic links. Since Linux 2.1.86, this new call (that has the same "
1981 "semantics as the old B<chown>()) has got the same syscall number, and "
1982 "B<chown>() got the newly introduced number."
1986 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:451
1988 "The following program changes the ownership of the file named in its second "
1989 "command-line argument to the value specified in its first command-line "
1990 "argument. The new owner can be specified either as a numeric user ID, or as "
1991 "a username (which is converted to a user ID by using B<getpwnam>(3) to "
1992 "perform a lookup in the system password file)."
1996 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:451
1998 msgid "Program source"
2002 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:457
2005 "#include E<lt>pwd.hE<gt>\n"
2006 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
2007 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
2008 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
2012 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:464
2016 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
2019 " struct passwd *pwd;\n"
2024 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:469
2027 " if (argc != 3 || argv[1][0] == \\(aq\\e0\\(aq) {\n"
2028 " fprintf(stderr, \"%s E<lt>ownerE<gt> E<lt>fileE<gt>\\en\", "
2030 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2035 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:471
2037 msgid " uid = strtol(argv[1], &endptr, 10); /* Allow a numeric string */\n"
2041 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:478
2044 " if (*endptr != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq) { /* Was not pure numeric string "
2046 " pwd = getpwnam(argv[1]); /* Try getting UID for username */\n"
2047 " if (pwd == NULL) {\n"
2048 " perror(\"getpwnam\");\n"
2049 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2054 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:481
2057 " uid = pwd-E<gt>pw_uid;\n"
2062 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:486
2065 " if (chown(argv[2], uid, -1) == -1) {\n"
2066 " perror(\"chown\");\n"
2067 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2072 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:489 build/C/man2/execve.2:677 build/C/man3/getopt.3:430 build/C/man3/getopt.3:515
2075 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
2080 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:494
2081 msgid "B<chmod>(2), B<flock>(2), B<path_resolution>(7), B<symlink>(7)"
2085 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:33
2091 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:33 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29
2097 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:36
2098 msgid "chroot - change root directory"
2102 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:40
2103 msgid "B<int chroot(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
2107 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:47
2108 msgid "B<chroot>():"
2112 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:50
2114 msgid "Since glibc 2.2.2:"
2118 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:57
2122 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
2123 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
2124 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
2128 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:60
2129 msgid "Before glibc 2.2.2: none"
2133 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:69
2135 "B<chroot>() changes the root directory of the calling process to that "
2136 "specified in I<path>. This directory will be used for pathnames beginning "
2137 "with I</>. The root directory is inherited by all children of the calling "
2142 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:74
2144 "Only a privileged process (Linux: one with the B<CAP_SYS_CHROOT> capability) "
2145 "may call B<chroot>()."
2149 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:77
2151 "This call changes an ingredient in the pathname resolution process and does "
2156 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:83
2158 "This call does not change the current working directory, so that after the "
2159 "call \\(aqI<.>\\(aq can be outside the tree rooted at \\(aqI</>\\(aq. In "
2160 "particular, the superuser can escape from a \"chroot jail\" by doing:"
2164 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:86
2166 msgid " mkdir foo; chroot foo; cd ..\n"
2170 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:90
2172 "This call does not close open file descriptors, and such file descriptors "
2173 "may allow access to files outside the chroot tree."
2177 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:98
2179 "Depending on the filesystem, other errors can be returned. The more general "
2180 "errors are listed below:"
2184 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:134
2185 msgid "The caller has insufficient privilege."
2188 #. SVr4 documents additional EINTR, ENOLINK and EMULTIHOP error conditions.
2189 #. X/OPEN does not document EIO, ENOMEM or EFAULT error conditions.
2191 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:139
2193 "SVr4, 4.4BSD, SUSv2 (marked LEGACY). This function is not part of "
2198 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:145
2200 "A child process created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's root "
2201 "directory. The root directory is left unchanged by B<execve>(2)."
2204 #. FIXME . eventually say something about containers,
2205 #. virtual servers, etc.?
2207 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:151
2208 msgid "FreeBSD has a stronger B<jail>() system call."
2212 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:153
2213 msgid "B<chdir>(2), B<path_resolution>(7)"
2217 #: build/C/man2/close.2:35
2223 #: build/C/man2/close.2:35
2229 #: build/C/man2/close.2:38
2230 msgid "close - close a file descriptor"
2234 #: build/C/man2/close.2:43
2236 msgid "B<int close(int >I<fd>B<);>\n"
2240 #: build/C/man2/close.2:53
2242 "B<close>() closes a file descriptor, so that it no longer refers to any "
2243 "file and may be reused. Any record locks (see B<fcntl>(2)) held on the "
2244 "file it was associated with, and owned by the process, are removed "
2245 "(regardless of the file descriptor that was used to obtain the lock)."
2249 #: build/C/man2/close.2:64
2251 "If I<fd> is the last file descriptor referring to the underlying open file "
2252 "description (see B<open>(2)), the resources associated with the open file "
2253 "description are freed; if the descriptor was the last reference to a file "
2254 "which has been removed using B<unlink>(2), the file is deleted."
2258 #: build/C/man2/close.2:70
2260 "B<close>() returns zero on success. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> "
2261 "is set appropriately."
2265 #: build/C/man2/close.2:75
2266 msgid "I<fd> isn't a valid open file descriptor."
2270 #: build/C/man2/close.2:75 build/C/man2/dup.2:176 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1531 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1540 build/C/man2/flock.2:122 build/C/man2/truncate.2:134 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:85 build/C/man3/usleep.3:83
2276 #: build/C/man2/close.2:81
2277 msgid "The B<close>() call was interrupted by a signal; see B<signal>(7)."
2281 #: build/C/man2/close.2:87 build/C/man2/fork.2:228 build/C/man3/swab.3:79 build/C/man2/umask.2:97
2282 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
2286 #: build/C/man2/close.2:107
2288 "Not checking the return value of B<close>() is a common but nevertheless "
2289 "serious programming error. It is quite possible that errors on a previous "
2290 "B<write>(2) operation are first reported at the final B<close>(). Not "
2291 "checking the return value when closing the file may lead to silent loss of "
2292 "data. This can especially be observed with NFS and with disk quota. Note "
2293 "that the return value should only be used for diagnostics. In particular "
2294 "B<close>() should not be retried after an B<EINTR> since this may cause a "
2295 "reused descriptor from another thread to be closed."
2299 #: build/C/man2/close.2:116
2301 "A successful close does not guarantee that the data has been successfully "
2302 "saved to disk, as the kernel defers writes. It is not common for a "
2303 "filesystem to flush the buffers when the stream is closed. If you need to "
2304 "be sure that the data is physically stored, use B<fsync>(2). (It will "
2305 "depend on the disk hardware at this point.)"
2308 #. Date: Tue, 4 Sep 2007 13:57:35 +0200
2309 #. From: Fredrik Noring <noring@nocrew.org>
2310 #. One such race involves signals and ERESTARTSYS. If a file descriptor
2311 #. in use by a system call is closed and then reused by e.g. an
2312 #. independent open() in some unrelated thread, before the original system
2313 #. call has restarted after ERESTARTSYS, the original system call will
2314 #. later restart with the reused file descriptor. This is most likely a
2315 #. serious programming error.
2317 #: build/C/man2/close.2:131
2319 "It is probably unwise to close file descriptors while they may be in use by "
2320 "system calls in other threads in the same process. Since a file descriptor "
2321 "may be reused, there are some obscure race conditions that may cause "
2322 "unintended side effects."
2326 #: build/C/man2/close.2:137
2328 "B<fcntl>(2), B<fsync>(2), B<open>(2), B<shutdown>(2), B<unlink>(2), "
2333 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:32
2339 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:32
2345 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:32 build/C/man3/daemon.3:36 build/C/man3/exec.3:41 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28 build/C/man3/getopt.3:41 build/C/man3/getumask.3:28 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30 build/C/man3/lockf.3:28 build/C/man3/sleep.3:26 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25
2351 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:35
2352 msgid "confstr - get configuration dependent string variables"
2356 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:40
2358 msgid "B<size_t confstr(int >I<name>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
2362 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:49
2363 msgid "B<confstr>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 2 || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
2367 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:52
2368 msgid "B<confstr>() gets the value of configuration-dependent string variables."
2372 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:57
2374 "The I<name> argument is the system variable to be queried. The following "
2375 "variables are supported:"
2379 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:57
2381 msgid "B<_CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION> (GNU C library only; since glibc 2.3.2)"
2385 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:61
2387 "A string which identifies the GNU C library version on this system (e.g, "
2392 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:61
2394 msgid "B<_CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION> (GNU C library only; since glibc 2.3.2)"
2398 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:65
2400 "A string which identifies the POSIX implementation supplied by this C "
2401 "library (e.g, \"NPTL 2.3.4\" or \"linuxthreads-0.10\")."
2405 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:65
2411 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:71
2413 "A value for the B<PATH> variable which indicates where all the POSIX.2 "
2414 "standard utilities can be found."
2418 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:87
2420 "If I<buf> is not NULL and I<len> is not zero, B<confstr>() copies the value "
2421 "of the string to I<buf> truncated to I<len - 1> bytes if necessary, with a "
2422 "null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) as terminator. This can be detected by comparing "
2423 "the return value of B<confstr>() against I<len>."
2427 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:95
2429 "If I<len> is zero and I<buf> is NULL, B<confstr>() just returns the value "
2434 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:107
2436 "If I<name> is a valid configuration variable, B<confstr>() returns the "
2437 "number of bytes (including the terminating null byte) that would be "
2438 "required to hold the entire value of that variable. This value may be "
2439 "greater than I<len>, which means that the value in I<buf> is truncated."
2443 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:122
2445 "If I<name> is a valid configuration variable, but that variable does not "
2446 "have a value, then B<confstr>() returns 0. If I<name> does not correspond "
2447 "to a valid configuration variable, B<confstr>() returns 0, and I<errno> is "
2452 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:128
2453 msgid "The value of I<name> is invalid."
2457 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:130 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:171 build/C/man2/pread.2:117 build/C/man3/sleep.3:46 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:329 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:118
2458 msgid "POSIX.1-2001."
2462 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:133
2464 "The following code fragment determines the path where to find the POSIX.2 "
2469 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:139
2477 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:145
2480 "n = confstr(_CS_PATH, NULL, (size_t) 0);\n"
2481 "pathbuf = malloc(n);\n"
2482 "if (pathbuf == NULL)\n"
2484 "confstr(_CS_PATH, pathbuf, n);\n"
2488 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:154
2490 "B<getconf>(1), B<sh>(1), B<exec>(3), B<fpathconf>(3) B<sysconf>(3) "
2491 "B<pathconf>(3) B<system>(3)"
2495 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:36
2501 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:36
2507 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:39
2508 msgid "crypt, crypt_r - password and data encryption"
2512 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:42
2514 msgid "B<#define _XOPEN_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
2518 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:46
2520 msgid "B<char *crypt(const char *>I<key>B<, const char *>I<salt>B<);>\n"
2524 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:48
2526 msgid "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
2530 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:50
2532 msgid "B<#include E<lt>crypt.hE<gt>>\n"
2536 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:53
2539 "B<char *crypt_r(const char *>I<key>B<, const char *>I<salt>B<,>\n"
2540 "B< struct crypt_data *>I<data>B<);>\n"
2544 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:56
2545 msgid "Link with I<-lcrypt>."
2549 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:62
2551 "B<crypt>() is the password encryption function. It is based on the Data "
2552 "Encryption Standard algorithm with variations intended (among other things) "
2553 "to discourage use of hardware implementations of a key search."
2557 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:65
2558 msgid "I<key> is a user's typed password."
2562 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:71
2564 "I<salt> is a two-character string chosen from the set [B<a-zA-Z0-9./>]. "
2565 "This string is used to perturb the algorithm in one of 4096 different ways."
2569 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:82
2571 "By taking the lowest 7 bits of each of the first eight characters of the "
2572 "I<key>, a 56-bit key is obtained. This 56-bit key is used to encrypt "
2573 "repeatedly a constant string (usually a string consisting of all zeros). "
2574 "The returned value points to the encrypted password, a series of 13 "
2575 "printable ASCII characters (the first two characters represent the salt "
2576 "itself). The return value points to static data whose content is "
2577 "overwritten by each call."
2581 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:84
2582 msgid "Warning: The key space consists of"
2586 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:99
2588 "equal 7.2e16 possible values. Exhaustive searches of this key space are "
2589 "possible using massively parallel computers. Software, such as B<crack>(1), "
2590 "is available which will search the portion of this key space that is "
2591 "generally used by humans for passwords. Hence, password selection should, "
2592 "at minimum, avoid common words and names. The use of a B<passwd>(1) "
2593 "program that checks for crackable passwords during the selection process is "
2598 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:108
2600 "The DES algorithm itself has a few quirks which make the use of the "
2601 "B<crypt>() interface a very poor choice for anything other than password "
2602 "authentication. If you are planning on using the B<crypt>() interface for "
2603 "a cryptography project, don't do it: get a good book on encryption and one "
2604 "of the widely available DES libraries."
2608 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:120
2610 "B<crypt_r>() is a reentrant version of B<crypt>(). The structure pointed "
2611 "to by I<data> is used to store result data and bookkeeping information. "
2612 "Other than allocating it, the only thing that the caller should do with this "
2613 "structure is to set I<data-E<gt>initialized> to zero before the first call "
2618 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:123
2620 "On success, a pointer to the encrypted password is returned. On error, NULL "
2625 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:128
2626 msgid "I<salt> has the wrong format."
2630 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:130 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:120 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:86 build/C/man2/fork.2:220
2635 #. This level of detail is not necessary in this man page. . .
2637 #. When encrypting a plain text P using DES with the key K results in the
2638 #. encrypted text C, then the complementary plain text P' being encrypted
2639 #. using the complementary key K' will result in the complementary encrypted
2642 #. Weak keys are keys which stay invariant under the DES key transformation.
2643 #. The four known weak keys 0101010101010101, fefefefefefefefe,
2644 #. 1f1f1f1f0e0e0e0e and e0e0e0e0f1f1f1f1 must be avoided.
2646 #. There are six known half weak key pairs, which keys lead to the same
2647 #. encrypted data. Keys which are part of such key clusters should be
2649 #. Sorry, I could not find out what they are.
2652 #. Heavily redundant data causes trouble with DES encryption, when used in the
2658 #. interface should be used only for its intended purpose of password
2659 #. verification, and should not be used as part of a data encryption tool.
2661 #. The first and last three output bits of the fourth S-box can be
2662 #. represented as function of their input bits. Empiric studies have
2663 #. shown that S-boxes partially compute the same output for similar input.
2664 #. It is suspected that this may contain a back door which could allow the
2665 #. NSA to decrypt DES encrypted data.
2667 #. Making encrypted data computed using crypt() publicly available has
2668 #. to be considered insecure for the given reasons.
2670 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:169
2672 "The B<crypt>() function was not implemented, probably because of "
2673 "U.S.A. export restrictions."
2677 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:174
2679 "I</proc/sys/crypto/fips_enabled> has a nonzero value, and an attempt was "
2680 "made to use a weak encryption type, such as DES."
2684 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:174 build/C/man3/daemon.3:91 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:134 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:124 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:73 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:69 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:140 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:93 build/C/man3/lockf.3:154 build/C/man3/swab.3:72 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:109 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:92 build/C/man3/usleep.3:91
2690 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:175 build/C/man3/daemon.3:92 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:135 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:125 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:74 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:70 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:141 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:94 build/C/man3/lockf.3:155 build/C/man3/swab.3:73 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:110 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:93 build/C/man3/usleep.3:92
2692 msgid "Multithreading (see pthreads(7))"
2696 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:179
2697 msgid "The B<crypt>() function is not thread-safe."
2701 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:183
2702 msgid "The B<crypt_r>() function is thread-safe."
2706 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:188
2707 msgid "B<crypt>(): SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. B<crypt_r>() is a GNU extension."
2711 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:192
2713 "The glibc2 version of this function supports additional encryption "
2718 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:197
2720 "If I<salt> is a character string starting with the characters \"$I<id>$\" "
2721 "followed by a string terminated by \"$\":"
2725 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:200
2726 msgid "$I<id>$I<salt>$I<encrypted>"
2730 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:209
2732 "then instead of using the DES machine, I<id> identifies the encryption "
2733 "method used and this then determines how the rest of the password string is "
2734 "interpreted. The following values of I<id> are supported:"
2738 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:212
2740 msgid "ID | Method\n"
2744 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:213 build/C/man2/syscall.2:160 build/C/man2/syscall.2:198
2750 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:214
2756 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:215
2758 msgid "2a | Blowfish (not in mainline glibc; added in some\n"
2762 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:216
2764 msgid " | Linux distributions)\n"
2767 #. openSUSE has Blowfish, but AFAICS, this option is not supported
2768 #. natively by glibc -- mtk, Jul 08
2771 #. glibc doesn't appear to natively support Sun MD5; I don't know
2772 #. if any distros add the support.
2774 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:223
2776 msgid "5 | SHA-256 (since glibc 2.7)\n"
2780 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:224
2782 msgid "6 | SHA-512 (since glibc 2.7)\n"
2786 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:231
2788 "So $5$I<salt>$I<encrypted> is an SHA-256 encoded password and "
2789 "$6$I<salt>$I<encrypted> is an SHA-512 encoded one."
2793 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:236
2795 "\"I<salt>\" stands for the up to 16 characters following \"$I<id>$\" in the "
2796 "salt. The encrypted part of the password string is the actual computed "
2797 "password. The size of this string is fixed:"
2801 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:238
2803 msgid "MD5 | 22 characters\n"
2807 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:239
2809 msgid "SHA-256 | 43 characters\n"
2813 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:240
2815 msgid "SHA-512 | 86 characters\n"
2819 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:249
2821 "The characters in \"I<salt>\" and \"I<encrypted>\" are drawn from the set "
2822 "[B<a-zA-Z0-9./>]. In the MD5 and SHA implementations the entire I<key> is "
2823 "significant (instead of only the first 8 bytes in DES)."
2827 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:254
2828 msgid "B<login>(1), B<passwd>(1), B<encrypt>(3), B<getpass>(3), B<passwd>(5)"
2832 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:36
2838 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:36
2844 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:39
2845 msgid "daemon - run in the background"
2849 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:43
2850 msgid "B<int daemon(int >I<nochdir>B<, int >I<noclose>B<);>"
2854 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:51
2855 msgid "B<daemon>(): _BSD_SOURCE || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<lt>\\ 500)"
2859 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:56
2861 "The B<daemon>() function is for programs wishing to detach themselves from "
2862 "the controlling terminal and run in the background as system daemons."
2866 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:64
2868 "If I<nochdir> is zero, B<daemon>() changes the calling process's current "
2869 "working directory to the root directory (\"/\"); otherwise, the current "
2870 "working directory is left unchanged."
2874 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:73
2876 "If I<noclose> is zero, B<daemon>() redirects standard input, standard "
2877 "output and standard error to I</dev/null>; otherwise, no changes are made to "
2878 "these file descriptors."
2881 #. not .IR in order not to underline _
2883 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:91
2885 "(This function forks, and if the B<fork>(2) succeeds, the parent calls "
2886 "B<_exit>(2), so that further errors are seen by the child only.) On success "
2887 "B<daemon>() returns zero. If an error occurs, B<daemon>() returns -1 and "
2888 "sets I<errno> to any of the errors specified for the B<fork>(2) and "
2893 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:96
2894 msgid "The B<daemon>() function is thread-safe."
2898 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:102
2900 "Not in POSIX.1-2001. A similar function appears on the BSDs. The "
2901 "B<daemon>() function first appeared in 4.4BSD."
2905 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:110
2907 "The glibc implementation can also return -1 when I</dev/null> exists but is "
2908 "not a character device with the expected major and minor numbers. In this "
2909 "case, I<errno> need not be set."
2913 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:112
2914 msgid "B<fork>(2), B<setsid>(2)"
2918 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:14
2924 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:18
2926 "des_crypt, ecb_crypt, cbc_crypt, des_setparity, DES_FAILED - fast DES "
2931 #. .B #include <des_crypt.h>
2933 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:23
2935 msgid "B<#include E<lt>rpc/des_crypt.hE<gt>>\n"
2939 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:26
2942 "B<int ecb_crypt(char *>I<key>B<, char *>I<data>B<, unsigned "
2944 "B< unsigned >I<mode>B<);>\n"
2948 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:29
2951 "B<int cbc_crypt(char *>I<key>B<, char *>I<data>B<, unsigned "
2953 "B< unsigned >I<mode>B<, char *>I<ivec>B<);>\n"
2957 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:31
2959 msgid "B<void des_setparity(char *>I<key>B<);>\n"
2963 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:33
2965 msgid "B<int DES_FAILED(int >I<status>B<);>\n"
2969 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:63
2971 "B<ecb_crypt>() and B<cbc_crypt>() implement the NBS DES (Data Encryption "
2972 "Standard). These routines are faster and more general purpose than "
2973 "B<crypt>(3). They also are able to utilize DES hardware if it is "
2974 "available. B<ecb_crypt>() encrypts in ECB (Electronic Code Book) mode, "
2975 "which encrypts blocks of data independently. B<cbc_crypt>() encrypts in "
2976 "CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) mode, which chains together successive blocks. "
2977 "CBC mode protects against insertions, deletions and substitutions of "
2978 "blocks. Also, regularities in the clear text will not appear in the cipher "
2983 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:106
2985 "Here is how to use these routines. The first argument, I<key>, is the "
2986 "8-byte encryption key with parity. To set the key's parity, which for DES "
2987 "is in the low bit of each byte, use B<des_setparity>(). The second "
2988 "argument, I<data>, contains the data to be encrypted or decrypted. The "
2989 "third argument, I<datalen>, is the length in bytes of I<data>, which must be "
2990 "a multiple of 8. The fourth argument, I<mode>, is formed by ORing together "
2991 "some things. For the encryption direction OR in either B<DES_ENCRYPT> or "
2992 "B<DES_DECRYPT>. For software versus hardware encryption, OR in either "
2993 "B<DES_HW> or B<DES_SW>. If B<DES_HW> is specified, and there is no "
2994 "hardware, then the encryption is performed in software and the routine "
2995 "returns B<DESERR_NOHWDEVICE>. For B<cbc_crypt>(), the argument I<ivec> is "
2996 "the 8-byte initialization vector for the chaining. It is updated to the "
2997 "next initialization vector upon return."
3001 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:108
3003 msgid "B<DESERR_NONE>"
3007 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:111
3012 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:111
3014 msgid "B<DESERR_NOHWDEVICE>"
3018 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:114
3020 "Encryption succeeded, but done in software instead of the requested "
3025 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:114
3027 msgid "B<DESERR_HWERROR>"
3031 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:117
3032 msgid "An error occurred in the hardware or driver."
3036 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:117
3038 msgid "B<DESERR_BADPARAM>"
3042 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:120
3043 msgid "Bad argument to routine."
3048 #. So far the Sun page
3049 #. Some additions - aeb
3051 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:131
3053 "Given a result status I<stat>, the macro B<DES_FAILED(>I<stat>B<)> is false "
3054 "only for the first two statuses."
3058 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:134
3059 msgid "These functions are present in glibc 2.1 and later."
3063 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:142
3065 "The B<ecb_crypt>(), B<cbc_crypt>(), and B<des_setparity>() functions are "
3070 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:145
3071 msgid "4.3BSD. Not in POSIX.1-2001."
3075 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:148
3076 msgid "B<des>(1), B<crypt>(3), B<xcrypt>(3)"
3080 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:37
3086 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:37
3092 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:40
3093 msgid "dup, dup2, dup3 - duplicate a file descriptor"
3097 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:46
3100 "B<int dup(int >I<oldfd>B<);>\n"
3101 "B<int dup2(int >I<oldfd>B<, int >I<newfd>B<);>\n"
3105 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:50
3108 "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
3109 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>> /* Obtain O_* constant "
3111 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
3115 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:52
3117 msgid "B<int dup3(int >I<oldfd>B<, int >I<newfd>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
3121 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:59
3123 "The B<dup>() system call creates a copy of the file descriptor I<oldfd>, "
3124 "using the lowest-numbered unused descriptor for the new descriptor."
3128 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:68
3130 "After a successful return, the old and new file descriptors may be used "
3131 "interchangeably. They refer to the same open file description (see "
3132 "B<open>(2)) and thus share file offset and file status flags; for example, "
3133 "if the file offset is modified by using B<lseek>(2) on one of the "
3134 "descriptors, the offset is also changed for the other."
3138 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:77
3140 "The two descriptors do not share file descriptor flags (the close-on-exec "
3141 "flag). The close-on-exec flag (B<FD_CLOEXEC>; see B<fcntl>(2)) for the "
3142 "duplicate descriptor is off."
3146 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:77
3152 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:88
3154 "The B<dup2>() system call performs the same task as B<dup>(), but instead "
3155 "of using the lowest-numbered unused file descriptor, it uses the descriptor "
3156 "number specified in I<newfd>. If the descriptor I<newfd> was previously "
3157 "open, it is silently closed before being reused."
3161 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:104
3163 "The steps of closing and reusing the file descriptor I<newfd> are performed "
3164 "I<atomically>. This is important, because trying to implement equivalent "
3165 "functionality using B<close>(2) and B<dup>() would be subject to race "
3166 "conditions, whereby I<newfd> might be reused between the two steps. Such "
3167 "reuse could happen because the main program is interrupted by a signal "
3168 "handler that allocates a file descriptor, or because a parallel thread "
3169 "allocates a file descriptor."
3173 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:106
3174 msgid "Note the following points:"
3178 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:112
3180 "If I<oldfd> is not a valid file descriptor, then the call fails, and "
3181 "I<newfd> is not closed."
3185 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:124
3187 "If I<oldfd> is a valid file descriptor, and I<newfd> has the same value as "
3188 "I<oldfd>, then B<dup2>() does nothing, and returns I<newfd>."
3192 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:124
3198 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:129
3199 msgid "B<dup3>() is the same as B<dup2>(), except that:"
3203 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:138
3205 "The caller can force the close-on-exec flag to be set for the new file "
3206 "descriptor by specifying B<O_CLOEXEC> in I<flags>. See the description of "
3207 "the same flag in B<open>(2) for reasons why this may be useful."
3210 #. FIXME . To confirm with Al Viro that this was intended, and its rationale
3212 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:148
3213 msgid "If I<oldfd> equals I<newfd>, then B<dup3>() fails with the error B<EINVAL>."
3217 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:154
3219 "On success, these system calls return the new descriptor. On error, -1 is "
3220 "returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
3224 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:159
3225 msgid "I<oldfd> isn't an open file descriptor."
3229 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:166
3231 "I<newfd> is out of the allowed range for file descriptors (see the "
3232 "discussion of B<RLIMIT_NOFILE> in B<getrlimit>(2))."
3236 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:166 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1503 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1512 build/C/man2/swapon.2:117
3242 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:176
3244 "(Linux only) This may be returned by B<dup2>() or B<dup3>() during a race "
3245 "condition with B<open>(2) and B<dup>()."
3249 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:184
3251 "The B<dup2>() or B<dup3>() call was interrupted by a signal; see "
3256 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:189
3257 msgid "(B<dup3>()) I<flags> contain an invalid value."
3260 #. FIXME . To confirm with Al Viro that this was intended, and its rationale
3262 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:196
3263 msgid "(B<dup3>()) I<oldfd> was equal to I<newfd>."
3267 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:196 build/C/man2/execve.2:422 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1607 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:105
3273 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:203
3275 "The process already has the maximum number of file descriptors open and "
3276 "tried to open a new one (see the discussion of B<RLIMIT_NOFILE> in "
3281 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:208
3283 "B<dup3>() was added to Linux in version 2.6.27; glibc support is available "
3284 "starting with version 2.9."
3288 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:212
3289 msgid "B<dup>(), B<dup2>(): SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
3292 #. SVr4 documents additional
3293 #. EINTR and ENOLINK error conditions. POSIX.1 adds EINTR.
3294 #. The EBUSY return is Linux-specific.
3296 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:218
3297 msgid "B<dup3>() is Linux-specific."
3301 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:232
3303 "The error returned by B<dup2>() is different from that returned by "
3304 "B<fcntl(>..., B<F_DUPFD>, ...B<)> when I<newfd> is out of range. On some "
3305 "systems, B<dup2>() also sometimes returns B<EINVAL> like B<F_DUPFD>."
3309 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:248
3311 "If I<newfd> was open, any errors that would have been reported at "
3312 "B<close>(2) time are lost. If this is of concern, then\\(emunless the "
3313 "program is single-threaded and does not allocate file descriptors in signal "
3314 "handlers\\(emthe correct approach is I<not> to close I<newfd> before calling "
3315 "B<dup2>(), because of the race condition described above. Instead, code "
3316 "something like the following could be used:"
3320 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:253
3323 " /* Obtain a duplicate of 'newfd' that can subsequently\n"
3324 " be used to check for close() errors; an EBADF error\n"
3325 " means that 'newfd' was not open. */\n"
3329 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:258
3332 " tmpfd = dup(newfd);\n"
3333 " if (tmpfd == -1 && errno != EBADF) {\n"
3334 " /* Handle unexpected dup() error */\n"
3339 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:260
3341 msgid " /* Atomically duplicate 'oldfd' on 'newfd' */\n"
3345 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:264
3348 " if (dup2(oldfd, newfd) == -1) {\n"
3349 " /* Handle dup2() error */\n"
3354 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:267
3357 " /* Now check for close() errors on the file originally\n"
3358 " referred to by 'newfd' */\n"
3362 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:273
3365 " if (tmpfd != -1) {\n"
3366 " if (close(tmpfd) == -1) {\n"
3367 " /* Handle errors from close */\n"
3373 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:277
3374 msgid "B<close>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<open>(2)"
3378 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:30
3384 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:30
3390 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:33
3391 msgid "encrypt, setkey, encrypt_r, setkey_r - encrypt 64-bit messages"
3395 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:35 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:41
3396 msgid "B<#define _XOPEN_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
3400 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:39
3401 msgid "B<void encrypt(char >I<block>B<[64], int >I<edflag>B<);>"
3405 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:43
3406 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>"
3410 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:45
3411 msgid "B<void setkey(const char *>I<key>B<);>"
3415 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:47 build/C/man3/getumask.3:33
3416 msgid "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
3420 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:49
3421 msgid "B<#include E<lt>crypt.hE<gt>>"
3425 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:51
3426 msgid "B<void setkey_r(const char *>I<key>B<, struct crypt_data *>I<data>B<);>"
3430 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:54
3432 "B<void encrypt_r(char *>I<block>B<, int >I<edflag>B<, struct crypt_data "
3437 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:56
3438 msgid "Each of these requires linking with I<-lcrypt>."
3442 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:68
3444 "These functions encrypt and decrypt 64-bit messages. The B<setkey>() "
3445 "function sets the key used by B<encrypt>(). The I<key> argument used here "
3446 "is an array of 64 bytes, each of which has numerical value 1 or 0. The "
3447 "bytes key[n] where n=8*i-1 are ignored, so that the effective key length is "
3452 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:80
3454 "The B<encrypt>() function modifies the passed buffer, encoding if I<edflag> "
3455 "is 0, and decoding if 1 is being passed. Like the I<key> argument, also "
3456 "I<block> is a bit vector representation of the actual value that is "
3457 "encoded. The result is returned in that same vector."
3461 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:90
3463 "These two functions are not reentrant, that is, the key data is kept in "
3464 "static storage. The functions B<setkey_r>() and B<encrypt_r>() are the "
3465 "reentrant versions. They use the following structure to hold the key data:"
3469 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:105
3472 "struct crypt_data {\n"
3473 " char keysched[16 * 8];\n"
3474 " char sb0[32768];\n"
3475 " char sb1[32768];\n"
3476 " char sb2[32768];\n"
3477 " char sb3[32768];\n"
3478 " char crypt_3_buf[14];\n"
3479 " char current_salt[2];\n"
3480 " long int current_saltbits;\n"
3482 " int initialized;\n"
3487 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:113
3488 msgid "Before calling B<setkey_r>() set I<data-E<gt>initialized> to zero."
3492 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:115
3493 msgid "These functions do not return any value."
3497 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:120
3499 "Set I<errno> to zero before calling the above functions. On success, it is "
3504 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:124
3506 "The function is not provided. (For example because of former USA export "
3511 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:131
3512 msgid "The B<encrypt>() and B<setkey>() functions are not thread-safe."
3516 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:137
3517 msgid "The B<encrypt_r>() and B<setkey_r>() functions are thread-safe."
3521 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:148
3523 "The functions B<encrypt>() and B<setkey>() conform to SVr4, SUSv2, and "
3524 "POSIX.1-2001. The functions B<encrypt_r>() and B<setkey_r>() are GNU "
3529 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:150
3530 msgid "In glibc 2.2, these functions use the DES algorithm."
3534 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:157
3536 "You need to link with libcrypt to compile this example with glibc. To do "
3537 "useful work, the I<key[]> and I<txt[]> arrays must be filled with a useful "
3542 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:162
3545 "#define _XOPEN_SOURCE\n"
3546 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
3547 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
3551 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:168
3557 " char key[64]; /* bit pattern for key */\n"
3558 " char txt[64]; /* bit pattern for messages */\n"
3562 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:173
3566 " encrypt(txt, 0); /* encode */\n"
3567 " encrypt(txt, 1); /* decode */\n"
3572 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:177
3573 msgid "B<cbc_crypt>(3), B<crypt>(3), B<ecb_crypt>(3),"
3577 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:34
3583 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:37
3584 msgid "environ - user environment"
3588 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:40
3590 msgid "B<extern char **>I<environ>B<;>\n"
3594 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:56
3596 "The variable I<environ> points to an array of pointers to strings called the "
3597 "\"environment\". The last pointer in this array has the value NULL. (This "
3598 "variable must be declared in the user program, but is declared in the header "
3599 "file I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> if the B<_GNU_SOURCE> feature test macro is "
3600 "defined.) This array of strings is made available to the process by the "
3601 "B<exec>(3) call that started the process."
3605 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:61
3607 "By convention the strings in I<environ> have the form "
3608 "\"I<name>B<=>I<value>\". Common examples are:"
3612 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:61
3618 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:64
3619 msgid "The name of the logged-in user (used by some BSD-derived programs)."
3623 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:64
3629 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:67
3630 msgid "The name of the logged-in user (used by some System-V derived programs)."
3634 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:67
3640 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:73
3642 "A user's login directory, set by B<login>(1) from the password file "
3647 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:73
3653 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:91
3655 "The name of a locale to use for locale categories when not overridden by "
3656 "B<LC_ALL> or more specific environment variables such as B<LC_COLLATE>, "
3657 "B<LC_CTYPE>, B<LC_MESSAGES>, B<LC_MONETARY>, B<LC_NUMERIC>, and B<LC_TIME> "
3658 "(see B<locale>(7) for further details of the B<LC_*> environment "
3663 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:91
3669 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:106
3671 "The sequence of directory prefixes that B<sh>(1) and many other programs "
3672 "apply in searching for a file known by an incomplete pathname. The prefixes "
3673 "are separated by \\(aqB<:>\\(aq. (Similarly one has B<CDPATH> used by some "
3674 "shells to find the target of a change directory command, B<MANPATH> used by "
3675 "B<man>(1) to find manual pages, and so on)"
3679 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:106
3685 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:110
3686 msgid "The current working directory. Set by some shells."
3690 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:110
3696 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:113
3697 msgid "The pathname of the user's login shell."
3701 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:113
3707 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:116
3708 msgid "The terminal type for which output is to be prepared."
3712 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:116
3718 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:119
3719 msgid "The user's preferred utility to display text files."
3723 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:119
3725 msgid "B<EDITOR>/B<VISUAL>"
3730 #. The user's preferred utility to browse URLs. Sequence of colon-separated
3731 #. browser commands. See http://www.catb.org/~esr/BROWSER/ .
3733 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:126
3734 msgid "The user's preferred utility to edit text files."
3738 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:144
3740 "Further names may be placed in the environment by the I<export> command and "
3741 "\"name=value\" in B<sh>(1), or by the I<setenv> command if you use "
3742 "B<csh>(1). Arguments may also be placed in the environment at the point of "
3743 "an B<exec>(3). A C program can manipulate its environment using the "
3744 "functions B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), and B<unsetenv>(3)."
3748 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:148
3750 "Note that the behavior of many programs and library routines is influenced "
3751 "by the presence or value of certain environment variables. A random "
3756 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:157
3758 "The variables B<LANG>, B<LANGUAGE>, B<NLSPATH>, B<LOCPATH>, B<LC_ALL>, "
3759 "B<LC_MESSAGES>, and so on influence locale handling; see B<catopen>(3), "
3760 "B<gettext>(3), and B<locale>(7)."
3764 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:164
3766 "B<TMPDIR> influences the path prefix of names created by B<tmpnam>(3) and "
3767 "other routines, and the temporary directory used by B<sort>(1) and other "
3772 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:168
3774 "B<LD_LIBRARY_PATH>, B<LD_PRELOAD> and other LD_* variables influence the "
3775 "behavior of the dynamic loader/linker."
3779 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:172
3781 "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> makes certain programs and library routines follow the "
3782 "prescriptions of POSIX."
3786 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:178
3787 msgid "The behavior of B<malloc>(3) is influenced by B<MALLOC_*> variables."
3791 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:184
3793 "The variable B<HOSTALIASES> gives the name of a file containing aliases to "
3794 "be used with B<gethostbyname>(3)."
3798 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:195
3800 "B<TZ> and B<TZDIR> give timezone information used by B<tzset>(3) and "
3801 "through that by functions like B<ctime>(3), B<localtime>(3), B<mktime>(3), "
3802 "B<strftime>(3). See also B<tzselect>(8)."
3806 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:199
3808 "B<TERMCAP> gives information on how to address a given terminal (or gives "
3809 "the name of a file containing such information)."
3813 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:202
3815 "B<COLUMNS> and B<LINES> tell applications about the window size, possibly "
3816 "overriding the actual size."
3820 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:207
3822 "B<PRINTER> or B<LPDEST> may specify the desired printer to use. See "
3827 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:209
3832 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:214
3834 "Clearly there is a security risk here. Many a system command has been "
3835 "tricked into mischief by a user who specified unusual values for B<IFS> or "
3836 "B<LD_LIBRARY_PATH>."
3840 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:247
3842 "There is also the risk of name space pollution. Programs like I<make> and "
3843 "I<autoconf> allow overriding of default utility names from the environment "
3844 "with similarly named variables in all caps. Thus one uses B<CC> to select "
3845 "the desired C compiler (and similarly B<MAKE>, B<AR>, B<AS>, B<FC>, B<LD>, "
3846 "B<LEX>, B<RM>, B<YACC>, etc.). However, in some traditional uses such an "
3847 "environment variable gives options for the program instead of a pathname. "
3848 "Thus, one has B<MORE>, B<LESS>, and B<GZIP>. Such usage is considered "
3849 "mistaken, and to be avoided in new programs. The authors of I<gzip> should "
3850 "consider renaming their option to B<GZIP_OPT>."
3854 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:263
3856 "B<env>(1), B<bash>(1), B<csh>(1), B<login>(1), B<printenv>(1), B<sh>(1), "
3857 "B<tcsh>(1), B<execve>(2), B<clearenv>(3), B<exec>(3), B<getenv>(3), "
3858 "B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), B<locale>(7), B<ld.so>(8)"
3862 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:25
3868 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:25
3874 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:28
3875 msgid "euidaccess, eaccess - check effective user's permissions for a file"
3879 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:32
3882 "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
3883 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
3887 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:35
3890 "B<int euidaccess(const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<mode>B<);>\n"
3891 "B<int eaccess(const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<mode>B<);>\n"
3895 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:47
3897 "Like B<access>(2), B<euidaccess>() checks permissions and existence of the "
3898 "file identified by its argument I<pathname>. However, whereas B<access>(2) "
3899 "performs checks using the real user and group identifiers of the process, "
3900 "B<euidaccess>() uses the effective identifiers."
3904 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:53
3906 "I<mode> is a mask consisting of one or more of B<R_OK>, B<W_OK>, B<X_OK>, "
3907 "and B<F_OK>, with the same meanings as for B<access>(2)."
3911 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:58
3913 "B<eaccess>() is a synonym for B<euidaccess>(), provided for compatibility "
3914 "with some other systems."
3918 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:66
3920 "On success (all requested permissions granted), zero is returned. On error "
3921 "(at least one bit in I<mode> asked for a permission that is denied, or some "
3922 "other error occurred), -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
3926 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:69
3927 msgid "As for B<access>(2)."
3931 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:73
3932 msgid "The B<eaccess>() function was added to glibc in version 2.4."
3936 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:80
3937 msgid "The B<euidaccess>() and B<eaccess>() functions are thread-safe."
3940 #. e.g., FreeBSD 6.1.
3942 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:86
3944 "These functions are nonstandard. Some other systems have an B<eaccess>() "
3949 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:93
3951 "I<Warning>: Using this function to check a process's permissions on a file "
3952 "before performing some operation based on that information leads to race "
3953 "conditions: the file permissions may change between the two steps. "
3954 "Generally, it is safer just to attempt the desired operation and handle any "
3955 "permission error that occurs."
3959 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:101
3961 "This function always dereferences symbolic links. If you need to check the "
3962 "permissions on a symbolic link, use B<faccessat>(2) with the flags "
3963 "B<AT_EACCESS> and B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW>."
3967 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:111
3969 "B<access>(2), B<chmod>(2), B<chown>(2), B<faccessat>(2), B<open>(2), "
3970 "B<setgid>(2), B<setuid>(2), B<stat>(2), B<credentials>(7), "
3971 "B<path_resolution>(7)"
3975 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:41
3981 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:41
3987 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:44
3988 msgid "execl, execlp, execle, execv, execvp, execvpe - execute a file"
3992 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:48
3993 msgid "B<extern char **environ;>"
3997 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:50
3998 msgid "B<int execl(const char *>I<path>B<, const char *>I<arg>B<, ...);>"
4002 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:52
4003 msgid "B<int execlp(const char *>I<file>B<, const char *>I<arg>B<, ...);>"
4007 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:54
4008 msgid "B<int execle(const char *>I<path>B<, const char *>I<arg>B<,>"
4012 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:56
4013 msgid "B< ..., char * const >I<envp>B<[]);>"
4017 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:58
4018 msgid "B<int execv(const char *>I<path>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[]);>"
4022 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:60
4023 msgid "B<int execvp(const char *>I<file>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[]);>"
4027 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:62
4028 msgid "B<int execvpe(const char *>I<file>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[],>"
4032 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:64 build/C/man2/execve.2:46
4033 msgid "B< char *const >I<envp>B<[]);>"
4037 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:72
4038 msgid "B<execvpe>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
4042 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:82
4044 "The B<exec>() family of functions replaces the current process image with a "
4045 "new process image. The functions described in this manual page are "
4046 "front-ends for B<execve>(2). (See the manual page for B<execve>(2) for "
4047 "further details about the replacement of the current process image.)"
4051 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:85
4053 "The initial argument for these functions is the name of a file that is to be "
4058 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:107
4060 "The I<const char\\ *arg> and subsequent ellipses in the B<execl>(), "
4061 "B<execlp>(), and B<execle>() functions can be thought of as I<arg0>, "
4062 "I<arg1>, \\&..., I<argn>. Together they describe a list of one or more "
4063 "pointers to null-terminated strings that represent the argument list "
4064 "available to the executed program. The first argument, by convention, "
4065 "should point to the filename associated with the file being executed. The "
4066 "list of arguments I<must> be terminated by a null pointer, and, since these "
4067 "are variadic functions, this pointer must be cast I<(char\\ *) NULL>."
4071 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:120
4073 "The B<execv>(), B<execvp>(), and B<execvpe>() functions provide an array of "
4074 "pointers to null-terminated strings that represent the argument list "
4075 "available to the new program. The first argument, by convention, should "
4076 "point to the filename associated with the file being executed. The array of "
4077 "pointers I<must> be terminated by a null pointer."
4081 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:137
4083 "The B<execle>() and B<execvpe>() functions allow the caller to specify the "
4084 "environment of the executed program via the argument I<envp>. The I<envp> "
4085 "argument is an array of pointers to null-terminated strings and I<must> be "
4086 "terminated by a null pointer. The other functions take the environment for "
4087 "the new process image from the external variable I<environ> in the calling "
4092 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:137
4094 msgid "Special semantics for execlp() and execvp()"
4098 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:157
4100 "The B<execlp>(), B<execvp>(), and B<execvpe>() functions duplicate the "
4101 "actions of the shell in searching for an executable file if the specified "
4102 "filename does not contain a slash (/) character. The file is sought in the "
4103 "colon-separated list of directory pathnames specified in the B<PATH> "
4104 "environment variable. If this variable isn't defined, the path list "
4105 "defaults to the current directory followed by the list of directories "
4106 "returned by I<confstr(_CS_PATH)>. (This B<confstr>(3) call typically "
4107 "returns the value \"/bin:/usr/bin\".)"
4111 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:161
4113 "If the specified filename includes a slash character, then B<PATH> is "
4114 "ignored, and the file at the specified pathname is executed."
4118 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:163
4119 msgid "In addition, certain errors are treated specially."
4123 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:174
4125 "If permission is denied for a file (the attempted B<execve>(2) failed with "
4126 "the error B<EACCES>), these functions will continue searching the rest of "
4127 "the search path. If no other file is found, however, they will return with "
4128 "I<errno> set to B<EACCES>."
4132 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:183
4134 "If the header of a file isn't recognized (the attempted B<execve>(2) failed "
4135 "with the error B<ENOEXEC>), these functions will execute the shell "
4136 "(I</bin/sh>) with the path of the file as its first argument. (If this "
4137 "attempt fails, no further searching is done.)"
4141 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:190
4143 "The B<exec>() functions return only if an error has occurred. The return "
4144 "value is -1, and I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
4148 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:195
4150 "All of these functions may fail and set I<errno> for any of the errors "
4151 "specified for B<execve>(2)."
4155 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:199
4156 msgid "The B<execvpe>() function first appeared in glibc 2.11."
4160 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:201
4161 msgid "POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008."
4165 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:205
4166 msgid "The B<execvpe>() function is a GNU extension."
4170 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:215
4172 "On some other systems, the default path (used when the environment does not "
4173 "contain the variable B<PATH>) has the current working directory listed after "
4174 "I</bin> and I</usr/bin>, as an anti-Trojan-horse measure. Linux uses here "
4175 "the traditional \"current directory first\" default path."
4179 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:229
4181 "The behavior of B<execlp>() and B<execvp>() when errors occur while "
4182 "attempting to execute the file is historic practice, but has not "
4183 "traditionally been documented and is not specified by the POSIX standard. "
4184 "BSD (and possibly other systems) do an automatic sleep and retry if "
4185 "B<ETXTBSY> is encountered. Linux treats it as a hard error and returns "
4190 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:241
4192 "Traditionally, the functions B<execlp>() and B<execvp>() ignored all "
4193 "errors except for the ones described above and B<ENOMEM> and B<E2BIG>, upon "
4194 "which they returned. They now return if any error other than the ones "
4195 "described above occurs."
4199 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:248
4201 "B<sh>(1), B<execve>(2), B<execveat>(2), B<fork>(2), B<ptrace>(2), "
4202 "B<fexecve>(3), B<environ>(7)"
4206 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:37
4212 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:37
4218 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:40
4219 msgid "execve - execute program"
4223 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:44
4224 msgid "B<int execve(const char *>I<filename>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[], >"
4228 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:51
4230 "B<execve>() executes the program pointed to by I<filename>. I<filename> "
4231 "must be either a binary executable, or a script starting with a line of the "
4236 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:55 build/C/man2/execve.2:265
4238 msgid "B<#!> I<interpreter >[optional-arg]\n"
4242 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:59
4243 msgid "For details of the latter case, see \"Interpreter scripts\" below."
4247 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:68
4249 "I<argv> is an array of argument strings passed to the new program. By "
4250 "convention, the first of these strings should contain the filename "
4251 "associated with the file being executed. I<envp> is an array of strings, "
4252 "conventionally of the form B<key=value>, which are passed as environment to "
4253 "the new program. Both I<argv> and I<envp> must be terminated by a null "
4254 "pointer. The argument vector and environment can be accessed by the called "
4255 "program's main function, when it is defined as:"
4259 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:72
4261 msgid "int main(int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[])\n"
4265 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:79
4267 "B<execve>() does not return on success, and the text, data, bss, and stack "
4268 "of the calling process are overwritten by that of the program loaded."
4272 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:83
4274 "If the current program is being ptraced, a B<SIGTRAP> is sent to it after a "
4275 "successful B<execve>()."
4279 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:98
4281 "If the set-user-ID bit is set on the program file pointed to by I<filename>, "
4282 "and the underlying filesystem is not mounted I<nosuid> (the B<MS_NOSUID> "
4283 "flag for B<mount>(2)), and the calling process is not being ptraced, then "
4284 "the effective user ID of the calling process is changed to that of the owner "
4285 "of the program file. Similarly, when the set-group-ID bit of the program "
4286 "file is set the effective group ID of the calling process is set to the "
4287 "group of the program file."
4291 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:103
4293 "The effective user ID of the process is copied to the saved set-user-ID; "
4294 "similarly, the effective group ID is copied to the saved set-group-ID. This "
4295 "copying takes place after any effective ID changes that occur because of the "
4296 "set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission bits."
4300 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:111
4302 "If the executable is an a.out dynamically linked binary executable "
4303 "containing shared-library stubs, the Linux dynamic linker B<ld.so>(8) is "
4304 "called at the start of execution to bring needed shared libraries into "
4305 "memory and link the executable with them."
4309 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:118
4311 "If the executable is a dynamically linked ELF executable, the interpreter "
4312 "named in the PT_INTERP segment is used to load the needed shared libraries. "
4313 "This interpreter is typically I</lib/ld-linux.so.2> for binaries linked with "
4318 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:122
4320 "All process attributes are preserved during an B<execve>(), except the "
4325 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:126
4327 "The dispositions of any signals that are being caught are reset to the "
4328 "default (B<signal>(7))."
4332 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:129
4333 msgid "Any alternate signal stack is not preserved (B<sigaltstack>(2))."
4337 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:132
4338 msgid "Memory mappings are not preserved (B<mmap>(2))."
4342 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:135
4343 msgid "Attached System\\ V shared memory segments are detached (B<shmat>(2))."
4347 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:138
4348 msgid "POSIX shared memory regions are unmapped (B<shm_open>(3))."
4352 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:141
4353 msgid "Open POSIX message queue descriptors are closed (B<mq_overview>(7))."
4357 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:144
4358 msgid "Any open POSIX named semaphores are closed (B<sem_overview>(7))."
4362 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:147
4363 msgid "POSIX timers are not preserved (B<timer_create>(2))."
4367 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:150
4368 msgid "Any open directory streams are closed (B<opendir>(3))."
4372 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:154
4373 msgid "Memory locks are not preserved (B<mlock>(2), B<mlockall>(2))."
4377 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:158
4378 msgid "Exit handlers are not preserved (B<atexit>(3), B<on_exit>(3))."
4382 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:161
4383 msgid "The floating-point environment is reset to the default (see B<fenv>(3))."
4387 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:167
4389 "The process attributes in the preceding list are all specified in "
4390 "POSIX.1-2001. The following Linux-specific process attributes are also not "
4391 "preserved during an B<execve>():"
4395 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:174
4397 "The B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_DUMPABLE> flag is set, unless a set-user-ID or "
4398 "set-group ID program is being executed, in which case it is cleared."
4402 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:179
4403 msgid "The B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_KEEPCAPS> flag is cleared."
4407 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:186
4409 "(Since Linux 2.4.36 / 2.6.23) If a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program is "
4410 "being executed, then the parent death signal set by B<prctl>(2) "
4411 "B<PR_SET_PDEATHSIG> flag is cleared."
4415 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:193
4417 "The process name, as set by B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_NAME> (and displayed by "
4418 "I<ps\\ -o comm>), is reset to the name of the new executable file."
4422 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:200
4424 "The B<SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS> I<securebits> flag is cleared. See "
4425 "B<capabilities>(7)."
4429 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:205
4430 msgid "The termination signal is reset to B<SIGCHLD> (see B<clone>(2))."
4434 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:207 build/C/man2/fork.2:138
4435 msgid "Note the following further points:"
4439 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:211
4441 "All threads other than the calling thread are destroyed during an "
4442 "B<execve>(). Mutexes, condition variables, and other pthreads objects are "
4447 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:214
4449 "The equivalent of I<setlocale(LC_ALL, \"C\")> is executed at program "
4454 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:222
4456 "POSIX.1-2001 specifies that the dispositions of any signals that are ignored "
4457 "or set to the default are left unchanged. POSIX.1-2001 specifies one "
4458 "exception: if B<SIGCHLD> is being ignored, then an implementation may leave "
4459 "the disposition unchanged or reset it to the default; Linux does the former."
4463 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:226
4465 "Any outstanding asynchronous I/O operations are canceled (B<aio_read>(3), "
4470 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:231
4471 msgid "For the handling of capabilities during B<execve>(), see B<capabilities>(7)."
4474 #. On Linux it appears that these file descriptors are
4475 #. always open after an execve(), and it looks like
4476 #. Solaris 8 and FreeBSD 6.1 are the same. -- mtk, 30 Apr 2007
4478 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:258
4480 "By default, file descriptors remain open across an B<execve>(). File "
4481 "descriptors that are marked close-on-exec are closed; see the description of "
4482 "B<FD_CLOEXEC> in B<fcntl>(2). (If a file descriptor is closed, this will "
4483 "cause the release of all record locks obtained on the underlying file by "
4484 "this process. See B<fcntl>(2) for details.) POSIX.1-2001 says that if "
4485 "file descriptors 0, 1, and 2 would otherwise be closed after a successful "
4486 "B<execve>(), and the process would gain privilege because the set-user_ID or "
4487 "set-group_ID permission bit was set on the executed file, then the system "
4488 "may open an unspecified file for each of these file descriptors. As a "
4489 "general principle, no portable program, whether privileged or not, can "
4490 "assume that these three file descriptors will remain closed across an "
4495 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:258 build/C/man2/execve.2:528
4497 msgid "Interpreter scripts"
4501 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:261
4503 "An interpreter script is a text file that has execute permission enabled and "
4504 "whose first line is of the form:"
4508 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:279
4510 "The I<interpreter> must be a valid pathname for an executable which is not "
4511 "itself a script. If the I<filename> argument of B<execve>() specifies an "
4512 "interpreter script, then I<interpreter> will be invoked with the following "
4517 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:283
4519 msgid "I<interpreter> [optional-arg] I<filename> arg...\n"
4523 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:294
4525 "where I<arg...> is the series of words pointed to by the I<argv> argument of "
4526 "B<execve>(), starting at I<argv>[1]."
4530 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:299
4532 "For portable use, I<optional-arg> should either be absent, or be specified "
4533 "as a single word (i.e., it should not contain white space); see NOTES below."
4537 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:299
4539 msgid "Limits on size of arguments and environment"
4543 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:312
4545 "Most UNIX implementations impose some limit on the total size of the "
4546 "command-line argument (I<argv>) and environment (I<envp>) strings that may "
4547 "be passed to a new program. POSIX.1 allows an implementation to advertise "
4548 "this limit using the B<ARG_MAX> constant (either defined in "
4549 "I<E<lt>limits.hE<gt>> or available at run time using the call "
4550 "I<sysconf(_SC_ARG_MAX)>)."
4554 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:319
4556 "On Linux prior to kernel 2.6.23, the memory used to store the environment "
4557 "and argument strings was limited to 32 pages (defined by the kernel constant "
4558 "B<MAX_ARG_PAGES>). On architectures with a 4-kB page size, this yields a "
4559 "maximum size of 128 kB."
4562 #. For some background on the changes to ARG_MAX in kernels 2.6.23 and
4564 #. http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=5786
4565 #. http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=10095
4566 #. http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/646709/focus=648101,
4567 #. checked into 2.6.25 as commit a64e715fc74b1a7dcc5944f848acc38b2c4d4ee2.
4568 #. Ollie: That doesn't include the lists of pointers, though,
4569 #. so the actual usage is a bit higher (1 pointer per argument).
4571 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:355
4573 "On kernel 2.6.23 and later, most architectures support a size limit derived "
4574 "from the soft B<RLIMIT_STACK> resource limit (see B<getrlimit>(2)) that is "
4575 "in force at the time of the B<execve>() call. (Architectures with no "
4576 "memory management unit are excepted: they maintain the limit that was in "
4577 "effect before kernel 2.6.23.) This change allows programs to have a much "
4578 "larger argument and/or environment list. For these architectures, the total "
4579 "size is limited to 1/4 of the allowed stack size. (Imposing the 1/4-limit "
4580 "ensures that the new program always has some stack space.) Since Linux "
4581 "2.6.25, the kernel places a floor of 32 pages on this size limit, so that, "
4582 "even when B<RLIMIT_STACK> is set very low, applications are guaranteed to "
4583 "have at least as much argument and environment space as was provided by "
4584 "Linux 2.6.23 and earlier. (This guarantee was not provided in Linux 2.6.23 "
4585 "and 2.6.24.) Additionally, the limit per string is 32 pages (the kernel "
4586 "constant B<MAX_ARG_STRLEN>), and the maximum number of strings is "
4591 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:361
4593 "On success, B<execve>() does not return, on error -1 is returned, and "
4594 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
4598 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:362
4604 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:369
4606 "The total number of bytes in the environment (I<envp>) and argument list "
4607 "(I<argv>) is too large."
4611 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:376
4613 "Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix of I<filename> "
4614 "or the name of a script interpreter. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
4618 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:379
4619 msgid "The file or a script interpreter is not a regular file."
4623 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:382
4624 msgid "Execute permission is denied for the file or a script or ELF interpreter."
4628 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:386
4629 msgid "The filesystem is mounted I<noexec>."
4633 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:386
4635 msgid "B<EAGAIN> (since Linux 3.1)"
4638 #. commit 72fa59970f8698023045ab0713d66f3f4f96945c
4640 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:396
4642 "Having changed its real UID using one of the B<set*uid>() calls, the caller "
4643 "was\\(emand is now still\\(emabove its B<RLIMIT_NPROC> resource limit (see "
4644 "B<setrlimit>(2)). For a more detailed explanation of this error, see NOTES."
4648 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:404
4650 "I<filename> or one of the pointers in the vectors I<argv> or I<envp> points "
4651 "outside your accessible address space."
4655 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:408
4657 "An ELF executable had more than one PT_INTERP segment (i.e., tried to name "
4658 "more than one interpreter)."
4662 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:411 build/C/man2/truncate.2:149
4668 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:414
4669 msgid "An ELF interpreter was a directory."
4673 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:414
4679 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:417
4680 msgid "An ELF interpreter was not in a recognized format."
4684 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:422
4686 "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<filename> or the "
4687 "name of a script or ELF interpreter."
4691 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:425
4692 msgid "The process has the maximum number of files open."
4696 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:429
4697 msgid "I<filename> is too long."
4701 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:429 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:108 build/C/man2/swapon.2:144 build/C/man2/uselib.2:67
4707 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:432 build/C/man2/swapon.2:147 build/C/man2/uselib.2:70
4708 msgid "The system limit on the total number of open files has been reached."
4712 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:438
4714 "The file I<filename> or a script or ELF interpreter does not exist, or a "
4715 "shared library needed for file or interpreter cannot be found."
4719 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:438 build/C/man2/uselib.2:70
4725 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:443
4727 "An executable is not in a recognized format, is for the wrong architecture, "
4728 "or has some other format error that means it cannot be executed."
4732 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:451
4734 "A component of the path prefix of I<filename> or a script or ELF interpreter "
4735 "is not a directory."
4739 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:457
4741 "The filesystem is mounted I<nosuid>, the user is not the superuser, and the "
4742 "file has the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit set."
4746 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:461
4748 "The process is being traced, the user is not the superuser and the file has "
4749 "the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit set."
4753 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:464
4754 msgid "Executable was open for writing by one or more processes."
4757 #. SVr4 documents additional error
4758 #. conditions EAGAIN, EINTR, ELIBACC, ENOLINK, EMULTIHOP; POSIX does not
4759 #. document ETXTBSY, EPERM, EFAULT, ELOOP, EIO, ENFILE, EMFILE, EINVAL,
4760 #. EISDIR or ELIBBAD error conditions.
4762 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:472
4764 "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2001 does not document the #! behavior "
4765 "but is otherwise compatible."
4769 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:475
4770 msgid "Set-user-ID and set-group-ID processes can not be B<ptrace>(2)d."
4773 #. e.g., EFAULT on Solaris 8 and FreeBSD 6.1; but
4774 #. HP-UX 11 is like Linux -- mtk, Apr 2007
4775 #. Bug filed 30 Apr 2007: http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=8408
4776 #. Bug rejected (because fix would constitute an ABI change).
4778 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:502
4780 "The result of mounting a filesystem I<nosuid> varies across Linux kernel "
4781 "versions: some will refuse execution of set-user-ID and set-group-ID "
4782 "executables when this would give the user powers she did not have already "
4783 "(and return B<EPERM>), some will just ignore the set-user-ID and "
4784 "set-group-ID bits and B<exec>() successfully. On Linux, I<argv> and "
4785 "I<envp> can be specified as NULL. In both cases, this has the same effect "
4786 "as specifying the argument as a pointer to a list containing a single null "
4787 "pointer. B<Do not take advantage of this misfeature!> It is nonstandard and "
4788 "nonportable: on most other UNIX systems doing this will result in an error "
4793 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:513
4795 "POSIX.1-2001 says that values returned by B<sysconf>(3) should be invariant "
4796 "over the lifetime of a process. However, since Linux 2.6.23, if the "
4797 "B<RLIMIT_STACK> resource limit changes, then the value reported by "
4798 "B<_SC_ARG_MAX> will also change, to reflect the fact that the limit on space "
4799 "for holding command-line arguments and environment variables has changed."
4803 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:528
4805 "In most cases where B<execve>() fails, control returns to the original "
4806 "executable image, and the caller of B<execve>() can then handle the error. "
4807 "However, in (rare) cases (typically caused by resource exhaustion), failure "
4808 "may occur past the point of no return: the original executable image has "
4809 "been torn down, but the new image could not be completely built. In such "
4810 "cases, the kernel kills the process with a B<SIGKILL> signal."
4814 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:531
4816 "A maximum line length of 127 characters is allowed for the first line in an "
4817 "interpreter scripts."
4821 #. e.g., FreeBSD before 6.0, but not FreeBSD 6.0 onward
4823 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:550
4825 "The semantics of the I<optional-arg> argument of an interpreter script vary "
4826 "across implementations. On Linux, the entire string following the "
4827 "I<interpreter> name is passed as a single argument to the interpreter, and "
4828 "this string can include white space. However, behavior differs on some "
4829 "other systems. Some systems use the first white space to terminate "
4830 "I<optional-arg>. On some systems, an interpreter script can have multiple "
4831 "arguments, and white spaces in I<optional-arg> are used to delimit the "
4837 #. Some Linux versions have failed to check permissions on ELF
4838 #. interpreters. This is a security hole, because it allows users to
4839 #. open any file, such as a rewinding tape device, for reading. Some
4840 #. Linux versions have also had other security holes in
4842 #. that could be exploited for denial of service by a suitably crafted
4843 #. ELF binary. There are no known problems with 2.0.34 or 2.2.15.
4845 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:561
4846 msgid "Linux ignores the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits on scripts."
4850 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:561
4852 msgid "execve() and EAGAIN"
4856 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:567
4858 "A more detailed explanation of the B<EAGAIN> error that can occur (since "
4859 "Linux 3.1) when calling B<execve>() is as follows."
4862 #. commit 909cc4ae86f3380152a18e2a3c44523893ee11c4
4864 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:589
4866 "The B<EAGAIN> error can occur when a I<preceding> call to B<setuid>(2), "
4867 "B<setreuid>(2), or B<setresuid>(2) caused the real user ID of the process "
4868 "to change, and that change caused the process to exceed its B<RLIMIT_NPROC> "
4869 "resource limit (i.e., the number of processes belonging to the new real UID "
4870 "exceeds the resource limit). From Linux 2.6.0 to 3.0, this caused the "
4871 "B<set*uid>() call to fail. (Prior to 2.6, the resource limit was not "
4872 "imposed on processes that changed their user IDs.)"
4876 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:620
4878 "Since Linux 3.1, the scenario just described no longer causes the "
4879 "B<set*uid>() call to fail, because it too often led to security holes where "
4880 "buggy applications didn't check the return status and assumed that\\(emif "
4881 "the caller had root privileges\\(emthe call would always succeed. Instead, "
4882 "the B<set*uid>() calls now successfully change the real UID, but the kernel "
4883 "sets an internal flag, named B<PF_NPROC_EXCEEDED>, to note that the "
4884 "B<RLIMIT_NPROC> resource limit has been exceeded. If the "
4885 "B<PF_NPROC_EXCEEDED> flag is set and the resource limit is still exceeded at "
4886 "the time of a subsequent B<execve>() call, that call fails with the error "
4887 "B<EAGAIN>. This kernel logic ensures that the B<RLIMIT_NPROC> resource "
4888 "limit is still enforced for the common privileged daemon "
4889 "workflow\\(emnamely, B<fork>(2) + B<set*uid>() + B<execve>()."
4893 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:636
4895 "If the resource limit was not still exceeded at the time of the B<execve>() "
4896 "call (because other processes belonging to this real UID terminated between "
4897 "the B<set*uid>() call and the B<execve>() call), then the B<execve>() "
4898 "call succeeds and the kernel clears the B<PF_NPROC_EXCEEDED> process flag. "
4899 "The flag is also cleared if a subsequent call to B<fork>(2) by this process "
4904 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:636
4911 #. Some Linux versions have failed to check permissions on ELF
4912 #. interpreters. This is a security hole, because it allows users to
4913 #. open any file, such as a rewinding tape device, for reading. Some
4914 #. Linux versions have also had other security holes in
4916 #. that could be exploited for denial of service by a suitably crafted
4917 #. ELF binary. There are no known problems with 2.0.34 or 2.2.15.
4919 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:656
4921 "With UNIX\\ V6, the argument list of an B<exec>() call was ended by 0, "
4922 "while the argument list of I<main> was ended by -1. Thus, this argument "
4923 "list was not directly usable in a further B<exec>() call. Since UNIX\\ V7, "
4928 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:659
4930 "The following program is designed to be execed by the second program below. "
4931 "It just echoes its command-line arguments, one per line."
4935 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:663
4937 msgid "/* myecho.c */\n"
4941 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:666
4944 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4945 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4949 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:671
4953 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4959 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:674
4962 " for (j = 0; j E<lt> argc; j++)\n"
4963 " printf(\"argv[%d]: %s\\en\", j, argv[j]);\n"
4967 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:682
4969 "This program can be used to exec the program named in its command-line "
4974 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:686
4976 msgid "/* execve.c */\n"
4980 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:690
4983 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4984 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4985 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
4989 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:696
4993 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4995 " char *newargv[] = { NULL, \"hello\", \"world\", NULL };\n"
4996 " char *newenviron[] = { NULL };\n"
5000 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:701
5003 " if (argc != 2) {\n"
5004 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>file-to-execE<gt>\\en\", "
5006 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5011 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:703
5013 msgid " newargv[0] = argv[1];\n"
5017 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:708
5020 " execve(argv[1], newargv, newenviron);\n"
5021 " perror(\"execve\"); /* execve() only returns on error */\n"
5022 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5027 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:712
5028 msgid "We can use the second program to exec the first as follows:"
5032 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:721
5035 "$B< cc myecho.c -o myecho>\n"
5036 "$B< cc execve.c -o execve>\n"
5037 "$B< ./execve ./myecho>\n"
5038 "argv[0]: ./myecho\n"
5044 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:729
5046 "We can also use these programs to demonstrate the use of a script "
5047 "interpreter. To do this we create a script whose \"interpreter\" is our "
5048 "I<myecho> program:"
5052 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:736
5055 "$B< cat E<gt> script>\n"
5056 "B<#!./myecho script-arg>\n"
5058 "$B< chmod +x script>\n"
5062 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:740
5063 msgid "We can then use our program to exec the script:"
5067 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:749
5070 "$B< ./execve ./script>\n"
5071 "argv[0]: ./myecho\n"
5072 "argv[1]: script-arg\n"
5073 "argv[2]: ./script\n"
5079 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:762
5081 "B<chmod>(2), B<execveat>(2), B<fork>(2), B<ptrace>(2), B<execl>(3), "
5082 "B<fexecve>(3), B<getopt>(3), B<credentials>(7), B<environ>(7), "
5083 "B<path_resolution>(7), B<ld.so>(8)"
5087 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25
5093 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25
5099 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:28
5100 msgid "exit_group - exit all threads in a process"
5104 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:31
5106 msgid "B<#include E<lt>linux/unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
5110 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:33
5112 msgid "B<void exit_group(int >I<status>B<);>\n"
5116 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:39
5118 "This system call is equivalent to B<exit>(2) except that it terminates not "
5119 "only the calling thread, but all threads in the calling process's thread "
5124 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:41
5125 msgid "This system call does not return."
5129 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:43
5130 msgid "This call is present since Linux 2.5.35."
5134 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:45
5135 msgid "This call is Linux-specific."
5139 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:49
5141 "Since glibc 2.3, this is the system call invoked when the B<exit>(2) "
5142 "wrapper function is called."
5146 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:50
5151 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:65
5157 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:65
5163 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:68
5164 msgid "fcntl - manipulate file descriptor"
5168 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:72
5171 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
5172 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>>\n"
5176 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:74
5178 msgid "B<int fcntl(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<cmd>B<, ... /* >I<arg>B< */ );>\n"
5182 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:81
5184 "B<fcntl>() performs one of the operations described below on the open file "
5185 "descriptor I<fd>. The operation is determined by I<cmd>."
5189 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:95
5191 "B<fcntl>() can take an optional third argument. Whether or not this "
5192 "argument is required is determined by I<cmd>. The required argument type is "
5193 "indicated in parentheses after each I<cmd> name (in most cases, the required "
5194 "type is I<int>, and we identify the argument using the name I<arg>), or "
5195 "I<void> is specified if the argument is not required."
5199 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:106
5201 "Certain of the operations below are supported only since a particular Linux "
5202 "kernel version. The preferred method of checking whether the host kernel "
5203 "supports a particular operation is to invoke B<fcntl>() with the desired "
5204 "I<cmd> value and then test whether the call failed with B<EINVAL>, "
5205 "indicating that the kernel does not recognize this value."
5209 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:106
5211 msgid "Duplicating a file descriptor"
5215 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:107
5217 msgid "B<F_DUPFD> (I<int>)"
5221 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:117
5223 "Find the lowest numbered available file descriptor greater than or equal to "
5224 "I<arg> and make it be a copy of I<fd>. This is different from B<dup2>(2), "
5225 "which uses exactly the descriptor specified."
5229 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:119
5230 msgid "On success, the new descriptor is returned."
5234 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:123
5235 msgid "See B<dup>(2) for further details."
5239 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:123
5241 msgid "B<F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC> (I<int>; since Linux 2.6.24)"
5245 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:140
5247 "As for B<F_DUPFD>, but additionally set the close-on-exec flag for the "
5248 "duplicate descriptor. Specifying this flag permits a program to avoid an "
5249 "additional B<fcntl>() B<F_SETFD> operation to set the B<FD_CLOEXEC> flag. "
5250 "For an explanation of why this flag is useful, see the description of "
5251 "B<O_CLOEXEC> in B<open>(2)."
5255 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:140
5257 msgid "File descriptor flags"
5261 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:151
5263 "The following commands manipulate the flags associated with a file "
5264 "descriptor. Currently, only one such flag is defined: B<FD_CLOEXEC>, the "
5265 "close-on-exec flag. If the B<FD_CLOEXEC> bit is 0, the file descriptor will "
5266 "remain open across an B<execve>(2), otherwise it will be closed."
5270 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:151
5272 msgid "B<F_GETFD> (I<void>)"
5276 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:156
5277 msgid "Read the file descriptor flags; I<arg> is ignored."
5281 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:156
5283 msgid "B<F_SETFD> (I<int>)"
5287 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:160
5288 msgid "Set the file descriptor flags to the value specified by I<arg>."
5292 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:175
5294 "In multithreaded programs, using B<fcntl>() B<F_SETFD> to set the "
5295 "close-on-exec flag at the same time as another thread performs a B<fork>(2) "
5296 "plus B<execve>(2) is vulnerable to a race condition that may "
5297 "unintentionally leak the file descriptor to the program executed in the "
5298 "child process. See the discussion of the B<O_CLOEXEC> flag in B<open>(2) "
5299 "for details and a remedy to the problem."
5303 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:175
5305 msgid "File status flags"
5311 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:190
5313 "Each open file description has certain associated status flags, initialized "
5314 "by B<open>(2) and possibly modified by B<fcntl>(). Duplicated file "
5315 "descriptors (made with B<dup>(2), B<fcntl>(F_DUPFD), B<fork>(2), etc.) refer "
5316 "to the same open file description, and thus share the same file status "
5321 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:193
5322 msgid "The file status flags and their semantics are described in B<open>(2)."
5326 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:193
5328 msgid "B<F_GETFL> (I<void>)"
5332 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:198
5333 msgid "Get the file access mode and the file status flags; I<arg> is ignored."
5337 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:198
5339 msgid "B<F_SETFL> (I<int>)"
5343 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:223
5345 "Set the file status flags to the value specified by I<arg>. File access "
5346 "mode (B<O_RDONLY>, B<O_WRONLY>, B<O_RDWR>) and file creation flags (i.e., "
5347 "B<O_CREAT>, B<O_EXCL>, B<O_NOCTTY>, B<O_TRUNC>) in I<arg> are ignored. On "
5348 "Linux this command can change only the B<O_APPEND>, B<O_ASYNC>, B<O_DIRECT>, "
5349 "B<O_NOATIME>, and B<O_NONBLOCK> flags. It is not possible to change the "
5350 "B<O_DSYNC> and B<O_SYNC> flags; see BUGS, below."
5354 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:223
5356 msgid "Advisory record locking"
5360 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:228
5362 "Linux implements traditional (\"process-associated\") UNIX record locks, as "
5363 "standardized by POSIX. For a Linux-specific alternative with better "
5364 "semantics, see the discussion of open file description locks below."
5368 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:239
5370 "B<F_SETLK>, B<F_SETLKW>, and B<F_GETLK> are used to acquire, release, and "
5371 "test for the existence of record locks (also known as byte-range, "
5372 "file-segment, or file-region locks). The third argument, I<lock>, is a "
5373 "pointer to a structure that has at least the following fields (in "
5374 "unspecified order)."
5378 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:254
5383 " short l_type; /* Type of lock: F_RDLCK,\n"
5384 " F_WRLCK, F_UNLCK */\n"
5385 " short l_whence; /* How to interpret l_start:\n"
5386 " SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END */\n"
5387 " off_t l_start; /* Starting offset for lock */\n"
5388 " off_t l_len; /* Number of bytes to lock */\n"
5389 " pid_t l_pid; /* PID of process blocking our lock\n"
5390 " (set by F_GETLK and F_OFD_GETLK) */\n"
5396 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:262
5398 "The I<l_whence>, I<l_start>, and I<l_len> fields of this structure specify "
5399 "the range of bytes we wish to lock. Bytes past the end of the file may be "
5400 "locked, but not bytes before the start of the file."
5404 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:282
5406 "I<l_start> is the starting offset for the lock, and is interpreted relative "
5407 "to either: the start of the file (if I<l_whence> is B<SEEK_SET>); the "
5408 "current file offset (if I<l_whence> is B<SEEK_CUR>); or the end of the file "
5409 "(if I<l_whence> is B<SEEK_END>). In the final two cases, I<l_start> can be "
5410 "a negative number provided the offset does not lie before the start of the "
5415 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:297
5417 "I<l_len> specifies the number of bytes to be locked. If I<l_len> is "
5418 "positive, then the range to be locked covers bytes I<l_start> up to and "
5419 "including I<l_start>+I<l_len>-1. Specifying 0 for I<l_len> has the special "
5420 "meaning: lock all bytes starting at the location specified by I<l_whence> "
5421 "and I<l_start> through to the end of file, no matter how large the file "
5426 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:310
5428 "POSIX.1-2001 allows (but does not require) an implementation to support a "
5429 "negative I<l_len> value; if I<l_len> is negative, the interval described by "
5430 "I<lock> covers bytes I<l_start>+I<l_len> up to and including I<l_start>-1. "
5431 "This is supported by Linux since kernel versions 2.4.21 and 2.5.49."
5435 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:329
5437 "The I<l_type> field can be used to place a read (B<F_RDLCK>) or a write "
5438 "(B<F_WRLCK>) lock on a file. Any number of processes may hold a read lock "
5439 "(shared lock) on a file region, but only one process may hold a write lock "
5440 "(exclusive lock). An exclusive lock excludes all other locks, both shared "
5441 "and exclusive. A single process can hold only one type of lock on a file "
5442 "region; if a new lock is applied to an already-locked region, then the "
5443 "existing lock is converted to the new lock type. (Such conversions may "
5444 "involve splitting, shrinking, or coalescing with an existing lock if the "
5445 "byte range specified by the new lock does not precisely coincide with the "
5446 "range of the existing lock.)"
5450 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:329
5452 msgid "B<F_SETLK> (I<struct flock *>)"
5456 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:354
5458 "Acquire a lock (when I<l_type> is B<F_RDLCK> or B<F_WRLCK>) or release a "
5459 "lock (when I<l_type> is B<F_UNLCK>) on the bytes specified by the "
5460 "I<l_whence>, I<l_start>, and I<l_len> fields of I<lock>. If a conflicting "
5461 "lock is held by another process, this call returns -1 and sets I<errno> to "
5462 "B<EACCES> or B<EAGAIN>. (The error returned in this case differs across "
5463 "implementations, so POSIX requires a portable application to check for both "
5468 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:354
5470 msgid "B<F_SETLKW> (I<struct flock *>)"
5474 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:368
5476 "As for B<F_SETLK>, but if a conflicting lock is held on the file, then wait "
5477 "for that lock to be released. If a signal is caught while waiting, then the "
5478 "call is interrupted and (after the signal handler has returned) returns "
5479 "immediately (with return value -1 and I<errno> set to B<EINTR>; see "
5484 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:368
5486 msgid "B<F_GETLK> (I<struct flock *>)"
5490 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:382
5492 "On input to this call, I<lock> describes a lock we would like to place on "
5493 "the file. If the lock could be placed, B<fcntl>() does not actually place "
5494 "it, but returns B<F_UNLCK> in the I<l_type> field of I<lock> and leaves the "
5495 "other fields of the structure unchanged."
5499 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:399
5501 "If one or more incompatible locks would prevent this lock being placed, then "
5502 "B<fcntl>() returns details about one of those locks in the I<l_type>, "
5503 "I<l_whence>, I<l_start>, and I<l_len> fields of I<lock>. If the conflicting "
5504 "lock is a traditional (process-associated) record lock, then the I<l_pid> "
5505 "field is set to the PID of the process holding that lock. If the "
5506 "conflicting lock is an open file description lock, then I<l_pid> is set to "
5507 "-1. Note that the returned information may already be out of date by the "
5508 "time the caller inspects it."
5512 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:407
5514 "In order to place a read lock, I<fd> must be open for reading. In order to "
5515 "place a write lock, I<fd> must be open for writing. To place both types of "
5516 "lock, open a file read-write."
5520 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:430
5522 "When placing locks with B<F_SETLKW>, the kernel detects I<deadlocks>, "
5523 "whereby two or more processes have their lock requests mutually blocked by "
5524 "locks held by the other processes. For example, suppose process A holds a "
5525 "write lock on byte 100 of a file, and process B holds a write lock on byte "
5526 "200. If each process then attempts to lock the byte already locked by the "
5527 "other process using B<F_SETLKW>, then, without deadlock detection, both "
5528 "processes would remain blocked indefinitely. When the kernel detects such "
5529 "deadlocks, it causes one of the blocking lock requests to immediately fail "
5530 "with the error B<EDEADLK>; an application that encounters such an error "
5531 "should release some of its locks to allow other applications to proceed "
5532 "before attempting regain the locks that it requires. Circular deadlocks "
5533 "involving more than two processes are also detected. Note, however, that "
5534 "there are limitations to the kernel's deadlock-detection algorithm; see "
5539 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:434
5541 "As well as being removed by an explicit B<F_UNLCK>, record locks are "
5542 "automatically released when the process terminates."
5546 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:439
5548 "Record locks are not inherited by a child created via B<fork>(2), but are "
5549 "preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
5553 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:448
5555 "Because of the buffering performed by the B<stdio>(3) library, the use of "
5556 "record locking with routines in that package should be avoided; use "
5557 "B<read>(2) and B<write>(2) instead."
5561 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:452
5563 "The record locks described above are associated with the process (unlike the "
5564 "open file description locks described below). This has some unfortunate "
5568 #. (Additional file descriptors referring to the same file
5569 #. may have been obtained by calls to
5570 #. .BR open "(2), " dup "(2), " dup2 "(2), or " fcntl ().)
5572 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:468
5574 "If a process closes I<any> file descriptor referring to a file, then all of "
5575 "the process's locks on that file are released, regardless of the file "
5576 "descriptor(s) on which the locks were obtained. This is bad: it means that "
5577 "a process can lose its locks on a file such as I</etc/passwd> or "
5578 "I</etc/mtab> when for some reason a library function decides to open, read, "
5579 "and close the same file."
5583 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:473
5585 "The threads in a process share locks. In other words, a multithreaded "
5586 "program can't use record locking to ensure that threads don't simultaneously "
5587 "access the same region of a file."
5591 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:475
5592 msgid "Open file description locks solve both of these problems."
5596 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:475
5598 msgid "Open file description locks (non-POSIX)"
5602 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:482
5604 "Open file description locks are advisory byte-range locks whose operation is "
5605 "in most respects identical to the traditional record locks described above. "
5606 "This lock type is Linux-specific, and available since Linux 3.15. For an "
5607 "explanation of open file descriptions, see B<open>(2)."
5611 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:500
5613 "The principal difference between the two lock types is that whereas "
5614 "traditional record locks are associated with a process, open file "
5615 "description locks are associated with the open file description on which "
5616 "they are acquired, much like locks acquired with B<flock>(2). Consequently "
5617 "(and unlike traditional advisory record locks), open file description locks "
5618 "are inherited across B<fork>(2) (and B<clone>(2) with B<CLONE_FILES>), and "
5619 "are only automatically released on the last close of the open file "
5620 "description, instead of being released on any close of the file."
5624 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:503
5626 "Open file description locks always conflict with traditional record locks, "
5627 "even when they are acquired by the same process on the same file descriptor."
5631 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:516
5633 "Open file description locks placed via the same open file description (i.e., "
5634 "via the same file descriptor, or via a duplicate of the file descriptor "
5635 "created by B<fork>(2), B<dup>(2), B<fcntl>(2) B<F_DUPFD>, and so on) are "
5636 "always compatible: if a new lock is placed on an already locked region, then "
5637 "the existing lock is converted to the new lock type. (Such conversions may "
5638 "result in splitting, shrinking, or coalescing with an existing lock as "
5643 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:524
5645 "On the other hand, open file description locks may conflict with each other "
5646 "when they are acquired via different open file descriptions. Thus, the "
5647 "threads in a multithreaded program can use open file description locks to "
5648 "synchronize access to a file region by having each thread perform its own "
5649 "B<open>(2) on the file and applying locks via the resulting file "
5654 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:535
5656 "As with traditional advisory locks, the third argument to B<fcntl>(), "
5657 "I<lock>, is a pointer to an I<flock> structure. By contrast with "
5658 "traditional record locks, the I<l_pid> field of that structure must be set "
5659 "to zero when using the commands described below."
5663 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:538
5665 "The commands for working with open file description locks are analogous to "
5666 "those used with traditional locks:"
5670 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:538
5672 msgid "B<F_OFD_SETLK> (I<struct flock *>)"
5676 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:559
5678 "Acquire an open file description lock (when I<l_type> is B<F_RDLCK> or "
5679 "B<F_WRLCK>) or release an open file description lock (when I<l_type> is "
5680 "B<F_UNLCK>) on the bytes specified by the I<l_whence>, I<l_start>, and "
5681 "I<l_len> fields of I<lock>. If a conflicting lock is held by another "
5682 "process, this call returns -1 and sets I<errno> to B<EAGAIN>."
5686 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:559
5688 msgid "B<F_OFD_SETLKW> (I<struct flock *>)"
5692 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:573
5694 "As for B<F_OFD_SETLK>, but if a conflicting lock is held on the file, then "
5695 "wait for that lock to be released. If a signal is caught while waiting, "
5696 "then the call is interrupted and (after the signal handler has returned) "
5697 "returns immediately (with return value -1 and I<errno> set to B<EINTR>; see "
5702 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:573
5704 msgid "B<F_OFD_GETLK> (I<struct flock *>)"
5708 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:592
5710 "On input to this call, I<lock> describes an open file description lock we "
5711 "would like to place on the file. If the lock could be placed, B<fcntl>() "
5712 "does not actually place it, but returns B<F_UNLCK> in the I<l_type> field of "
5713 "I<lock> and leaves the other fields of the structure unchanged. If one or "
5714 "more incompatible locks would prevent this lock being placed, then details "
5715 "about one of these locks are returned via I<lock>, as described above for "
5719 #. commit 57b65325fe34ec4c917bc4e555144b4a94d9e1f7
5721 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:599
5723 "In the current implementation, no deadlock detection is performed for open "
5724 "file description locks. (This contrasts with process-associated record "
5725 "locks, for which the kernel does perform deadlock detection.)"
5729 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:599 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1894
5731 msgid "Mandatory locking"
5735 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:603
5737 "I<Warning>: the Linux implementation of mandatory locking is unreliable. "
5742 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:608
5744 "By default, both traditional (process-associated) and open file description "
5745 "record locks are advisory. Advisory locks are not enforced and are useful "
5746 "only between cooperating processes."
5750 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:628
5752 "Both lock types can also be mandatory. Mandatory locks are enforced for all "
5753 "processes. If a process tries to perform an incompatible access (e.g., "
5754 "B<read>(2) or B<write>(2)) on a file region that has an incompatible "
5755 "mandatory lock, then the result depends upon whether the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag "
5756 "is enabled for its open file description. If the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag is not "
5757 "enabled, then the system call is blocked until the lock is removed or "
5758 "converted to a mode that is compatible with the access. If the "
5759 "B<O_NONBLOCK> flag is enabled, then the system call fails with the error "
5764 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:645
5766 "To make use of mandatory locks, mandatory locking must be enabled both on "
5767 "the filesystem that contains the file to be locked, and on the file itself. "
5768 "Mandatory locking is enabled on a filesystem using the \"-o mand\" option to "
5769 "B<mount>(8), or the B<MS_MANDLOCK> flag for B<mount>(2). Mandatory locking "
5770 "is enabled on a file by disabling group execute permission on the file and "
5771 "enabling the set-group-ID permission bit (see B<chmod>(1) and B<chmod>(2))."
5775 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:649
5777 "Mandatory locking is not specified by POSIX. Some other systems also "
5778 "support mandatory locking, although the details of how to enable it vary "
5783 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:649
5785 msgid "Managing signals"
5789 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:658
5791 "B<F_GETOWN>, B<F_SETOWN>, B<F_GETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETOWN_EX>, B<F_GETSIG> and "
5792 "B<F_SETSIG> are used to manage I/O availability signals:"
5796 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:658
5798 msgid "B<F_GETOWN> (I<void>)"
5802 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:671
5804 "Return (as the function result) the process ID or process group currently "
5805 "receiving B<SIGIO> and B<SIGURG> signals for events on file descriptor "
5806 "I<fd>. Process IDs are returned as positive values; process group IDs are "
5807 "returned as negative values (but see BUGS below). I<arg> is ignored."
5811 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:671
5813 msgid "B<F_SETOWN> (I<int>)"
5817 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:688
5819 "Set the process ID or process group ID that will receive B<SIGIO> and "
5820 "B<SIGURG> signals for events on file descriptor I<fd> to the ID given in "
5821 "I<arg>. A process ID is specified as a positive value; a process group ID "
5822 "is specified as a negative value. Most commonly, the calling process "
5823 "specifies itself as the owner (that is, I<arg> is specified as "
5829 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:705
5831 "If you set the B<O_ASYNC> status flag on a file descriptor by using the "
5832 "B<F_SETFL> command of B<fcntl>(), a B<SIGIO> signal is sent whenever input "
5833 "or output becomes possible on that file descriptor. B<F_SETSIG> can be used "
5834 "to obtain delivery of a signal other than B<SIGIO>. If this permission "
5835 "check fails, then the signal is silently discarded."
5839 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:713
5841 "Sending a signal to the owner process (group) specified by B<F_SETOWN> is "
5842 "subject to the same permissions checks as are described for B<kill>(2), "
5843 "where the sending process is the one that employs B<F_SETOWN> (but see BUGS "
5847 #. The following appears to be rubbish. It doesn't seem to
5848 #. be true according to the kernel source, and I can write
5849 #. a program that gets a terminal-generated SIGIO even though
5850 #. it is not the foreground process group of the terminal.
5853 #. If the file descriptor
5855 #. refers to a terminal device, then SIGIO
5856 #. signals are sent to the foreground process group of the terminal.
5858 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:737
5860 "If the file descriptor I<fd> refers to a socket, B<F_SETOWN> also selects "
5861 "the recipient of B<SIGURG> signals that are delivered when out-of-band data "
5862 "arrives on that socket. (B<SIGURG> is sent in any situation where "
5863 "B<select>(2) would report the socket as having an \"exceptional "
5868 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:740
5869 msgid "The following was true in 2.6.x kernels up to and including kernel 2.6.11:"
5872 #. The relevant place in the (2.6) kernel source is the
5873 #. 'switch' in fs/fcntl.c::send_sigio_to_task() -- MTK, Apr 2005
5874 #. send_sigurg()/send_sigurg_to_task() bypasses
5875 #. kill_fasync()/send_sigio()/send_sigio_to_task()
5876 #. to directly call send_group_sig_info()
5877 #. -- MTK, Apr 2005 (kernel 2.6.11)
5879 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:780
5881 "If a nonzero value is given to B<F_SETSIG> in a multithreaded process "
5882 "running with a threading library that supports thread groups (e.g., NPTL), "
5883 "then a positive value given to B<F_SETOWN> has a different meaning: instead "
5884 "of being a process ID identifying a whole process, it is a thread ID "
5885 "identifying a specific thread within a process. Consequently, it may be "
5886 "necessary to pass B<F_SETOWN> the result of B<gettid>(2) instead of "
5887 "B<getpid>(2) to get sensible results when B<F_SETSIG> is used. (In current "
5888 "Linux threading implementations, a main thread's thread ID is the same as "
5889 "its process ID. This means that a single-threaded program can equally use "
5890 "B<gettid>(2) or B<getpid>(2) in this scenario.) Note, however, that the "
5891 "statements in this paragraph do not apply to the B<SIGURG> signal generated "
5892 "for out-of-band data on a socket: this signal is always sent to either a "
5893 "process or a process group, depending on the value given to B<F_SETOWN>."
5897 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:791
5899 "The above behavior was accidentally dropped in Linux 2.6.12, and won't be "
5900 "restored. From Linux 2.6.32 onward, use B<F_SETOWN_EX> to target B<SIGIO> "
5901 "and B<SIGURG> signals at a particular thread."
5905 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:791
5907 msgid "B<F_GETOWN_EX> (struct f_owner_ex *) (since Linux 2.6.32)"
5911 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:800
5913 "Return the current file descriptor owner settings as defined by a previous "
5914 "B<F_SETOWN_EX> operation. The information is returned in the structure "
5915 "pointed to by I<arg>, which has the following form:"
5919 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:807
5922 "struct f_owner_ex {\n"
5929 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:824
5931 "The I<type> field will have one of the values B<F_OWNER_TID>, "
5932 "B<F_OWNER_PID>, or B<F_OWNER_PGRP>. The I<pid> field is a positive integer "
5933 "representing a thread ID, process ID, or process group ID. See "
5934 "B<F_SETOWN_EX> for more details."
5938 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:824
5940 msgid "B<F_SETOWN_EX> (struct f_owner_ex *) (since Linux 2.6.32)"
5944 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:840
5946 "This operation performs a similar task to B<F_SETOWN>. It allows the caller "
5947 "to direct I/O availability signals to a specific thread, process, or process "
5948 "group. The caller specifies the target of signals via I<arg>, which is a "
5949 "pointer to a I<f_owner_ex> structure. The I<type> field has one of the "
5950 "following values, which define how I<pid> is interpreted:"
5954 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:841
5956 msgid "B<F_OWNER_TID>"
5960 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:850
5962 "Send the signal to the thread whose thread ID (the value returned by a call "
5963 "to B<clone>(2) or B<gettid>(2)) is specified in I<pid>."
5967 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:850
5969 msgid "B<F_OWNER_PID>"
5973 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:855
5974 msgid "Send the signal to the process whose ID is specified in I<pid>."
5978 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:855
5980 msgid "B<F_OWNER_PGRP>"
5984 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:863
5986 "Send the signal to the process group whose ID is specified in I<pid>. (Note "
5987 "that, unlike with B<F_SETOWN>, a process group ID is specified as a positive "
5992 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:864
5994 msgid "B<F_GETSIG> (I<void>)"
5998 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:879
6000 "Return (as the function result) the signal sent when input or output "
6001 "becomes possible. A value of zero means B<SIGIO> is sent. Any other value "
6002 "(including B<SIGIO>) is the signal sent instead, and in this case "
6003 "additional info is available to the signal handler if installed with "
6004 "B<SA_SIGINFO>. I<arg> is ignored."
6008 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:879
6010 msgid "B<F_SETSIG> (I<int>)"
6014 #. The following was true only up until 2.6.11:
6016 #. Additionally, passing a nonzero value to
6018 #. changes the signal recipient from a whole process to a specific thread
6019 #. within a process.
6020 #. See the description of
6022 #. for more details.
6024 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:902
6026 "Set the signal sent when input or output becomes possible to the value given "
6027 "in I<arg>. A value of zero means to send the default B<SIGIO> signal. Any "
6028 "other value (including B<SIGIO>) is the signal to send instead, and in this "
6029 "case additional info is available to the signal handler if installed with "
6034 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:930
6036 "By using B<F_SETSIG> with a nonzero value, and setting B<SA_SIGINFO> for the "
6037 "signal handler (see B<sigaction>(2)), extra information about I/O events is "
6038 "passed to the handler in a I<siginfo_t> structure. If the I<si_code> field "
6039 "indicates the source is B<SI_SIGIO>, the I<si_fd> field gives the file "
6040 "descriptor associated with the event. Otherwise, there is no indication "
6041 "which file descriptors are pending, and you should use the usual mechanisms "
6042 "(B<select>(2), B<poll>(2), B<read>(2) with B<O_NONBLOCK> set etc.) to "
6043 "determine which file descriptors are available for I/O."
6047 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:939
6049 "By selecting a real time signal (value E<gt>= B<SIGRTMIN>), multiple I/O "
6050 "events may be queued using the same signal numbers. (Queuing is dependent "
6051 "on available memory). Extra information is available if B<SA_SIGINFO> is "
6052 "set for the signal handler, as above."
6055 #. See fs/fcntl.c::send_sigio_to_task() (2.4/2.6) sources -- MTK, Apr 05
6057 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:952
6059 "Note that Linux imposes a limit on the number of real-time signals that may "
6060 "be queued to a process (see B<getrlimit>(2) and B<signal>(7)) and if this "
6061 "limit is reached, then the kernel reverts to delivering B<SIGIO>, and this "
6062 "signal is delivered to the entire process rather than to a specific thread."
6066 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:959
6068 "Using these mechanisms, a program can implement fully asynchronous I/O "
6069 "without using B<select>(2) or B<poll>(2) most of the time."
6073 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:983
6075 "The use of B<O_ASYNC> is specific to BSD and Linux. The only use of "
6076 "B<F_GETOWN> and B<F_SETOWN> specified in POSIX.1 is in conjunction with the "
6077 "use of the B<SIGURG> signal on sockets. (POSIX does not specify the "
6078 "B<SIGIO> signal.) B<F_GETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETOWN_EX>, B<F_GETSIG>, and "
6079 "B<F_SETSIG> are Linux-specific. POSIX has asynchronous I/O and the "
6080 "I<aio_sigevent> structure to achieve similar things; these are also "
6081 "available in Linux as part of the GNU C Library (Glibc)."
6085 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:983
6091 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:998
6093 "B<F_SETLEASE> and B<F_GETLEASE> (Linux 2.4 onward) are used (respectively) "
6094 "to establish a new lease, and retrieve the current lease, on the open file "
6095 "description referred to by the file descriptor I<fd>. A file lease provides "
6096 "a mechanism whereby the process holding the lease (the \"lease holder\") is "
6097 "notified (via delivery of a signal) when a process (the \"lease breaker\") "
6098 "tries to B<open>(2) or B<truncate>(2) the file referred to by that file "
6103 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:998
6105 msgid "B<F_SETLEASE> (I<int>)"
6109 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1003
6111 "Set or remove a file lease according to which of the following values is "
6112 "specified in the integer I<arg>:"
6116 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1004
6121 #. The following became true in kernel 2.6.10:
6122 #. See the man-pages-2.09 Changelog for further info.
6124 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1013
6126 "Take out a read lease. This will cause the calling process to be notified "
6127 "when the file is opened for writing or is truncated. A read lease can be "
6128 "placed only on a file descriptor that is opened read-only."
6132 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1013
6138 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1020
6140 "Take out a write lease. This will cause the caller to be notified when the "
6141 "file is opened for reading or writing or is truncated. A write lease may be "
6142 "placed on a file only if there are no other open file descriptors for the "
6147 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1020
6153 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1023
6154 msgid "Remove our lease from the file."
6158 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1037
6160 "Leases are associated with an open file description (see B<open>(2)). This "
6161 "means that duplicate file descriptors (created by, for example, B<fork>(2) "
6162 "or B<dup>(2)) refer to the same lease, and this lease may be modified or "
6163 "released using any of these descriptors. Furthermore, the lease is released "
6164 "by either an explicit B<F_UNLCK> operation on any of these duplicate "
6165 "descriptors, or when all such descriptors have been closed."
6169 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1044
6171 "Leases may be taken out only on regular files. An unprivileged process may "
6172 "take out a lease only on a file whose UID (owner) matches the filesystem UID "
6173 "of the process. A process with the B<CAP_LEASE> capability may take out "
6174 "leases on arbitrary files."
6178 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1044
6180 msgid "B<F_GETLEASE> (I<void>)"
6184 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1053
6186 "Indicates what type of lease is associated with the file descriptor I<fd> by "
6187 "returning either B<F_RDLCK>, B<F_WRLCK>, or B<F_UNLCK>, indicating, "
6188 "respectively, a read lease , a write lease, or no lease. I<arg> is ignored."
6192 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1084
6194 "When a process (the \"lease breaker\") performs an B<open>(2) or "
6195 "B<truncate>(2) that conflicts with a lease established via B<F_SETLEASE>, "
6196 "the system call is blocked by the kernel and the kernel notifies the lease "
6197 "holder by sending it a signal (B<SIGIO> by default). The lease holder "
6198 "should respond to receipt of this signal by doing whatever cleanup is "
6199 "required in preparation for the file to be accessed by another process "
6200 "(e.g., flushing cached buffers) and then either remove or downgrade its "
6201 "lease. A lease is removed by performing an B<F_SETLEASE> command specifying "
6202 "I<arg> as B<F_UNLCK>. If the lease holder currently holds a write lease on "
6203 "the file, and the lease breaker is opening the file for reading, then it is "
6204 "sufficient for the lease holder to downgrade the lease to a read lease. "
6205 "This is done by performing an B<F_SETLEASE> command specifying I<arg> as "
6210 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1089
6212 "If the lease holder fails to downgrade or remove the lease within the number "
6213 "of seconds specified in I</proc/sys/fs/lease-break-time>, then the kernel "
6214 "forcibly removes or downgrades the lease holder's lease."
6218 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1099
6220 "Once a lease break has been initiated, B<F_GETLEASE> returns the target "
6221 "lease type (either B<F_RDLCK> or B<F_UNLCK>, depending on what would be "
6222 "compatible with the lease breaker) until the lease holder voluntarily "
6223 "downgrades or removes the lease or the kernel forcibly does so after the "
6224 "lease break timer expires."
6228 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1103
6230 "Once the lease has been voluntarily or forcibly removed or downgraded, and "
6231 "assuming the lease breaker has not unblocked its system call, the kernel "
6232 "permits the lease breaker's system call to proceed."
6236 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1124
6238 "If the lease breaker's blocked B<open>(2) or B<truncate>(2) is interrupted "
6239 "by a signal handler, then the system call fails with the error B<EINTR>, but "
6240 "the other steps still occur as described above. If the lease breaker is "
6241 "killed by a signal while blocked in B<open>(2) or B<truncate>(2), then the "
6242 "other steps still occur as described above. If the lease breaker specifies "
6243 "the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag when calling B<open>(2), then the call immediately "
6244 "fails with the error B<EWOULDBLOCK>, but the other steps still occur as "
6249 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1145
6251 "The default signal used to notify the lease holder is B<SIGIO>, but this can "
6252 "be changed using the B<F_SETSIG> command to B<fcntl>(). If a B<F_SETSIG> "
6253 "command is performed (even one specifying B<SIGIO>), and the signal handler "
6254 "is established using B<SA_SIGINFO>, then the handler will receive a "
6255 "I<siginfo_t> structure as its second argument, and the I<si_fd> field of "
6256 "this argument will hold the descriptor of the leased file that has been "
6257 "accessed by another process. (This is useful if the caller holds leases "
6258 "against multiple files)."
6262 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1145
6264 msgid "File and directory change notification (dnotify)"
6268 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1146
6270 msgid "B<F_NOTIFY> (I<int>)"
6274 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1156
6276 "(Linux 2.4 onward) Provide notification when the directory referred to by "
6277 "I<fd> or any of the files that it contains is changed. The events to be "
6278 "notified are specified in I<arg>, which is a bit mask specified by ORing "
6279 "together zero or more of the following bits:"
6283 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1159
6285 msgid "B<DN_ACCESS>"
6289 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1166
6290 msgid "A file was accessed (B<read>(2), B<pread>(2), B<readv>(2), and similar)"
6294 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1166
6296 msgid "B<DN_MODIFY>"
6300 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1175
6302 "A file was modified (B<write>(2), B<pwrite>(2), B<writev>(2), "
6303 "B<truncate>(2), B<ftruncate>(2), and similar)."
6307 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1175
6309 msgid "B<DN_CREATE>"
6313 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1186
6315 "A file was created (B<open>(2), B<creat>(2), B<mknod>(2), B<mkdir>(2), "
6316 "B<link>(2), B<symlink>(2), B<rename>(2) into this directory)."
6320 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1186
6322 msgid "B<DN_DELETE>"
6326 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1193
6328 "A file was unlinked (B<unlink>(2), B<rename>(2) to another directory, "
6333 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1193
6335 msgid "B<DN_RENAME>"
6339 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1197
6340 msgid "A file was renamed within this directory (B<rename>(2))."
6344 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1197
6346 msgid "B<DN_ATTRIB>"
6350 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1205
6352 "The attributes of a file were changed (B<chown>(2), B<chmod>(2), "
6353 "B<utime>(2), B<utimensat>(2), and similar)."
6357 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1213
6359 "(In order to obtain these definitions, the B<_GNU_SOURCE> feature test macro "
6360 "must be defined before including I<any> header files.)"
6364 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1221
6366 "Directory notifications are normally \"one-shot\", and the application must "
6367 "reregister to receive further notifications. Alternatively, if "
6368 "B<DN_MULTISHOT> is included in I<arg>, then notification will remain in "
6369 "effect until explicitly removed."
6372 #. The following does seem a poor API-design choice...
6374 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1233
6376 "A series of B<F_NOTIFY> requests is cumulative, with the events in I<arg> "
6377 "being added to the set already monitored. To disable notification of all "
6378 "events, make an B<F_NOTIFY> call specifying I<arg> as 0."
6382 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1256
6384 "Notification occurs via delivery of a signal. The default signal is "
6385 "B<SIGIO>, but this can be changed using the B<F_SETSIG> command to "
6386 "B<fcntl>(). (Note that B<SIGIO> is one of the nonqueuing standard signals; "
6387 "switching to the use of a real-time signal means that multiple notifications "
6388 "can be queued to the process.) In the latter case, the signal handler "
6389 "receives a I<siginfo_t> structure as its second argument (if the handler was "
6390 "established using B<SA_SIGINFO>) and the I<si_fd> field of this structure "
6391 "contains the file descriptor which generated the notification (useful when "
6392 "establishing notification on multiple directories)."
6396 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1261
6398 "Especially when using B<DN_MULTISHOT>, a real time signal should be used for "
6399 "notification, so that multiple notifications can be queued."
6403 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1270
6405 "B<NOTE:> New applications should use the I<inotify> interface (available "
6406 "since kernel 2.6.13), which provides a much superior interface for obtaining "
6407 "notifications of filesystem events. See B<inotify>(7)."
6411 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1270
6413 msgid "Changing the capacity of a pipe"
6417 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1271
6419 msgid "B<F_SETPIPE_SZ> (I<int>; since Linux 2.6.35)"
6423 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1300
6425 "Change the capacity of the pipe referred to by I<fd> to be at least I<arg> "
6426 "bytes. An unprivileged process can adjust the pipe capacity to any value "
6427 "between the system page size and the limit defined in "
6428 "I</proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size> (see B<proc>(5)). Attempts to set the pipe "
6429 "capacity below the page size are silently rounded up to the page size. "
6430 "Attempts by an unprivileged process to set the pipe capacity above the limit "
6431 "in I</proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size> yield the error B<EPERM>; a privileged "
6432 "process (B<CAP_SYS_RESOURCE>) can override the limit. When allocating the "
6433 "buffer for the pipe, the kernel may use a capacity larger than I<arg>, if "
6434 "that is convenient for the implementation. The actual capacity that is set "
6435 "is returned as the function result. Attempting to set the pipe capacity "
6436 "smaller than the amount of buffer space currently used to store data "
6437 "produces the error B<EBUSY>."
6441 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1300
6443 msgid "B<F_GETPIPE_SZ> (I<void>; since Linux 2.6.35)"
6447 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1305
6449 "Return (as the function result) the capacity of the pipe referred to by "
6454 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1305
6456 msgid "File Sealing"
6460 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1317
6462 "File seals limit the set of allowed operations on a given file. For each "
6463 "seal that is set on a file, a specific set of operations will fail with "
6464 "B<EPERM> on this file from now on. The file is said to be sealed. The "
6465 "default set of seals depends on the type of the underlying file and "
6466 "filesystem. For an overview of file sealing, a discussion of its purpose, "
6467 "and some code examples, see B<memfd_create>(2)."
6471 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1325
6473 "Currently, only the I<tmpfs> filesystem supports sealing. On other "
6474 "filesystems, all B<fcntl>(2) operations that operate on seals will return "
6479 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1330
6481 "Seals are a property of an inode. Thus, all open file descriptors referring "
6482 "to the same inode share the same set of seals. Furthermore, seals can never "
6483 "be removed, only added."
6487 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1330
6489 msgid "B<F_ADD_SEALS> (I<int>; since Linux 3.17)"
6493 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1348
6495 "Add the seals given in the bit-mask argument I<arg> to the set of seals of "
6496 "the inode referred to by the file descriptor I<fd>. Seals cannot be removed "
6497 "again. Once this call succeeds, the seals are enforced by the kernel "
6498 "immediately. If the current set of seals includes B<F_SEAL_SEAL> (see "
6499 "below), then this call will be rejected with B<EPERM>. Adding a seal that "
6500 "is already set is a no-op, in case B<F_SEAL_SEAL> is not set already. In "
6501 "order to place a seal, the file descriptor I<fd> must be writable."
6505 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1348
6507 msgid "B<F_GET_SEALS> (I<void>; since Linux 3.17)"
6511 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1358
6513 "Return (as the function result) the current set of seals of the inode "
6514 "referred to by I<fd>. If no seals are set, 0 is returned. If the file does "
6515 "not support sealing, -1 is returned and I<errno> is set to B<EINVAL>."
6519 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1360
6520 msgid "The following seals are available:"
6524 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1360
6526 msgid "B<F_SEAL_SEAL>"
6530 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1372
6532 "If this seal is set, any further call to B<fcntl>(2) with B<F_ADD_SEALS> "
6533 "will fail with B<EPERM>. Therefore, this seal prevents any modifications to "
6534 "the set of seals itself. If the initial set of seals of a file includes "
6535 "B<F_SEAL_SEAL>, then this effectively causes the set of seals to be constant "
6540 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1372
6542 msgid "B<F_SEAL_SHRINK>"
6546 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1387
6548 "If this seal is set, the file in question cannot be reduced in size. This "
6549 "affects B<open>(2) with the B<O_TRUNC> flag as well as B<truncate>(2) and "
6550 "B<ftruncate>(2). Those calls will fail with B<EPERM> if you try to shrink "
6551 "the file in question. Increasing the file size is still possible."
6555 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1387
6557 msgid "B<F_SEAL_GROW>"
6561 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1401
6563 "If this seal is set, the size of the file in question cannot be increased. "
6564 "This affects B<write>(2) beyond the end of the file, B<truncate>(2), "
6565 "B<ftruncate>(2), and B<fallocate>(2). These calls will fail with B<EPERM> "
6566 "if you use them to increase the file size. If you keep the size or shrink "
6567 "it, those calls still work as expected."
6571 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1401
6573 msgid "B<F_SEAL_WRITE>"
6576 #. One or more other seals are typically used with F_SEAL_WRITE
6577 #. because, given a file with the F_SEAL_WRITE seal set, then,
6578 #. while it would no longer be possinle to (say) write zeros into
6579 #. the last 100 bytes of a file, it would still be possible
6580 #. to (say) shrink the file by 100 bytes using ftruncate(), and
6581 #. then increase the file size by 100 bytes, which would have
6582 #. the effect of replacing the last hundred bytes by zeros.
6584 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1429
6586 "If this seal is set, you cannot modify the contents of the file. Note that "
6587 "shrinking or growing the size of the file is still possible and allowed. "
6588 "Thus, this seal is normally used in combination with one of the other "
6589 "seals. This seal affects B<write>(2) and B<fallocate>(2) (only in "
6590 "combination with the B<FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE> flag). Those calls will fail "
6591 "with B<EPERM> if this seal is set. Furthermore, trying to create new "
6592 "shared, writable memory-mappings via B<mmap>(2) will also fail with "
6597 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1444
6599 "Setting B<F_SEAL_WRITE> via B<fcntl>(2) with B<F_ADD_SEALS> will fail with "
6600 "B<EBUSY> if any writable, shared mapping exists. Such mappings must be "
6601 "unmapped before you can add this seal. Furthermore, if there are any "
6602 "asynchronous I/O operations (B<io_submit>(2)) pending on the file, all "
6603 "outstanding writes will be discarded."
6607 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1446
6608 msgid "For a successful call, the return value depends on the operation:"
6612 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1446
6618 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1449
6619 msgid "The new descriptor."
6623 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1449
6629 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1452
6630 msgid "Value of file descriptor flags."
6634 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1452
6640 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1455
6641 msgid "Value of file status flags."
6645 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1455
6647 msgid "B<F_GETLEASE>"
6651 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1458
6652 msgid "Type of lease held on file descriptor."
6656 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1458
6662 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1461
6663 msgid "Value of descriptor owner."
6667 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1461
6673 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1467
6675 "Value of signal sent when read or write becomes possible, or zero for "
6676 "traditional B<SIGIO> behavior."
6680 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1467
6682 msgid "B<F_GETPIPE_SZ>, B<F_SETPIPE_SZ>"
6686 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1470
6687 msgid "The pipe capacity."
6691 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1470
6693 msgid "B<F_GET_SEALS>"
6697 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1475
6699 "A bit mask identifying the seals that have been set for the inode referred "
6704 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1475
6706 msgid "All other commands"
6710 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1478
6715 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1482
6716 msgid "On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
6720 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1483 build/C/man3/lockf.3:122
6722 msgid "B<EACCES> or B<EAGAIN>"
6726 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1486
6727 msgid "Operation is prohibited by locks held by other processes."
6731 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1486 build/C/man2/fork.2:186 build/C/man2/fork.2:191 build/C/man2/fork.2:209
6737 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1490
6739 "The operation is prohibited because the file has been memory-mapped by "
6744 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1494
6745 msgid "I<fd> is not an open file descriptor"
6749 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1503
6751 "I<cmd> is B<F_SETLK> or B<F_SETLKW> and the file descriptor open mode "
6752 "doesn't match with the type of lock requested."
6756 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1512
6758 "I<cmd> is B<F_SETPIPE_SZ> and the new pipe capacity specified in I<arg> is "
6759 "smaller than the amount of buffer space currently used to store data in the "
6764 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1522
6766 "I<cmd> is B<F_ADD_SEALS>, I<arg> includes B<F_SEAL_WRITE>, and there exists "
6767 "a writable, shared mapping on the file referred to by I<fd>."
6771 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1522 build/C/man3/lockf.3:142
6777 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1527
6779 "It was detected that the specified B<F_SETLKW> command would cause a "
6784 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1531
6785 msgid "I<lock> is outside your accessible address space."
6789 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1540
6791 "I<cmd> is B<F_SETLKW> or B<F_OFD_SETLKW> and the operation was interrupted "
6792 "by a signal; see B<signal>(7)."
6796 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1553
6798 "I<cmd> is B<F_GETLK>, B<F_SETLK>, B<F_OFD_GETLK>, or B<F_OFD_SETLK>, and the "
6799 "operation was interrupted by a signal before the lock was checked or "
6800 "acquired. Most likely when locking a remote file (e.g., locking over NFS), "
6801 "but can sometimes happen locally."
6805 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1558
6806 msgid "The value specified in I<cmd> is not recognized by this kernel."
6810 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1566
6811 msgid "I<cmd> is B<F_ADD_SEALS> and I<arg> includes an unrecognized sealing bit."
6815 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1576
6817 "I<cmd> is B<F_ADD_SEALS> or B<F_GET_SEALS> and the filesystem containing the "
6818 "inode referred to by I<fd> does not support sealing."
6822 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1588
6824 "I<cmd> is B<F_DUPFD> and I<arg> is negative or is greater than the maximum "
6825 "allowable value (see the discussion of B<RLIMIT_NOFILE> in B<getrlimit>(2))."
6829 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1596
6830 msgid "I<cmd> is B<F_SETSIG> and I<arg> is not an allowable signal number."
6834 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1607
6836 "I<cmd> is B<F_OFD_SETLK>, B<F_OFD_SETLKW>, or B<F_OFD_GETLK>, and I<l_pid> "
6837 "was not specified as zero."
6841 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1613
6843 "I<cmd> is B<F_DUPFD> and the process already has the maximum number of file "
6848 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1613 build/C/man2/flock.2:131 build/C/man3/lockf.3:151
6854 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1617
6856 "Too many segment locks open, lock table is full, or a remote locking "
6857 "protocol failed (e.g., locking over NFS)."
6861 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1625
6863 "B<F_NOTIFY> was specified in I<cmd>, but I<fd> does not refer to a "
6868 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1630
6870 "Attempted to clear the B<O_APPEND> flag on a file that has the append-only "
6875 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1640
6877 "I<cmd> was B<F_ADD_SEALS>, but I<fd> was not open for writing or the current "
6878 "set of seals on the file already includes B<F_SEAL_SEAL>."
6882 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1653
6884 "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. Only the operations B<F_DUPFD>, B<F_GETFD>, "
6885 "B<F_SETFD>, B<F_GETFL>, B<F_SETFL>, B<F_GETLK>, B<F_SETLK>, and B<F_SETLKW> "
6886 "are specified in POSIX.1-2001."
6890 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1665
6892 "B<F_GETOWN> and B<F_SETOWN> are specified in POSIX.1-2001. (To get their "
6893 "definitions, define either B<_BSD_SOURCE>, or B<_XOPEN_SOURCE> with the "
6894 "value 500 or greater, or B<_POSIX_C_SOURCE> with the value 200809L or "
6899 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1673
6901 "B<F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC> is specified in POSIX.1-2008. (To get this definition, "
6902 "define B<_POSIX_C_SOURCE> with the value 200809L or greater, or "
6903 "B<_XOPEN_SOURCE> with the value 700 or greater.)"
6907 #. SVr4 documents additional EIO, ENOLINK and EOVERFLOW error conditions.
6909 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1690
6911 "B<F_GETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETPIPE_SZ>, B<F_GETPIPE_SZ>, "
6912 "B<F_GETSIG>, B<F_SETSIG>, B<F_NOTIFY>, B<F_GETLEASE>, and B<F_SETLEASE> are "
6913 "Linux-specific. (Define the B<_GNU_SOURCE> macro to obtain these "
6918 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1699
6920 "B<F_OFD_SETLK>, B<F_OFD_SETLKW>, and B<F_OFD_GETLK> are Linux-specific (and "
6921 "one must define B<_GNU_SOURCE> to obtain their definitions), but work is "
6922 "being done to have them included in the next version of POSIX.1."
6925 #. FIXME . Once glibc adds support, add a note about FTM requirements
6927 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1705
6928 msgid "B<F_ADD_SEALS> and B<F_GET_SEALS> are Lnux-specific."
6932 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1711 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1737
6934 "The errors returned by B<dup2>(2) are different from those returned by "
6939 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1711
6941 msgid "File locking"
6945 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1732 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1776
6947 "The original Linux B<fcntl>() system call was not designed to handle large "
6948 "file offsets (in the I<flock> structure). Consequently, an B<fcntl64>() "
6949 "system call was added in Linux 2.4. The newer system call employs a "
6950 "different structure for file locking, I<flock64>, and corresponding "
6951 "commands, B<F_GETLK64>, B<F_SETLK64>, and B<F_SETLKW64>. However, these "
6952 "details can be ignored by applications using glibc, whose B<fcntl>() "
6953 "wrapper function transparently employs the more recent system call where it "
6958 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1737
6960 msgid "Record locks"
6964 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1743
6966 "Since kernel 2.0, there is no interaction between the types of lock placed "
6967 "by B<flock>(2) and B<fcntl>()."
6970 #. e.g., Solaris 8 documents this field in fcntl(2), and Irix 6.5
6971 #. documents it in fcntl(5). mtk, May 2007
6972 #. Also, FreeBSD documents it (Apr 2014).
6974 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1755
6976 "Several systems have more fields in I<struct flock> such as, for example, "
6977 "I<l_sysid>. Clearly, I<l_pid> alone is not going to be very useful if the "
6978 "process holding the lock may live on a different machine."
6982 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1776
6984 msgid "Record locking and NFS"
6988 #. Neil Brown: With NFSv3 the failure mode is the reverse. If
6989 #. the server loses contact with a client then any lock stays in place
6990 #. indefinitely ("why can't I read my mail"... I remember it well).
6994 #. Note that this is not a firm timeout. The server runs a job
6995 #. periodically to clean out expired stateful objects, and it's likely
6996 #. that there is some time (maybe even up to another whole lease period)
6997 #. between when the timeout expires and the job actually runs. If the
6998 #. client gets a RENEW in there within that window, its lease will be
6999 #. renewed and its state preserved.
7001 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1804
7003 "Before Linux 3.12, if an NFSv4 client loses contact with the server for a "
7004 "period of time (defined as more than 90 seconds with no communication), it "
7005 "might lose and regain a lock without ever being aware of the fact. (The "
7006 "period of time after which contact is assumed lost is known as the NFSv4 "
7007 "leasetime. On a Linux NFS server, this can be determined by looking at "
7008 "I</proc/fs/nfsd/nfsv4leasetime>, which expresses the period in seconds. The "
7009 "default value for this file is 90.) This scenario potentially risks data "
7010 "corruption, since another process might acquire a lock in the intervening "
7011 "period and perform file I/O."
7014 #. commit ef1820f9be27b6ad158f433ab38002ab8131db4d
7015 #. commit f6de7a39c181dfb8a2c534661a53c73afb3081cd
7017 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1818
7019 "Since Linux 3.12, if an NFSv4 client loses contact with the server, any I/O "
7020 "to the file by a process which \"thinks\" it holds a lock will fail until "
7021 "that process closes and reopens the file. A kernel parameter, "
7022 "I<nfs.recover_lost_locks>, can be set to 1 to obtain the pre-3.12 behavior, "
7023 "whereby the client will attempt to recover lost locks when contact is "
7024 "reestablished with the server. Because of the attendant risk of data "
7025 "corruption, this parameter defaults to 0 (disabled)."
7029 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1819
7034 #. FIXME . According to POSIX.1-2001, O_SYNC should also be modifiable
7035 #. via fcntl(2), but currently Linux does not permit this
7036 #. See http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=5994
7038 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1831
7040 "It is not possible to use B<F_SETFL> to change the state of the B<O_DSYNC> "
7041 "and B<O_SYNC> flags. Attempts to change the state of these flags are "
7046 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1831
7051 #. glibc source: sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/sysdep.h
7052 #. mtk, Dec 04: some limited testing on alpha and ia64 seems to
7053 #. indicate that ANY negative PGID value will cause F_GETOWN
7054 #. to misinterpret the return as an error. Some other architectures
7055 #. seem to have the same range check as i386.
7057 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1857
7059 "A limitation of the Linux system call conventions on some architectures "
7060 "(notably i386) means that if a (negative) process group ID to be returned "
7061 "by B<F_GETOWN> falls in the range -1 to -4095, then the return value is "
7062 "wrongly interpreted by glibc as an error in the system call; that is, the "
7063 "return value of B<fcntl>() will be -1, and I<errno> will contain the "
7064 "(positive) process group ID. The Linux-specific B<F_GETOWN_EX> operation "
7065 "avoids this problem. Since glibc version 2.11, glibc makes the kernel "
7066 "B<F_GETOWN> problem invisible by implementing B<F_GETOWN> using "
7071 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1857
7077 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1875
7079 "In Linux 2.4 and earlier, there is bug that can occur when an unprivileged "
7080 "process uses B<F_SETOWN> to specify the owner of a socket file descriptor as "
7081 "a process (group) other than the caller. In this case, B<fcntl>() can "
7082 "return -1 with I<errno> set to B<EPERM>, even when the owner process (group) "
7083 "is one that the caller has permission to send signals to. Despite this "
7084 "error return, the file descriptor owner is set, and signals will be sent to "
7089 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1875
7091 msgid "Deadlock detection"
7095 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1894
7097 "The deadlock-detection algorithm employed by the kernel when dealing with "
7098 "B<F_SETLKW> requests can yield both false negatives (failures to detect "
7099 "deadlocks, leaving a set of deadlocked processes blocked indefinitely) and "
7100 "false positives (B<EDEADLK> errors when there is no deadlock). For example, "
7101 "the kernel limits the lock depth of its dependency search to 10 steps, "
7102 "meaning that circular deadlock chains that exceed that size will not be "
7103 "detected. In addition, the kernel may falsely indicate a deadlock when two "
7104 "or more processes created using the B<clone>(2) B<CLONE_FILES> flag place "
7105 "locks that appear (to the kernel) to conflict."
7108 #. http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=119013491707153&w=2
7110 #. Reconfirmed by Jeff Layton
7111 #. From: Jeff Layton <jlayton <at> redhat.com>
7112 #. Subject: Re: Status of fcntl() mandatory locking
7113 #. Newsgroups: gmane.linux.file-systems
7114 #. Date: 2014-04-28 10:07:57 GMT
7115 #. http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.file-systems/84481/focus=84518
7117 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1916
7119 "The Linux implementation of mandatory locking is subject to race conditions "
7120 "which render it unreliable: a B<write>(2) call that overlaps with a lock "
7121 "may modify data after the mandatory lock is acquired; a B<read>(2) call "
7122 "that overlaps with a lock may detect changes to data that were made only "
7123 "after a write lock was acquired. Similar races exist between mandatory "
7124 "locks and B<mmap>(2). It is therefore inadvisable to rely on mandatory "
7129 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1924
7131 "B<dup2>(2), B<flock>(2), B<open>(2), B<socket>(2), B<lockf>(3), "
7132 "B<capabilities>(7), B<feature_test_macros>(7)"
7136 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1936
7138 "I<locks.txt>, I<mandatory-locking.txt>, and I<dnotify.txt> in the Linux "
7139 "kernel source directory I<Documentation/filesystems/> (on older kernels, "
7140 "these files are directly under the I<Documentation/> directory, and "
7141 "I<mandatory-locking.txt> is called I<mandatory.txt>)"
7145 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25
7151 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25
7157 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:28
7158 msgid "fexecve - execute program specified via file descriptor"
7162 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:33
7165 "B<int fexecve(int >I<fd>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[], char *const "
7170 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:41
7171 msgid "B<fexecve>():"
7175 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:50 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:54
7179 #. POSIX.1-2008 specifies the O_EXEC flag for open as an alternative,
7180 #. but Linux doesn't support this flag yet.
7182 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:67
7184 "B<fexecve>() performs the same task as B<execve>(2), with the difference "
7185 "that the file to be executed is specified via a file descriptor, I<fd>, "
7186 "rather than via a pathname. The file descriptor I<fd> must be opened "
7187 "read-only, and the caller must have permission to execute the file that it "
7192 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:74
7194 "A successful call to B<fexecve>() never returns. On error, the function "
7195 "does return, with a result value of -1, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
7199 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:78
7200 msgid "Errors are as for B<execve>(2), with the following additions:"
7204 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:86
7206 "I<fd> is not a valid file descriptor, or I<argv> is NULL, or I<envp> is "
7211 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:91
7212 msgid "The I</proc> filesystem could not be accessed."
7216 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:94
7217 msgid "B<fexecve>() is implemented since glibc 2.3.2."
7221 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:99
7223 "POSIX.1-2008. This function is not specified in POSIX.1-2001, and is not "
7224 "widely available on other systems. It is specified in POSIX.1-2008."
7228 #. With the addition of the execveat(2), fexecve() can be implemented
7229 #. even where /proc is unavailable. Review future glibc releases to
7230 #. see if the implementation is changed to use execveat(2).
7232 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:111
7234 "On Linux, B<fexecve>() is implemented using the B<proc>(5) filesystem, so "
7235 "I</proc> needs to be mounted and available at the time of the call."
7239 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:128
7241 "The idea behind B<fexecve>() is to allow the caller to verify (checksum) "
7242 "the contents of an executable before executing it. Simply opening the file, "
7243 "checksumming the contents, and then doing an B<execve>(2) would not "
7244 "suffice, since, between the two steps, the filename, or a directory prefix "
7245 "of the pathname, could have been exchanged (by, for example, modifying the "
7246 "target of a symbolic link). B<fexecve>() does not mitigate the problem "
7247 "that the I<contents> of a file could be changed between the checksumming and "
7248 "the call to B<fexecve>(); for that, the solution is to ensure that the "
7249 "permissions on the file prevent it from being modified by malicious users."
7253 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:146
7255 "The natural idiom when using B<fexecve>() is to set the close-on-exec flag "
7256 "on I<fd>, so that the file descriptor does not leak through to the program "
7257 "that is executed. This approach is natural for two reasons. First, it "
7258 "prevents file descriptors being consumed unnecessarily. (The executed "
7259 "program normally has no need of a file descriptor that refers to the program "
7260 "itself.) Second, if B<fexecve>() is used recursively, employing the "
7261 "close-on-exec flag prevents the file descriptor exhaustion that would result "
7262 "from the fact that each step in the recursion would cause one more file "
7263 "descriptor to be passed to the new program. (But see BUGS.)"
7267 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:165
7269 "If I<fd> refers to a script (i.e., it is an executable text file that names "
7270 "a script interpreter with a first line that begins with the characters "
7271 "I<#!>) and the close-on-exec flag has been set for I<fd>, then B<fexecve>() "
7272 "fails with the error B<ENOENT>. This error occurs because, by the time the "
7273 "script interpreter is executed, I<fd> has already been closed because of the "
7274 "close-on-exec flag. Thus, the close-on-exec flag can't be set on I<fd> if "
7275 "it refers to a script, leading to the problems described in NOTES."
7279 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:167
7280 msgid "B<execve>(2), B<execveat>(2)"
7284 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:35
7290 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:35 build/C/man2/uname.2:27
7296 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:38
7297 msgid "flock - apply or remove an advisory lock on an open file"
7301 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:40
7302 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/file.hE<gt>>"
7306 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:42
7307 msgid "B<int flock(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<operation>B<);>"
7311 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:48
7313 "Apply or remove an advisory lock on the open file specified by I<fd>. The "
7314 "argument I<operation> is one of the following:"
7318 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:49
7324 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:54
7326 "Place a shared lock. More than one process may hold a shared lock for a "
7327 "given file at a given time."
7331 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:54
7337 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:59
7339 "Place an exclusive lock. Only one process may hold an exclusive lock for a "
7340 "given file at a given time."
7344 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:59
7350 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:62
7351 msgid "Remove an existing lock held by this process."
7355 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:71
7357 "A call to B<flock>() may block if an incompatible lock is held by another "
7358 "process. To make a nonblocking request, include B<LOCK_NB> (by ORing) with "
7359 "any of the above operations."
7363 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:73
7364 msgid "A single file may not simultaneously have both shared and exclusive locks."
7368 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:88
7370 "Locks created by B<flock>() are associated with an open file description "
7371 "(see B<open>(2)). This means that duplicate file descriptors (created by, "
7372 "for example, B<fork>(2) or B<dup>(2)) refer to the same lock, and this "
7373 "lock may be modified or released using any of these descriptors. "
7374 "Furthermore, the lock is released either by an explicit B<LOCK_UN> operation "
7375 "on any of these duplicate descriptors, or when all such descriptors have "
7380 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:97
7382 "If a process uses B<open>(2) (or similar) to obtain more than one "
7383 "descriptor for the same file, these descriptors are treated independently by "
7384 "B<flock>(). An attempt to lock the file using one of these file descriptors "
7385 "may be denied by a lock that the calling process has already placed via "
7386 "another descriptor."
7390 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:104
7392 "A process may hold only one type of lock (shared or exclusive) on a file. "
7393 "Subsequent B<flock>() calls on an already locked file will convert an "
7394 "existing lock to the new lock mode."
7398 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:109
7399 msgid "Locks created by B<flock>() are preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
7403 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:112
7405 "A shared or exclusive lock can be placed on a file regardless of the mode in "
7406 "which the file was opened."
7410 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:122
7411 msgid "I<fd> is not an open file descriptor."
7415 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:127
7417 "While waiting to acquire a lock, the call was interrupted by delivery of a "
7418 "signal caught by a handler; see B<signal>(7)."
7422 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:131
7423 msgid "I<operation> is invalid."
7427 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:134
7428 msgid "The kernel ran out of memory for allocating lock records."
7432 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:134
7434 msgid "B<EWOULDBLOCK>"
7438 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:139
7439 msgid "The file is locked and the B<LOCK_NB> flag was selected."
7443 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:148
7445 "4.4BSD (the B<flock>() call first appeared in 4.2BSD). A version of "
7446 "B<flock>(), possibly implemented in terms of B<fcntl>(2), appears on most "
7450 #. E.g., according to the flock(2) man page, FreeBSD since at least 5.3
7452 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:171
7454 "Since kernel 2.0, B<flock>() is implemented as a system call in its own "
7455 "right rather than being emulated in the GNU C library as a call to "
7456 "B<fcntl>(2). With this implementation, there is no interaction between the "
7457 "types of lock placed by B<flock>() and B<fcntl>(2), and B<flock>() does "
7458 "not detect deadlock. (Note, however, that on some systems, such as the "
7459 "modern BSDs, B<flock>() and B<fcntl>(2) locks I<do> interact with one "
7463 #. commit 5eebde23223aeb0ad2d9e3be6590ff8bbfab0fc2
7465 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:202
7467 "In Linux kernels up to 2.6.11, B<flock>() does not lock files over NFS "
7468 "(i.e., the scope of locks was limited to the local system). Instead, one "
7469 "could use B<fcntl>(2) byte-range locking, which does work over NFS, given a "
7470 "sufficiently recent version of Linux and a server which supports locking. "
7471 "Since Linux 2.6.12, NFS clients support B<flock>() locks by emulating them "
7472 "as byte-range locks on the entire file. This means that B<fcntl>(2) and "
7473 "B<flock>() locks I<do> interact with one another over NFS. Since Linux "
7474 "2.6.37, the kernel supports a compatibility mode that allows B<flock>() "
7475 "locks (and also B<fcntl>(2) byte region locks) to be treated as local; see "
7476 "the discussion of the I<local_lock> option in B<nfs>(5)."
7480 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:208
7482 "B<flock>() places advisory locks only; given suitable permissions on a "
7483 "file, a process is free to ignore the use of B<flock>() and perform I/O on "
7488 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:221
7490 "B<flock>() and B<fcntl>(2) locks have different semantics with respect to "
7491 "forked processes and B<dup>(2). On systems that implement B<flock>() using "
7492 "B<fcntl>(2), the semantics of B<flock>() will be different from those "
7493 "described in this manual page."
7496 #. Kernel 2.5.21 changed things a little: during lock conversion
7497 #. it is now the highest priority process that will get the lock -- mtk
7499 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:234
7501 "Converting a lock (shared to exclusive, or vice versa) is not guaranteed to "
7502 "be atomic: the existing lock is first removed, and then a new lock is "
7503 "established. Between these two steps, a pending lock request by another "
7504 "process may be granted, with the result that the conversion either blocks, "
7505 "or fails if B<LOCK_NB> was specified. (This is the original BSD behavior, "
7506 "and occurs on many other implementations.)"
7510 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:243
7512 "B<flock>(1), B<close>(2), B<dup>(2), B<execve>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<fork>(2), "
7513 "B<open>(2), B<lockf>(3)"
7517 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:247
7519 "I<Documentation/filesystems/locks.txt> in the Linux kernel source tree "
7520 "(I<Documentation/locks.txt> in older kernels)"
7524 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:39
7530 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:39 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41 build/C/man2/swapon.2:42
7536 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:42
7537 msgid "fork - create a child process"
7541 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:46
7542 msgid "B<pid_t fork(void);>"
7546 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:52
7548 "B<fork>() creates a new process by duplicating the calling process. The "
7549 "new process, referred to as the I<child>, is an exact duplicate of the "
7550 "calling process, referred to as the I<parent>, except for the following "
7555 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:56
7557 "The child has its own unique process ID, and this PID does not match the ID "
7558 "of any existing process group (B<setpgid>(2))."
7562 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:58
7563 msgid "The child's parent process ID is the same as the parent's process ID."
7567 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:62
7569 "The child does not inherit its parent's memory locks (B<mlock>(2), "
7574 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:68
7576 "Process resource utilizations (B<getrusage>(2)) and CPU time counters "
7577 "(B<times>(2)) are reset to zero in the child."
7581 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:71
7582 msgid "The child's set of pending signals is initially empty (B<sigpending>(2))."
7586 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:74
7588 "The child does not inherit semaphore adjustments from its parent "
7593 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:82
7595 "The child does not inherit process-associated record locks from its parent "
7596 "(B<fcntl>(2)). (On the other hand, it does inherit B<fcntl>(2) open file "
7597 "description locks and B<flock>(2) locks from its parent.)"
7601 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:87
7603 "The child does not inherit timers from its parent (B<setitimer>(2), "
7604 "B<alarm>(2), B<timer_create>(2))."
7608 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:94
7610 "The child does not inherit outstanding asynchronous I/O operations from its "
7611 "parent (B<aio_read>(3), B<aio_write>(3)), nor does it inherit any "
7612 "asynchronous I/O contexts from its parent (see B<io_setup>(2))."
7616 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:99
7618 "The process attributes in the preceding list are all specified in "
7619 "POSIX.1-2001. The parent and child also differ with respect to the "
7620 "following Linux-specific process attributes:"
7624 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:106
7626 "The child does not inherit directory change notifications (dnotify) from "
7627 "its parent (see the description of B<F_NOTIFY> in B<fcntl>(2))."
7631 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:112
7633 "The B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_PDEATHSIG> setting is reset so that the child does "
7634 "not receive a signal when its parent terminates."
7638 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:119
7640 "The default timer slack value is set to the parent's current timer slack "
7641 "value. See the description of B<PR_SET_TIMERSLACK> in B<prctl>(2)."
7645 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:125
7647 "Memory mappings that have been marked with the B<madvise>(2) "
7648 "B<MADV_DONTFORK> flag are not inherited across a B<fork>()."
7652 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:130
7653 msgid "The termination signal of the child is always B<SIGCHLD> (see B<clone>(2))."
7657 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:136
7659 "The port access permission bits set by B<ioperm>(2) are not inherited by "
7660 "the child; the child must turn on any bits that it requires using "
7665 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:147
7667 "The child process is created with a single thread\\(emthe one that called "
7668 "B<fork>(). The entire virtual address space of the parent is replicated in "
7669 "the child, including the states of mutexes, condition variables, and other "
7670 "pthreads objects; the use of B<pthread_atfork>(3) may be helpful for "
7671 "dealing with problems that this can cause."
7675 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:161
7677 "The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open file descriptors. "
7678 "Each file descriptor in the child refers to the same open file description "
7679 "(see B<open>(2)) as the corresponding file descriptor in the parent. This "
7680 "means that the two descriptors share open file status flags, current file "
7681 "offset, and signal-driven I/O attributes (see the description of B<F_SETOWN> "
7682 "and B<F_SETSIG> in B<fcntl>(2))."
7686 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:170
7688 "The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open message queue "
7689 "descriptors (see B<mq_overview>(7)). Each descriptor in the child refers to "
7690 "the same open message queue description as the corresponding descriptor in "
7691 "the parent. This means that the two descriptors share the same flags "
7696 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:178
7698 "The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open directory streams (see "
7699 "B<opendir>(3)). POSIX.1-2001 says that the corresponding directory streams "
7700 "in the parent and child I<may> share the directory stream positioning; on "
7701 "Linux/glibc they do not."
7705 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:185
7707 "On success, the PID of the child process is returned in the parent, and 0 is "
7708 "returned in the child. On failure, -1 is returned in the parent, no child "
7709 "process is created, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
7713 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:191
7715 "B<fork>() cannot allocate sufficient memory to copy the parent's page "
7716 "tables and allocate a task structure for the child."
7719 #. NOTE! The following should match the description in pthread_create(3)
7721 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:209
7723 "A system-imposed limit on the number of threads was encountered. There are "
7724 "a number of limits that may trigger this error: the B<RLIMIT_NPROC> soft "
7725 "resource limit (set via B<setrlimit>(2)), which limits the number of "
7726 "processes and threads for a real user ID, was reached; the kernel's "
7727 "system-wide limit on the number of processes and threads, "
7728 "I</proc/sys/kernel/threads-max>, was reached (see B<proc>(5)); or the "
7729 "maximum number of PIDs, I</proc/sys/kernel/pid_max>, was reached (see "
7734 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:216
7736 "The caller is operating under the B<SCHED_DEADLINE> scheduling policy and "
7737 "does not have the reset-on-fork flag set. See B<sched>(7)."
7741 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:220
7743 "B<fork>() failed to allocate the necessary kernel structures because memory "
7747 #. e.g., arm (optionally), blackfin, c6x, frv, h8300, microblaze, xtensa
7749 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:226
7751 "B<fork>() is not supported on this platform (for example, hardware without "
7752 "a Memory-Management Unit)."
7756 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:235
7758 "Under Linux, B<fork>() is implemented using copy-on-write pages, so the "
7759 "only penalty that it incurs is the time and memory required to duplicate the "
7760 "parent's page tables, and to create a unique task structure for the child."
7763 #. nptl/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/fork.c
7764 #. and does some magic to ensure that getpid(2) returns the right value.
7766 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:259
7768 "Since version 2.3.3, rather than invoking the kernel's B<fork>() system "
7769 "call, the glibc B<fork>() wrapper that is provided as part of the NPTL "
7770 "threading implementation invokes B<clone>(2) with flags that provide the "
7771 "same effect as the traditional system call. (A call to B<fork>() is "
7772 "equivalent to a call to B<clone>(2) specifying I<flags> as just "
7773 "B<SIGCHLD>.) The glibc wrapper invokes any fork handlers that have been "
7774 "established using B<pthread_atfork>(3)."
7778 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:264
7779 msgid "See B<pipe>(2) and B<wait>(2)."
7783 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:274
7785 "B<clone>(2), B<execve>(2), B<exit>(2), B<setrlimit>(2), B<unshare>(2), "
7786 "B<vfork>(2), B<wait>(2), B<daemon>(3), B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7)"
7790 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41
7796 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:44
7797 msgid "fpathconf, pathconf - get configuration values for files"
7801 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:49
7803 msgid "B<long fpathconf(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<name>B<);>\n"
7807 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:51
7809 msgid "B<long pathconf(const char *>I<path>B<, int >I<name>B<);>\n"
7813 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:58
7815 "B<fpathconf>() gets a value for the configuration option I<name> for the "
7816 "open file descriptor I<fd>."
7820 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:64
7822 "B<pathconf>() gets a value for configuration option I<name> for the "
7827 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:73
7829 "The corresponding macros defined in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> are minimum "
7830 "values; if an application wants to take advantage of values which may "
7831 "change, a call to B<fpathconf>() or B<pathconf>() can be made, which may "
7832 "yield more liberal results."
7836 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:78
7838 "Setting I<name> equal to one of the following constants returns the "
7839 "following configuration options:"
7843 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:78
7845 msgid "B<_PC_LINK_MAX>"
7849 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:88
7851 "returns the maximum number of links to the file. If I<fd> or I<path> refer "
7852 "to a directory, then the value applies to the whole directory. The "
7853 "corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_LINK_MAX>."
7857 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:88
7859 msgid "B<_PC_MAX_CANON>"
7863 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:97
7865 "returns the maximum length of a formatted input line, where I<fd> or I<path> "
7866 "must refer to a terminal. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_MAX_CANON>."
7870 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:97
7872 msgid "B<_PC_MAX_INPUT>"
7876 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:106
7878 "returns the maximum length of an input line, where I<fd> or I<path> must "
7879 "refer to a terminal. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_MAX_INPUT>."
7883 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:106
7885 msgid "B<_PC_NAME_MAX>"
7889 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:115
7891 "returns the maximum length of a filename in the directory I<path> or I<fd> "
7892 "that the process is allowed to create. The corresponding macro is "
7893 "B<_POSIX_NAME_MAX>."
7897 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:115
7899 msgid "B<_PC_PATH_MAX>"
7903 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:124
7905 "returns the maximum length of a relative pathname when I<path> or I<fd> is "
7906 "the current working directory. The corresponding macro is "
7907 "B<_POSIX_PATH_MAX>."
7911 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:124
7913 msgid "B<_PC_PIPE_BUF>"
7917 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:133
7919 "returns the size of the pipe buffer, where I<fd> must refer to a pipe or "
7920 "FIFO and I<path> must refer to a FIFO. The corresponding macro is "
7921 "B<_POSIX_PIPE_BUF>."
7925 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:133
7927 msgid "B<_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED>"
7931 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:146
7933 "returns nonzero if the B<chown>(2) call may not be used on this file. If "
7934 "I<fd> or I<path> refer to a directory, then this applies to all files in "
7935 "that directory. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED>."
7939 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:146
7941 msgid "B<_PC_NO_TRUNC>"
7945 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:153
7947 "returns nonzero if accessing filenames longer than B<_POSIX_NAME_MAX> "
7948 "generates an error. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_NO_TRUNC>."
7952 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:153
7954 msgid "B<_PC_VDISABLE>"
7958 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:160
7960 "returns nonzero if special character processing can be disabled, where I<fd> "
7961 "or I<path> must refer to a terminal."
7965 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:169
7967 "The limit is returned, if one exists. If the system does not have a limit "
7968 "for the requested resource, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is unchanged. If "
7969 "there is an error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set to reflect the nature "
7974 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:177
7976 "Files with name lengths longer than the value returned for I<name> equal to "
7977 "B<_PC_NAME_MAX> may exist in the given directory."
7981 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:180 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:338
7983 "Some returned values may be huge; they are not suitable for allocating "
7988 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:185
7989 msgid "B<getconf>(1), B<open>(2), B<statfs>(2), B<confstr>(3), B<sysconf>(3)"
7993 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:38
7999 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:41
8000 msgid "fsync, fdatasync - synchronize a file's in-core state with storage device"
8004 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:45
8005 msgid "B<int fsync(int >I<fd>B<);>"
8009 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:47
8010 msgid "B<int fdatasync(int >I<fd>B<);>"
8014 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:55
8015 msgid "B<fsync>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
8018 #. _POSIX_C_SOURCE\ >=\ 200112L only since glibc 2.8
8020 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:58
8022 msgid " || /* since glibc 2.8: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L\n"
8026 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:61
8028 "B<fdatasync>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 199309L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ "
8033 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:74
8035 "B<fsync>() transfers (\"flushes\") all modified in-core data of (i.e., "
8036 "modified buffer cache pages for) the file referred to by the file descriptor "
8037 "I<fd> to the disk device (or other permanent storage device) so that all "
8038 "changed information can be retrieved even after the system crashed or was "
8039 "rebooted. This includes writing through or flushing a disk cache if "
8040 "present. The call blocks until the device reports that the transfer has "
8041 "completed. It also flushes metadata information associated with the file "
8046 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:82
8048 "Calling B<fsync>() does not necessarily ensure that the entry in the "
8049 "directory containing the file has also reached disk. For that an explicit "
8050 "B<fsync>() on a file descriptor for the directory is also needed."
8054 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:103
8056 "B<fdatasync>() is similar to B<fsync>(), but does not flush modified "
8057 "metadata unless that metadata is needed in order to allow a subsequent data "
8058 "retrieval to be correctly handled. For example, changes to I<st_atime> or "
8059 "I<st_mtime> (respectively, time of last access and time of last "
8060 "modification; see B<stat>(2)) do not require flushing because they are not "
8061 "necessary for a subsequent data read to be handled correctly. On the other "
8062 "hand, a change to the file size (I<st_size>, as made by say "
8063 "B<ftruncate>(2)), would require a metadata flush."
8067 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:108
8069 "The aim of B<fdatasync>() is to reduce disk activity for applications that "
8070 "do not require all metadata to be synchronized with the disk."
8074 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:113
8076 "On success, these system calls return zero. On error, -1 is returned, and "
8077 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
8081 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:118
8082 msgid "I<fd> is not a valid open file descriptor."
8086 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:121
8087 msgid "An error occurred during synchronization."
8091 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:121
8093 msgid "B<EROFS>, B<EINVAL>"
8097 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:125
8098 msgid "I<fd> is bound to a special file which does not support synchronization."
8102 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:127
8103 msgid "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
8107 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:127
8109 msgid "AVAILABILITY"
8112 #. POSIX.1-2001: It shall be defined to -1 or 0 or 200112L.
8113 #. -1: unavailable, 0: ask using sysconf().
8114 #. glibc defines them to 1.
8116 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:140
8118 "On POSIX systems on which B<fdatasync>() is available, "
8119 "B<_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO> is defined in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> to a value "
8120 "greater than 0. (See also B<sysconf>(3).)"
8124 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:146
8126 "On some UNIX systems (but not Linux), I<fd> must be a I<writable> file "
8131 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:152
8133 "In Linux 2.2 and earlier, B<fdatasync>() is equivalent to B<fsync>(), and "
8134 "so has no performance advantage."
8138 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:162
8140 "The B<fsync>() implementations in older kernels and lesser used filesystems "
8141 "does not know how to flush disk caches. In these cases disk caches need to "
8142 "be disabled using B<hdparm>(8) or B<sdparm>(8) to guarantee safe "
8147 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:169
8149 "B<bdflush>(2), B<open>(2), B<sync>(2), B<sync_file_range>(2), B<hdparm>(8), "
8150 "B<mount>(8), B<sync>(1)"
8154 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26
8160 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26
8166 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:29
8167 msgid "get_nprocs, get_nprocs_conf - get number of processors"
8171 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:31 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:19
8172 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/sysinfo.hE<gt>>"
8176 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:33
8177 msgid "B<int get_nprocs(void);>"
8181 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:35
8182 msgid "B<int get_nprocs_conf(void);>"
8186 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:39
8188 "The function B<get_nprocs_conf>() returns the number of processors "
8189 "configured by the operating system."
8193 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:46
8195 "The function B<get_nprocs>() returns the number of processors currently "
8196 "available in the system. This may be less than the number returned by "
8197 "B<get_nprocs_conf>() because processors may be offline (e.g., on "
8198 "hotpluggable systems)."
8202 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:48
8203 msgid "As given in DESCRIPTION."
8207 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:50 build/C/man3/getopt.3:350
8208 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions."
8213 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:57
8215 "The current implementation of these functions is rather expensive, since "
8216 "they open and parse files in the I</sys> filesystem each time they are "
8221 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:62
8223 "The following B<sysconf>(3) calls make use of the functions documented on "
8224 "this page to return the same information."
8228 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:66
8231 " np = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF); /* processors configured */\n"
8232 " np = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN); /* processors available */\n"
8236 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:73
8238 "The following example shows how B<get_nprocs>() and B<get_nprocs_conf>() "
8243 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:77
8246 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
8247 "#include E<lt>sys/sysinfo.hE<gt>\n"
8251 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:86
8255 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
8257 " printf(\"This system has %d processors configured and \"\n"
8258 " \"%d processors available.\\en\",\n"
8259 " get_nprocs_conf(), get_nprocs());\n"
8265 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8
8267 msgid "GET_THREAD_AREA"
8271 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8
8277 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:11
8278 msgid "get_thread_area - get a thread-local storage (TLS) area"
8282 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:15 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:15
8283 msgid "B<#include E<lt>asm/ldt.hE<gt>>"
8287 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:17
8288 msgid "B<int get_thread_area(struct user_desc *>I<u_info>B<);>"
8292 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man2/gettid.2:38 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:44
8293 msgid "I<Note>: There is no glibc wrapper for this system call; see NOTES."
8297 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:29
8299 "B<get_thread_area>() returns an entry in the current thread's thread-local "
8300 "storage (TLS) array. The index of the entry corresponds to the value of "
8301 "I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number>, passed in by the user. If the value is in "
8302 "bounds, B<get_thread_area>() copies the corresponding TLS entry into the "
8303 "area pointed to by I<u_info>."
8307 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:35
8309 "B<get_thread_area>() returns 0 on success. Otherwise, it returns -1 and "
8310 "sets I<errno> appropriately."
8314 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:39 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:56
8315 msgid "I<u_info> is an invalid pointer."
8319 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:42 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:53
8320 msgid "I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number> is out of bounds."
8324 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:46
8325 msgid "A version of B<get_thread_area>() first appeared in Linux 2.5.32."
8329 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:50
8331 "B<get_thread_area>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs "
8332 "that are intended to be portable."
8336 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:55
8338 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call, since it is generally "
8339 "intended for use only by threading libraries. In the unlikely event that "
8340 "you want to call it directly, use B<syscall>(2)."
8344 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:57
8345 msgid "B<modify_ldt>(2), B<set_thread_area>(2)"
8349 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32
8355 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:35
8356 msgid "getcwd, getwd, get_current_dir_name - get current working directory"
8360 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:40
8362 msgid "B<char *getcwd(char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
8366 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:42
8368 msgid "B<char *getwd(char *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
8372 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:44
8374 msgid "B<char *get_current_dir_name(void);>\n"
8378 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:52
8379 msgid "B<get_current_dir_name>():"
8383 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:57
8388 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:67 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:50 build/C/man3/usleep.3:59 build/C/man2/vfork.2:54
8392 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
8393 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
8394 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700)\n"
8398 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:72 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:54 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:52 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:55 build/C/man3/usleep.3:64 build/C/man2/vfork.2:59
8400 "Before glibc 2.12: _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
8401 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
8405 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:82
8407 "These functions return a null-terminated string containing an absolute "
8408 "pathname that is the current working directory of the calling process. The "
8409 "pathname is returned as the function result and via the argument I<buf>, if "
8414 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:90
8416 "The B<getcwd>() function copies an absolute pathname of the current working "
8417 "directory to the array pointed to by I<buf>, which is of length I<size>."
8421 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:100
8423 "If the length of the absolute pathname of the current working directory, "
8424 "including the terminating null byte, exceeds I<size> bytes, NULL is "
8425 "returned, and I<errno> is set to B<ERANGE>; an application should check for "
8426 "this error, and allocate a larger buffer if necessary."
8430 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:118
8432 "As an extension to the POSIX.1-2001 standard, glibc's B<getcwd>() allocates "
8433 "the buffer dynamically using B<malloc>(3) if I<buf> is NULL. In this case, "
8434 "the allocated buffer has the length I<size> unless I<size> is zero, when "
8435 "I<buf> is allocated as big as necessary. The caller should B<free>(3) the "
8440 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:131
8442 "B<get_current_dir_name>() will B<malloc>(3) an array big enough to hold "
8443 "the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If the environment "
8444 "variable B<PWD> is set, and its value is correct, then that value will be "
8445 "returned. The caller should B<free>(3) the returned buffer."
8449 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:156
8451 "B<getwd>() does not B<malloc>(3) any memory. The I<buf> argument should "
8452 "be a pointer to an array at least B<PATH_MAX> bytes long. If the length of "
8453 "the absolute pathname of the current working directory, including the "
8454 "terminating null byte, exceeds B<PATH_MAX> bytes, NULL is returned, and "
8455 "I<errno> is set to B<ENAMETOOLONG>. (Note that on some systems, B<PATH_MAX> "
8456 "may not be a compile-time constant; furthermore, its value may depend on the "
8457 "filesystem, see B<pathconf>(3).) For portability and security reasons, use "
8458 "of B<getwd>() is deprecated."
8462 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:165
8464 "On success, these functions return a pointer to a string containing the "
8465 "pathname of the current working directory. In the case B<getcwd>() and "
8466 "B<getwd>() this is the same value as I<buf>."
8470 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:172
8472 "On failure, these functions return NULL, and I<errno> is set to indicate the "
8473 "error. The contents of the array pointed to by I<buf> are undefined on "
8478 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:176
8479 msgid "Permission to read or search a component of the filename was denied."
8483 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:180
8484 msgid "I<buf> points to a bad address."
8488 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:187
8489 msgid "The I<size> argument is zero and I<buf> is not a null pointer."
8493 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:187
8499 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:192
8500 msgid "B<getwd>(): I<buf> is NULL."
8504 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:192
8506 msgid "ENAMETOOLONG"
8510 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:198
8512 "B<getwd>(): The size of the null-terminated absolute pathname string exceeds "
8513 "B<PATH_MAX> bytes."
8517 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:201
8518 msgid "The current working directory has been unlinked."
8522 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:201 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:114
8528 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:208
8530 "The I<size> argument is less than the length of the absolute pathname of the "
8531 "working directory, including the terminating null byte. You need to "
8532 "allocate a bigger array and try again."
8536 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:216
8538 "B<getcwd>() conforms to POSIX.1-2001. Note however that POSIX.1-2001 "
8539 "leaves the behavior of B<getcwd>() unspecified if I<buf> is NULL."
8543 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:227
8545 "B<getwd>() is present in POSIX.1-2001, but marked LEGACY. POSIX.1-2008 "
8546 "removes the specification of B<getwd>(). Use B<getcwd>() instead. "
8547 "POSIX.1-2001 does not define any errors for B<getwd>()."
8551 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:230
8552 msgid "B<get_current_dir_name>() is a GNU extension."
8556 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:241
8558 "Under Linux, the function B<getcwd>() is a system call (since 2.1.92). On "
8559 "older systems it would query I</proc/self/cwd>. If both system call and "
8560 "proc filesystem are missing, a generic implementation is called. Only in "
8561 "that case can these calls fail under Linux with B<EACCES>."
8565 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:249
8567 "These functions are often used to save the location of the current working "
8568 "directory for the purpose of returning to it later. Opening the current "
8569 "directory (\".\") and calling B<fchdir>(2) to return is usually a faster "
8570 "and more reliable alternative when sufficiently many file descriptors are "
8571 "available, especially on platforms other than Linux."
8575 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:255
8577 "B<chdir>(2), B<fchdir>(2), B<open>(2), B<unlink>(2), B<free>(3), "
8582 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29
8584 msgid "GETDOMAINNAME"
8588 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29
8594 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:32
8595 msgid "getdomainname, setdomainname - get/set NIS domain name"
8599 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:36
8600 msgid "B<int getdomainname(char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
8604 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:38
8605 msgid "B<int setdomainname(const char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
8609 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:47
8610 msgid "B<getdomainname>(), B<setdomainname>():"
8614 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:49 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:54 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:60 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:55
8615 msgid "_BSD_SOURCE || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<lt>\\ 500)"
8619 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:54
8621 "These functions are used to access or to change the NIS domain name of the "
8626 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:65
8628 "B<setdomainname>() sets the domain name to the value given in the character "
8629 "array I<name>. The I<len> argument specifies the number of bytes in "
8630 "I<name>. (Thus, I<name> does not require a terminating null byte.)"
8634 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:75
8636 "B<getdomainname>() returns the null-terminated domain name in the character "
8637 "array I<name>, which has a length of I<len> bytes. If the null-terminated "
8638 "domain name requires more than I<len> bytes, B<getdomainname>() returns the "
8639 "first I<len> bytes (glibc) or gives an error (libc)."
8643 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:83
8644 msgid "B<setdomainname>() can fail with the following errors:"
8648 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:87
8649 msgid "I<name> pointed outside of user address space."
8653 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:91
8654 msgid "I<len> was negative or too large."
8658 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:96
8660 "the caller is unprivileged (Linux: does not have the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> "
8665 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:99
8666 msgid "B<getdomainname>() can fail with the following errors:"
8670 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:110
8672 "For B<getdomainname>() under libc: I<name> is NULL or I<name> is longer "
8673 "than I<len> bytes."
8676 #. But they appear on most systems...
8678 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:113
8679 msgid "POSIX does not specify these calls."
8683 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:117
8685 "Since Linux 1.0, the limit on the length of a domain name, including the "
8686 "terminating null byte, is 64 bytes. In older kernels, it was 8 bytes."
8690 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:127
8692 "On most Linux architectures (including x86), there is no B<getdomainname>() "
8693 "system call; instead, glibc implements B<getdomainname>() as a library "
8694 "function that returns a copy of the I<domainname> field returned from a call "
8699 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:130
8700 msgid "B<gethostname>(2), B<sethostname>(2), B<uname>(2)"
8704 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27
8706 msgid "GETDTABLESIZE"
8710 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:30
8711 msgid "getdtablesize - get descriptor table size"
8715 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:34
8716 msgid "B<int getdtablesize(void);>"
8720 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:41
8721 msgid "B<getdtablesize>():"
8725 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:49 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:47
8729 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
8733 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:61
8735 "B<getdtablesize>() returns the maximum number of files a process can have "
8736 "open, one more than the largest possible value for a file descriptor."
8740 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:63
8741 msgid "The current limit on the number of open files per process."
8745 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:69
8747 "On Linux, B<getdtablesize>() can return any of the errors described for "
8748 "B<getrlimit>(2); see NOTES below."
8752 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:74
8753 msgid "The B<getdtablesize>() function is thread-safe."
8757 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:82
8759 "SVr4, 4.4BSD (the B<getdtablesize>() function first appeared in 4.2BSD). "
8760 "It is not specified in POSIX.1-2001; portable applications should employ "
8761 "I<sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX)> instead of this call."
8764 #. The libc4 and libc5 versions return
8766 #. (set to 256 since Linux 0.98.4).
8768 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:95
8770 "B<getdtablesize>() is implemented as a libc library function. The glibc "
8771 "version calls B<getrlimit>(2) and returns the current B<RLIMIT_NOFILE> "
8772 "limit, or B<OPEN_MAX> when that fails."
8776 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:99
8777 msgid "B<close>(2), B<dup>(2), B<getrlimit>(2), B<open>(2)"
8781 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29
8787 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:32
8788 msgid "gethostid, sethostid - get or set the unique identifier of the current host"
8792 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:36
8793 msgid "B<long gethostid(void);>"
8797 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:38
8798 msgid "B<int sethostid(long >I<hostid>B<);>"
8802 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:47
8803 msgid "B<gethostid>():"
8807 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:52
8808 msgid "B<sethostid>():"
8812 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:67
8814 "B<gethostid>() and B<sethostid>() respectively get or set a unique 32-bit "
8815 "identifier for the current machine. The 32-bit identifier is intended to be "
8816 "unique among all UNIX systems in existence. This normally resembles the "
8817 "Internet address for the local machine, as returned by B<gethostbyname>(3), "
8818 "and thus usually never needs to be set."
8822 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:71
8823 msgid "The B<sethostid>() call is restricted to the superuser."
8827 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:75
8829 "B<gethostid>() returns the 32-bit identifier for the current host as set by "
8834 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:81
8836 "On success, B<sethostid>() returns 0; on error, -1 is returned, and "
8837 "I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
8841 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:84
8842 msgid "B<sethostid>() can fail with the following errors:"
8846 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:88
8848 "The caller did not have permission to write to the file used to store the "
8853 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:92
8855 "The calling process's effective user or group ID is not the same as its "
8856 "corresponding real ID."
8860 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:102
8862 "4.2BSD; these functions were dropped in 4.4BSD. SVr4 includes "
8863 "B<gethostid>() but not B<sethostid>(). POSIX.1-2001 specifies "
8864 "B<gethostid>() but not B<sethostid>()."
8867 #. libc5 used /etc/hostid; libc4 didn't have these functions
8869 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:111
8871 "In the glibc implementation, the I<hostid> is stored in the file "
8872 "I</etc/hostid>. (In glibc versions before 2.2, the file I</var/adm/hostid> "
8877 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:122
8879 "In the glibc implementation, if B<gethostid>() cannot open the file "
8880 "containing the host ID, then it obtains the hostname using "
8881 "B<gethostname>(2), passes that hostname to B<gethostbyname_r>(3) in order "
8882 "to obtain the host's IPv4 address, and returns a value obtained by "
8883 "bit-twiddling the IPv4 address. (This value may not be unique.)"
8887 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:124
8888 msgid "It is impossible to ensure that the identifier is globally unique."
8892 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:126
8893 msgid "B<hostid>(1), B<gethostbyname>(3)"
8897 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32
8903 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:35
8904 msgid "gethostname, sethostname - get/set hostname"
8908 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:39
8909 msgid "B<int gethostname(char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
8913 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:41
8914 msgid "B<int sethostname(const char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
8918 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:50
8919 msgid "B<gethostname>():"
8923 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:53
8924 msgid "Since glibc 2.12: _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500"
8928 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:55
8929 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L"
8933 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:58
8934 msgid "B<sethostname>():"
8938 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:66
8940 "These system calls are used to access or to change the hostname of the "
8941 "current processor."
8945 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:77
8947 "B<sethostname>() sets the hostname to the value given in the character "
8948 "array I<name>. The I<len> argument specifies the number of bytes in "
8949 "I<name>. (Thus, I<name> does not require a terminating null byte.)"
8953 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:89
8955 "B<gethostname>() returns the null-terminated hostname in the character "
8956 "array I<name>, which has a length of I<len> bytes. If the null-terminated "
8957 "hostname is too large to fit, then the name is truncated, and no error is "
8958 "returned (but see NOTES below). POSIX.1-2001 says that if such truncation "
8959 "occurs, then it is unspecified whether the returned buffer includes a "
8960 "terminating null byte."
8964 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:99
8965 msgid "I<name> is an invalid address."
8968 #. Can't occur for gethostbyname() wrapper, since 'len' has an
8969 #. unsigned type; can occur for the underlying system call.
8971 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:109
8973 "I<len> is negative or, for B<sethostname>(), I<len> is larger than the "
8974 "maximum allowed size."
8978 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:117
8980 "(glibc B<gethostname>()) I<len> is smaller than the actual size. (Before "
8981 "version 2.1, glibc uses B<EINVAL> for this case.)"
8985 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:124
8987 "For B<sethostname>(), the caller did not have the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> "
8992 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:130
8994 "SVr4, 4.4BSD (these interfaces first appeared in 4.2BSD). POSIX.1-2001 "
8995 "specifies B<gethostname>() but not B<sethostname>()."
8999 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:140
9001 "SUSv2 guarantees that \"Host names are limited to 255 bytes\". POSIX.1-2001 "
9002 "guarantees that \"Host names (not including the terminating null byte) are "
9003 "limited to B<HOST_NAME_MAX> bytes\". On Linux, B<HOST_NAME_MAX> is defined "
9004 "with the value 64, which has been the limit since Linux 1.0 (earlier kernels "
9005 "imposed a limit of 8 bytes)."
9009 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:163
9011 "The GNU C library does not employ the B<gethostname>() system call; "
9012 "instead, it implements B<gethostname>() as a library function that calls "
9013 "B<uname>(2) and copies up to I<len> bytes from the returned I<nodename> "
9014 "field into I<name>. Having performed the copy, the function then checks if "
9015 "the length of the I<nodename> was greater than or equal to I<len>, and if it "
9016 "is, then the function returns -1 with I<errno> set to B<ENAMETOOLONG>; in "
9017 "this case, a terminating null byte is not included in the returned I<name>."
9020 #. At least glibc 2.0 and 2.1, older versions not checked
9022 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:176
9024 "Versions of glibc before 2.2 handle the case where the length of the "
9025 "I<nodename> was greater than or equal to I<len> differently: nothing is "
9026 "copied into I<name> and the function returns -1 with I<errno> set to "
9031 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:179
9032 msgid "B<getdomainname>(2), B<setdomainname>(2), B<uname>(2)"
9036 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28
9042 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28
9048 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:31
9049 msgid "getlogin, getlogin_r, cuserid - get username"
9053 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:35
9054 msgid "B<char *getlogin(void);>"
9058 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:37
9059 msgid "B<int getlogin_r(char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<bufsize>B<);>"
9063 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:39
9064 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>"
9068 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:41
9069 msgid "B<char *cuserid(char *>I<string>B<);>"
9073 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:49
9074 msgid "B<getlogin_r>(): _REENTRANT || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 199506L"
9078 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:52
9079 msgid "B<cuserid>(): _XOPEN_SOURCE"
9083 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:61
9085 "B<getlogin>() returns a pointer to a string containing the name of the user "
9086 "logged in on the controlling terminal of the process, or a null pointer if "
9087 "this information cannot be determined. The string is statically allocated "
9088 "and might be overwritten on subsequent calls to this function or to "
9093 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:67
9095 "B<getlogin_r>() returns this same username in the array I<buf> of size "
9100 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:79
9102 "B<cuserid>() returns a pointer to a string containing a username associated "
9103 "with the effective user ID of the process. If I<string> is not a null "
9104 "pointer, it should be an array that can hold at least B<L_cuserid> "
9105 "characters; the string is returned in this array. Otherwise, a pointer to a "
9106 "string in a static area is returned. This string is statically allocated "
9107 "and might be overwritten on subsequent calls to this function or to "
9112 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:83
9114 "The macro B<L_cuserid> is an integer constant that indicates how long an "
9115 "array you might need to store a username. B<L_cuserid> is declared in "
9116 "I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>."
9120 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:90
9122 "These functions let your program identify positively the user who is running "
9123 "(B<cuserid>()) or the user who logged in this session (B<getlogin>()). "
9124 "(These can differ when set-user-ID programs are involved.)"
9128 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:95
9130 "For most purposes, it is more useful to use the environment variable "
9131 "B<LOGNAME> to find out who the user is. This is more flexible precisely "
9132 "because the user can set B<LOGNAME> arbitrarily."
9136 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:103
9138 "B<getlogin>() returns a pointer to the username when successful, and NULL "
9139 "on failure, with I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error. "
9140 "B<getlogin_r>() returns 0 when successful, and nonzero on failure."
9144 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:105
9145 msgid "POSIX specifies"
9149 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:108
9150 msgid "The calling process already has the maximum allowed number of open files."
9154 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:111
9155 msgid "The system already has the maximum allowed number of open files."
9159 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:111
9165 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:114
9166 msgid "The calling process has no controlling terminal."
9170 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:120
9172 "(getlogin_r) The length of the username, including the terminating null "
9173 "byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), is larger than I<bufsize>."
9177 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:122
9178 msgid "Linux/glibc also has"
9182 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:125
9183 msgid "There was no corresponding entry in the utmp-file."
9187 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:128
9188 msgid "Insufficient memory to allocate passwd structure."
9192 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:128 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:109 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:113 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:95
9198 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:132
9199 msgid "Standard input didn't refer to a terminal. (See BUGS.)"
9203 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:133
9205 msgid "I</etc/passwd>"
9209 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:136
9210 msgid "password database file"
9214 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:136
9216 msgid "I</var/run/utmp>"
9220 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:140
9221 msgid "(traditionally I</etc/utmp>; some libc versions used I</var/adm/utmp>)"
9225 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:145
9226 msgid "The B<getlogin>() function is not thread-safe."
9230 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:149
9231 msgid "The B<getlogin_r>() function is thread-safe."
9235 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:154
9237 "The B<cuserid>() function is thread-safe with exceptions. It is not "
9238 "thread-safe if called with a NULL parameter."
9242 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:159
9243 msgid "B<getlogin>() and B<getlogin_r>() specified in POSIX.1-2001."
9247 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:170
9249 "System V has a B<cuserid>() function which uses the real user ID rather "
9250 "than the effective user ID. The B<cuserid>() function was included in the "
9251 "1988 version of POSIX, but removed from the 1990 version. It was present in "
9252 "SUSv2, but removed in POSIX.1-2001."
9256 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:177
9258 "OpenBSD has B<getlogin>() and B<setlogin>(), and a username associated with "
9259 "a session, even if it has no controlling terminal."
9263 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:189
9265 "Unfortunately, it is often rather easy to fool B<getlogin>(). Sometimes it "
9266 "does not work at all, because some program messed up the utmp file. Often, "
9267 "it gives only the first 8 characters of the login name. The user currently "
9268 "logged in on the controlling terminal of our program need not be the user "
9269 "who started it. Avoid B<getlogin>() for security-related purposes."
9273 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:199
9275 "Note that glibc does not follow the POSIX specification and uses I<stdin> "
9276 "instead of I</dev/tty>. A bug. (Other recent systems, like SunOS 5.8 and "
9277 "HP-UX 11.11 and FreeBSD 4.8 all return the login name also when I<stdin> is "
9282 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:209
9284 "Nobody knows precisely what B<cuserid>() does; avoid it in portable "
9285 "programs. Or avoid it altogether: use I<getpwuid(geteuid())> instead, if "
9286 "that is what you meant. B<Do not use> B<cuserid>()."
9290 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:212
9291 msgid "B<geteuid>(2), B<getuid>(2), B<utmp>(5)"
9295 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:41
9301 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:41 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41 build/C/man2/syscall.2:42 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27
9307 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:45
9309 "getopt, getopt_long, getopt_long_only, optarg, optind, opterr, optopt - "
9310 "Parse command-line options"
9314 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:51
9317 "B<int getopt(int >I<argc>B<, char * const >I<argv[]>B<,>\n"
9318 "B< const char *>I<optstring>B<);>\n"
9322 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:54
9325 "B<extern char *>I<optarg>B<;>\n"
9326 "B<extern int >I<optind>B<, >I<opterr>B<, >I<optopt>B<;>\n"
9330 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:56
9332 msgid "B<#include E<lt>getopt.hE<gt>>\n"
9336 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:60
9339 "B<int getopt_long(int >I<argc>B<, char * const >I<argv[]>B<,>\n"
9340 "B< const char *>I<optstring>B<,>\n"
9341 "B< const struct option *>I<longopts>B<, int *>I<longindex>B<);>\n"
9345 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:64
9348 "B<int getopt_long_only(int >I<argc>B<, char * const >I<argv[]>B<,>\n"
9349 "B< const char *>I<optstring>B<,>\n"
9350 "B< const struct option *>I<longopts>B<, int *>I<longindex>B<);>\n"
9354 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:74
9355 msgid "B<getopt>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 2 || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
9359 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:78
9360 msgid "B<getopt_long>(), B<getopt_long_only>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
9364 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:99
9366 "The B<getopt>() function parses the command-line arguments. Its arguments "
9367 "I<argc> and I<argv> are the argument count and array as passed to the "
9368 "I<main>() function on program invocation. An element of I<argv> that "
9369 "starts with \\(aq-\\(aq (and is not exactly \"-\" or \"--\") is an option "
9370 "element. The characters of this element (aside from the initial "
9371 "\\(aq-\\(aq) are option characters. If B<getopt>() is called repeatedly, "
9372 "it returns successively each of the option characters from each of the "
9377 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:108
9379 "The variable I<optind> is the index of the next element to be processed in "
9380 "I<argv>. The system initializes this value to 1. The caller can reset it "
9381 "to 1 to restart scanning of the same I<argv>, or when scanning a new "
9386 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:118
9388 "If B<getopt>() finds another option character, it returns that character, "
9389 "updating the external variable I<optind> and a static variable I<nextchar> "
9390 "so that the next call to B<getopt>() can resume the scan with the following "
9391 "option character or I<argv>-element."
9395 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:124
9397 "If there are no more option characters, B<getopt>() returns -1. Then "
9398 "I<optind> is the index in I<argv> of the first I<argv>-element that is not "
9403 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:151
9405 "I<optstring> is a string containing the legitimate option characters. If "
9406 "such a character is followed by a colon, the option requires an argument, so "
9407 "B<getopt>() places a pointer to the following text in the same "
9408 "I<argv>-element, or the text of the following I<argv>-element, in "
9409 "I<optarg>. Two colons mean an option takes an optional arg; if there is "
9410 "text in the current I<argv>-element (i.e., in the same word as the option "
9411 "name itself, for example, \"-oarg\"), then it is returned in I<optarg>, "
9412 "otherwise I<optarg> is set to zero. This is a GNU extension. If "
9413 "I<optstring> contains B<W> followed by a semicolon, then B<-W foo> is "
9414 "treated as the long option B<--foo>. (The B<-W> option is reserved by "
9415 "POSIX.2 for implementation extensions.) This behavior is a GNU extension, "
9416 "not available with libraries before glibc 2."
9420 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:169
9422 "By default, B<getopt>() permutes the contents of I<argv> as it scans, so "
9423 "that eventually all the nonoptions are at the end. Two other modes are also "
9424 "implemented. If the first character of I<optstring> is \\(aq+\\(aq or the "
9425 "environment variable B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> is set, then option processing stops "
9426 "as soon as a nonoption argument is encountered. If the first character of "
9427 "I<optstring> is \\(aq-\\(aq, then each nonoption I<argv>-element is handled "
9428 "as if it were the argument of an option with character code 1. (This is "
9429 "used by programs that were written to expect options and other "
9430 "I<argv>-elements in any order and that care about the ordering of the two.) "
9431 "The special argument \"--\" forces an end of option-scanning regardless of "
9432 "the scanning mode."
9436 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:177
9438 "If B<getopt>() does not recognize an option character, it prints an error "
9439 "message to I<stderr>, stores the character in I<optopt>, and returns "
9440 "\\(aq?\\(aq. The calling program may prevent the error message by setting "
9445 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:196
9447 "If B<getopt>() finds an option character in I<argv> that was not included "
9448 "in I<optstring>, or if it detects a missing option argument, it returns "
9449 "\\(aq?\\(aq and sets the external variable I<optopt> to the actual option "
9450 "character. If the first character (following any optional \\(aq+\\(aq or "
9451 "\\(aq-\\(aq described above) of I<optstring> is a colon (\\(aq:\\(aq), then "
9452 "B<getopt>() returns \\(aq:\\(aq instead of \\(aq?\\(aq to indicate a "
9453 "missing option argument. If an error was detected, and the first character "
9454 "of I<optstring> is not a colon, and the external variable I<opterr> is "
9455 "nonzero (which is the default), B<getopt>() prints an error message."
9459 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:196
9461 msgid "getopt_long() and getopt_long_only()"
9465 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:212
9467 "The B<getopt_long>() function works like B<getopt>() except that it also "
9468 "accepts long options, started with two dashes. (If the program accepts only "
9469 "long options, then I<optstring> should be specified as an empty string "
9470 "(\"\"), not NULL.) Long option names may be abbreviated if the abbreviation "
9471 "is unique or is an exact match for some defined option. A long option may "
9472 "take a parameter, of the form B<--arg=param> or B<--arg param>."
9476 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:219
9478 "I<longopts> is a pointer to the first element of an array of I<struct "
9479 "option> declared in I<E<lt>getopt.hE<gt>> as"
9483 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:228
9487 " const char *name;\n"
9495 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:232
9496 msgid "The meanings of the different fields are:"
9500 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:232
9506 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:235
9507 msgid "is the name of the long option."
9511 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:235
9517 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:241
9519 "is: B<no_argument> (or 0) if the option does not take an argument; "
9520 "B<required_argument> (or 1) if the option requires an argument; or "
9521 "B<optional_argument> (or 2) if the option takes an optional argument."
9525 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:241
9531 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:255
9533 "specifies how results are returned for a long option. If I<flag> is NULL, "
9534 "then B<getopt_long>() returns I<val>. (For example, the calling program "
9535 "may set I<val> to the equivalent short option character.) Otherwise, "
9536 "B<getopt_long>() returns 0, and I<flag> points to a variable which is set "
9537 "to I<val> if the option is found, but left unchanged if the option is not "
9542 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:255
9548 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:259
9549 msgid "is the value to return, or to load into the variable pointed to by I<flag>."
9553 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:261
9554 msgid "The last element of the array has to be filled with zeros."
9558 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:265
9560 "If I<longindex> is not NULL, it points to a variable which is set to the "
9561 "index of the long option relative to I<longopts>."
9565 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:274
9567 "B<getopt_long_only>() is like B<getopt_long>(), but \\(aq-\\(aq as well as "
9568 "\"--\" can indicate a long option. If an option that starts with "
9569 "\\(aq-\\(aq (not \"--\") doesn't match a long option, but does match a short "
9570 "option, it is parsed as a short option instead."
9574 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:292
9576 "If an option was successfully found, then B<getopt>() returns the option "
9577 "character. If all command-line options have been parsed, then B<getopt>() "
9578 "returns -1. If B<getopt>() encounters an option character that was not in "
9579 "I<optstring>, then \\(aq?\\(aq is returned. If B<getopt>() encounters an "
9580 "option with a missing argument, then the return value depends on the first "
9581 "character in I<optstring>: if it is \\(aq:\\(aq, then \\(aq:\\(aq is "
9582 "returned; otherwise \\(aq?\\(aq is returned."
9586 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:304
9588 "B<getopt_long>() and B<getopt_long_only>() also return the option "
9589 "character when a short option is recognized. For a long option, they return "
9590 "I<val> if I<flag> is NULL, and 0 otherwise. Error and -1 returns are the "
9591 "same as for B<getopt>(), plus \\(aq?\\(aq for an ambiguous match or an "
9592 "extraneous parameter."
9596 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:304
9602 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:305
9604 msgid "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT>"
9608 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:309
9610 "If this is set, then option processing stops as soon as a nonoption argument "
9615 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:309
9617 msgid "B<_E<lt>PIDE<gt>_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_>"
9621 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:318
9623 "This variable was used by B<bash>(1) 2.0 to communicate to glibc which "
9624 "arguments are the results of wildcard expansion and so should not be "
9625 "considered as options. This behavior was removed in B<bash>(1) version "
9626 "2.01, but the support remains in glibc."
9630 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:319
9632 msgid "B<getopt>():"
9636 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:329
9638 "POSIX.2 and POSIX.1-2001, provided the environment variable "
9639 "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> is set. Otherwise, the elements of I<argv> aren't really "
9640 "const, because we permute them. We pretend they're const in the prototype "
9641 "to be compatible with other systems."
9645 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:333
9646 msgid "The use of \\(aq+\\(aq and \\(aq-\\(aq in I<optstring> is a GNU extension."
9650 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:347
9652 "On some older implementations, B<getopt>() was declared in "
9653 "I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>. SUSv1 permitted the declaration to appear in either "
9654 "I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> or I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>. POSIX.1-2001 marked the use "
9655 "of I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>> for this purpose as LEGACY. POSIX.1-2001 does not "
9656 "allow the declaration to appear in I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>."
9660 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:347
9662 msgid "B<getopt_long>() and B<getopt_long_only>():"
9666 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:369
9668 "A program that scans multiple argument vectors, or rescans the same vector "
9669 "more than once, and wants to make use of GNU extensions such as \\(aq+\\(aq "
9670 "and \\(aq-\\(aq at the start of I<optstring>, or changes the value of "
9671 "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> between scans, must reinitialize B<getopt>() by "
9672 "resetting I<optind> to 0, rather than the traditional value of 1. "
9673 "(Resetting to 0 forces the invocation of an internal initialization routine "
9674 "that rechecks B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> and checks for GNU extensions in "
9679 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:376
9681 "The POSIX.2 specification of B<getopt>() has a technical error described in "
9682 "POSIX.2 Interpretation 150. The GNU implementation (and probably all other "
9683 "implementations) implements the correct behavior rather than that specified."
9687 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:377
9693 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:385
9695 "The following trivial example program uses B<getopt>() to handle two "
9696 "program options: I<-n>, with no associated value; and I<-t val>, which "
9697 "expects an associated value."
9701 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:390
9704 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
9705 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
9706 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
9710 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:396
9714 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
9716 " int flags, opt;\n"
9717 " int nsecs, tfnd;\n"
9721 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:415
9727 " while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, \"nt:\")) != -1) {\n"
9729 " case \\(aqn\\(aq:\n"
9732 " case \\(aqt\\(aq:\n"
9733 " nsecs = atoi(optarg);\n"
9736 " default: /* \\(aq?\\(aq */\n"
9737 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s [-t nsecs] [-n] name\\en\",\n"
9739 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
9745 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:418
9748 " printf(\"flags=%d; tfnd=%d; nsecs=%d; optind=%d\\en\",\n"
9749 " flags, tfnd, nsecs, optind);\n"
9753 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:423
9756 " if (optind E<gt>= argc) {\n"
9757 " fprintf(stderr, \"Expected argument after options\\en\");\n"
9758 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
9763 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:425
9765 msgid " printf(\"name argument = %s\\en\", argv[optind]);\n"
9769 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:427
9771 msgid " /* Other code omitted */\n"
9775 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:431
9777 msgid "getopt_long()"
9781 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:435
9783 "The following example program illustrates the use of B<getopt_long>() with "
9784 "most of its features."
9788 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:440
9791 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt> /* for printf */\n"
9792 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt> /* for exit */\n"
9793 "#include E<lt>getopt.hE<gt>\n"
9797 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:446
9801 "main(int argc, char **argv)\n"
9804 " int digit_optind = 0;\n"
9808 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:459
9812 " int this_option_optind = optind ? optind : 1;\n"
9813 " int option_index = 0;\n"
9814 " static struct option long_options[] = {\n"
9815 " {\"add\", required_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
9816 " {\"append\", no_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
9817 " {\"delete\", required_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
9818 " {\"verbose\", no_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
9819 " {\"create\", required_argument, 0, \\(aqc\\(aq},\n"
9820 " {\"file\", required_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
9826 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:464
9829 " c = getopt_long(argc, argv, \"abc:d:012\",\n"
9830 " long_options, &option_index);\n"
9836 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:472
9841 " printf(\"option %s\", long_options[option_index].name);\n"
9843 " printf(\" with arg %s\", optarg);\n"
9844 " printf(\"\\en\");\n"
9849 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:481
9852 " case \\(aq0\\(aq:\n"
9853 " case \\(aq1\\(aq:\n"
9854 " case \\(aq2\\(aq:\n"
9855 " if (digit_optind != 0 && digit_optind != this_option_optind)\n"
9856 " printf(\"digits occur in two different "
9857 "argv-elements.\\en\");\n"
9858 " digit_optind = this_option_optind;\n"
9859 " printf(\"option %c\\en\", c);\n"
9864 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:485
9867 " case \\(aqa\\(aq:\n"
9868 " printf(\"option a\\en\");\n"
9873 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:489
9876 " case \\(aqb\\(aq:\n"
9877 " printf(\"option b\\en\");\n"
9882 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:493
9885 " case \\(aqc\\(aq:\n"
9886 " printf(\"option c with value \\(aq%s\\(aq\\en\", optarg);\n"
9891 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:497
9894 " case \\(aqd\\(aq:\n"
9895 " printf(\"option d with value \\(aq%s\\(aq\\en\", optarg);\n"
9900 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:500
9903 " case \\(aq?\\(aq:\n"
9908 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:505
9912 " printf(\"?? getopt returned character code 0%o ??\\en\", c);\n"
9918 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:512
9921 " if (optind E<lt> argc) {\n"
9922 " printf(\"non-option ARGV-elements: \");\n"
9923 " while (optind E<lt> argc)\n"
9924 " printf(\"%s \", argv[optind++]);\n"
9925 " printf(\"\\en\");\n"
9930 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:517
9931 msgid "B<getsubopt>(3)"
9935 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25
9941 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:28
9942 msgid "getpagesize - get memory page size"
9946 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:32
9947 msgid "B<int getpagesize(void);>"
9951 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:39
9952 msgid "B<getpagesize>():"
9956 #. This call first appeared in 4.2BSD.
9958 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:64
9960 "The function B<getpagesize>() returns the number of bytes in a memory page, "
9961 "where \"page\" is a fixed-length block, the unit for memory allocation and "
9962 "file mapping performed by B<mmap>(2)."
9966 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:71
9968 "SVr4, 4.4BSD, SUSv2. In SUSv2 the B<getpagesize>() call is labeled LEGACY, "
9969 "and in POSIX.1-2001 it has been dropped; HP-UX does not have this call."
9973 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:76
9975 "Portable applications should employ I<sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)> instead of "
9980 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:81
9983 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
9984 "long sz = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);\n"
9988 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:88
9989 msgid "(Most systems allow the synonym B<_SC_PAGE_SIZE> for B<_SC_PAGESIZE>.)"
9993 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:108
9995 "Whether B<getpagesize>() is present as a Linux system call depends on the "
9996 "architecture. If it is, it returns the kernel symbol B<PAGE_SIZE>, whose "
9997 "value depends on the architecture and machine model. Generally, one uses "
9998 "binaries that are dependent on the architecture but not on the machine "
9999 "model, in order to have a single binary distribution per architecture. This "
10000 "means that a user program should not find B<PAGE_SIZE> at compile time from "
10001 "a header file, but use an actual system call, at least for those "
10002 "architectures (like sun4) where this dependency exists. Here glibc 2.0 "
10003 "fails because its B<getpagesize>() returns a statically derived value, and "
10004 "does not use a system call. Things are OK in glibc 2.1."
10007 #. type: Plain text
10008 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:110
10009 msgid "B<mmap>(2), B<sysconf>(3)"
10013 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:26
10019 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:26
10024 #. type: Plain text
10025 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:29
10026 msgid "gettid - get thread identification"
10029 #. type: Plain text
10030 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:32
10032 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
10035 #. type: Plain text
10036 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:34
10038 msgid "B<pid_t gettid(void);>\n"
10041 #. type: Plain text
10042 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:50
10044 "B<gettid>() returns the caller's thread ID (TID). In a single-threaded "
10045 "process, the thread ID is equal to the process ID (PID, as returned by "
10046 "B<getpid>(2)). In a multithreaded process, all threads have the same PID, "
10047 "but each one has a unique TID. For further details, see the discussion of "
10048 "B<CLONE_THREAD> in B<clone>(2)."
10051 #. type: Plain text
10052 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:52
10053 msgid "On success, returns the thread ID of the calling process."
10056 #. type: Plain text
10057 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:54
10058 msgid "This call is always successful."
10061 #. type: Plain text
10062 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:58
10063 msgid "The B<gettid>() system call first appeared on Linux in kernel 2.4.11."
10066 #. type: Plain text
10067 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:62
10069 "B<gettid>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs that are "
10070 "intended to be portable."
10073 #. FIXME . See http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=6399
10074 #. "gettid() should have a wrapper"
10075 #. type: Plain text
10076 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:67
10078 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using "
10082 #. type: Plain text
10083 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:71
10085 "The thread ID returned by this call is not the same thing as a POSIX thread "
10086 "ID (i.e., the opaque value returned by B<pthread_self>(3))."
10090 #. .BR move_pages (2),
10091 #. .BR migrate_pages (2),
10092 #. .BR process_vm_readv (2),
10094 #. type: Plain text
10095 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:89
10097 "B<capget>(2), B<clone>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<fork>(2), B<get_robust_list>(2), "
10098 "B<getpid>(2), B<ioprio_set>(2), B<perf_event_open>(2), "
10099 "B<sched_setaffinity>(2), B<sched_setparam>(2), B<sched_setscheduler>(2), "
10100 "B<tgkill>(2), B<timer_create>(2)"
10104 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:28
10110 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:28
10115 #. type: Plain text
10116 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:31
10117 msgid "getumask - get file creation mask"
10120 #. type: Plain text
10121 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:35 build/C/man2/truncate.2:50 build/C/man2/umask.2:39 build/C/man2/vfork.2:33
10122 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>"
10125 #. type: Plain text
10126 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:37 build/C/man2/umask.2:41
10127 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>"
10130 #. type: Plain text
10131 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:39
10132 msgid "B<mode_t getumask(void);>"
10135 #. type: Plain text
10136 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:42
10137 msgid "This function returns the current file creation mask. It is equivalent to"
10140 #. type: Plain text
10141 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:51
10144 "mode_t getumask(void)\n"
10146 " mode_t mask = umask( 0 );\n"
10152 #. type: Plain text
10153 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:58
10155 "except that it is documented to be thread-safe (that is, shares a lock with "
10156 "the B<umask>(2) library call)."
10159 #. type: Plain text
10160 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:60
10161 msgid "This is a vaporware GNU extension."
10164 #. type: Plain text
10165 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:63
10167 "This function is documented but not implemented yet in glibc, as at version "
10171 #. type: Plain text
10172 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:64
10173 msgid "B<umask>(2)"
10177 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30
10179 msgid "GETUSERSHELL"
10183 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30 build/C/man2/pread.2:25
10188 #. type: Plain text
10189 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:33
10190 msgid "getusershell, setusershell, endusershell - get permitted user shells"
10193 #. type: Plain text
10194 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:38
10196 msgid "B<char *getusershell(void);>\n"
10199 #. type: Plain text
10200 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:40
10202 msgid "B<void setusershell(void);>\n"
10205 #. type: Plain text
10206 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:42
10208 msgid "B<void endusershell(void);>\n"
10211 #. type: Plain text
10212 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:53
10213 msgid "B<getusershell>(), B<setusershell>(), B<endusershell>():"
10216 #. type: Plain text
10217 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:75
10219 "The B<getusershell>() function returns the next line from the file "
10220 "I</etc/shells>, opening the file if necessary. The line should contain the "
10221 "pathname of a valid user shell. If I</etc/shells> does not exist or is "
10222 "unreadable, B<getusershell>() behaves as if I</bin/sh> and I</bin/csh> were "
10223 "listed in the file."
10226 #. type: Plain text
10227 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:80
10228 msgid "The B<setusershell>() function rewinds I</etc/shells>."
10231 #. type: Plain text
10232 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:85
10233 msgid "The B<endusershell>() function closes I</etc/shells>."
10236 #. type: Plain text
10237 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:89
10238 msgid "The B<getusershell>() function returns NULL on end-of-file."
10241 #. type: Plain text
10242 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:92
10244 msgid "/etc/shells\n"
10247 #. type: Plain text
10248 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:101
10250 "The B<getusershell>(), B<setusershell>() and B<endusershell>() functions "
10251 "are not thread-safe."
10254 #. type: Plain text
10255 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:103
10259 #. type: Plain text
10260 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:104
10261 msgid "B<shells>(5)"
10265 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:32
10271 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:32 build/C/man5/shells.5:28
10276 #. type: Plain text
10277 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:35
10278 msgid "idle - make process 0 idle"
10281 #. type: Plain text
10282 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:39
10283 msgid "B<int idle(void);>"
10286 #. type: Plain text
10287 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:46
10289 "B<idle>() is an internal system call used during bootstrap. It marks the "
10290 "process's pages as swappable, lowers its priority, and enters the main "
10291 "scheduling loop. B<idle>() never returns."
10294 #. type: Plain text
10295 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:52
10297 "Only process 0 may call B<idle>(). Any user process, even a process with "
10298 "superuser permission, will receive B<EPERM>."
10301 #. type: Plain text
10302 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:55
10304 "B<idle>() never returns for process 0, and always returns -1 for a user "
10308 #. type: Plain text
10309 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:59 build/C/man2/setup.2:60
10310 msgid "Always, for a user process."
10313 #. type: Plain text
10314 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:61
10315 msgid "Since Linux 2.3.13, this system call does not exist anymore."
10318 #. type: Plain text
10319 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:63 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:90
10321 "This function is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended "
10326 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41
10331 #. type: Plain text
10332 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:44
10333 msgid "ioctl - control device"
10336 #. type: Plain text
10337 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:46
10338 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/ioctl.hE<gt>>"
10341 #. POSIX says 'request' is int, but glibc has the above
10342 #. See https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=42705
10343 #. type: Plain text
10344 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:50
10345 msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<fd>B<, unsigned long >I<request>B<, ...);>"
10348 #. type: Plain text
10349 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:61
10351 "The B<ioctl>() function manipulates the underlying device parameters of "
10352 "special files. In particular, many operating characteristics of character "
10353 "special files (e.g., terminals) may be controlled with B<ioctl>() "
10354 "requests. The argument I<fd> must be an open file descriptor."
10357 #. type: Plain text
10358 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:69
10360 "The second argument is a device-dependent request code. The third argument "
10361 "is an untyped pointer to memory. It's traditionally B<char *>I<argp> (from "
10362 "the days before B<void *> was valid C), and will be so named for this "
10366 #. type: Plain text
10367 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:85
10369 "An B<ioctl>() I<request> has encoded in it whether the argument is an I<in> "
10370 "parameter or I<out> parameter, and the size of the argument I<argp> in "
10371 "bytes. Macros and defines used in specifying an B<ioctl>() I<request> are "
10372 "located in the file I<E<lt>sys/ioctl.hE<gt>>."
10375 #. type: Plain text
10376 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:94
10378 "Usually, on success zero is returned. A few B<ioctl>() requests use the "
10379 "return value as an output parameter and return a nonnegative value on "
10380 "success. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
10383 #. type: Plain text
10384 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:99 build/C/man2/truncate.2:192
10385 msgid "I<fd> is not a valid descriptor."
10388 #. type: Plain text
10389 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:103
10390 msgid "I<argp> references an inaccessible memory area."
10393 #. type: Plain text
10394 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:109
10395 msgid "I<request> or I<argp> is not valid."
10398 #. type: Plain text
10399 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:113
10400 msgid "I<fd> is not associated with a character special device."
10403 #. type: Plain text
10404 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:119
10406 "The specified request does not apply to the kind of object that the "
10407 "descriptor I<fd> references."
10410 #. type: Plain text
10411 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:134
10413 "No single standard. Arguments, returns, and semantics of B<ioctl>() vary "
10414 "according to the device driver in question (the call is used as a catch-all "
10415 "for operations that don't cleanly fit the UNIX stream I/O model). See "
10416 "B<ioctl_list>(2) for a list of many of the known B<ioctl>() calls. The "
10417 "B<ioctl>() function call appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX."
10420 #. type: Plain text
10421 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:142
10423 "In order to use this call, one needs an open file descriptor. Often the "
10424 "B<open>(2) call has unwanted side effects, that can be avoided under Linux "
10425 "by giving it the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag."
10429 #. type: Plain text
10430 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:149
10431 msgid "B<execve>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<ioctl_list>(2), B<open>(2), B<sd>(4), B<tty>(4)"
10435 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30
10441 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30
10446 #. type: Plain text
10447 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:33
10448 msgid "ioctl_list - list of ioctl calls in Linux/i386 kernel"
10451 #. type: Plain text
10452 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:40
10454 "This is Ioctl List 1.3.27, a list of ioctl calls in Linux/i386 kernel "
10455 "1.3.27. It contains 421 ioctls from "
10456 "I<E<lt>/usr/include/{asm,linux}/*.hE<gt>>. For each ioctl, its numerical "
10457 "value, its name, and its argument type are given."
10460 #. type: Plain text
10461 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:48
10463 "An argument type of I<const struct foo\\ *> means the argument is input to "
10464 "the kernel. I<struct foo\\ *> means the kernel outputs the argument. If "
10465 "the kernel uses the argument for both input and output, this is marked with "
10469 #. type: Plain text
10470 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:53
10472 "Some ioctls take more arguments or return more values than a single "
10473 "structure. These are marked I<//\\ MORE> and documented further in a "
10474 "separate section."
10477 #. type: Plain text
10478 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:55
10479 msgid "This list is very incomplete."
10483 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:55
10485 msgid "ioctl structure"
10488 #. added two sections - aeb
10489 #. type: Plain text
10490 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:60
10492 "Ioctl command values are 32-bit constants. In principle these constants are "
10493 "completely arbitrary, but people have tried to build some structure into "
10497 #. type: Plain text
10498 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:79
10500 "The old Linux situation was that of mostly 16-bit constants, where the last "
10501 "byte is a serial number, and the preceding byte(s) give a type indicating "
10502 "the driver. Sometimes the major number was used: 0x03 for the B<HDIO_*> "
10503 "ioctls, 0x06 for the B<LP*> ioctls. And sometimes one or more ASCII letters "
10504 "were used. For example, B<TCGETS> has value 0x00005401, with 0x54 = "
10505 "\\(aqT\\(aq indicating the terminal driver, and B<CYGETTIMEOUT> has value "
10506 "0x00435906, with 0x43 0x59 = \\(aqC\\(aq \\(aqY\\(aq indicating the cyclades "
10510 #. type: Plain text
10511 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:87
10513 "Later (0.98p5) some more information was built into the number. One has 2 "
10514 "direction bits (00: none, 01: write, 10: read, 11: read/write) followed by "
10515 "14 size bits (giving the size of the argument), followed by an 8-bit type "
10516 "(collecting the ioctls in groups for a common purpose or a common driver), "
10517 "and an 8-bit serial number."
10520 #. type: Plain text
10521 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:98
10523 "The macros describing this structure live in I<E<lt>asm/ioctl.hE<gt>> and "
10524 "are B<_IO(type,nr)> and B<{_IOR,_IOW,_IOWR}(type,nr,size)>. They use "
10525 "I<sizeof(size)> so that size is a misnomer here: this third argument is a "
10529 #. type: Plain text
10530 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:103
10532 "Note that the size bits are very unreliable: in lots of cases they are "
10533 "wrong, either because of buggy macros using I<sizeof(sizeof(struct))>, or "
10534 "because of legacy values."
10537 #. type: Plain text
10538 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:107
10540 "Thus, it seems that the new structure only gave disadvantages: it does not "
10541 "help in checking, but it causes varying values for the various "
10545 #. type: Plain text
10546 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:113
10548 "Decent ioctls return 0 on success and -1 on error, while any output value is "
10549 "stored via the argument. However, quite a few ioctls in fact return an "
10550 "output value. This is not yet indicated below."
10553 #. type: Plain text
10554 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:115
10555 msgid "// Main table."
10558 #. type: Plain text
10559 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:117
10560 msgid "// E<lt>include/asm-i386/socket.hE<gt>"
10564 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:119
10566 msgid "0x00008901\tFIOSETOWN\tconst int *\n"
10570 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:120
10572 msgid "0x00008902\tSIOCSPGRP\tconst int *\n"
10576 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:121
10578 msgid "0x00008903\tFIOGETOWN\tint *\n"
10582 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:122
10584 msgid "0x00008904\tSIOCGPGRP\tint *\n"
10588 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:123
10590 msgid "0x00008905\tSIOCATMAR\tint *\n"
10594 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:124
10596 msgid "0x00008906\tSIOCGSTAMP\ttimeval *\n"
10599 #. type: Plain text
10600 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:128
10601 msgid "// E<lt>include/asm-i386/termios.hE<gt>"
10605 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:130
10607 msgid "0x00005401\tTCGETS\tstruct termios *\n"
10611 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:131
10613 msgid "0x00005402\tTCSETS\tconst struct termios *\n"
10617 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:132
10619 msgid "0x00005403\tTCSETSW\tconst struct termios *\n"
10623 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:133
10625 msgid "0x00005404\tTCSETSF\tconst struct termios *\n"
10629 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:134
10631 msgid "0x00005405\tTCGETA\tstruct termio *\n"
10635 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:135
10637 msgid "0x00005406\tTCSETA\tconst struct termio *\n"
10641 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:136
10643 msgid "0x00005407\tTCSETAW\tconst struct termio *\n"
10647 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:137
10649 msgid "0x00005408\tTCSETAF\tconst struct termio *\n"
10653 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:138
10655 msgid "0x00005409\tTCSBRK\tint\n"
10659 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:139
10661 msgid "0x0000540A\tTCXONC\tint\n"
10665 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:140
10667 msgid "0x0000540B\tTCFLSH\tint\n"
10671 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:141
10673 msgid "0x0000540C\tTIOCEXCL\tvoid\n"
10677 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:142
10679 msgid "0x0000540D\tTIOCNXCL\tvoid\n"
10683 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:143
10685 msgid "0x0000540E\tTIOCSCTTY\tint\n"
10689 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:144
10691 msgid "0x0000540F\tTIOCGPGRP\tpid_t *\n"
10695 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:145
10697 msgid "0x00005410\tTIOCSPGRP\tconst pid_t *\n"
10701 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:146
10703 msgid "0x00005411\tTIOCOUTQ\tint *\n"
10707 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:147
10709 msgid "0x00005412\tTIOCSTI\tconst char *\n"
10713 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:148
10715 msgid "0x00005413\tTIOCGWINSZ\tstruct winsize *\n"
10719 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:149
10721 msgid "0x00005414\tTIOCSWINSZ\tconst struct winsize *\n"
10725 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:150
10727 msgid "0x00005415\tTIOCMGET\tint *\n"
10731 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:151
10733 msgid "0x00005416\tTIOCMBIS\tconst int *\n"
10737 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:152
10739 msgid "0x00005417\tTIOCMBIC\tconst int *\n"
10743 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:153
10745 msgid "0x00005418\tTIOCMSET\tconst int *\n"
10749 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:154
10751 msgid "0x00005419\tTIOCGSOFTCAR\tint *\n"
10755 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:155
10757 msgid "0x0000541A\tTIOCSSOFTCAR\tconst int *\n"
10761 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:156
10763 msgid "0x0000541B\tFIONREAD\tint *\n"
10767 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:157
10769 msgid "0x0000541B\tTIOCINQ\tint *\n"
10773 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:158
10775 msgid "0x0000541C\tTIOCLINUX\tconst char *\t// MORE\n"
10779 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:159
10781 msgid "0x0000541D\tTIOCCONS\tvoid\n"
10785 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:160
10787 msgid "0x0000541E\tTIOCGSERIAL\tstruct serial_struct *\n"
10791 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:161
10793 msgid "0x0000541F\tTIOCSSERIAL\tconst struct serial_struct *\n"
10797 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:162
10799 msgid "0x00005420\tTIOCPKT\tconst int *\n"
10803 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:163
10805 msgid "0x00005421\tFIONBIO\tconst int *\n"
10809 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:164
10811 msgid "0x00005422\tTIOCNOTTY\tvoid\n"
10815 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:165
10817 msgid "0x00005423\tTIOCSETD\tconst int *\n"
10821 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:166
10823 msgid "0x00005424\tTIOCGETD\tint *\n"
10827 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:167
10829 msgid "0x00005425\tTCSBRKP\tint\n"
10833 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:168
10835 msgid "0x00005426\tTIOCTTYGSTRUCT\tstruct tty_struct *\n"
10839 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:169
10841 msgid "0x00005450\tFIONCLEX\tvoid\n"
10845 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:170
10847 msgid "0x00005451\tFIOCLEX\tvoid\n"
10851 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:171
10853 msgid "0x00005452\tFIOASYNC\tconst int *\n"
10857 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:172
10859 msgid "0x00005453\tTIOCSERCONFIG\tvoid\n"
10863 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:173
10865 msgid "0x00005454\tTIOCSERGWILD\tint *\n"
10869 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:174
10871 msgid "0x00005455\tTIOCSERSWILD\tconst int *\n"
10875 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:175
10877 msgid "0x00005456\tTIOCGLCKTRMIOS\tstruct termios *\n"
10881 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:176
10883 msgid "0x00005457\tTIOCSLCKTRMIOS\tconst struct termios *\n"
10887 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:177
10889 msgid "0x00005458\tTIOCSERGSTRUCT\tstruct async_struct *\n"
10893 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:178
10895 msgid "0x00005459\tTIOCSERGETLSR\tint *\n"
10899 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:185
10901 msgid "0x0000545A\tTIOCSERGETMULTI\tstruct serial_multiport_struct *\n"
10905 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:186
10907 msgid "0x0000545B\tTIOCSERSETMULTI\tconst struct serial_multiport_struct *\n"
10910 #. type: Plain text
10911 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:190
10912 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/ax25.hE<gt>"
10916 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:192
10918 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCAX25GETUID\tconst struct sockaddr_ax25 *\n"
10922 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:193
10924 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCAX25ADDUID\tconst struct sockaddr_ax25 *\n"
10928 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:194
10930 msgid "0x000089E2\tSIOCAX25DELUID\tconst struct sockaddr_ax25 *\n"
10934 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:195
10936 msgid "0x000089E3\tSIOCAX25NOUID\tconst int *\n"
10940 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:196
10942 msgid "0x000089E4\tSIOCAX25DIGCTL\tconst int *\n"
10946 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:197
10948 msgid "0x000089E5\tSIOCAX25GETPARMS\tstruct ax25_parms_struct *\t// I-O\n"
10952 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:201
10954 msgid "0x000089E6\tSIOCAX25SETPARMS\tconst struct ax25_parms_struct *\n"
10957 #. type: Plain text
10958 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:205
10959 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cdk.hE<gt>"
10963 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:207
10965 msgid "0x00007314\tSTL_BINTR\tvoid\n"
10969 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:208
10971 msgid "0x00007315\tSTL_BSTART\tvoid\n"
10975 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:209
10977 msgid "0x00007316\tSTL_BSTOP\tvoid\n"
10981 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:210
10983 msgid "0x00007317\tSTL_BRESET\tvoid\n"
10986 #. type: Plain text
10987 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:214
10988 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cdrom.hE<gt>"
10992 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:216
10994 msgid "0x00005301\tCDROMPAUSE\tvoid\n"
10998 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:217
11000 msgid "0x00005302\tCDROMRESUME\tvoid\n"
11004 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:218
11006 msgid "0x00005303\tCDROMPLAYMSF\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\n"
11010 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:219
11012 msgid "0x00005304\tCDROMPLAYTRKIND\tconst struct cdrom_ti *\n"
11016 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:220
11018 msgid "0x00005305\tCDROMREADTOCHDR\tstruct cdrom_tochdr *\n"
11022 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:224
11024 msgid "0x00005306\tCDROMREADTOCENTRY\tstruct cdrom_tocentry *\t// I-O\n"
11028 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:228
11030 msgid "0x00005307\tCDROMSTOP\tvoid\n"
11034 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:229
11036 msgid "0x00005308\tCDROMSTART\tvoid\n"
11040 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:230
11042 msgid "0x00005309\tCDROMEJECT\tvoid\n"
11046 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:231
11048 msgid "0x0000530A\tCDROMVOLCTRL\tconst struct cdrom_volctrl *\n"
11052 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:232
11054 msgid "0x0000530B\tCDROMSUBCHNL\tstruct cdrom_subchnl *\t// I-O\n"
11058 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:233
11060 msgid "0x0000530C\tCDROMREADMODE2\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
11064 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:234
11066 msgid "0x0000530D\tCDROMREADMODE1\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
11070 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:235
11072 msgid "0x0000530E\tCDROMREADAUDIO\tconst struct cdrom_read_audio *\t// MORE\n"
11076 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:236
11078 msgid "0x0000530F\tCDROMEJECT_SW\tint\n"
11082 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:240
11084 msgid "0x00005310\tCDROMMULTISESSION\tstruct cdrom_multisession *\t// I-O\n"
11088 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:244
11090 msgid "0x00005311\tCDROM_GET_UPC\tstruct { char [8]; } *\n"
11094 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:245
11096 msgid "0x00005312\tCDROMRESET\tvoid\n"
11100 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:246
11102 msgid "0x00005313\tCDROMVOLREAD\tstruct cdrom_volctrl *\n"
11106 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:247
11108 msgid "0x00005314\tCDROMREADRAW\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
11112 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:248
11114 msgid "0x00005315\tCDROMREADCOOKED\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
11118 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:249
11120 msgid "0x00005316\tCDROMSEEK\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\n"
11123 #. type: Plain text
11124 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:253
11125 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cm206.hE<gt>"
11129 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:255
11131 msgid "0x00002000\tCM206CTL_GET_STAT\tint\n"
11135 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:256
11137 msgid "0x00002001\tCM206CTL_GET_LAST_STAT\tint\n"
11140 #. type: Plain text
11141 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:260
11142 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cyclades.hE<gt>"
11146 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:262
11148 msgid "0x00435901\tCYGETMON\tstruct cyclades_monitor *\n"
11152 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:263
11154 msgid "0x00435902\tCYGETTHRESH\tint *\n"
11158 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:264
11160 msgid "0x00435903\tCYSETTHRESH\tint\n"
11164 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:265
11166 msgid "0x00435904\tCYGETDEFTHRESH\tint *\n"
11170 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:266
11172 msgid "0x00435905\tCYSETDEFTHRESH\tint\n"
11176 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:267
11178 msgid "0x00435906\tCYGETTIMEOUT\tint *\n"
11182 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:268
11184 msgid "0x00435907\tCYSETTIMEOUT\tint\n"
11188 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:269
11190 msgid "0x00435908\tCYGETDEFTIMEOUT\tint *\n"
11194 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:270
11196 msgid "0x00435909\tCYSETDEFTIMEOUT\tint\n"
11199 #. type: Plain text
11200 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:274
11201 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/ext2_fs.hE<gt>"
11205 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:276
11207 msgid "0x80046601\tEXT2_IOC_GETFLAGS\tint *\n"
11211 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:277
11213 msgid "0x40046602\tEXT2_IOC_SETFLAGS\tconst int *\n"
11217 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:278
11219 msgid "0x80047601\tEXT2_IOC_GETVERSION\tint *\n"
11223 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:279
11225 msgid "0x40047602\tEXT2_IOC_SETVERSION\tconst int *\n"
11228 #. type: Plain text
11229 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:283
11230 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/fd.hE<gt>"
11234 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:285
11236 msgid "0x00000000\tFDCLRPRM\tvoid\n"
11240 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:286
11242 msgid "0x00000001\tFDSETPRM\tconst struct floppy_struct *\n"
11246 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:287
11248 msgid "0x00000002\tFDDEFPRM\tconst struct floppy_struct *\n"
11252 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:288
11254 msgid "0x00000003\tFDGETPRM\tstruct floppy_struct *\n"
11258 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:289
11260 msgid "0x00000004\tFDMSGON\tvoid\n"
11264 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:290
11266 msgid "0x00000005\tFDMSGOFF\tvoid\n"
11270 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:291
11272 msgid "0x00000006\tFDFMTBEG\tvoid\n"
11276 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:292
11278 msgid "0x00000007\tFDFMTTRK\tconst struct format_descr *\n"
11282 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:293
11284 msgid "0x00000008\tFDFMTEND\tvoid\n"
11288 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:294
11290 msgid "0x0000000A\tFDSETEMSGTRESH\tint\n"
11294 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:295
11296 msgid "0x0000000B\tFDFLUSH\tvoid\n"
11300 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:296
11302 msgid "0x0000000C\tFDSETMAXERRS\tconst struct floppy_max_errors *\n"
11306 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:297
11308 msgid "0x0000000E\tFDGETMAXERRS\tstruct floppy_max_errors *\n"
11312 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:298
11314 msgid "0x00000010\tFDGETDRVTYP\tstruct { char [16]; } *\n"
11318 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:299
11320 msgid "0x00000014\tFDSETDRVPRM\tconst struct floppy_drive_params *\n"
11324 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:300
11326 msgid "0x00000015\tFDGETDRVPRM\tstruct floppy_drive_params *\n"
11330 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:301
11332 msgid "0x00000016\tFDGETDRVSTAT\tstruct floppy_drive_struct *\n"
11336 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:302
11338 msgid "0x00000017\tFDPOLLDRVSTAT\tstruct floppy_drive_struct *\n"
11342 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:303
11344 msgid "0x00000018\tFDRESET\tint\n"
11348 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:304
11350 msgid "0x00000019\tFDGETFDCSTAT\tstruct floppy_fdc_state *\n"
11354 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:305
11356 msgid "0x0000001B\tFDWERRORCLR\tvoid\n"
11360 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:306
11362 msgid "0x0000001C\tFDWERRORGET\tstruct floppy_write_errors *\n"
11366 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:310
11368 msgid "0x0000001E\tFDRAWCMD\tstruct floppy_raw_cmd *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
11372 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:311
11374 msgid "0x00000028\tFDTWADDLE\tvoid\n"
11377 #. type: Plain text
11378 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:315
11379 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/fs.hE<gt>"
11383 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:317
11385 msgid "0x0000125D\tBLKROSET\tconst int *\n"
11389 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:318
11391 msgid "0x0000125E\tBLKROGET\tint *\n"
11395 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:319
11397 msgid "0x0000125F\tBLKRRPART\tvoid\n"
11401 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:320
11403 msgid "0x00001260\tBLKGETSIZE\tunsigned long *\n"
11407 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:321
11409 msgid "0x00001261\tBLKFLSBUF\tvoid\n"
11413 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:322
11415 msgid "0x00001262\tBLKRASET\tint\n"
11419 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:323
11421 msgid "0x00001263\tBLKRAGET\tint *\n"
11425 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:324
11427 msgid "0x00000001\tFIBMAP\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11431 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:325
11433 msgid "0x00000002\tFIGETBSZ\tint *\n"
11436 #. type: Plain text
11437 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:329
11438 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/hdreg.hE<gt>"
11442 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:331
11444 msgid "0x00000301\tHDIO_GETGEO\tstruct hd_geometry *\n"
11448 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:332
11450 msgid "0x00000302\tHDIO_GET_UNMASKINTR\tint *\n"
11454 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:333
11456 msgid "0x00000304\tHDIO_GET_MULTCOUNT\tint *\n"
11460 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:334
11462 msgid "0x00000307\tHDIO_GET_IDENTITY\tstruct hd_driveid *\n"
11466 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:335
11468 msgid "0x00000308\tHDIO_GET_KEEPSETTINGS\tint *\n"
11472 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:336
11474 msgid "0x00000309\tHDIO_GET_CHIPSET\tint *\n"
11478 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:337
11480 msgid "0x0000030A\tHDIO_GET_NOWERR\tint *\n"
11484 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:338
11486 msgid "0x0000030B\tHDIO_GET_DMA\tint *\n"
11490 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:339
11492 msgid "0x0000031F\tHDIO_DRIVE_CMD\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11496 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:340
11498 msgid "0x00000321\tHDIO_SET_MULTCOUNT\tint\n"
11502 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:341
11504 msgid "0x00000322\tHDIO_SET_UNMASKINTR\tint\n"
11508 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:342
11510 msgid "0x00000323\tHDIO_SET_KEEPSETTINGS\tint\n"
11514 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:343
11516 msgid "0x00000324\tHDIO_SET_CHIPSET\tint\n"
11520 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:344
11522 msgid "0x00000325\tHDIO_SET_NOWERR\tint\n"
11526 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:345
11528 msgid "0x00000326\tHDIO_SET_DMA\tint\n"
11531 #. type: Plain text
11532 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:349
11533 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/if_eql.hE<gt>"
11537 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:351
11539 msgid "0x000089F0\tEQL_ENSLAVE\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
11543 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:352
11545 msgid "0x000089F1\tEQL_EMANCIPATE\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
11549 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:353
11551 msgid "0x000089F2\tEQL_GETSLAVECFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
11555 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:354
11557 msgid "0x000089F3\tEQL_SETSLAVECFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
11561 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:355
11563 msgid "0x000089F4\tEQL_GETMASTRCFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
11567 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:356
11569 msgid "0x000089F5\tEQL_SETMASTRCFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
11572 #. type: Plain text
11573 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:360
11574 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/if_plip.hE<gt>"
11578 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:362
11580 msgid "0x000089F0\tSIOCDEVPLIP\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11583 #. type: Plain text
11584 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:366
11585 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/if_ppp.hE<gt>"
11589 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:368
11591 msgid "0x00005490\tPPPIOCGFLAGS\tint *\n"
11595 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:369
11597 msgid "0x00005491\tPPPIOCSFLAGS\tconst int *\n"
11601 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:370
11603 msgid "0x00005492\tPPPIOCGASYNCMAP\tint *\n"
11607 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:371
11609 msgid "0x00005493\tPPPIOCSASYNCMAP\tconst int *\n"
11613 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:372
11615 msgid "0x00005494\tPPPIOCGUNIT\tint *\n"
11619 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:373
11621 msgid "0x00005495\tPPPIOCSINPSIG\tconst int *\n"
11625 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:374
11627 msgid "0x00005497\tPPPIOCSDEBUG\tconst int *\n"
11631 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:375
11633 msgid "0x00005498\tPPPIOCGDEBUG\tint *\n"
11637 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:376
11639 msgid "0x00005499\tPPPIOCGSTAT\tstruct ppp_stats *\n"
11643 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:377
11645 msgid "0x0000549A\tPPPIOCGTIME\tstruct ppp_ddinfo *\n"
11649 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:378
11651 msgid "0x0000549B\tPPPIOCGXASYNCMAP\tstruct { int [8]; } *\n"
11655 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:379
11657 msgid "0x0000549C\tPPPIOCSXASYNCMAP\tconst struct { int [8]; } *\n"
11661 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:380
11663 msgid "0x0000549D\tPPPIOCSMRU\tconst int *\n"
11667 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:381
11669 msgid "0x0000549E\tPPPIOCRASYNCMAP\tconst int *\n"
11673 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:382
11675 msgid "0x0000549F\tPPPIOCSMAXCID\tconst int *\n"
11678 #. type: Plain text
11679 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:386
11680 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/ipx.hE<gt>"
11684 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:388
11686 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCAIPXITFCRT\tconst char *\n"
11690 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:389
11692 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCAIPXPRISLT\tconst char *\n"
11696 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:390
11698 msgid "0x000089E2\tSIOCIPXCFGDATA\tstruct ipx_config_data *\n"
11701 #. type: Plain text
11702 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:394
11703 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/kd.hE<gt>"
11707 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:396
11709 msgid "0x00004B60\tGIO_FONT\tstruct { char [8192]; } *\n"
11713 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:397
11715 msgid "0x00004B61\tPIO_FONT\tconst struct { char [8192]; } *\n"
11719 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:401
11721 msgid "0x00004B6B\tGIO_FONTX\tstruct console_font_desc *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
11725 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:402
11727 msgid "0x00004B6C\tPIO_FONTX\tconst struct console_font_desc *\t//MORE\n"
11731 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:406
11733 msgid "0x00004B70\tGIO_CMAP\tstruct { char [48]; } *\n"
11737 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:407
11739 msgid "0x00004B71\tPIO_CMAP\tconst struct { char [48]; }\n"
11743 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:411
11745 msgid "0x00004B2F\tKIOCSOUND\tint\n"
11749 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:412
11751 msgid "0x00004B30\tKDMKTONE\tint\n"
11755 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:413
11757 msgid "0x00004B31\tKDGETLED\tchar *\n"
11761 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:414
11763 msgid "0x00004B32\tKDSETLED\tint\n"
11767 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:415
11769 msgid "0x00004B33\tKDGKBTYPE\tchar *\n"
11773 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:416
11775 msgid "0x00004B34\tKDADDIO\tint\t// MORE\n"
11779 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:417
11781 msgid "0x00004B35\tKDDELIO\tint\t// MORE\n"
11785 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:418
11787 msgid "0x00004B36\tKDENABIO\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
11791 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:419
11793 msgid "0x00004B37\tKDDISABIO\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
11797 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:420
11799 msgid "0x00004B3A\tKDSETMODE\tint\n"
11803 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:421
11805 msgid "0x00004B3B\tKDGETMODE\tint *\n"
11809 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:422
11811 msgid "0x00004B3C\tKDMAPDISP\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
11815 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:423
11817 msgid "0x00004B3D\tKDUNMAPDISP\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
11821 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:424
11823 msgid "0x00004B40\tGIO_SCRNMAP\tstruct { char [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
11827 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:428
11829 msgid "0x00004B41\tPIO_SCRNMAP\tconst struct { char [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
11833 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:429
11835 msgid "0x00004B69\tGIO_UNISCRNMAP\tstruct { short [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
11839 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:430
11841 msgid "0x00004B6A\tPIO_UNISCRNMAP\tconst struct { short [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
11845 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:434
11847 msgid "0x00004B66\tGIO_UNIMAP\tstruct unimapdesc *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
11851 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:435
11853 msgid "0x00004B67\tPIO_UNIMAP\tconst struct unimapdesc *\t// MORE\n"
11857 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:436
11859 msgid "0x00004B68\tPIO_UNIMAPCLR\tconst struct unimapinit *\n"
11863 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:437
11865 msgid "0x00004B44\tKDGKBMODE\tint *\n"
11869 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:438
11871 msgid "0x00004B45\tKDSKBMODE\tint\n"
11875 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:439
11877 msgid "0x00004B62\tKDGKBMETA\tint *\n"
11881 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:440
11883 msgid "0x00004B63\tKDSKBMETA\tint\n"
11887 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:441
11889 msgid "0x00004B64\tKDGKBLED\tint *\n"
11893 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:442
11895 msgid "0x00004B65\tKDSKBLED\tint\n"
11899 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:443
11901 msgid "0x00004B46\tKDGKBENT\tstruct kbentry *\t// I-O\n"
11905 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:444
11907 msgid "0x00004B47\tKDSKBENT\tconst struct kbentry *\n"
11911 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:445
11913 msgid "0x00004B48\tKDGKBSENT\tstruct kbsentry *\t// I-O\n"
11917 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:446
11919 msgid "0x00004B49\tKDSKBSENT\tconst struct kbsentry *\n"
11923 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:447
11925 msgid "0x00004B4A\tKDGKBDIACR\tstruct kbdiacrs *\n"
11929 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:448
11931 msgid "0x00004B4B\tKDSKBDIACR\tconst struct kbdiacrs *\n"
11935 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:449
11937 msgid "0x00004B4C\tKDGETKEYCODE\tstruct kbkeycode *\t// I-O\n"
11941 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:450
11943 msgid "0x00004B4D\tKDSETKEYCODE\tconst struct kbkeycode *\n"
11947 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:451
11949 msgid "0x00004B4E\tKDSIGACCEPT\tint\n"
11952 #. type: Plain text
11953 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:455
11954 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/lp.hE<gt>"
11958 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:457
11960 msgid "0x00000601\tLPCHAR\tint\n"
11964 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:458
11966 msgid "0x00000602\tLPTIME\tint\n"
11970 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:459
11972 msgid "0x00000604\tLPABORT\tint\n"
11976 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:460
11978 msgid "0x00000605\tLPSETIRQ\tint\n"
11982 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:461
11984 msgid "0x00000606\tLPGETIRQ\tint *\n"
11988 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:462
11990 msgid "0x00000608\tLPWAIT\tint\n"
11994 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:463
11996 msgid "0x00000609\tLPCAREFUL\tint\n"
12000 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:464
12002 msgid "0x0000060A\tLPABORTOPEN\tint\n"
12006 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:465
12008 msgid "0x0000060B\tLPGETSTATUS\tint *\n"
12012 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:466
12014 msgid "0x0000060C\tLPRESET\tvoid\n"
12018 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:467
12020 msgid "0x0000060D\tLPGETSTATS\tstruct lp_stats *\n"
12023 #. type: Plain text
12024 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:471
12025 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/mroute.hE<gt>"
12029 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:473
12031 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCGETVIFCNT\tstruct sioc_vif_req *\t// I-O\n"
12035 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:474
12037 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCGETSGCNT\tstruct sioc_sg_req *\t// I-O\n"
12040 #. type: Plain text
12041 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:478
12042 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/msdos_fs.hE<gt>"
12046 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:480
12048 msgid "0x82307201\tVFAT_IOCTL_READDIR_BOTH\tstruct dirent [2]\n"
12052 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:481
12054 msgid "0x82307202\tVFAT_IOCTL_READDIR_SHORT\tstruct dirent [2]\n"
12058 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:482
12060 msgid "0x80047210\tFAT_IOCTL_GET_ATTRIBUTES\t__u32 *\n"
12064 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:483
12066 msgid "0x40047211\tFAT_IOCTL_SET_ATTRIBUTES\tconst __u32 *\n"
12069 #. type: Plain text
12070 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:487
12071 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/mtio.hE<gt>"
12075 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:489
12077 msgid "0x40086D01\tMTIOCTOP\tconst struct mtop *\n"
12081 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:490
12083 msgid "0x801C6D02\tMTIOCGET\tstruct mtget *\n"
12087 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:491
12089 msgid "0x80046D03\tMTIOCPOS\tstruct mtpos *\n"
12093 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:492
12095 msgid "0x80206D04\tMTIOCGETCONFIG\tstruct mtconfiginfo *\n"
12099 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:493
12101 msgid "0x40206D05\tMTIOCSETCONFIG\tconst struct mtconfiginfo *\n"
12104 #. type: Plain text
12105 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:497
12106 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/netrom.hE<gt>"
12110 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:499
12112 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCNRGETPARMS\tstruct nr_parms_struct *\t// I-O\n"
12116 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:500
12118 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCNRSETPARMS\tconst struct nr_parms_struct *\n"
12122 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:501
12124 msgid "0x000089E2\tSIOCNRDECOBS\tvoid\n"
12128 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:502
12130 msgid "0x000089E3\tSIOCNRRTCTL\tconst int *\n"
12133 #. type: Plain text
12134 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:506
12135 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/sbpcd.hE<gt>"
12139 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:508
12141 msgid "0x00009000\tDDIOCSDBG\tconst int *\n"
12145 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:509
12147 msgid "0x00005382\tCDROMAUDIOBUFSIZ\tint\n"
12150 #. type: Plain text
12151 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:513
12152 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/scc.hE<gt>"
12156 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:515
12158 msgid "0x00005470\tTIOCSCCINI\tvoid\n"
12162 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:516
12164 msgid "0x00005471\tTIOCCHANINI\tconst struct scc_modem *\n"
12168 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:517
12170 msgid "0x00005472\tTIOCGKISS\tstruct ioctl_command *\t// I-O\n"
12174 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:518
12176 msgid "0x00005473\tTIOCSKISS\tconst struct ioctl_command *\n"
12180 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:519
12182 msgid "0x00005474\tTIOCSCCSTAT\tstruct scc_stat *\n"
12185 #. type: Plain text
12186 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:523
12187 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/scsi.hE<gt>"
12191 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:525
12193 msgid "0x00005382\tSCSI_IOCTL_GET_IDLUN\tstruct { int [2]; } *\n"
12197 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:526
12199 msgid "0x00005383\tSCSI_IOCTL_TAGGED_ENABLE\tvoid\n"
12203 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:527
12205 msgid "0x00005384\tSCSI_IOCTL_TAGGED_DISABLE\tvoid\n"
12209 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:531
12211 msgid "0x00005385\tSCSI_IOCTL_PROBE_HOST\tconst int *\t// MORE\n"
12214 #. type: Plain text
12215 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:535
12216 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/smb_fs.hE<gt>"
12220 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:537
12222 msgid "0x80027501\tSMB_IOC_GETMOUNTUID\tuid_t *\n"
12225 #. type: Plain text
12226 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:541
12227 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/sockios.hE<gt>"
12231 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:543
12233 msgid "0x0000890B\tSIOCADDRT\tconst struct rtentry *\t// MORE\n"
12237 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:544
12239 msgid "0x0000890C\tSIOCDELRT\tconst struct rtentry *\t// MORE\n"
12243 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:545
12245 msgid "0x00008910\tSIOCGIFNAME\tchar []\n"
12249 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:546
12251 msgid "0x00008911\tSIOCSIFLINK\tvoid\n"
12255 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:547
12257 msgid "0x00008912\tSIOCGIFCONF\tstruct ifconf *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
12261 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:548
12263 msgid "0x00008913\tSIOCGIFFLAGS\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
12267 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:549
12269 msgid "0x00008914\tSIOCSIFFLAGS\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
12273 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:550
12275 msgid "0x00008915\tSIOCGIFADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
12279 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:551
12281 msgid "0x00008916\tSIOCSIFADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
12285 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:552
12287 msgid "0x00008917\tSIOCGIFDSTADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
12291 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:553
12293 msgid "0x00008918\tSIOCSIFDSTADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
12297 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:554
12299 msgid "0x00008919\tSIOCGIFBRDADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
12303 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:555
12305 msgid "0x0000891A\tSIOCSIFBRDADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
12309 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:556
12311 msgid "0x0000891B\tSIOCGIFNETMASK\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
12315 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:557
12317 msgid "0x0000891C\tSIOCSIFNETMASK\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
12321 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:558
12323 msgid "0x0000891D\tSIOCGIFMETRIC\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
12327 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:559
12329 msgid "0x0000891E\tSIOCSIFMETRIC\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
12333 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:560
12335 msgid "0x0000891F\tSIOCGIFMEM\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
12339 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:561
12341 msgid "0x00008920\tSIOCSIFMEM\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
12345 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:562
12347 msgid "0x00008921\tSIOCGIFMTU\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
12351 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:563
12353 msgid "0x00008922\tSIOCSIFMTU\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
12357 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:567
12359 msgid "0x00008923\tOLD_SIOCGIFHWADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
12363 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:568
12365 msgid "0x00008924\tSIOCSIFHWADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\t// MORE\n"
12369 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:569
12371 msgid "0x00008925\tSIOCGIFENCAP\tint *\n"
12375 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:570
12377 msgid "0x00008926\tSIOCSIFENCAP\tconst int *\n"
12381 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:571
12383 msgid "0x00008927\tSIOCGIFHWADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
12387 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:572
12389 msgid "0x00008929\tSIOCGIFSLAVE\tvoid\n"
12393 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:573
12395 msgid "0x00008930\tSIOCSIFSLAVE\tvoid\n"
12399 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:574
12401 msgid "0x00008931\tSIOCADDMULTI\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
12405 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:575
12407 msgid "0x00008932\tSIOCDELMULTI\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
12411 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:576
12413 msgid "0x00008940\tSIOCADDRTOLD\tvoid\n"
12417 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:577
12419 msgid "0x00008941\tSIOCDELRTOLD\tvoid\n"
12423 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:578
12425 msgid "0x00008950\tSIOCDARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
12429 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:579
12431 msgid "0x00008951\tSIOCGARP\tstruct arpreq *\t// I-O\n"
12435 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:580
12437 msgid "0x00008952\tSIOCSARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
12441 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:581
12443 msgid "0x00008960\tSIOCDRARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
12447 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:582
12449 msgid "0x00008961\tSIOCGRARP\tstruct arpreq *\t// I-O\n"
12453 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:583
12455 msgid "0x00008962\tSIOCSRARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
12459 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:584
12461 msgid "0x00008970\tSIOCGIFMAP\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
12465 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:585
12467 msgid "0x00008971\tSIOCSIFMAP\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
12470 #. type: Plain text
12471 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:589
12472 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/soundcard.hE<gt>"
12476 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:591
12478 msgid "0x00005100\tSNDCTL_SEQ_RESET\tvoid\n"
12482 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:592
12484 msgid "0x00005101\tSNDCTL_SEQ_SYNC\tvoid\n"
12488 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:596
12490 msgid "0xC08C5102\tSNDCTL_SYNTH_INFO\tstruct synth_info *\t// I-O\n"
12494 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:597
12496 msgid "0xC0045103\tSNDCTL_SEQ_CTRLRATE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12500 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:598
12502 msgid "0x80045104\tSNDCTL_SEQ_GETOUTCOUNT\tint *\n"
12506 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:599
12508 msgid "0x80045105\tSNDCTL_SEQ_GETINCOUNT\tint *\n"
12512 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:600
12514 msgid "0x40045106\tSNDCTL_SEQ_PERCMODE\tvoid\n"
12518 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:604
12520 msgid "0x40285107\tSNDCTL_FM_LOAD_INSTR\tconst struct sbi_instrument *\n"
12524 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:608
12526 msgid "0x40045108\tSNDCTL_SEQ_TESTMIDI\tconst int *\n"
12530 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:609
12532 msgid "0x40045109\tSNDCTL_SEQ_RESETSAMPLES\tconst int *\n"
12536 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:610
12538 msgid "0x8004510A\tSNDCTL_SEQ_NRSYNTHS\tint *\n"
12542 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:611
12544 msgid "0x8004510B\tSNDCTL_SEQ_NRMIDIS\tint *\n"
12548 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:612
12550 msgid "0xC074510C\tSNDCTL_MIDI_INFO\tstruct midi_info *\t// I-O\n"
12554 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:613
12556 msgid "0x4004510D\tSNDCTL_SEQ_THRESHOLD\tconst int *\n"
12560 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:614
12562 msgid "0xC004510E\tSNDCTL_SYNTH_MEMAVL\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12566 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:615
12568 msgid "0x4004510F\tSNDCTL_FM_4OP_ENABLE\tconst int *\n"
12572 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:616
12574 msgid "0xCFB85110\tSNDCTL_PMGR_ACCESS\tstruct patmgr_info *\t// I-O\n"
12578 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:617
12580 msgid "0x00005111\tSNDCTL_SEQ_PANIC\tvoid\n"
12584 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:621
12586 msgid "0x40085112\tSNDCTL_SEQ_OUTOFBAND\tconst struct seq_event_rec *\n"
12590 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:625
12592 msgid "0xC0045401\tSNDCTL_TMR_TIMEBASE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12596 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:626
12598 msgid "0x00005402\tSNDCTL_TMR_START\tvoid\n"
12602 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:627
12604 msgid "0x00005403\tSNDCTL_TMR_STOP\tvoid\n"
12608 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:628
12610 msgid "0x00005404\tSNDCTL_TMR_CONTINUE\tvoid\n"
12614 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:629
12616 msgid "0xC0045405\tSNDCTL_TMR_TEMPO\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12620 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:630
12622 msgid "0xC0045406\tSNDCTL_TMR_SOURCE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12626 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:631
12628 msgid "0x40045407\tSNDCTL_TMR_METRONOME\tconst int *\n"
12632 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:632
12634 msgid "0x40045408\tSNDCTL_TMR_SELECT\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12638 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:633
12640 msgid "0xCFB85001\tSNDCTL_PMGR_IFACE\tstruct patmgr_info *\t// I-O\n"
12644 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:634
12646 msgid "0xC0046D00\tSNDCTL_MIDI_PRETIME\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12650 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:635
12652 msgid "0xC0046D01\tSNDCTL_MIDI_MPUMODE\tconst int *\n"
12656 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:639
12658 msgid "0xC0216D02\tSNDCTL_MIDI_MPUCMD\tstruct mpu_command_rec *\t// I-O\n"
12662 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:643
12664 msgid "0x00005000\tSNDCTL_DSP_RESET\tvoid\n"
12668 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:644
12670 msgid "0x00005001\tSNDCTL_DSP_SYNC\tvoid\n"
12674 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:645
12676 msgid "0xC0045002\tSNDCTL_DSP_SPEED\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12680 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:646
12682 msgid "0xC0045003\tSNDCTL_DSP_STEREO\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12686 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:647
12688 msgid "0xC0045004\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETBLKSIZE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12692 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:648
12694 msgid "0xC0045006\tSOUND_PCM_WRITE_CHANNELS\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12698 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:649
12700 msgid "0xC0045007\tSOUND_PCM_WRITE_FILTER\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12704 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:650
12706 msgid "0x00005008\tSNDCTL_DSP_POST\tvoid\n"
12710 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:651
12712 msgid "0xC0045009\tSNDCTL_DSP_SUBDIVIDE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12716 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:652
12718 msgid "0xC004500A\tSNDCTL_DSP_SETFRAGMENT\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12722 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:653
12724 msgid "0x8004500B\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETFMTS\tint *\n"
12728 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:654
12730 msgid "0xC0045005\tSNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12734 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:658
12736 msgid "0x800C500C\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETOSPACE\tstruct audio_buf_info *\n"
12740 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:659
12742 msgid "0x800C500D\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETISPACE\tstruct audio_buf_info *\n"
12746 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:660
12748 msgid "0x0000500E\tSNDCTL_DSP_NONBLOCK\tvoid\n"
12752 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:661
12754 msgid "0x80045002\tSOUND_PCM_READ_RATE\tint *\n"
12758 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:662
12760 msgid "0x80045006\tSOUND_PCM_READ_CHANNELS\tint *\n"
12764 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:663
12766 msgid "0x80045005\tSOUND_PCM_READ_BITS\tint *\n"
12770 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:664
12772 msgid "0x80045007\tSOUND_PCM_READ_FILTER\tint *\n"
12776 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:665
12778 msgid "0x00004300\tSNDCTL_COPR_RESET\tvoid\n"
12782 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:666
12784 msgid "0xCFB04301\tSNDCTL_COPR_LOAD\tconst struct copr_buffer *\n"
12788 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:670
12790 msgid "0xC0144302\tSNDCTL_COPR_RDATA\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
12794 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:671
12796 msgid "0xC0144303\tSNDCTL_COPR_RCODE\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
12800 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:675
12802 msgid "0x40144304\tSNDCTL_COPR_WDATA\tconst struct copr_debug_buf *\n"
12806 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:676
12808 msgid "0x40144305\tSNDCTL_COPR_WCODE\tconst struct copr_debug_buf *\n"
12812 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:680
12814 msgid "0xC0144306\tSNDCTL_COPR_RUN\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
12818 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:681
12820 msgid "0xC0144307\tSNDCTL_COPR_HALT\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
12824 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:685
12826 msgid "0x4FA44308\tSNDCTL_COPR_SENDMSG\tconst struct copr_msg *\n"
12830 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:686
12832 msgid "0x8FA44309\tSNDCTL_COPR_RCVMSG\tstruct copr_msg *\n"
12836 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:687
12838 msgid "0x80044D00\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_VOLUME\tint *\n"
12842 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:688
12844 msgid "0x80044D01\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_BASS\tint *\n"
12848 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:689
12850 msgid "0x80044D02\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_TREBLE\tint *\n"
12854 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:690
12856 msgid "0x80044D03\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_SYNTH\tint *\n"
12860 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:691
12862 msgid "0x80044D04\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_PCM\tint *\n"
12866 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:692
12868 msgid "0x80044D05\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_SPEAKER\tint *\n"
12872 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:693
12874 msgid "0x80044D06\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE\tint *\n"
12878 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:694
12880 msgid "0x80044D07\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_MIC\tint *\n"
12884 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:695
12886 msgid "0x80044D08\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_CD\tint *\n"
12890 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:696
12892 msgid "0x80044D09\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_IMIX\tint *\n"
12896 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:697
12898 msgid "0x80044D0A\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_ALTPCM\tint *\n"
12902 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:698
12904 msgid "0x80044D0B\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_RECLEV\tint *\n"
12908 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:699
12910 msgid "0x80044D0C\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_IGAIN\tint *\n"
12914 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:700
12916 msgid "0x80044D0D\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_OGAIN\tint *\n"
12920 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:701
12922 msgid "0x80044D0E\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE1\tint *\n"
12926 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:702
12928 msgid "0x80044D0F\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE2\tint *\n"
12932 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:703
12934 msgid "0x80044D10\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE3\tint *\n"
12938 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:704
12940 msgid "0x80044D1C\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_MUTE\tint *\n"
12944 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:705
12946 msgid "0x80044D1D\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_ENHANCE\tint *\n"
12950 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:706
12952 msgid "0x80044D1E\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LOUD\tint *\n"
12956 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:707
12958 msgid "0x80044DFF\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_RECSRC\tint *\n"
12962 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:708
12964 msgid "0x80044DFE\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_DEVMASK\tint *\n"
12968 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:709
12970 msgid "0x80044DFD\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_RECMASK\tint *\n"
12974 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:710
12976 msgid "0x80044DFB\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_STEREODEVS\tint *\n"
12980 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:711
12982 msgid "0x80044DFC\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_CAPS\tint *\n"
12986 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:715
12988 msgid "0xC0044D00\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_VOLUME\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12992 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:716
12994 msgid "0xC0044D01\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_BASS\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12998 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:717
13000 msgid "0xC0044D02\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_TREBLE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13004 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:718
13006 msgid "0xC0044D03\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_SYNTH\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13010 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:719
13012 msgid "0xC0044D04\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_PCM\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13016 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:720
13018 msgid "0xC0044D05\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_SPEAKER\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13022 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:721
13024 msgid "0xC0044D06\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13028 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:722
13030 msgid "0xC0044D07\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_MIC\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13034 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:723
13036 msgid "0xC0044D08\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_CD\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13040 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:724
13042 msgid "0xC0044D09\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_IMIX\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13046 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:725
13048 msgid "0xC0044D0A\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_ALTPCM\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13052 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:726
13054 msgid "0xC0044D0B\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_RECLEV\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13058 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:727
13060 msgid "0xC0044D0C\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_IGAIN\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13064 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:728
13066 msgid "0xC0044D0D\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_OGAIN\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13070 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:729
13072 msgid "0xC0044D0E\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE1\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13076 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:730
13078 msgid "0xC0044D0F\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE2\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13082 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:731
13084 msgid "0xC0044D10\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE3\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13088 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:732
13090 msgid "0xC0044D1C\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_MUTE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13094 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:733
13096 msgid "0xC0044D1D\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_ENHANCE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13100 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:734
13102 msgid "0xC0044D1E\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LOUD\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13106 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:735
13108 msgid "0xC0044DFF\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_RECSRC\tint *\t// I-O\n"
13111 #. type: Plain text
13112 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:739
13113 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/umsdos_fs.hE<gt>"
13117 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:741
13119 msgid "0x000004D2\tUMSDOS_READDIR_DOS\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\t// I-O\n"
13123 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:742
13125 msgid "0x000004D3\tUMSDOS_UNLINK_DOS\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
13129 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:743
13131 msgid "0x000004D4\tUMSDOS_RMDIR_DOS\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
13135 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:744
13137 msgid "0x000004D5\tUMSDOS_STAT_DOS\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\t// I-O\n"
13141 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:745
13143 msgid "0x000004D6\tUMSDOS_CREAT_EMD\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
13147 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:746
13149 msgid "0x000004D7\tUMSDOS_UNLINK_EMD\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
13153 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:747
13155 msgid "0x000004D8\tUMSDOS_READDIR_EMD\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\t// I-O\n"
13159 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:748
13161 msgid "0x000004D9\tUMSDOS_GETVERSION\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
13165 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:749
13167 msgid "0x000004DA\tUMSDOS_INIT_EMD\tvoid\n"
13171 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:750
13173 msgid "0x000004DB\tUMSDOS_DOS_SETUP\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
13177 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:751
13179 msgid "0x000004DC\tUMSDOS_RENAME_DOS\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
13182 #. type: Plain text
13183 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:755
13184 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/vt.hE<gt>"
13188 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:757
13190 msgid "0x00005600\tVT_OPENQRY\tint *\n"
13194 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:758
13196 msgid "0x00005601\tVT_GETMODE\tstruct vt_mode *\n"
13200 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:759
13202 msgid "0x00005602\tVT_SETMODE\tconst struct vt_mode *\n"
13206 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:760
13208 msgid "0x00005603\tVT_GETSTATE\tstruct vt_stat *\n"
13212 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:761
13214 msgid "0x00005604\tVT_SENDSIG\tvoid\n"
13218 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:762
13220 msgid "0x00005605\tVT_RELDISP\tint\n"
13224 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:763
13226 msgid "0x00005606\tVT_ACTIVATE\tint\n"
13230 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:764
13232 msgid "0x00005607\tVT_WAITACTIVE\tint\n"
13236 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:765
13238 msgid "0x00005608\tVT_DISALLOCATE\tint\n"
13242 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:766
13244 msgid "0x00005609\tVT_RESIZE\tconst struct vt_sizes *\n"
13248 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:767
13250 msgid "0x0000560A\tVT_RESIZEX\tconst struct vt_consize *\n"
13253 #. type: Plain text
13254 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:774
13256 "// More arguments. Some ioctl's take a pointer to a structure which "
13257 "contains additional pointers. These are documented here in alphabetical "
13261 #. type: Plain text
13262 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:782
13264 "B<CDROMREADAUDIO> takes an input pointer I<const struct cdrom_read_audio\\ "
13265 "*>. The I<buf> field points to an output buffer of length I<nframes\\ * "
13266 "CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW>."
13269 #. type: Plain text
13270 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:798
13272 "B<CDROMREADCOOKED>, B<CDROMREADMODE1>, B<CDROMREADMODE2>, and "
13273 "B<CDROMREADRAW> take an input pointer I<const struct cdrom_msf\\ *>. They "
13274 "use the same pointer as an output pointer to I<char []>. The length varies "
13275 "by request. For B<CDROMREADMODE1>, most drivers use CD_FRAMESIZE, but the "
13276 "Optics Storage driver uses OPT_BLOCKSIZE instead (both have the numerical "
13280 #. type: Plain text
13281 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:804
13284 " CDROMREADCOOKED char [CD_FRAMESIZE]\n"
13285 " CDROMREADMODE1 char [CD_FRAMESIZE or OPT_BLOCKSIZE]\n"
13286 " CDROMREADMODE2 char [CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW0]\n"
13287 " CDROMREADRAW char [CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW]\n"
13290 #. type: Plain text
13291 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:818
13293 "B<EQL_ENSLAVE>, B<EQL_EMANCIPATE>, B<EQL_GETSLAVECFG>, B<EQL_SETSLAVECFG>, "
13294 "B<EQL_GETMASTERCFG>, and B<EQL_SETMASTERCFG> take a I<struct ifreq\\ *>. "
13295 "The I<ifr_data> field is a pointer to another structure as follows:"
13298 #. type: Plain text
13299 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:826
13302 " EQL_ENSLAVE const struct slaving_request *\n"
13303 " EQL_EMANCIPATE const struct slaving_request *\n"
13304 " EQL_GETSLAVECFG struct slave_config * // I-O\n"
13305 " EQL_SETSLAVECFG const struct slave_config *\n"
13306 " EQL_GETMASTERCFG struct master_config *\n"
13307 " EQL_SETMASTERCFG const struct master_config *\n"
13310 #. type: Plain text
13311 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:843
13313 "B<FDRAWCMD> takes a I<struct floppy raw_cmd\\ *>. If I<flags & "
13314 "FD_RAW_WRITE> is nonzero, then I<data> points to an input buffer of length "
13315 "I<length>. If I<flags & FD_RAW_READ> is nonzero, then I<data> points to an "
13316 "output buffer of length I<length>."
13319 #. type: Plain text
13320 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:859
13322 "B<GIO_FONTX> and B<PIO_FONTX> take a I<struct console_font_desc\\ *> or a "
13323 "I<const struct console_font_desc\\ *>, respectively. I<chardata> points to "
13324 "a buffer of I<char [charcount]>. This is an output buffer for B<GIO_FONTX> "
13325 "and an input buffer for B<PIO_FONTX>."
13328 #. type: Plain text
13329 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:875
13331 "B<GIO_UNIMAP> and B<PIO_UNIMAP> take a I<struct unimapdesc\\ *> or a I<const "
13332 "struct unimapdesc\\ *>, respectively. I<entries> points to a buffer of "
13333 "I<struct unipair [entry_ct]>. This is an output buffer for B<GIO_UNIMAP> "
13334 "and an input buffer for B<PIO_UNIMAP>."
13337 #. type: Plain text
13338 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:879
13340 "KDADDIO, KDDELIO, KDDISABIO, and KDENABIO enable or disable access to I/O "
13341 "ports. They are essentially alternate interfaces to 'ioperm'."
13344 #. type: Plain text
13345 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:885
13347 "B<KDMAPDISP> and B<KDUNMAPDISP> enable or disable memory mappings or I/O "
13348 "port access. They are not implemented in the kernel."
13351 #. type: Plain text
13352 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:893
13354 "B<SCSI_IOCTL_PROBE_HOST> takes an input pointer I<const int\\ *>, which is a "
13355 "length. It uses the same pointer as an output pointer to a I<char []> "
13356 "buffer of this length."
13359 #. type: Plain text
13360 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:899
13362 "B<SIOCADDRT> and B<SIOCDELRT> take an input pointer whose type depends on "
13366 #. type: Plain text
13367 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:904
13370 " Most protocols const struct rtentry *\n"
13371 " AX.25 const struct ax25_route *\n"
13372 " NET/ROM const struct nr_route_struct *\n"
13375 #. type: Plain text
13376 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:915
13378 "B<SIOCGIFCONF> takes a I<struct ifconf\\ *>. The I<ifc_buf> field points to "
13379 "a buffer of length I<ifc_len> bytes, into which the kernel writes a list of "
13380 "type I<struct ifreq []>."
13383 #. type: Plain text
13384 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:918
13385 msgid "B<SIOCSIFHWADDR> takes an input pointer whose type depends on the protocol:"
13388 #. type: Plain text
13389 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:922
13392 " Most protocols const struct ifreq *\n"
13393 " AX.25 const char [AX25_ADDR_LEN]\n"
13396 #. type: Plain text
13397 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:937
13399 "B<TIOCLINUX> takes a I<const char\\ *>. It uses this to distinguish several "
13400 "independent subcases. In the table below, I<N + foo> means I<foo> after an "
13401 "N-byte pad. I<struct selection> is implicitly defined in "
13402 "I<drivers/char/selection.c>"
13405 #. type: Plain text
13406 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:946
13409 " TIOCLINUX-2 1 + const struct selection *\n"
13410 " TIOCLINUX-3 void\n"
13411 " TIOCLINUX-4 void\n"
13412 " TIOCLINUX-5 4 + const struct { long [8]; } *\n"
13413 " TIOCLINUX-6 char *\n"
13414 " TIOCLINUX-7 char *\n"
13415 " TIOCLINUX-10 1 + const char *\n"
13418 #. type: Plain text
13419 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:949
13420 msgid "// Duplicate ioctls"
13423 #. type: Plain text
13424 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:954
13426 "This list does not include ioctls in the range B<SIOCDEVPRIVATE> and "
13427 "B<SIOCPROTOPRIVATE>."
13431 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:956
13433 msgid "0x00000001\tFDSETPRM\tFIBMAP\n"
13437 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:957
13439 msgid "0x00000002\tFDDEFPRM\tFIGETBSZ\n"
13443 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:958
13445 msgid "0x00005382\tCDROMAUDIOBUFSIZ\tSCSI_IOCTL_GET_IDLUN\n"
13449 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:959
13451 msgid "0x00005402\tSNDCTL_TMR_START\tTCSETS\n"
13455 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:960
13457 msgid "0x00005403\tSNDCTL_TMR_STOP\tTCSETSW\n"
13461 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:961
13463 msgid "0x00005404\tSNDCTL_TMR_CONTINUE\tTCSETSF\n"
13466 #. type: Plain text
13467 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:964
13468 msgid "B<ioctl>(2)"
13472 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34
13477 #. type: Plain text
13478 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:37
13479 msgid "ioperm - set port input/output permissions"
13482 #. type: Plain text
13483 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:40
13484 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/io.hE<gt>> /* for glibc */"
13487 #. type: Plain text
13488 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:42
13490 "B<int ioperm(unsigned long >I<from>B<, unsigned long >I<num>B<, int "
13494 #. type: Plain text
13495 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:56
13497 "B<ioperm>() sets the port access permission bits for the calling thread for "
13498 "I<num> bits starting from port address I<from>. If I<turn_on> is nonzero, "
13499 "then permission for the specified bits is enabled; otherwise it is "
13500 "disabled. If I<turn_on> is nonzero, the calling thread must be privileged "
13501 "(B<CAP_SYS_RAWIO>)."
13504 #. type: Plain text
13505 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:65
13507 "Before Linux 2.6.8, only the first 0x3ff I/O ports could be specified in "
13508 "this manner. For more ports, the B<iopl>(2) system call had to be used "
13509 "(with a I<level> argument of 3). Since Linux 2.6.8, 65,536 I/O ports can be "
13513 #. type: Plain text
13514 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:75
13516 "Permissions are not inherited by the child created by B<fork>(2); following "
13517 "a B<fork>(2) the child must turn on those permissions that it needs. "
13518 "Permissions are preserved across B<execve>(2); this is useful for giving "
13519 "port access permissions to unprivileged programs."
13522 #. type: Plain text
13523 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:79
13525 "This call is mostly for the i386 architecture. On many other architectures "
13526 "it does not exist or will always return an error."
13529 #. type: Plain text
13530 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:91
13531 msgid "Invalid values for I<from> or I<num>."
13534 #. type: Plain text
13535 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:94
13536 msgid "(on PowerPC) This call is not supported."
13539 #. Could not allocate I/O bitmap.
13540 #. type: Plain text
13541 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:98
13542 msgid "Out of memory."
13545 #. type: Plain text
13546 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:101
13547 msgid "The calling thread has insufficient privilege."
13550 #. type: Plain text
13551 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:105
13553 "B<ioperm>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs intended "
13557 #. type: Plain text
13558 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:109
13560 "The I</proc/ioports> file shows the I/O ports that are currently allocated "
13564 #. type: Plain text
13565 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:117
13567 "Glibc has an B<ioperm>() prototype both in I<E<lt>sys/io.hE<gt>> and in "
13568 "I<E<lt>sys/perm.hE<gt>>. Avoid the latter, it is available on i386 only."
13571 #. type: Plain text
13572 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:120
13573 msgid "B<iopl>(2), B<outb>(2), B<capabilities>(7)"
13577 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:28
13583 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:28
13588 #. type: Plain text
13589 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:31
13590 msgid "lockf - apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on an open file"
13593 #. type: Plain text
13594 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:35
13595 msgid "B<int lockf(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<cmd>B<, off_t >I<len>B<);>"
13598 #. type: Plain text
13599 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:42
13600 msgid "B<lockf>():"
13603 #. type: Plain text
13604 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:46
13606 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
13607 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
13610 #. type: Plain text
13611 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:69
13613 "Apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on a section of an open file. The file "
13614 "is specified by I<fd>, a file descriptor open for writing, the action by "
13615 "I<cmd>, and the section consists of byte positions I<pos>..I<pos>+I<len>-1 "
13616 "if I<len> is positive, and I<pos>-I<len>..I<pos>-1 if I<len> is negative, "
13617 "where I<pos> is the current file position, and if I<len> is zero, the "
13618 "section extends from the current file position to infinity, encompassing the "
13619 "present and future end-of-file positions. In all cases, the section may "
13620 "extend past current end-of-file."
13623 #. type: Plain text
13624 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:84
13626 "On Linux, B<lockf>() is just an interface on top of B<fcntl>(2) locking. "
13627 "Many other systems implement B<lockf>() in this way, but note that "
13628 "POSIX.1-2001 leaves the relationship between B<lockf>() and B<fcntl>(2) "
13629 "locks unspecified. A portable application should probably avoid mixing "
13630 "calls to these interfaces."
13633 #. type: Plain text
13634 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:86
13635 msgid "Valid operations are given below:"
13639 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:86
13644 #. type: Plain text
13645 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:96
13647 "Set an exclusive lock on the specified section of the file. If (part of) "
13648 "this section is already locked, the call blocks until the previous lock is "
13649 "released. If this section overlaps an earlier locked section, both are "
13650 "merged. File locks are released as soon as the process holding the locks "
13651 "closes some file descriptor for the file. A child process does not inherit "
13656 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:96
13661 #. type: Plain text
13662 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:102
13664 "Same as B<F_LOCK> but the call never blocks and returns an error instead if "
13665 "the file is already locked."
13669 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:102
13674 #. type: Plain text
13675 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:106
13677 "Unlock the indicated section of the file. This may cause a locked section "
13678 "to be split into two locked sections."
13682 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:106
13687 #. type: Plain text
13688 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:116
13690 "Test the lock: return 0 if the specified section is unlocked or locked by "
13691 "this process; return -1, set I<errno> to B<EAGAIN> (B<EACCES> on some other "
13692 "systems), if another process holds a lock."
13695 #. type: Plain text
13696 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:130
13698 "The file is locked and B<F_TLOCK> or B<F_TEST> was specified, or the "
13699 "operation is prohibited because the file has been memory-mapped by another "
13703 #. type: Plain text
13704 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:142
13706 "I<fd> is not an open file descriptor; or I<cmd> is B<F_LOCK> or B<F_TLOCK> "
13707 "and I<fd> is not a writable file descriptor."
13710 #. type: Plain text
13711 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:147
13712 msgid "The command was B<F_LOCK> and this lock operation would cause a deadlock."
13715 #. type: Plain text
13716 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:151
13717 msgid "An invalid operation was specified in I<cmd>."
13720 #. type: Plain text
13721 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:154
13722 msgid "Too many segment locks open, lock table is full."
13725 #. type: Plain text
13726 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:159
13727 msgid "The B<lockf>() function is thread-safe."
13730 #. type: Plain text
13731 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:161
13732 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001."
13735 #. type: Plain text
13736 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:164
13737 msgid "B<fcntl>(2), B<flock>(2)"
13740 #. type: Plain text
13741 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:175
13743 "I<locks.txt> and I<mandatory-locking.txt> in the Linux kernel source "
13744 "directory I<Documentation/filesystems> (on older kernels, these files are "
13745 "directly under the I<Documentation> directory, and I<mandatory-locking.txt> "
13746 "is called I<mandatory.txt>)"
13750 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:34
13756 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:34
13761 #. type: Plain text
13762 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:37
13763 msgid "mincore - determine whether pages are resident in memory"
13766 #. type: Plain text
13767 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:41
13768 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/mman.hE<gt>>"
13771 #. type: Plain text
13772 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:43
13774 "B<int mincore(void *>I<addr>B<, size_t >I<length>B<, unsigned char "
13778 #. type: Plain text
13779 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:51
13780 msgid "B<mincore>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
13783 #. type: Plain text
13784 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:62
13786 "B<mincore>() returns a vector that indicates whether pages of the calling "
13787 "process's virtual memory are resident in core (RAM), and so will not cause a "
13788 "disk access (page fault) if referenced. The kernel returns residency "
13789 "information about the pages starting at the address I<addr>, and continuing "
13790 "for I<length> bytes."
13793 #. type: Plain text
13794 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:76
13796 "The I<addr> argument must be a multiple of the system page size. The "
13797 "I<length> argument need not be a multiple of the page size, but since "
13798 "residency information is returned for whole pages, I<length> is effectively "
13799 "rounded up to the next multiple of the page size. One may obtain the page "
13800 "size (B<PAGE_SIZE>) using I<sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)>."
13803 #. type: Plain text
13804 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:94
13806 "The I<vec> argument must point to an array containing at least "
13807 "I<(length+PAGE_SIZE-1) / PAGE_SIZE> bytes. On return, the least significant "
13808 "bit of each byte will be set if the corresponding page is currently resident "
13809 "in memory, and be clear otherwise. (The settings of the other bits in each "
13810 "byte are undefined; these bits are reserved for possible later use.) Of "
13811 "course the information returned in I<vec> is only a snapshot: pages that are "
13812 "not locked in memory can come and go at any moment, and the contents of "
13813 "I<vec> may already be stale by the time this call returns."
13816 #. type: Plain text
13817 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:101
13819 "On success, B<mincore>() returns zero. On error, -1 is returned, and "
13820 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
13823 #. type: Plain text
13824 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:104
13825 msgid "B<EAGAIN> kernel is temporarily out of resources."
13828 #. type: Plain text
13829 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:108
13830 msgid "I<vec> points to an invalid address."
13833 #. type: Plain text
13834 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:112
13835 msgid "I<addr> is not a multiple of the page size."
13838 #. type: Plain text
13839 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:124
13841 "I<length> is greater than (I<TASK_SIZE> - I<addr>). (This could occur if a "
13842 "negative value is specified for I<length>, since that value will be "
13843 "interpreted as a large unsigned integer.) In Linux 2.6.11 and earlier, the "
13844 "error B<EINVAL> was returned for this condition."
13847 #. type: Plain text
13848 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:132
13849 msgid "I<addr> to I<addr> + I<length> contained unmapped memory."
13852 #. type: Plain text
13853 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:134
13854 msgid "Available since Linux 2.3.99pre1 and glibc 2.2."
13857 #. It is on at least NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris 8,
13858 #. AIX 5.1, SunOS 4.1
13862 #. function first appeared in 4.4BSD.
13863 #. type: Plain text
13864 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:144
13866 "B<mincore>() is not specified in POSIX.1-2001, and it is not available on "
13867 "all UNIX implementations."
13870 #. Linux (up to now, 2.6.5),
13872 #. does not return correct information for MAP_PRIVATE mappings:
13873 #. for a MAP_PRIVATE file mapping,
13875 #. returns the residency of the file pages, rather than any
13876 #. modified process-private pages that have been copied on write;
13877 #. for a MAP_PRIVATE mapping of
13880 #. always reports pages as nonresident;
13881 #. and for a MAP_PRIVATE, MAP_ANONYMOUS mapping,
13883 #. always fails with the error
13885 #. type: Plain text
13886 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:166
13888 "Before kernel 2.6.21, B<mincore>() did not return correct information for "
13889 "B<MAP_PRIVATE> mappings, or for nonlinear mappings (established using "
13890 "B<remap_file_pages>(2))."
13893 #. type: Plain text
13894 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:168
13895 msgid "B<mlock>(2), B<mmap>(2)"
13899 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:11
13904 #. type: Plain text
13905 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:14
13906 msgid "mkdir, mkdirat - create a directory"
13909 #. .B #include <unistd.h>
13910 #. type: Plain text
13911 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:19
13914 "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
13915 "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
13918 #. type: Plain text
13919 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:21
13921 msgid "B<int mkdir(const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<);>\n"
13924 #. type: Plain text
13925 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:24
13928 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt> >/* Definition of AT_* constants */\n"
13929 "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
13932 #. type: Plain text
13933 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:26
13936 "B<int mkdirat(int >I<dirfd>B<, const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t "
13940 #. type: Plain text
13941 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:34
13942 msgid "B<mkdirat>():"
13945 #. type: Plain text
13946 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:51
13947 msgid "B<mkdir>() attempts to create a directory named I<pathname>."
13950 #. type: Plain text
13951 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:61
13953 "The argument I<mode> specifies the permissions to use. It is modified by "
13954 "the process's I<umask> in the usual way: the permissions of the created "
13955 "directory are (I<mode> & ~I<umask> & 0777). Other mode bits of the created "
13956 "directory depend on the operating system. For Linux, see below."
13959 #. type: Plain text
13960 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:71
13962 "The newly created directory will be owned by the effective user ID of the "
13963 "process. If the directory containing the file has the set-group-ID bit set, "
13964 "or if the filesystem is mounted with BSD group semantics (I<mount -o "
13965 "bsdgroups> or, synonymously I<mount -o grpid>), the new directory will "
13966 "inherit the group ownership from its parent; otherwise it will be owned by "
13967 "the effective group ID of the process."
13970 #. type: Plain text
13971 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:76
13973 "If the parent directory has the set-group-ID bit set, then so will the newly "
13974 "created directory."
13978 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:76
13983 #. type: Plain text
13984 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:82
13986 "The B<mkdirat>() system call operates in exactly the same way as "
13987 "B<mkdir>(), except for the differences described here."
13990 #. type: Plain text
13991 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:92
13993 "If the pathname given in I<pathname> is relative, then it is interpreted "
13994 "relative to the directory referred to by the file descriptor I<dirfd> "
13995 "(rather than relative to the current working directory of the calling "
13996 "process, as is done by B<mkdir>() for a relative pathname)."
13999 #. type: Plain text
14000 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:104
14002 "If I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is the special value B<AT_FDCWD>, "
14003 "then I<pathname> is interpreted relative to the current working directory of "
14004 "the calling process (like B<mkdir>())."
14007 #. type: Plain text
14008 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:115
14009 msgid "See B<openat>(2) for an explanation of the need for B<mkdirat>()."
14012 #. type: Plain text
14013 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:122
14015 "B<mkdir>() and B<mkdirat>() return zero on success, or -1 if an error "
14016 "occurred (in which case, I<errno> is set appropriately)."
14019 #. type: Plain text
14020 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:131
14022 "The parent directory does not allow write permission to the process, or one "
14023 "of the directories in I<pathname> did not allow search permission. (See "
14024 "also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
14028 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:131
14033 #. type: Plain text
14034 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:135
14036 "The user's quota of disk blocks or inodes on the filesystem has been "
14041 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:135
14046 #. type: Plain text
14047 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:142
14049 "I<pathname> already exists (not necessarily as a directory). This includes "
14050 "the case where I<pathname> is a symbolic link, dangling or not."
14054 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:149
14059 #. type: Plain text
14060 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:153
14061 msgid "The number of links to the parent directory would exceed B<LINK_MAX>."
14064 #. type: Plain text
14065 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:156
14066 msgid "I<pathname> was too long."
14069 #. type: Plain text
14070 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:161
14072 "A directory component in I<pathname> does not exist or is a dangling "
14077 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:164 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:169
14082 #. type: Plain text
14083 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:169
14084 msgid "The device containing I<pathname> has no room for the new directory."
14087 #. type: Plain text
14088 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:173
14090 "The new directory cannot be created because the user's disk quota is "
14094 #. type: Plain text
14095 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:183
14097 "The filesystem containing I<pathname> does not support the creation of "
14101 #. type: Plain text
14102 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:187
14103 msgid "I<pathname> refers to a file on a read-only filesystem."
14106 #. type: Plain text
14107 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:190
14108 msgid "The following additional errors can occur for B<mkdirat>():"
14111 #. type: Plain text
14112 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:204
14114 "B<mkdirat>() was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16; library support was added "
14115 "to glibc in version 2.4."
14118 #. SVr4 documents additional EIO, EMULTIHOP
14119 #. type: Plain text
14120 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:208
14121 msgid "B<mkdir>(): SVr4, BSD, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008."
14124 #. type: Plain text
14125 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:211
14126 msgid "B<mkdirat>(): POSIX.1-2008."
14129 #. type: Plain text
14130 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:219
14132 "Under Linux, apart from the permission bits, only the B<S_ISVTX> mode bit is "
14133 "honored. That is, under Linux the created directory actually gets mode "
14134 "(I<mode> & ~I<umask> & 01777). See also B<stat>(2)."
14137 #. type: Plain text
14138 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:223
14140 "There are many infelicities in the protocol underlying NFS. Some of these "
14141 "affect B<mkdir>()."
14144 #. type: Plain text
14145 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:236
14147 "On older kernels where B<mkdirat>() is unavailable, the glibc wrapper "
14148 "function falls back to the use of B<mkdir>(). When I<pathname> is a "
14149 "relative pathname, glibc constructs a pathname based on the symbolic link in "
14150 "I</proc/self/fd> that corresponds to the I<dirfd> argument."
14153 #. type: Plain text
14154 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:246
14156 "B<mkdir>(1), B<chmod>(2), B<chown>(2), B<mknod>(2), B<mount>(2), "
14157 "B<rmdir>(2), B<stat>(2), B<umask>(2), B<unlink>(2), B<path_resolution>(7)"
14161 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:31
14167 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:31
14172 #. type: Plain text
14173 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:34
14174 msgid "nice - change process priority"
14177 #. type: Plain text
14178 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:38
14179 msgid "B<int nice(int >I<inc>B<);>"
14182 #. type: Plain text
14183 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:46
14184 msgid "B<nice>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
14187 #. type: Plain text
14188 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:56
14190 "B<nice>() adds I<inc> to the nice value for the calling process. (A higher "
14191 "nice value means a low priority.) Only the super\\%user may specify a "
14192 "negative increment, or priority increase. The range for nice values is "
14193 "described in B<getpriority>(2)."
14196 #. type: Plain text
14197 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:61
14199 "On success, the new nice value is returned (but see NOTES below). On error, "
14200 "-1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
14203 #. type: Plain text
14204 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:75
14206 "The calling process attempted to increase its priority by supplying a "
14207 "negative I<inc> but has insufficient privileges. Under Linux, the "
14208 "B<CAP_SYS_NICE> capability is required. (But see the discussion of the "
14209 "B<RLIMIT_NICE> resource limit in B<setrlimit>(2).)"
14212 #. type: Plain text
14213 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:82
14215 "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. However, the Linux and (g)libc (earlier than "
14216 "glibc 2.2.4) return value is nonstandard, see below. SVr4 documents an "
14217 "additional B<EINVAL> error code."
14220 #. type: Plain text
14221 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:92
14223 "SUSv2 and POSIX.1-2001 specify that B<nice>() should return the new nice "
14224 "value. However, the Linux syscall and the B<nice>() library function "
14225 "provided in older versions of (g)libc (earlier than glibc 2.2.4) return 0 on "
14226 "success. The new nice value can be found using B<getpriority>(2)."
14229 #. type: Plain text
14230 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:105
14232 "Since glibc 2.2.4, B<nice>() is implemented as a library function that "
14233 "calls B<getpriority>(2) to obtain the new nice value to be returned to the "
14234 "caller. With this implementation, a successful call can legitimately return "
14235 "-1. To reliably detect an error, set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and "
14236 "check its value when B<nice>() returns -1."
14239 #. type: Plain text
14240 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:112
14242 "B<nice>(1), B<renice>(1), B<fork>(2), B<getpriority>(2), B<setpriority>(2), "
14243 "B<capabilities>(7), B<sched>(7)"
14247 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:25
14252 #. type: Plain text
14253 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:28
14254 msgid "pread, pwrite - read from or write to a file descriptor at a given offset"
14257 #. type: Plain text
14258 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:33
14260 "B<ssize_t pread(int >I<fd>B<, void *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<count>B<, off_t "
14264 #. type: Plain text
14265 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:36
14267 "B<ssize_t pwrite(int >I<fd>B<, const void *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<count>B<, "
14268 "off_t >I<offset>B<);>"
14271 #. type: Plain text
14272 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:46
14273 msgid "B<pread>(), B<pwrite>():"
14276 #. type: Plain text
14277 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:48
14278 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500"
14281 #. type: Plain text
14282 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:64
14284 "B<pread>() reads up to I<count> bytes from file descriptor I<fd> at offset "
14285 "I<offset> (from the start of the file) into the buffer starting at I<buf>. "
14286 "The file offset is not changed."
14289 #. type: Plain text
14290 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:75
14292 "B<pwrite>() writes up to I<count> bytes from the buffer starting at I<buf> "
14293 "to the file descriptor I<fd> at offset I<offset>. The file offset is not "
14297 #. type: Plain text
14298 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:79
14299 msgid "The file referenced by I<fd> must be capable of seeking."
14302 #. type: Plain text
14303 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:89
14305 "On success, the number of bytes read or written is returned (zero indicates "
14306 "that nothing was written, in the case of B<pwrite>(), or end of file, in the "
14307 "case of B<pread>()), or -1 on error, in which case I<errno> is set to "
14308 "indicate the error."
14311 #. type: Plain text
14312 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:104
14314 "B<pread>() can fail and set I<errno> to any error specified for B<read>(2) "
14315 "or B<lseek>(2). B<pwrite>() can fail and set I<errno> to any error "
14316 "specified for B<write>(2) or B<lseek>(2)."
14319 #. type: Plain text
14320 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:115
14322 "The B<pread>() and B<pwrite>() system calls were added to Linux in version "
14323 "2.1.60; the entries in the i386 system call table were added in 2.1.69. C "
14324 "library support (including emulation using B<lseek>(2) on older kernels "
14325 "without the system calls) was added in glibc 2.1."
14328 #. type: Plain text
14329 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:125
14331 "The B<pread>() and B<pwrite>() system calls are especially useful in "
14332 "multithreaded applications. They allow multiple threads to perform I/O on "
14333 "the same file descriptor without being affected by changes to the file "
14334 "offset by other threads."
14337 #. type: Plain text
14338 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:141
14340 "On Linux, the underlying system calls were renamed in kernel 2.6: B<pread>() "
14341 "became B<pread64>(), and B<pwrite>() became B<pwrite64>(). The system call "
14342 "numbers remained the same. The glibc B<pread>() and B<pwrite>() wrapper "
14343 "functions transparently deal with the change."
14346 #. type: Plain text
14347 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:146 build/C/man2/truncate.2:253
14349 "On some 32-bit architectures, the calling signature for these system calls "
14350 "differ, for the reasons described in B<syscall>(2)."
14353 #. FIXME . https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=43178
14354 #. type: Plain text
14355 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:158
14357 "POSIX requires that opening a file with the B<O_APPEND> flag should have no "
14358 "effect on the location at which B<pwrite>() writes data. However, on "
14359 "Linux, if a file is opened with B<O_APPEND>, B<pwrite>() appends data to "
14360 "the end of the file, regardless of the value of I<offset>."
14363 #. type: Plain text
14364 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:162
14365 msgid "B<lseek>(2), B<read>(2), B<readv>(2), B<write>(2)"
14369 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8
14371 msgid "SET_THREAD_AREA"
14374 #. type: Plain text
14375 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:11
14376 msgid "set_thread_area - set a thread local storage (TLS) area"
14379 #. type: Plain text
14380 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:17
14381 msgid "B<int set_thread_area(struct user_desc *>I<u_info>B<);>"
14384 #. type: Plain text
14385 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:33
14387 "B<set_thread_area>() sets an entry in the current thread's thread-local "
14388 "storage (TLS) array. The TLS array entry set by B<set_thread_area>() "
14389 "corresponds to the value of I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number> passed in by the "
14390 "user. If this value is in bounds, B<set_thread_area>() copies the TLS "
14391 "descriptor pointed to by I<u_info> into the thread's TLS array."
14394 #. type: Plain text
14395 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:44
14397 "When B<set_thread_area>() is passed an I<entry_number> of -1, it uses a "
14398 "free TLS entry. If B<set_thread_area>() finds a free TLS entry, the value "
14399 "of I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number> is set upon return to show which entry was "
14403 #. type: Plain text
14404 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:49
14406 "B<set_thread_area>() returns 0 on success, and -1 on failure, with I<errno> "
14407 "set appropriately."
14411 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:56
14416 #. type: Plain text
14417 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:59
14418 msgid "A free TLS entry could not be located."
14421 #. type: Plain text
14422 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:63
14423 msgid "A version of B<set_thread_area>() first appeared in Linux 2.5.29."
14426 #. type: Plain text
14427 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:67
14429 "B<set_thread_area>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs "
14430 "that are intended to be portable."
14433 #. type: Plain text
14434 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:72
14436 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call, since it is generally "
14437 "intended only for use by threading libraries. In the unlikely event that "
14438 "you want to call it directly, use B<syscall>(2)."
14441 #. type: Plain text
14442 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:73
14443 msgid "B<get_thread_area>(2)"
14447 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:34
14453 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:34
14458 #. type: Plain text
14459 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:37
14460 msgid "setup - setup devices and filesystems, mount root filesystem"
14463 #. type: Plain text
14464 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:41
14465 msgid "B<int setup(void);>"
14468 #. type: Plain text
14469 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:47
14471 "B<setup>() is called once from within I<linux/init/main.c>. It calls "
14472 "initialization functions for devices and filesystems configured into the "
14473 "kernel and then mounts the root filesystem."
14476 #. type: Plain text
14477 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:53
14479 "No user process may call B<setup>(). Any user process, even a process with "
14480 "superuser permission, will receive B<EPERM>."
14483 #. type: Plain text
14484 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:56
14485 msgid "B<setup>() always returns -1 for a user process."
14488 #. type: Plain text
14489 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:62
14490 msgid "Since Linux 2.1.121, no such function exists anymore."
14493 #. type: Plain text
14494 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:65
14496 "This function is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended "
14497 "to be portable, or indeed in any programs at all."
14500 #. type: Plain text
14501 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:71
14503 "The calling sequence varied: at some times B<setup>() has had a single "
14504 "argument I<void\\ *BIOS> and at other times a single argument I<int magic>."
14508 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:28
14513 #. type: Plain text
14514 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:31
14515 msgid "shells - pathnames of valid login shells"
14518 #. type: Plain text
14519 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:37
14521 "I</etc/shells> is a text file which contains the full pathnames of valid "
14522 "login shells. This file is consulted by B<chsh>(1) and available to be "
14523 "queried by other programs."
14526 #. type: Plain text
14527 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:43
14529 "Be aware that there are programs which consult this file to find out if a "
14530 "user is a normal user; for example, FTP daemons traditionally disallow "
14531 "access to users with shells not included in this file."
14534 #. type: Plain text
14535 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:45
14536 msgid "I</etc/shells>"
14539 #. type: Plain text
14540 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:48
14541 msgid "I</etc/shells> may contain the following paths:"
14544 #. type: Plain text
14545 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:51
14549 #. type: Plain text
14550 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:53
14551 msgid "I</bin/bash>"
14554 #. type: Plain text
14555 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:55
14556 msgid "I</bin/csh>"
14559 #. type: Plain text
14560 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:58
14561 msgid "B<chsh>(1), B<getusershell>(3)"
14565 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:26
14571 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:26
14576 #. type: Plain text
14577 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:29
14578 msgid "sleep - sleep for the specified number of seconds"
14581 #. type: Plain text
14582 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:34
14584 msgid "B<unsigned int sleep(unsigned int >I<seconds>B<);>\n"
14587 #. type: Plain text
14588 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:40
14590 "B<sleep>() makes the calling thread sleep until I<seconds> seconds have "
14591 "elapsed or a signal arrives which is not ignored."
14594 #. type: Plain text
14595 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:44
14597 "Zero if the requested time has elapsed, or the number of seconds left to "
14598 "sleep, if the call was interrupted by a signal handler."
14601 #. type: Plain text
14602 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:55
14604 "B<sleep>() may be implemented using B<SIGALRM>; mixing calls to B<alarm>(2) "
14605 "and B<sleep>() is a bad idea."
14608 #. type: Plain text
14609 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:61
14611 "Using B<longjmp>(3) from a signal handler or modifying the handling of "
14612 "B<SIGALRM> while sleeping will cause undefined results."
14615 #. type: Plain text
14616 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:65
14617 msgid "B<alarm>(2), B<nanosleep>(2), B<signal>(2), B<signal>(7)"
14621 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:31
14627 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:31
14632 #. type: Plain text
14633 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:34
14634 msgid "swab - swap adjacent bytes"
14637 #. type: Plain text
14638 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:38
14641 "B<#define _XOPEN_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
14642 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
14645 #. type: Plain text
14646 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:40
14648 msgid "B<void swab(const void *>I<from>B<, void *>I<to>B<, ssize_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
14651 #. type: Plain text
14652 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:55
14654 "The B<swab>() function copies I<n> bytes from the array pointed to by "
14655 "I<from> to the array pointed to by I<to>, exchanging adjacent even and odd "
14656 "bytes. This function is used to exchange data between machines that have "
14657 "different low/high byte ordering."
14660 #. type: Plain text
14661 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:68
14663 "This function does nothing when I<n> is negative. When I<n> is positive and "
14664 "odd, it handles I<n-1> bytes as above, and does something unspecified with "
14665 "the last byte. (In other words, I<n> should be even.)"
14668 #. type: Plain text
14669 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:72
14670 msgid "The B<swab>() function returns no value."
14673 #. type: Plain text
14674 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:77
14675 msgid "The B<swab>() function is thread-safe."
14678 #. type: Plain text
14679 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:80
14680 msgid "B<bstring>(3)"
14684 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:42
14689 #. type: Plain text
14690 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:45
14691 msgid "swapon, swapoff - start/stop swapping to file/device"
14694 #. type: Plain text
14695 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:49
14696 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/swap.hE<gt>>"
14699 #. type: Plain text
14700 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:51
14701 msgid "B<int swapon(const char *>I<path>B<, int >I<swapflags>B<);>"
14704 #. type: Plain text
14705 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:53
14706 msgid "B<int swapoff(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
14709 #. type: Plain text
14710 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:60
14712 "B<swapon>() sets the swap area to the file or block device specified by "
14713 "I<path>. B<swapoff>() stops swapping to the file or block device specified "
14717 #. type: Plain text
14718 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:70
14720 "If the B<SWAP_FLAG_PREFER> flag is specified in the B<swapon>() "
14721 "I<swapflags> argument, the new swap area will have a higher priority than "
14722 "default. The priority is encoded within I<swapflags> as:"
14725 #. type: Plain text
14726 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:73
14727 msgid "I<(prio E<lt>E<lt> SWAP_FLAG_PRIO_SHIFT) & SWAP_FLAG_PRIO_MASK>"
14730 #. type: Plain text
14731 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:85
14733 "If the B<SWAP_FLAG_DISCARD> flag is specified in the B<swapon>() "
14734 "I<swapflags> argument, freed swap pages will be discarded before they are "
14735 "reused, if the swap device supports the discard or trim operation. (This "
14736 "may improve performance on some Solid State Devices, but often it does not.) "
14740 #. type: Plain text
14741 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:89
14743 "These functions may be used only by a privileged process (one having the "
14744 "B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability)."
14748 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:89
14753 #. type: Plain text
14754 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:94
14756 "Each swap area has a priority, either high or low. The default priority is "
14757 "low. Within the low-priority areas, newer areas are even lower priority "
14758 "than older areas."
14761 #. type: Plain text
14762 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:100
14764 "All priorities set with I<swapflags> are high-priority, higher than "
14765 "default. They may have any nonnegative value chosen by the caller. Higher "
14766 "numbers mean higher priority."
14769 #. type: Plain text
14770 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:108
14772 "Swap pages are allocated from areas in priority order, highest priority "
14773 "first. For areas with different priorities, a higher-priority area is "
14774 "exhausted before using a lower-priority area. If two or more areas have the "
14775 "same priority, and it is the highest priority available, pages are allocated "
14776 "on a round-robin basis between them."
14779 #. type: Plain text
14780 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:111
14782 "As of Linux 1.3.6, the kernel usually follows these rules, but there are "
14786 #. type: Plain text
14787 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:124
14789 "(for B<swapon>()) The specified I<path> is already being used as a swap "
14793 #. type: Plain text
14794 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:129
14796 "The file I<path> exists, but refers neither to a regular file nor to a block "
14800 #. type: Plain text
14801 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:134
14803 "(B<swapon>()) The indicated path does not contain a valid swap signature or "
14804 "resides on an in-memory filesystem such as tmpfs."
14808 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:134
14810 msgid "B<EINVAL> (since Linux 3.4)"
14813 #. type: Plain text
14814 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:139
14815 msgid "(B<swapon>()) An invalid flag value was specified in I<flags>."
14818 #. type: Plain text
14819 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:144
14820 msgid "(B<swapoff>()) I<path> is not currently a swap area."
14823 #. type: Plain text
14824 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:152
14825 msgid "The file I<path> does not exist."
14828 #. type: Plain text
14829 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:155
14830 msgid "The system has insufficient memory to start swapping."
14833 #. type: Plain text
14834 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:162
14836 "The caller does not have the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability. Alternatively, "
14837 "the maximum number of swap files are already in use; see NOTES below."
14840 #. type: Plain text
14841 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:168
14843 "These functions are Linux-specific and should not be used in programs "
14844 "intended to be portable. The second I<swapflags> argument was introduced in "
14848 #. type: Plain text
14849 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:171
14850 msgid "The partition or path must be prepared with B<mkswap>(8)."
14853 #. type: Plain text
14854 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:191
14856 "There is an upper limit on the number of swap files that may be used, "
14857 "defined by the kernel constant B<MAX_SWAPFILES>. Before kernel 2.4.10, "
14858 "B<MAX_SWAPFILES> has the value 8; since kernel 2.4.10, it has the value 32. "
14859 "Since kernel 2.6.18, the limit is decreased by 2 (thus: 30) if the kernel "
14860 "is built with the B<CONFIG_MIGRATION> option (which reserves two swap table "
14861 "entries for the page migration features of B<mbind>(2) and "
14862 "B<migrate_pages>(2)). Since kernel 2.6.32, the limit is further decreased "
14863 "by 1 if the kernel is built with the B<CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE> option."
14866 #. To be precise: 2.6.35.5
14867 #. type: Plain text
14868 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:202
14870 "Discard of swap pages was introduced in kernel 2.6.29, then made conditional "
14871 "on the B<SWAP_FLAG_DISCARD> flag in kernel 2.6.36, which still discards the "
14872 "entire swap area when B<swapon>() is called, even if that flag bit is not "
14876 #. type: Plain text
14877 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:205
14878 msgid "B<mkswap>(8), B<swapoff>(8), B<swapon>(8)"
14882 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:42
14887 #. type: Plain text
14888 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:45
14889 msgid "syscall - indirect system call"
14892 #. type: Plain text
14893 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:50
14896 "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
14897 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
14898 "B<#include E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt> >/* For SYS_xxx definitions */\n"
14901 #. type: Plain text
14902 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:52
14904 msgid "B<long syscall(long >I<number>B<, ...);>\n"
14907 #. type: Plain text
14908 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:64
14910 "B<syscall>() is a small library function that invokes the system call whose "
14911 "assembly language interface has the specified I<number> with the specified "
14912 "arguments. Employing B<syscall>() is useful, for example, when invoking a "
14913 "system call that has no wrapper function in the C library."
14916 #. type: Plain text
14917 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:71
14919 "B<syscall>() saves CPU registers before making the system call, restores "
14920 "the registers upon return from the system call, and stores any error code "
14921 "returned by the system call in B<errno>(3) if an error occurs."
14924 #. type: Plain text
14925 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:74
14927 "Symbolic constants for system call numbers can be found in the header file "
14928 "I<E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt>>."
14931 #. type: Plain text
14932 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:80
14934 "The return value is defined by the system call being invoked. In general, a "
14935 "0 return value indicates success. A -1 return value indicates an error, and "
14936 "an error code is stored in I<errno>."
14939 #. type: Plain text
14940 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:84
14941 msgid "B<syscall>() first appeared in 4BSD."
14945 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:84
14947 msgid "Architecture-specific requirements"
14950 #. type: Plain text
14951 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:95
14953 "Each architecture ABI has its own requirements on how system call arguments "
14954 "are passed to the kernel. For system calls that have a glibc wrapper (e.g., "
14955 "most system calls), glibc handles the details of copying arguments to the "
14956 "right registers in a manner suitable for the architecture. However, when "
14957 "using B<syscall>() to make a system call, the caller might need to handle "
14958 "architecture-dependent details; this requirement is most commonly "
14959 "encountered on certain 32-bit architectures."
14962 #. type: Plain text
14963 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:106
14965 "For example, on the ARM architecture Embedded ABI (EABI), a 64-bit value "
14966 "(e.g., I<long long>) must be aligned to an even register pair. Thus, using "
14967 "B<syscall>() instead of the wrapper provided by glibc, the B<readahead>() "
14968 "system call would be invoked as follows on the ARM architecture with the "
14972 #. type: Plain text
14973 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:113
14976 "syscall(SYS_readahead, fd, 0,\n"
14977 " (unsigned int) (offset E<gt>E<gt> 32),\n"
14978 " (unsigned int) (offset & 0xFFFFFFFF),\n"
14982 #. type: Plain text
14983 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:127
14985 "Since the offset argument is 64 bits, and the first argument (I<fd>) is "
14986 "passed in I<r0>, the caller must manually split and align the 64-bit value "
14987 "so that it is passed in the I<r2>/I<r3> register pair. That means inserting "
14988 "a dummy value into I<r1> (the second argument of 0)."
14991 #. Mike Frysinger: this issue ends up forcing MIPS
14992 #. O32 to take 7 arguments to syscall()
14993 #. type: Plain text
14994 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:132
14996 "Similar issues can occur on MIPS with the O32 ABI, on PowerPC with the "
14997 "32-bit ABI, and on Xtensa."
15000 #. type: Plain text
15001 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:143
15003 "The affected system calls are B<fadvise64_64>(2), B<ftruncate64>(2), "
15004 "B<posix_fadvise>(2), B<pread64>(2), B<pwrite64>(2), B<readahead>(2), "
15005 "B<sync_file_range>(2), and B<truncate64>(2)."
15009 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:143
15011 msgid "Architecture calling conventions"
15014 #. type: Plain text
15015 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:147
15017 "Every architecture has its own way of invoking and passing arguments to the "
15018 "kernel. The details for various architectures are listed in the two tables "
15022 #. type: Plain text
15023 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:154
15025 "The first table lists the instruction used to transition to kernel mode, "
15026 "(which might not be the fastest or best way to transition to the kernel, so "
15027 "you might have to refer to B<vdso>(7)), the register used to indicate the "
15028 "system call number, and the register used to return the system call result."
15032 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:159
15034 msgid "arch/ABI\tinstruction\tsyscall #\tretval\tNotes\n"
15038 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:161
15040 msgid "arm/OABI\tswi NR\t-\ta1\tNR is syscall #\n"
15044 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:162
15046 msgid "arm/EABI\tswi 0x0\tr7\tr0\n"
15050 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:163
15052 msgid "arm64\tsvc #0\tx8\tx0\n"
15056 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:164
15058 msgid "blackfin\texcpt 0x0\tP0\tR0\n"
15062 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:165
15064 msgid "i386\tint $0x80\teax\teax\n"
15068 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:166
15070 msgid "ia64\tbreak 0x100000\tr15\tr8\tSee below\n"
15074 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:167
15076 msgid "mips\tsyscall\tv0\tv0\tSee below\n"
15080 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:168
15082 msgid "parisc\tble 0x100(%sr2, %r0)\tr20\tr28\n"
15086 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:169
15088 msgid "s390\tsvc 0\tr1\tr2\tSee below\n"
15092 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:170
15094 msgid "s390x\tsvc 0\tr1\tr2\tSee below\n"
15098 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:171
15100 msgid "sparc/32\tt 0x10\tg1\to0\n"
15104 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:172
15106 msgid "sparc/64\tt 0x6d\tg1\to0\n"
15110 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:173
15112 msgid "x86_64\tsyscall\trax\trax\n"
15115 #. type: Plain text
15116 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:178
15118 "For s390 and s390x, NR (the system call number) may be passed directly with "
15119 "\"svc NR\" if it is less than 256."
15122 #. type: Plain text
15123 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:186
15125 "On a few architectures, a register is used to indicate simple boolean "
15126 "failure of the system call: ia64 uses I<r10> for this purpose, and mips uses "
15130 #. type: Plain text
15131 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:192
15132 msgid "The second table shows the registers used to pass the system call arguments."
15136 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:197
15138 msgid "arch/ABI\targ1\targ2\targ3\targ4\targ5\targ6\targ7\tNotes\n"
15142 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:199
15144 msgid "arm/OABI\ta1\ta2\ta3\ta4\tv1\tv2\tv3\n"
15148 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:200
15150 msgid "arm/EABI\tr0\tr1\tr2\tr3\tr4\tr5\tr6\n"
15154 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:201
15156 msgid "arm64\tx0\tx1\tx2\tx3\tx4\tx5\t-\n"
15160 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:202
15162 msgid "blackfin\tR0\tR1\tR2\tR3\tR4\tR5\t-\n"
15166 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:203
15168 msgid "i386\tebx\tecx\tedx\tesi\tedi\tebp\t-\n"
15172 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:204
15174 msgid "ia64\tout0\tout1\tout2\tout3\tout4\tout5\t-\n"
15178 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:205
15180 msgid "mips/o32\ta0\ta1\ta2\ta3\t-\t-\t-\tSee below\n"
15184 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:206
15186 msgid "mips/n32,64\ta0\ta1\ta2\ta3\ta4\ta5\t-\n"
15190 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:207
15192 msgid "parisc\tr26\tr25\tr24\tr23\tr22\tr21\t-\n"
15196 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:208
15198 msgid "s390\tr2\tr3\tr4\tr5\tr6\tr7\t-\n"
15202 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:209
15204 msgid "s390x\tr2\tr3\tr4\tr5\tr6\tr7\t-\n"
15208 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:210
15210 msgid "sparc/32\to0\to1\to2\to3\to4\to5\t-\n"
15214 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:211
15216 msgid "sparc/64\to0\to1\to2\to3\to4\to5\t-\n"
15220 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:212
15222 msgid "x86_64\trdi\trsi\trdx\tr10\tr8\tr9\t-\n"
15225 #. type: Plain text
15226 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:217
15228 "The mips/o32 system call convention passes arguments 5 through 8 on the user "
15232 #. type: Plain text
15233 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:224
15235 "Note that these tables don't cover the entire calling convention\\(emsome "
15236 "architectures may indiscriminately clobber other registers not listed here."
15239 #. type: Plain text
15240 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:231
15243 "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n"
15244 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
15245 "#include E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt>\n"
15246 "#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>\n"
15247 "#include E<lt>signal.hE<gt>\n"
15250 #. type: Plain text
15251 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:236
15255 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
15260 #. type: Plain text
15261 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:240
15264 " tid = syscall(SYS_gettid);\n"
15265 " tid = syscall(SYS_tgkill, getpid(), tid, SIGHUP);\n"
15269 #. type: Plain text
15270 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:246
15271 msgid "B<_syscall>(2), B<intro>(2), B<syscalls>(2), B<errno>(3), B<vdso>(7)"
15275 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31
15280 #. type: Plain text
15281 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:34
15282 msgid "syscalls - Linux system calls"
15285 #. type: Plain text
15286 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:36
15287 msgid "Linux system calls."
15290 #. type: Plain text
15291 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:39
15293 "The system call is the fundamental interface between an application and the "
15298 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:39
15300 msgid "System calls and library wrapper functions"
15303 #. type: Plain text
15304 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:49
15306 "System calls are generally not invoked directly, but rather via wrapper "
15307 "functions in glibc (or perhaps some other library). For details of direct "
15308 "invocation of a system call, see B<intro>(2). Often, but not always, the "
15309 "name of the wrapper function is the same as the name of the system call that "
15310 "it invokes. For example, glibc contains a function B<truncate>() which "
15311 "invokes the underlying \"truncate\" system call."
15314 #. type: Plain text
15315 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:67
15317 "Often the glibc wrapper function is quite thin, doing little work other than "
15318 "copying arguments to the right registers before invoking the system call, "
15319 "and then setting I<errno> appropriately after the system call has returned. "
15320 "(These are the same steps that are performed by B<syscall>(2), which can be "
15321 "used to invoke system calls for which no wrapper function is provided.) "
15322 "Note: system calls indicate a failure by returning a negative error number "
15323 "to the caller; when this happens, the wrapper function negates the returned "
15324 "error number (to make it positive), copies it to I<errno>, and returns -1 to "
15325 "the caller of the wrapper."
15328 #. type: Plain text
15329 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:79
15331 "Sometimes, however, the wrapper function does some extra work before "
15332 "invoking the system call. For example, nowadays there are (for reasons "
15333 "described below) two related system calls, B<truncate>(2) and "
15334 "B<truncate64>(2), and the glibc B<truncate>() wrapper function checks which "
15335 "of those system calls are provided by the kernel and determines which should "
15340 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:79
15342 msgid "System call list"
15345 #. type: Plain text
15346 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:87
15348 "Below is a list of the Linux system calls. In the list, the I<Kernel> "
15349 "column indicates the kernel version for those system calls that were new in "
15350 "Linux 2.2, or have appeared since that kernel version. Note the following "
15354 #. type: Plain text
15355 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:90
15357 "Where no kernel version is indicated, the system call appeared in kernel 1.0 "
15361 #. type: Plain text
15362 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:96
15364 "Where a system call is marked \"1.2\" this means the system call probably "
15365 "appeared in a 1.1.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
15366 "with 1.2. (Development of the 1.2 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
15367 "kernel 1.0.6 via the 1.1.x unstable kernel series.)"
15370 #. Was kernel 2.0 started from a branch of 1.2.10?
15371 #. At least from the timestamps of the tarballs of
15372 #. of 1.2.10 and 1.3.0, that's how it looks, but in
15373 #. fact the diff doesn't seem very clear, the
15374 #. 1.3.0 .tar.bz is much bigger (2.0 MB) than the
15375 #. 1.2.10 .tar.bz2 (1.8 MB), and AEB points out the
15376 #. timestamps of some files in 1.3.0 seem to be older
15377 #. than those in 1.2.10. All of this suggests
15378 #. that there might not have been a clean branch point.
15379 #. type: Plain text
15380 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:112
15382 "Where a system call is marked \"2.0\" this means the system call probably "
15383 "appeared in a 1.3.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
15384 "with 2.0. (Development of the 2.0 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
15385 "kernel 1.2.x, somewhere around 1.2.10, via the 1.3.x unstable kernel "
15389 #. type: Plain text
15390 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:118
15392 "Where a system call is marked \"2.2\" this means the system call probably "
15393 "appeared in a 2.1.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
15394 "with 2.2.0. (Development of the 2.2 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
15395 "kernel 2.0.21 via the 2.1.x unstable kernel series.)"
15398 #. type: Plain text
15399 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:124
15401 "Where a system call is marked \"2.4\" this means the system call probably "
15402 "appeared in a 2.3.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
15403 "with 2.4.0. (Development of the 2.4 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
15404 "kernel 2.2.8 via the 2.3.x unstable kernel series.)"
15407 #. type: Plain text
15408 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:130
15410 "Where a system call is marked \"2.6\" this means the system call probably "
15411 "appeared in a 2.5.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
15412 "with 2.6.0. (Development of kernel 2.6 was initiated from a branch of "
15413 "kernel 2.4.15 via the 2.5.x unstable kernel series.)"
15416 #. type: Plain text
15417 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:137
15419 "Starting with kernel 2.6.0, the development model changed, and new system "
15420 "calls may appear in each 2.6.x release. In this case, the exact version "
15421 "number where the system call appeared is shown. This convention continues "
15422 "with the 3.x kernel series, which followed on from kernel 2.6.39."
15425 #. type: Plain text
15426 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:145
15428 "In some cases, a system call was added to a stable kernel series after it "
15429 "branched from the previous stable kernel series, and then backported into "
15430 "the earlier stable kernel series. For example some system calls that "
15431 "appeared in 2.6.x were also backported into a 2.4.x release after 2.4.15. "
15432 "When this is so, the version where the system call appeared in both of the "
15433 "major kernel series is listed."
15437 #. Looking at scripts/checksyscalls.sh in the kernel source is
15438 #. instructive about x86 specifics.
15439 #. type: Plain text
15440 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:152
15442 "The list of system calls that are available as at kernel 3.15 (or in a few "
15443 "cases only on older kernels) is as follows:"
15447 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:157
15449 msgid "B<System call>\tB<Kernel>\tB<Notes>\n"
15453 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:159
15455 msgid "B<_llseek>(2)\t1.2\n"
15459 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:160
15461 msgid "B<_newselect>(2)\t2.0\n"
15465 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:161
15467 msgid "B<_sysctl>(2)\t2.0\n"
15471 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:162
15473 msgid "B<accept>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15477 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:163
15479 msgid "B<accept4>(2)\t2.6.28\n"
15483 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:164
15485 msgid "B<access>(2)\t1.0\n"
15489 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:165
15491 msgid "B<acct>(2)\t1.0\n"
15495 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:166
15497 msgid "B<add_key>(2)\t2.6.11\n"
15501 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:167
15503 msgid "B<adjtimex>(2)\t1.0\n"
15507 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:168
15509 msgid "B<alarm>(2)\t1.0\n"
15513 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:169
15515 msgid "B<alloc_hugepages>(2)\t2.5.36\tRemoved in 2.5.44\n"
15519 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:170
15521 msgid "B<bdflush>(2)\t1.2\tT{\n"
15525 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:171
15527 msgid "Deprecated (does nothing)\n"
15531 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:172 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:185 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:320 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:393 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:409 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:422
15537 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:173
15539 msgid "since 2.6\n"
15543 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:174 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:187 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:322 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:395 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:411 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:424 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:601
15549 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:175
15551 msgid "B<bind>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15555 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:176
15557 msgid "B<bpf>(2)\t3.18\n"
15561 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:177
15563 msgid "B<brk>(2)\t1.0\n"
15567 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:178
15569 msgid "B<cacheflush>(2)\t1.2\tNot on x86\n"
15573 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:179
15575 msgid "B<capget>(2)\t2.2\n"
15579 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:180
15581 msgid "B<capset>(2)\t2.2\n"
15585 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:181
15587 msgid "B<chdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
15591 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:182
15593 msgid "B<chmod>(2)\t1.0\n"
15597 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:183
15599 msgid "B<chown>(2)\t2.2\tT{\n"
15603 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:184 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:319
15605 msgid "See B<chown>(2) for\n"
15609 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:186 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:321
15611 msgid "version details\n"
15615 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:188
15617 msgid "B<chown32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15621 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:189
15623 msgid "B<chroot>(2)\t1.0\n"
15627 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:190
15629 msgid "B<clock_adjtime>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
15633 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:191
15635 msgid "B<clock_getres>(2)\t2.6\n"
15639 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:192
15641 msgid "B<clock_gettime>(2)\t2.6\n"
15645 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:193
15647 msgid "B<clock_nanosleep>(2)\t2.6\n"
15651 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:194
15653 msgid "B<clock_settime>(2)\t2.6\n"
15657 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:195
15659 msgid "B<clone>(2)\t1.0\n"
15663 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:196
15665 msgid "B<close>(2)\t1.0\n"
15669 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:197
15671 msgid "B<connect>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15675 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:198
15677 msgid "B<creat>(2)\t1.0\n"
15681 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:199
15683 msgid "B<create_module>(2)\t1.0\tRemoved in 2.6\n"
15687 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:200
15689 msgid "B<delete_module>(2)\t1.0\n"
15693 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:201
15695 msgid "B<dup>(2)\t1.0\n"
15699 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:202
15701 msgid "B<dup2>(2)\t1.0\n"
15705 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:203
15707 msgid "B<dup3>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
15711 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:204
15713 msgid "B<epoll_create>(2)\t2.6\n"
15717 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:205
15719 msgid "B<epoll_create1>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
15723 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:206
15725 msgid "B<epoll_ctl>(2)\t2.6\n"
15729 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:207
15731 msgid "B<epoll_pwait>(2)\t2.6.19\n"
15735 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:208
15737 msgid "B<epoll_wait>(2)\t2.6\n"
15741 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:209
15743 msgid "B<eventfd>(2)\t2.6.22\n"
15747 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:210
15749 msgid "B<eventfd2>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
15753 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:211
15755 msgid "B<execve>(2)\t1.0\n"
15759 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:212
15761 msgid "B<execveat>(2)\t3.19\n"
15765 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:213
15767 msgid "B<exit>(2)\t1.0\n"
15771 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:214
15773 msgid "B<exit_group>(2)\t2.6\n"
15777 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:215
15779 msgid "B<faccessat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15783 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:216
15785 msgid "B<fadvise64>(2)\t2.6\n"
15788 #. Implements \fBposix_fadvise\fP(2)
15790 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:218
15792 msgid "B<fadvise64_64>(2)\t2.6\n"
15796 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:219
15798 msgid "B<fallocate>(2)\t2.6.23\n"
15802 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:220
15804 msgid "B<fanotify_init>(2)\t2.6.37\n"
15808 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:221
15810 msgid "B<fanotify_mark>(2)\t2.6.37\n"
15813 #. The fanotify calls were added in Linux 2.6.36,
15814 #. but disabled while the API was finalized.
15816 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:224
15818 msgid "B<fchdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
15822 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:225
15824 msgid "B<fchmod>(2)\t1.0\n"
15828 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:226
15830 msgid "B<fchmodat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15834 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:227
15836 msgid "B<fchown>(2)\t1.0\n"
15840 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:228
15842 msgid "B<fchown32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15846 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:229
15848 msgid "B<fchownat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15852 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:230
15854 msgid "B<fcntl>(2)\t1.0\n"
15858 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:231
15860 msgid "B<fcntl64>(2)\t2.4\n"
15864 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:232
15866 msgid "B<fdatasync>(2)\t2.0\n"
15870 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:233
15872 msgid "B<fgetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15876 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:234
15878 msgid "B<finit_module>(2)\t3.8\n"
15882 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:235
15884 msgid "B<flistxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15888 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:236
15890 msgid "B<flock>(2)\t2.0\n"
15894 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:237
15896 msgid "B<fork>(2)\t1.0\n"
15900 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:238
15902 msgid "B<free_hugepages>(2)\t2.5.36\tRemoved in 2.5.44\n"
15906 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:239
15908 msgid "B<fremovexattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15912 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:240
15914 msgid "B<fsetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15918 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:241
15920 msgid "B<fstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
15924 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:242
15926 msgid "B<fstat64>(2)\t2.4\n"
15930 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:243
15932 msgid "B<fstatat64>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15936 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:244
15938 msgid "B<fstatfs>(2)\t1.0\n"
15942 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:245
15944 msgid "B<fstatfs64>(2)\t2.6\n"
15948 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:246
15950 msgid "B<fsync>(2)\t1.0\n"
15954 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:247
15956 msgid "B<ftruncate>(2)\t1.0\n"
15960 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:248
15962 msgid "B<ftruncate64>(2)\t2.4\n"
15966 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:249
15968 msgid "B<futex>(2)\t2.6\n"
15972 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:250
15974 msgid "B<futimesat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15978 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:251
15980 msgid "B<get_kernel_syms>(2)\t1.0\tRemoved in 2.6\n"
15984 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:252
15986 msgid "B<get_mempolicy>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15990 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:253
15992 msgid "B<get_robust_list>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
15996 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:254
15998 msgid "B<get_thread_area>(2)\t2.6\n"
16002 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:255
16004 msgid "B<getcpu>(2)\t2.6.19\n"
16008 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:256
16010 msgid "B<getcwd>(2)\t2.2\n"
16014 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:257
16016 msgid "B<getdents>(2)\t2.0\n"
16020 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:258
16022 msgid "B<getdents64>(2)\t2.4\n"
16026 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:259
16028 msgid "B<getegid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16032 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:260
16034 msgid "B<getegid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16038 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:261
16040 msgid "B<geteuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16044 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:262
16046 msgid "B<geteuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16050 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:263
16052 msgid "B<getgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16056 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:264
16058 msgid "B<getgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16062 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:265
16064 msgid "B<getgroups>(2)\t1.0\n"
16068 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:266
16070 msgid "B<getgroups32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16074 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:267
16076 msgid "B<getitimer>(2)\t1.0\n"
16080 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:268
16082 msgid "B<getpeername>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16086 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:269
16088 msgid "B<getpagesize>(2)\t2.0\tNot on x86\n"
16092 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:270
16094 msgid "B<getpgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16098 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:271
16100 msgid "B<getpgrp>(2)\t1.0\n"
16104 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:272
16106 msgid "B<getpid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16110 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:273
16112 msgid "B<getppid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16116 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:274
16118 msgid "B<getpriority>(2)\t1.0\n"
16122 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:275
16124 msgid "B<getrandom>(2)\t3.17\n"
16128 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:276
16130 msgid "B<getresgid>(2)\t2.2\n"
16134 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:277
16136 msgid "B<getresgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16140 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:278
16142 msgid "B<getresuid>(2)\t2.2\n"
16146 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:279
16148 msgid "B<getresuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16152 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:280
16154 msgid "B<getrlimit>(2)\t1.0\n"
16158 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:281
16160 msgid "B<getrusage>(2)\t1.0\n"
16164 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:282
16166 msgid "B<getsid>(2)\t2.0\n"
16170 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:283
16172 msgid "B<getsockname>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16176 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:284
16178 msgid "B<getsockopt>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16182 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:285
16184 msgid "B<gettid>(2)\t2.4.11\n"
16188 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:286
16190 msgid "B<gettimeofday>(2)\t1.0\n"
16194 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:287
16196 msgid "B<getuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16200 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:288
16202 msgid "B<getuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16205 #. \fBgetunwind\fP(2) 2.4.8 ia64; DEPRECATED
16207 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:290
16209 msgid "B<getxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
16213 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:291
16215 msgid "B<init_module>(2)\t1.0\n"
16219 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:292
16221 msgid "B<inotify_add_watch>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
16225 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:293
16227 msgid "B<inotify_init>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
16231 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:294
16233 msgid "B<inotify_init1>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
16237 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:295
16239 msgid "B<inotify_rm_watch>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
16243 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:296
16245 msgid "B<io_cancel>(2)\t2.6\n"
16249 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:297
16251 msgid "B<io_destroy>(2)\t2.6\n"
16255 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:298
16257 msgid "B<io_getevents>(2)\t2.6\n"
16261 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:299
16263 msgid "B<io_setup>(2)\t2.6\n"
16267 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:300
16269 msgid "B<io_submit>(2)\t2.6\n"
16273 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:301
16275 msgid "B<ioctl>(2)\t1.0\n"
16279 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:302
16281 msgid "B<ioperm>(2)\t1.0\n"
16285 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:303
16287 msgid "B<iopl>(2)\t1.0\n"
16291 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:304
16293 msgid "B<ioprio_get>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
16297 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:305
16299 msgid "B<ioprio_set>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
16303 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:306
16305 msgid "B<ipc>(2)\t1.0\n"
16308 #. Implements System V IPC calls
16310 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:308
16312 msgid "B<kcmp>(2)\t3.5\n"
16316 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:309
16318 msgid "B<kern_features>(2)\t3.7\tSparc64\n"
16321 #. FIXME . document kern_features():
16322 #. commit 517ffce4e1a03aea979fe3a18a3dd1761a24fafb
16324 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:312
16326 msgid "B<kexec_file_load>(2)\t3.17\n"
16330 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:313
16332 msgid "B<kexec_load>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
16335 #. The entry in the syscall table was reserved starting in 2.6.7
16336 #. Was named sys_kexec_load() from 2.6.7 to 2.6.16
16338 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:316
16340 msgid "B<keyctl>(2)\t2.6.11\n"
16344 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:317
16346 msgid "B<kill>(2)\t1.0\n"
16350 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:318
16352 msgid "B<lchown>(2)\t1.0\tT{\n"
16356 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:323
16358 msgid "B<lchown32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16362 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:324
16364 msgid "B<lgetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
16368 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:325
16370 msgid "B<link>(2)\t1.0\n"
16374 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:326
16376 msgid "B<linkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16380 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:327
16382 msgid "B<listen>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16386 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:328
16388 msgid "B<listxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
16392 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:329
16394 msgid "B<llistxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
16398 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:330
16400 msgid "B<lookup_dcookie>(2)\t2.6\n"
16404 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:331
16406 msgid "B<lremovexattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
16410 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:332
16412 msgid "B<lseek>(2)\t1.0\n"
16416 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:333
16418 msgid "B<lsetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
16422 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:334
16424 msgid "B<lstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
16428 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:335
16430 msgid "B<lstat64>(2)\t2.4\n"
16434 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:336
16436 msgid "B<madvise>(2)\t2.4\n"
16440 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:337
16442 msgid "B<mbind>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
16445 #. \fBmemory_ordering\fP(2) ??? Sparc64
16447 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:339
16449 msgid "B<memfd_create>(2)\t3.17\n"
16453 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:340
16455 msgid "B<migrate_pages>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16459 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:341
16461 msgid "B<mincore>(2)\t2.4\n"
16465 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:342
16467 msgid "B<mkdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
16471 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:343
16473 msgid "B<mkdirat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16477 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:344
16479 msgid "B<mknod>(2)\t1.0\n"
16483 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:345
16485 msgid "B<mknodat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16489 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:346
16491 msgid "B<mlock>(2)\t2.0\n"
16495 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:347
16497 msgid "B<mlockall>(2)\t2.0\n"
16501 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:348
16503 msgid "B<mmap>(2)\t1.0\n"
16507 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:349
16509 msgid "B<mmap2>(2)\t2.4\n"
16513 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:350
16515 msgid "B<modify_ldt>(2)\t1.0\n"
16519 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:351
16521 msgid "B<mount>(2)\t1.0\n"
16525 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:352
16527 msgid "B<move_pages>(2)\t2.6.18\n"
16531 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:353
16533 msgid "B<mprotect>(2)\t1.0\n"
16537 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:354
16539 msgid "B<mq_getsetattr>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
16542 #. Implements \fBmq_getattr\fP(3) and \fBmq_setattr\fP(3)
16544 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:356
16546 msgid "B<mq_notify>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
16550 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:357
16552 msgid "B<mq_open>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
16556 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:358
16558 msgid "B<mq_timedreceive>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
16562 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:359
16564 msgid "B<mq_timedsend>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
16568 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:360
16570 msgid "B<mq_unlink>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
16574 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:361
16576 msgid "B<mremap>(2)\t2.0\n"
16580 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:362
16582 msgid "B<msgctl>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16586 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:363
16588 msgid "B<msgget>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16592 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:364
16594 msgid "B<msgrcv>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16598 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:365
16600 msgid "B<msgsnd>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16604 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:366
16606 msgid "B<msync>(2)\t2.0\n"
16609 #. \fBmultiplexer\fP(2) ?? __NR_multiplexer reserved on
16610 #. PowerPC, but unimplemented?
16612 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:369
16614 msgid "B<munlock>(2)\t2.0\n"
16618 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:370
16620 msgid "B<munlockall>(2)\t2.0\n"
16624 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:371
16626 msgid "B<munmap>(2)\t1.0\n"
16630 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:372
16632 msgid "B<name_to_handle_at>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
16636 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:373
16638 msgid "B<nanosleep>(2)\t2.0\n"
16642 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:374
16644 msgid "B<nfsservctl>(2)\t2.2\tRemoved in 3.1\n"
16648 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:375
16650 msgid "B<nice>(2)\t1.0\n"
16654 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:376
16656 msgid "B<oldfstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
16660 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:377
16662 msgid "B<oldlstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
16666 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:378
16668 msgid "B<oldolduname>(2)\t1.0\n"
16672 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:379
16674 msgid "B<oldstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
16678 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:380
16680 msgid "B<olduname>(2)\t1.0\n"
16684 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:381
16686 msgid "B<open>(2)\t1.0\n"
16690 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:382
16692 msgid "B<open_by_handle_at>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
16696 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:383
16698 msgid "B<openat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16702 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:384
16704 msgid "B<pause>(2)\t1.0\n"
16708 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:385
16710 msgid "B<pciconfig_iobase>(2)\t2.2.15; 2.4\tNot on x86\n"
16713 #. Alpha, PowerPC, ARM; not x86
16715 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:387
16717 msgid "B<pciconfig_read>(2)\t2.0.26; 2.2\tNot on x86\n"
16720 #. , PowerPC, ARM; not x86
16722 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:389
16724 msgid "B<pciconfig_write>(2)\t2.0.26; 2.2\tNot on x86\n"
16727 #. , PowerPC, ARM; not x86
16729 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:391
16731 msgid "B<perf_event_open>(2)\t2.6.31\tT{\n"
16735 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:392
16737 msgid "Was perf_counter_open() in\n"
16741 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:394
16743 msgid "2.6.31; renamed in 2.6.32\n"
16747 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:396
16749 msgid "B<personality>(2)\t1.2\n"
16753 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:397
16755 msgid "B<perfctr>(2)\t2.2\tSparc; removed in 2.6.34\n"
16758 #. commit c7d5a0050773e98d1094eaa9f2a1a793fafac300 removed perfctr()
16760 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:399
16762 msgid "B<perfmonctl>(2)\t2.4\tia64\n"
16766 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:400
16768 msgid "B<pipe>(2)\t1.0\n"
16772 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:401
16774 msgid "B<pipe2>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
16778 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:402
16780 msgid "B<pivot_root>(2)\t2.4\n"
16784 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:403
16786 msgid "B<poll>(2)\t2.0.36; 2.2\n"
16790 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:404
16792 msgid "B<ppc_rtas>(2)\t2.6.2\tPowerPC only\n"
16796 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:405
16798 msgid "B<ppoll>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16802 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:406
16804 msgid "B<prctl>(2)\t2.2\n"
16808 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:407
16810 msgid "B<pread64>(2)\t\tT{\n"
16814 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:408
16816 msgid "Added as \"pread\" in 2.2;\n"
16820 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:410
16822 msgid "renamed \"pread64\" in 2.6\n"
16826 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:412
16828 msgid "B<preadv>(2)\t2.6.30\n"
16832 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:413
16834 msgid "B<prlimit>(2)\t2.6.36\n"
16838 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:414
16840 msgid "B<prlimit64>(2)\t2.6.36\n"
16844 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:415
16846 msgid "B<process_vm_readv>(2)\t3.2\n"
16850 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:416
16852 msgid "B<process_vm_writev>(2)\t3.2\n"
16856 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:417
16858 msgid "B<pselect6>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16861 #. Implements \fBpselect\fP(2)
16863 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:419
16865 msgid "B<ptrace>(2)\t1.0\n"
16869 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:420
16871 msgid "B<pwrite64>(2)\t\tT{\n"
16875 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:421
16877 msgid "Added as \"pwrite\" in 2.2;\n"
16881 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:423
16883 msgid "renamed \"pwrite64\" in 2.6\n"
16887 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:425
16889 msgid "B<pwritev>(2)\t2.6.30\n"
16893 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:426
16895 msgid "B<query_module>(2)\t2.2\tRemoved in 2.6\n"
16899 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:427
16901 msgid "B<quotactl>(2)\t1.0\n"
16905 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:428
16907 msgid "B<read>(2)\t1.0\n"
16911 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:429
16913 msgid "B<readahead>(2)\t2.4.13\n"
16917 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:430
16919 msgid "B<readdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
16922 #. Supersedes \fBgetdents\fP(2)
16924 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:432
16926 msgid "B<readlink>(2)\t1.0\n"
16930 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:433
16932 msgid "B<readlinkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16936 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:434
16938 msgid "B<readv>(2)\t2.0\n"
16942 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:435
16944 msgid "B<reboot>(2)\t1.0\n"
16948 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:436
16950 msgid "B<recv>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16954 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:437
16956 msgid "B<recvfrom>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16960 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:438
16962 msgid "B<recvmsg>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16966 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:439
16968 msgid "B<recvmmsg>(2)\t2.6.33\n"
16972 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:440
16974 msgid "B<remap_file_pages>(2)\t2.6\tDeprecated since 3.16\n"
16978 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:441
16980 msgid "B<removexattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
16984 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:442
16986 msgid "B<rename>(2)\t1.0\n"
16990 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:443
16992 msgid "B<renameat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16996 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:444
16998 msgid "B<renameat2>(2)\t3.15\n"
17002 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:445
17004 msgid "B<request_key>(2)\t2.6.11\n"
17008 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:446
17010 msgid "B<restart_syscall>(2)\t2.6\n"
17014 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:447
17016 msgid "B<rmdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
17020 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:448
17022 msgid "B<rt_sigaction>(2)\t2.2\n"
17026 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:449
17028 msgid "B<rt_sigpending>(2)\t2.2\n"
17032 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:450
17034 msgid "B<rt_sigprocmask>(2)\t2.2\n"
17038 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:451
17040 msgid "B<rt_sigqueueinfo>(2)\t2.2\n"
17044 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:452
17046 msgid "B<rt_sigreturn>(2)\t2.2\n"
17050 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:453
17052 msgid "B<rt_sigsuspend>(2)\t2.2\n"
17056 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:454
17058 msgid "B<rt_sigtimedwait>(2)\t2.2\n"
17062 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:455
17064 msgid "B<rt_tgsigqueueinfo>(2)\t2.6.31\n"
17068 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:456
17070 msgid "B<s390_runtime_instr>(2)\t3.7\ts390 only\n"
17074 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:457
17076 msgid "B<s390_pci_mmio_read>(2)\t3.19\ts390 only\n"
17080 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:458
17082 msgid "B<s390_pci_mmio_write>(2)\t3.19\ts390 only\n"
17086 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:459
17088 msgid "B<sched_get_priority_max>(2)\t2.0\n"
17092 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:460
17094 msgid "B<sched_get_priority_min>(2)\t2.0\n"
17098 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:461
17100 msgid "B<sched_getaffinity>(2)\t2.6\n"
17104 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:462
17106 msgid "B<sched_getattr>(2)\t3.14\n"
17110 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:463
17112 msgid "B<sched_getparam>(2)\t2.0\n"
17116 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:464
17118 msgid "B<sched_getscheduler>(2)\t2.0\n"
17122 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:465
17124 msgid "B<sched_rr_get_interval>(2)\t2.0\n"
17128 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:466
17130 msgid "B<sched_setaffinity>(2)\t2.6\n"
17134 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:467
17136 msgid "B<sched_setattr>(2)\t3.14\n"
17140 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:468
17142 msgid "B<sched_setparam>(2)\t2.0\n"
17146 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:469
17148 msgid "B<sched_setscheduler>(2)\t2.0\n"
17152 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:470
17154 msgid "B<sched_yield>(2)\t2.0\n"
17158 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:471
17160 msgid "B<seccomp>(2)\t3.17\n"
17164 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:472
17166 msgid "B<select>(2)\t1.0\n"
17170 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:473
17172 msgid "B<semctl>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
17176 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:474
17178 msgid "B<semget>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
17182 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:475
17184 msgid "B<semop>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
17188 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:476
17190 msgid "B<semtimedop>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.22\n"
17194 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:477
17196 msgid "B<send>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
17200 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:478
17202 msgid "B<sendfile>(2)\t2.2\n"
17206 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:479
17208 msgid "B<sendfile64>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.19\n"
17212 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:480
17214 msgid "B<sendmmsg>(2)\t3.0\n"
17218 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:481
17220 msgid "B<sendmsg>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
17224 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:482
17226 msgid "B<sendto>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
17230 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:483
17232 msgid "B<set_mempolicy>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
17236 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:484
17238 msgid "B<set_robust_list>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
17242 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:485
17244 msgid "B<set_thread_area>(2)\t2.6\n"
17248 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:486
17250 msgid "B<set_tid_address>(2)\t2.6\n"
17253 #. See http://lkml.org/lkml/2005/8/1/83
17254 #. "[PATCH] remove sys_set_zone_reclaim()"
17256 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:489
17258 msgid "B<setdomainname>(2)\t1.0\n"
17262 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:490
17264 msgid "B<setfsgid>(2)\t1.2\n"
17268 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:491
17270 msgid "B<setfsgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
17274 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:492
17276 msgid "B<setfsuid>(2)\t1.2\n"
17280 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:493
17282 msgid "B<setfsuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
17286 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:494
17288 msgid "B<setgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
17292 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:495
17294 msgid "B<setgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
17298 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:496
17300 msgid "B<setgroups>(2)\t1.0\n"
17304 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:497
17306 msgid "B<setgroups32>(2)\t2.4\n"
17310 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:498
17312 msgid "B<sethostname>(2)\t1.0\n"
17316 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:499
17318 msgid "B<setitimer>(2)\t1.0\n"
17322 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:500
17324 msgid "B<setns>(2)\t3.0\n"
17328 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:501
17330 msgid "B<setpgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
17334 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:502
17336 msgid "B<setpriority>(2)\t1.0\n"
17340 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:503
17342 msgid "B<setregid>(2)\t1.0\n"
17346 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:504
17348 msgid "B<setregid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
17352 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:505
17354 msgid "B<setresgid>(2)\t2.2\n"
17358 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:506
17360 msgid "B<setresgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
17364 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:507
17366 msgid "B<setresuid>(2)\t2.2\n"
17370 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:508
17372 msgid "B<setresuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
17376 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:509
17378 msgid "B<setreuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
17382 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:510
17384 msgid "B<setreuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
17388 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:511
17390 msgid "B<setrlimit>(2)\t1.0\n"
17394 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:512
17396 msgid "B<setsid>(2)\t1.0\n"
17400 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:513
17402 msgid "B<setsockopt>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
17406 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:514
17408 msgid "B<settimeofday>(2)\t1.0\n"
17412 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:515
17414 msgid "B<setuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
17418 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:516
17420 msgid "B<setuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
17424 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:517
17426 msgid "B<setup>(2)\t1.0\tRemoved in 2.2\n"
17430 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:518
17432 msgid "B<setxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
17436 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:519
17438 msgid "B<sgetmask>(2)\t1.0\n"
17442 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:520
17444 msgid "B<shmat>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
17448 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:521
17450 msgid "B<shmctl>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
17454 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:522
17456 msgid "B<shmdt>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
17460 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:523
17462 msgid "B<shmget>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
17466 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:524
17468 msgid "B<shutdown>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
17472 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:525
17474 msgid "B<sigaction>(2)\t1.0\n"
17478 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:526
17480 msgid "B<sigaltstack>(2)\t2.2\n"
17484 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:527
17486 msgid "B<signal>(2)\t1.0\n"
17490 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:528
17492 msgid "B<signalfd>(2)\t2.6.22\n"
17496 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:529
17498 msgid "B<signalfd4>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
17502 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:530
17504 msgid "B<sigpending>(2)\t1.0\n"
17508 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:531
17510 msgid "B<sigprocmask>(2)\t1.0\n"
17514 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:532
17516 msgid "B<sigreturn>(2)\t1.0\n"
17520 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:533
17522 msgid "B<sigsuspend>(2)\t1.0\n"
17526 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:534
17528 msgid "B<socket>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
17532 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:535
17534 msgid "B<socketcall>(2)\t1.0\n"
17537 #. Implements BSD socket calls
17539 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:537
17541 msgid "B<socketpair>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
17545 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:538
17547 msgid "B<splice>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
17551 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:539
17553 msgid "B<spu_create>(2)\t2.6.16\tPowerPC only\n"
17557 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:540
17559 msgid "B<spu_run>(2)\t2.6.16\tPowerPC only\n"
17563 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:541
17565 msgid "B<ssetmask>(2)\t1.0\n"
17569 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:542
17571 msgid "B<stat>(2)\t1.0\n"
17575 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:543
17577 msgid "B<stat64>(2)\t2.4\n"
17581 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:544
17583 msgid "B<statfs>(2)\t1.0\n"
17587 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:545
17589 msgid "B<statfs64>(2)\t2.6\n"
17593 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:546
17595 msgid "B<stime>(2)\t1.0\n"
17599 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:547
17601 msgid "B<subpage_prot>(2)\t2.6.25\tPowerPC only\n"
17605 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:548
17607 msgid "B<swapoff>(2)\t1.0\n"
17611 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:549
17613 msgid "B<swapon>(2)\t1.0\n"
17617 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:550
17619 msgid "B<symlink>(2)\t1.0\n"
17623 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:551
17625 msgid "B<symlinkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
17629 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:552
17631 msgid "B<sync>(2)\t1.0\n"
17635 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:553
17637 msgid "B<sync_file_range>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
17641 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:554
17643 msgid "B<sync_file_range2>(2)\t2.6.22\n"
17646 #. PowerPC, ARM, tile
17647 #. First appeared on ARM, as arm_sync_file_range(), but later renamed
17648 #. \fBsys_debug_setcontext\fP(2) ??? PowerPC if CONFIG_PPC32
17650 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:558
17652 msgid "B<syncfs>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
17656 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:559
17658 msgid "B<sysfs>(2)\t1.2\n"
17662 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:560
17664 msgid "B<sysinfo>(2)\t1.0\n"
17668 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:561
17670 msgid "B<syslog>(2)\t1.0\n"
17673 #. glibc interface is \fBklogctl\fP(3)
17675 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:563
17677 msgid "B<tee>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
17681 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:564
17683 msgid "B<tgkill>(2)\t2.6\n"
17687 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:565
17689 msgid "B<time>(2)\t1.0\n"
17693 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:566
17695 msgid "B<timer_create>(2)\t2.6\n"
17699 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:567
17701 msgid "B<timer_delete>(2)\t2.6\n"
17705 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:568
17707 msgid "B<timer_getoverrun>(2)\t2.6\n"
17711 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:569
17713 msgid "B<timer_gettime>(2)\t2.6\n"
17717 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:570
17719 msgid "B<timer_settime>(2)\t2.6\n"
17723 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:571
17725 msgid "B<timerfd_create>(2)\t2.6.25\n"
17729 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:572
17731 msgid "B<timerfd_gettime>(2)\t2.6.25\n"
17735 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:573
17737 msgid "B<timerfd_settime>(2)\t2.6.25\n"
17741 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:574
17743 msgid "B<times>(2)\t1.0\n"
17747 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:575
17749 msgid "B<tkill>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.22\n"
17753 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:576
17755 msgid "B<truncate>(2)\t1.0\n"
17759 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:577
17761 msgid "B<truncate64>(2)\t2.4\n"
17765 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:578
17767 msgid "B<ugetrlimit>(2)\t2.4\n"
17771 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:579
17773 msgid "B<umask>(2)\t1.0\n"
17777 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:580
17779 msgid "B<umount>(2)\t1.0\n"
17782 #. sys_oldumount() -- __NR_umount
17784 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:582
17786 msgid "B<umount2>(2)\t2.2\n"
17789 #. sys_umount() -- __NR_umount2
17791 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:584
17793 msgid "B<uname>(2)\t1.0\n"
17797 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:585
17799 msgid "B<unlink>(2)\t1.0\n"
17803 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:586
17805 msgid "B<unlinkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
17809 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:587
17811 msgid "B<unshare>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
17815 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:588
17817 msgid "B<uselib>(2)\t1.0\n"
17821 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:589
17823 msgid "B<ustat>(2)\t1.0\n"
17827 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:590
17829 msgid "B<utime>(2)\t1.0\n"
17833 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:591
17835 msgid "B<utimensat>(2)\t2.6.22\n"
17839 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:592
17841 msgid "B<utimes>(2)\t2.2\n"
17845 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:593
17847 msgid "B<utrap_install>(2)\t2.2\tSparc only\n"
17850 #. FIXME . document utrap_install()
17851 #. There's a man page for Solaris 5.11
17853 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:596
17855 msgid "B<vfork>(2)\t2.2\n"
17859 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:597
17861 msgid "B<vhangup>(2)\t1.0\n"
17865 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:598
17867 msgid "B<vm86old>(2)\t1.0\tT{\n"
17871 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:599
17873 msgid "Was \"vm86\"; renamed in\n"
17877 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:600
17879 msgid "2.0.28/2.2\n"
17883 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:602
17885 msgid "B<vm86>(2)\t2.0.28; 2.2\n"
17889 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:603
17891 msgid "B<vmsplice>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
17895 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:604
17897 msgid "B<wait4>(2)\t1.0\n"
17901 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:605
17903 msgid "B<waitid>(2)\t2.6.10\n"
17907 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:606
17909 msgid "B<waitpid>(2)\t1.0\n"
17913 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:607
17915 msgid "B<write>(2)\t1.0\n"
17919 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:608
17921 msgid "B<writev>(2)\t2.0\n"
17924 #. type: Plain text
17925 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:617
17927 "On many platforms, including x86-32, socket calls are all multiplexed (via "
17928 "glibc wrapper functions) through B<socketcall>(2) and similarly System\\ V "
17929 "IPC calls are multiplexed through B<ipc>(2)."
17932 #. __NR_afs_syscall is 53 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17933 #. __NR_break is 17 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17934 #. __NR_ftime is 35 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17935 #. __NR_getpmsg is 188 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17936 #. __NR_gtty is 32 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17937 #. __NR_idle is 112 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17938 #. __NR_lock is 53 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17939 #. __NR_madvise1 is 219 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17940 #. __NR_mpx is 66 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17941 #. Slot has been reused
17942 #. __NR_prof is 44 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17943 #. __NR_profil is 98 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17944 #. __NR_putpmsg is 189 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17945 #. __NR_security is 223 on Linux 2.4/i386
17946 #. __NR_security is 223 on Linux 2.4/i386; absent on 2.6/i386, present
17947 #. on a couple of 2.6 architectures
17948 #. __NR_stty is 31 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17949 #. The security call is for future use.
17950 #. __NR_tuxcall is 184 on x86_64, also on PPC and alpha
17951 #. __NR_ulimit is 58 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17952 #. __NR_vserver is 273 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17953 #. type: Plain text
17954 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:662
17956 "Although slots are reserved for them in the system call table, the following "
17957 "system calls are not implemented in the standard kernel: B<afs_syscall>(2), "
17958 "B<break>(2), B<ftime>(2), B<getpmsg>(2), B<gtty>(2), B<idle>(2), B<lock>(2), "
17959 "B<madvise1>(2), B<mpx>(2), B<phys>(2), B<prof>(2), B<profil>(2), "
17960 "B<putpmsg>(2), B<security>(2), B<stty>(2), B<tuxcall>(2), B<ulimit>(2), and "
17961 "B<vserver>(2) (see also B<unimplemented>(2)). However, B<ftime>(3), "
17962 "B<profil>(3), and B<ulimit>(3) exist as library routines. The slot for "
17963 "B<phys>(2) is in use since kernel 2.1.116 for B<umount>(2); B<phys>(2) "
17964 "will never be implemented. The B<getpmsg>(2) and B<putpmsg>(2) calls are "
17965 "for kernels patched to support STREAMS, and may never be in the standard "
17969 #. type: Plain text
17970 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:667
17972 "There was briefly B<set_zone_reclaim>(2), added in Linux 2.6.13, and removed "
17973 "in 2.6.16; this system call was never available to user space."
17976 #. type: Plain text
17977 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:684
17979 "Roughly speaking, the code belonging to the system call with number __NR_xxx "
17980 "defined in I</usr/include/asm/unistd.h> can be found in the Linux kernel "
17981 "source in the routine I<sys_xxx>(). (The dispatch table for i386 can be "
17982 "found in I</usr/src/linux/arch/i386/kernel/entry.S>.) There are many "
17983 "exceptions, however, mostly because older system calls were superseded by "
17984 "newer ones, and this has been treated somewhat unsystematically. On "
17985 "platforms with proprietary operating-system emulation, such as parisc, "
17986 "sparc, sparc64, and alpha, there are many additional system calls; mips64 "
17987 "also contains a full set of 32-bit system calls."
17990 #. type: Plain text
17991 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:703
17993 "Over time, changes to the interfaces of some system calls have been "
17994 "necessary. One reason for such changes was the need to increase the size of "
17995 "structures or scalar values passed to the system call. Because of these "
17996 "changes, there are now various groups of related system calls (e.g., "
17997 "B<truncate>(2) and B<truncate64>(2)) which perform similar tasks, but "
17998 "which vary in details such as the size of their arguments. (As noted "
17999 "earlier, applications are generally unaware of this: the glibc wrapper "
18000 "functions do some work to ensure that the right system call is invoked, and "
18001 "that ABI compatibility is preserved for old binaries.) Examples of systems "
18002 "calls that exist in multiple versions are the following:"
18005 #. e.g., on 2.6.22/i386: __NR_oldstat 18, __NR_stat 106, __NR_stat64 195
18006 #. The stat system calls deal with three different data structures,
18007 #. defined in include/asm-i386/stat.h: __old_kernel_stat, stat, stat64
18008 #. type: Plain text
18009 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:724
18011 "By now there are three different versions of B<stat>(2): I<sys_stat>() "
18012 "(slot I<__NR_oldstat>), I<sys_newstat>() (slot I<__NR_stat>), and "
18013 "I<sys_stat64>() (slot I<__NR_stat64>), with the last being the most "
18014 "current. A similar story applies for B<lstat>(2) and B<fstat>(2)."
18017 #. type: Plain text
18018 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:735
18020 "Similarly, the defines I<__NR_oldolduname>, I<__NR_olduname>, and "
18021 "I<__NR_uname> refer to the routines I<sys_olduname>(), I<sys_uname>() and "
18022 "I<sys_newuname>()."
18025 #. type: Plain text
18026 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:742
18028 "In Linux 2.0, a new version of B<vm86>(2) appeared, with the old and the "
18029 "new kernel routines being named I<sys_vm86old>() and I<sys_vm86>()."
18032 #. type: Plain text
18033 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:753
18035 "In Linux 2.4, a new version of B<getrlimit>(2) appeared, with the old and "
18036 "the new kernel routines being named I<sys_old_getrlimit>() (slot "
18037 "I<__NR_getrlimit>) and I<sys_getrlimit>() (slot I<__NR_ugetrlimit>)."
18040 #. 64-bit off_t changes: ftruncate64, *stat64,
18041 #. fcntl64 (because of the flock structure), getdents64, *statfs64
18042 #. type: Plain text
18043 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:765
18045 "Linux 2.4 increased the size of user and group IDs from 16 to 32 bits. To "
18046 "support this change, a range of system calls were added (e.g., "
18047 "B<chown32>(2), B<getuid32>(2), B<getgroups32>(2), B<setresuid32>(2)), "
18048 "superseding earlier calls of the same name without the \"32\" suffix."
18051 #. type: Plain text
18052 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:782
18054 "Linux 2.4 added support for applications on 32-bit architectures to access "
18055 "large files (i.e., files for which the sizes and file offsets can't be "
18056 "represented in 32 bits.) To support this change, replacements were required "
18057 "for system calls that deal with file offsets and sizes. Thus the following "
18058 "system calls were added: B<fcntl64>(2), B<ftruncate64>(2), B<getdents64>(2), "
18059 "B<stat64>(2), B<statfs64>(2), and their analogs that work with file "
18060 "descriptors or symbolic links. These system calls supersede the older "
18061 "system calls which, except in the case of the \"stat\" calls, have the same "
18062 "name without the \"64\" suffix."
18065 #. type: Plain text
18066 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:786
18068 "On newer platforms that only have 64-bit file access and 32-bit uids (e.g., "
18069 "alpha, ia64, s390x) there are no *64 or *32 calls. Where the *64 and *32 "
18070 "calls exist, the other versions are obsolete."
18073 #. type: Plain text
18074 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:794
18076 "The I<rt_sig*> calls were added in kernel 2.2 to support the addition of "
18077 "real-time signals (see B<signal>(7)). These system calls supersede the "
18078 "older system calls of the same name without the \"rt_\" prefix."
18081 #. (used by libc 6)
18083 #. Two system call numbers,
18084 #. .IR __NR__llseek
18086 #. .IR __NR__sysctl
18087 #. have an additional underscore absent in
18088 #. .IR sys_llseek ()
18090 #. .IR sys_sysctl ().
18092 #. In kernel 2.1.81,
18096 #. were swapped; that is,
18098 #. was added with the semantics that were then current for
18100 #. and the semantics of the latter call were changed to what
18102 #. type: Plain text
18103 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:844
18105 "The B<select>(2) and B<mmap>(2) system calls use five or more arguments, "
18106 "which caused problems in the way argument passing on the i386 used to be set "
18107 "up. Thus, while other architectures have I<sys_select>() and I<sys_mmap>() "
18108 "corresponding to I<__NR_select> and I<__NR_mmap>, on i386 one finds "
18109 "I<old_select>() and I<old_mmap>() (routines that use a pointer to a "
18110 "argument block) instead. These days passing five arguments is not a problem "
18111 "any more, and there is a I<__NR__newselect> that corresponds directly to "
18112 "I<sys_select>() and similarly I<__NR_mmap2>."
18115 #. type: Plain text
18116 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:850
18118 "B<intro>(2), B<syscall>(2), B<unimplemented>(2), B<errno>(3), B<libc>(7), "
18123 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27
18128 #. type: Plain text
18129 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:30
18130 msgid "sysconf - get configuration information at run time"
18133 #. type: Plain text
18134 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:35
18136 msgid "B<long sysconf(int >I<name>B<);>\n"
18139 #. type: Plain text
18140 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:40
18142 "POSIX allows an application to test at compile or run time whether certain "
18143 "options are supported, or what the value is of certain configurable "
18144 "constants or limits."
18147 #. type: Plain text
18148 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:46
18150 "At compile time this is done by including I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> and/or "
18151 "I<E<lt>limits.hE<gt>> and testing the value of certain macros."
18154 #. type: Plain text
18155 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:56
18157 "At run time, one can ask for numerical values using the present function "
18158 "B<sysconf>(). One can ask for numerical values that may depend on the "
18159 "filesystem a file is in using the calls B<fpathconf>(3) and "
18160 "B<pathconf>(3). One can ask for string values using B<confstr>(3)."
18163 #. except that sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX) may change answer after a call
18164 #. to setrlimit( ) which changes the RLIMIT_NOFILE soft limit
18165 #. type: Plain text
18166 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:61
18168 "The values obtained from these functions are system configuration "
18169 "constants. They do not change during the lifetime of a process."
18172 #. and 999 to indicate support for options no longer present in the latest
18174 #. type: Plain text
18175 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:84
18177 "For options, typically, there is a constant B<_POSIX_FOO> that may be "
18178 "defined in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>. If it is undefined, one should ask at run "
18179 "time. If it is defined to -1, then the option is not supported. If it is "
18180 "defined to 0, then relevant functions and headers exist, but one has to ask "
18181 "at run time what degree of support is available. If it is defined to a "
18182 "value other than -1 or 0, then the option is supported. Usually the value "
18183 "(such as 200112L) indicates the year and month of the POSIX revision "
18184 "describing the option. Glibc uses the value 1 to indicate support as long "
18185 "as the POSIX revision has not been published yet. The B<sysconf>() "
18186 "argument will be B<_SC_FOO>. For a list of options, see B<posixoptions>(7)."
18189 #. type: Plain text
18190 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:104
18192 "For variables or limits, typically, there is a constant B<_FOO>, maybe "
18193 "defined in I<E<lt>limits.hE<gt>>, or B<_POSIX_FOO>, maybe defined in "
18194 "I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>. The constant will not be defined if the limit is "
18195 "unspecified. If the constant is defined, it gives a guaranteed value, and a "
18196 "greater value might actually be supported. If an application wants to take "
18197 "advantage of values which may change between systems, a call to B<sysconf>() "
18198 "can be made. The B<sysconf>() argument will be B<_SC_FOO>."
18202 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:104
18204 msgid "POSIX.1 variables"
18207 #. type: Plain text
18208 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:109
18210 "We give the name of the variable, the name of the B<sysconf>() argument "
18211 "used to inquire about its value, and a short description."
18214 #. [for the moment: only the things that are unconditionally present]
18216 #. .BR AIO_LISTIO_MAX " - " _SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX
18217 #. (if _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO)
18218 #. Maximum number of I/O operations in a single list I/O call.
18219 #. Must not be less than _POSIX_AIO_LISTIO_MAX.
18221 #. .BR AIO_MAX " - " _SC_AIO_MAX
18222 #. (if _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO)
18223 #. Maximum number of outstanding asynchronous I/O operations.
18224 #. Must not be less than _POSIX_AIO_MAX.
18226 #. .BR AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX " - " _SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX
18227 #. (if _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO)
18228 #. The maximum amount by which a process can decrease its
18229 #. asynchronous I/O priority level from its own scheduling priority.
18230 #. Must be nonnegative.
18231 #. type: Plain text
18232 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:128
18233 msgid "First, the POSIX.1 compatible values."
18237 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:128
18239 msgid "B<ARG_MAX> - B<_SC_ARG_MAX>"
18242 #. type: Plain text
18243 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:136
18245 "The maximum length of the arguments to the B<exec>(3) family of functions. "
18246 "Must not be less than B<_POSIX_ARG_MAX> (4096)."
18250 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:136
18252 msgid "B<CHILD_MAX> - B<_SC_CHILD_MAX>"
18255 #. type: Plain text
18256 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:142
18258 "The maximum number of simultaneous processes per user ID. Must not be less "
18259 "than B<_POSIX_CHILD_MAX> (25)."
18263 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:142
18265 msgid "B<HOST_NAME_MAX> - B<_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX>"
18268 #. type: Plain text
18269 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:150
18271 "Maximum length of a hostname, not including the terminating null byte, as "
18272 "returned by B<gethostname>(2). Must not be less than "
18273 "B<_POSIX_HOST_NAME_MAX> (255)."
18277 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:150
18279 msgid "B<LOGIN_NAME_MAX> - B<_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX>"
18282 #. type: Plain text
18283 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:156
18285 "Maximum length of a login name, including the terminating null byte. Must "
18286 "not be less than B<_POSIX_LOGIN_NAME_MAX> (9)."
18290 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:156
18292 msgid "B<NGROUPS_MAX> - B<_SC_NGROUPS_MAX>"
18295 #. type: Plain text
18296 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:159
18297 msgid "Maximum number of supplementary group IDs."
18301 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:159
18303 msgid "clock ticks - B<_SC_CLK_TCK>"
18306 #. type: Plain text
18307 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:168
18309 "The number of clock ticks per second. The corresponding variable is "
18310 "obsolete. It was of course called B<CLK_TCK>. (Note: the macro "
18311 "B<CLOCKS_PER_SEC> does not give information: it must equal 1000000.)"
18315 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:168
18317 msgid "B<OPEN_MAX> - B<_SC_OPEN_MAX>"
18320 #. type: Plain text
18321 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:174
18323 "The maximum number of files that a process can have open at any time. Must "
18324 "not be less than B<_POSIX_OPEN_MAX> (20)."
18328 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:174
18330 msgid "B<PAGESIZE> - B<_SC_PAGESIZE>"
18333 #. type: Plain text
18334 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:179
18336 "Size of a page in bytes. Must not be less than 1. (Some systems use "
18337 "PAGE_SIZE instead.)"
18341 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:179 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:266
18343 msgid "B<RE_DUP_MAX> - B<_SC_RE_DUP_MAX>"
18346 #. type: Plain text
18347 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:188
18349 "The number of repeated occurrences of a BRE permitted by B<regexec>(3) and "
18350 "B<regcomp>(3). Must not be less than B<_POSIX2_RE_DUP_MAX> (255)."
18354 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:188
18356 msgid "B<STREAM_MAX> - B<_SC_STREAM_MAX>"
18359 #. type: Plain text
18360 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:197
18362 "The maximum number of streams that a process can have open at any time. If "
18363 "defined, it has the same value as the standard C macro B<FOPEN_MAX>. Must "
18364 "not be less than B<_POSIX_STREAM_MAX> (8)."
18368 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:197
18370 msgid "B<SYMLOOP_MAX> - B<_SC_SYMLOOP_MAX>"
18373 #. type: Plain text
18374 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:205
18376 "The maximum number of symbolic links seen in a pathname before resolution "
18377 "returns B<ELOOP>. Must not be less than B<_POSIX_SYMLOOP_MAX> (8)."
18381 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:205
18383 msgid "B<TTY_NAME_MAX> - B<_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX>"
18386 #. type: Plain text
18387 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:212
18389 "The maximum length of terminal device name, including the terminating null "
18390 "byte. Must not be less than B<_POSIX_TTY_NAME_MAX> (9)."
18394 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:212
18396 msgid "B<TZNAME_MAX> - B<_SC_TZNAME_MAX>"
18399 #. type: Plain text
18400 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:218
18402 "The maximum number of bytes in a timezone name. Must not be less than "
18403 "B<_POSIX_TZNAME_MAX> (6)."
18407 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:218
18409 msgid "B<_POSIX_VERSION> - B<_SC_VERSION>"
18412 #. type: Plain text
18413 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:226
18415 "indicates the year and month the POSIX.1 standard was approved in the format "
18416 "B<YYYYMML>; the value B<199009L> indicates the Sept. 1990 revision."
18420 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:226
18422 msgid "POSIX.2 variables"
18425 #. type: Plain text
18426 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:228
18427 msgid "Next, the POSIX.2 values, giving limits for utilities."
18431 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:228
18433 msgid "B<BC_BASE_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_BASE_MAX>"
18436 #. type: Plain text
18437 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:235
18438 msgid "indicates the maximum I<obase> value accepted by the B<bc>(1) utility."
18442 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:235
18444 msgid "B<BC_DIM_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_DIM_MAX>"
18447 #. type: Plain text
18448 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:239
18449 msgid "indicates the maximum value of elements permitted in an array by B<bc>(1)."
18453 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:239
18455 msgid "B<BC_SCALE_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_SCALE_MAX>"
18458 #. type: Plain text
18459 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:245
18460 msgid "indicates the maximum I<scale> value allowed by B<bc>(1)."
18464 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:245
18466 msgid "B<BC_STRING_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_STRING_MAX>"
18469 #. type: Plain text
18470 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:249
18471 msgid "indicates the maximum length of a string accepted by B<bc>(1)."
18475 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:249
18477 msgid "B<COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX> - B<_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX>"
18480 #. type: Plain text
18481 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:255
18483 "indicates the maximum numbers of weights that can be assigned to an entry of "
18484 "the B<LC_COLLATE order> keyword in the locale definition file,"
18488 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:255
18490 msgid "B<EXPR_NEST_MAX> - B<_SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX>"
18493 #. type: Plain text
18494 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:260
18496 "is the maximum number of expressions which can be nested within parentheses "
18501 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:260
18503 msgid "B<LINE_MAX> - B<_SC_LINE_MAX>"
18506 #. type: Plain text
18507 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:266
18509 "The maximum length of a utility's input line, either from standard input or "
18510 "from a file. This includes space for a trailing newline."
18513 #. type: Plain text
18514 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:272
18516 "The maximum number of repeated occurrences of a regular expression when the "
18517 "interval notation B<\\e{m,n\\e}> is used."
18521 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:272
18523 msgid "B<POSIX2_VERSION> - B<_SC_2_VERSION>"
18526 #. type: Plain text
18527 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:276
18528 msgid "indicates the version of the POSIX.2 standard in the format of YYYYMML."
18532 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:276
18534 msgid "B<POSIX2_C_DEV> - B<_SC_2_C_DEV>"
18537 #. type: Plain text
18538 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:280
18540 "indicates whether the POSIX.2 C language development facilities are "
18545 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:280
18547 msgid "B<POSIX2_FORT_DEV> - B<_SC_2_FORT_DEV>"
18550 #. type: Plain text
18551 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:284
18552 msgid "indicates whether the POSIX.2 FORTRAN development utilities are supported."
18556 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:284
18558 msgid "B<POSIX2_FORT_RUN> - B<_SC_2_FORT_RUN>"
18561 #. type: Plain text
18562 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:287
18563 msgid "indicates whether the POSIX.2 FORTRAN run-time utilities are supported."
18567 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:287
18569 msgid "B<_POSIX2_LOCALEDEF> - B<_SC_2_LOCALEDEF>"
18572 #. type: Plain text
18573 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:292
18575 "indicates whether the POSIX.2 creation of locates via B<localedef>(1) is "
18580 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:292
18582 msgid "B<POSIX2_SW_DEV> - B<_SC_2_SW_DEV>"
18585 #. type: Plain text
18586 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:296
18588 "indicates whether the POSIX.2 software development utilities option is "
18592 #. type: Plain text
18593 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:298
18594 msgid "These values also exist, but may not be standard."
18598 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:298
18600 msgid " - B<_SC_PHYS_PAGES>"
18603 #. type: Plain text
18604 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:305
18606 "The number of pages of physical memory. Note that it is possible for the "
18607 "product of this value and the value of B<_SC_PAGESIZE> to overflow."
18611 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:305
18613 msgid " - B<_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES>"
18616 #. type: Plain text
18617 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:308
18618 msgid "The number of currently available pages of physical memory."
18622 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:308
18624 msgid " - B<_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF>"
18627 #. type: Plain text
18628 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:311
18629 msgid "The number of processors configured."
18633 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:311
18635 msgid " - B<_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN>"
18638 #. type: Plain text
18639 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:314
18640 msgid "The number of processors currently online (available)."
18643 #. type: Plain text
18644 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:327
18646 "If I<name> is invalid, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set to B<EINVAL>. "
18647 "Otherwise, the value returned is the value of the system resource and "
18648 "I<errno> is not changed. In the case of options, a positive value is "
18649 "returned if a queried option is available, and -1 if it is not. In the case "
18650 "of limits, -1 means that there is no definite limit."
18653 #. type: Plain text
18654 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:335
18656 "It is difficult to use B<ARG_MAX> because it is not specified how much of "
18657 "the argument space for B<exec>(3) is consumed by the user's environment "
18661 #. type: Plain text
18662 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:346
18664 "B<bc>(1), B<expr>(1), B<getconf>(1), B<locale>(1), B<confstr>(3), "
18665 "B<fpathconf>(3), B<pathconf>(3), B<posixoptions>(7)"
18669 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30
18675 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30
18680 #. type: Plain text
18681 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:33
18682 msgid "sysctl - read/write system parameters"
18685 #. type: Plain text
18686 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:38
18688 msgid "B<#include E<lt>linux/sysctl.hE<gt>>\n"
18691 #. type: Plain text
18692 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:40
18694 msgid "B<int _sysctl(struct __sysctl_args *>I<args>B<);>\n"
18697 #. type: Plain text
18698 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:47
18699 msgid "B<Do not use this system call!> See NOTES."
18702 #. type: Plain text
18703 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:54
18705 "The B<_sysctl>() call reads and/or writes kernel parameters. For example, "
18706 "the hostname, or the maximum number of open files. The argument has the "
18710 #. type: Plain text
18711 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:66
18714 "struct __sysctl_args {\n"
18715 " int *name; /* integer vector describing variable */\n"
18716 " int nlen; /* length of this vector */\n"
18717 " void *oldval; /* 0 or address where to store old value */\n"
18718 " size_t *oldlenp; /* available room for old value,\n"
18719 " overwritten by actual size of old value */\n"
18720 " void *newval; /* 0 or address of new value */\n"
18721 " size_t newlen; /* size of new value */\n"
18725 #. type: Plain text
18726 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:74
18728 "This call does a search in a tree structure, possibly resembling a directory "
18729 "tree under I</proc/sys>, and if the requested item is found calls some "
18730 "appropriate routine to read or modify the value."
18733 #. type: Plain text
18734 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:81
18736 "Upon successful completion, B<_sysctl>() returns 0. Otherwise, a value of "
18737 "-1 is returned and I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
18740 #. type: Plain text
18741 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:88
18743 "The invocation asked for the previous value by setting I<oldval> non-NULL, "
18744 "but allowed zero room in I<oldlenp>."
18747 #. type: Plain text
18748 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:92
18749 msgid "I<name> was not found."
18753 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:92
18755 msgid "B<EACCES>, B<EPERM>"
18758 #. type: Plain text
18759 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:100
18761 "No search permission for one of the encountered \"directories\", or no read "
18762 "permission where I<oldval> was nonzero, or no write permission where "
18763 "I<newval> was nonzero."
18766 #. type: Plain text
18767 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:114
18769 "This call is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended to "
18770 "be portable. A B<sysctl>() call has been present in Linux since version "
18771 "1.3.57. It originated in 4.4BSD. Only Linux has the I</proc/sys> mirror, "
18772 "and the object naming schemes differ between Linux and 4.4BSD, but the "
18773 "declaration of the B<sysctl>() function is the same in both."
18776 #. See http://lwn.net/Articles/247243/
18777 #. Though comments in suggest that it is needed by old glibc binaries,
18778 #. so maybe it's not going away.
18779 #. type: Plain text
18780 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:131
18782 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using "
18783 "B<syscall>(2). Or rather... I<don't> call it: use of this system call has "
18784 "long been discouraged, and it is so unloved that B<it is likely to disappear "
18785 "in a future kernel version>. Since Linux 2.6.24, uses of this system call "
18786 "result in warnings in the kernel log. Remove it from your programs now; use "
18787 "the I</proc/sys> interface instead."
18790 #. type: Plain text
18791 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:135
18793 "This system call is available only if the kernel was configured with the "
18794 "B<CONFIG_SYSCTL_SYSCALL> option."
18797 #. type: Plain text
18798 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:138
18800 "The object names vary between kernel versions, making this system call "
18801 "worthless for applications."
18804 #. type: Plain text
18805 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:140
18806 msgid "Not all available objects are properly documented."
18809 #. type: Plain text
18810 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:143
18812 "It is not yet possible to change operating system by writing to "
18813 "I</proc/sys/kernel/ostype>."
18816 #. type: Plain text
18817 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:152
18820 "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n"
18821 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
18822 "#include E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt>\n"
18823 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
18824 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
18825 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
18826 "#include E<lt>linux/sysctl.hE<gt>\n"
18829 #. type: Plain text
18830 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:154
18832 msgid "int _sysctl(struct __sysctl_args *args );\n"
18835 #. type: Plain text
18836 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:156
18838 msgid "#define OSNAMESZ 100\n"
18841 #. type: Plain text
18842 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:164
18848 " struct __sysctl_args args;\n"
18849 " char osname[OSNAMESZ];\n"
18850 " size_t osnamelth;\n"
18851 " int name[] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_OSTYPE };\n"
18854 #. type: Plain text
18855 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:170
18858 " memset(&args, 0, sizeof(struct __sysctl_args));\n"
18859 " args.name = name;\n"
18860 " args.nlen = sizeof(name)/sizeof(name[0]);\n"
18861 " args.oldval = osname;\n"
18862 " args.oldlenp = &osnamelth;\n"
18865 #. type: Plain text
18866 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:172
18868 msgid " osnamelth = sizeof(osname);\n"
18871 #. type: Plain text
18872 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:180
18875 " if (syscall(SYS__sysctl, &args) == -1) {\n"
18876 " perror(\"_sysctl\");\n"
18877 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
18879 " printf(\"This machine is running %*s\\en\", osnamelth, osname);\n"
18880 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
18884 #. type: Plain text
18885 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:182 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:91
18890 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14
18895 #. type: Plain text
18896 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:17
18897 msgid "sysinfo - returns information on overall system statistics"
18900 #. type: Plain text
18901 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:21
18902 msgid "B<int sysinfo(struct sysinfo *>I<info>B<);>"
18905 #. type: Plain text
18906 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:25
18908 "Until Linux 2.3.16, B<sysinfo>() used to return information in the "
18909 "following structure:"
18912 #. type: Plain text
18913 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:40
18916 "struct sysinfo {\n"
18917 " long uptime; /* Seconds since boot */\n"
18918 " unsigned long loads[3]; /* 1, 5, and 15 minute load averages */\n"
18919 " unsigned long totalram; /* Total usable main memory size */\n"
18920 " unsigned long freeram; /* Available memory size */\n"
18921 " unsigned long sharedram; /* Amount of shared memory */\n"
18922 " unsigned long bufferram; /* Memory used by buffers */\n"
18923 " unsigned long totalswap; /* Total swap space size */\n"
18924 " unsigned long freeswap; /* swap space still available */\n"
18925 " unsigned short procs; /* Number of current processes */\n"
18926 " char _f[22]; /* Pads structure to 64 bytes */\n"
18930 #. type: Plain text
18931 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:44
18932 msgid "and the sizes were given in bytes."
18935 #. type: Plain text
18936 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:47
18937 msgid "Since Linux 2.3.23 (i386), 2.3.48 (all architectures) the structure is:"
18940 #. type: Plain text
18941 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:65
18944 "struct sysinfo {\n"
18945 " long uptime; /* Seconds since boot */\n"
18946 " unsigned long loads[3]; /* 1, 5, and 15 minute load averages */\n"
18947 " unsigned long totalram; /* Total usable main memory size */\n"
18948 " unsigned long freeram; /* Available memory size */\n"
18949 " unsigned long sharedram; /* Amount of shared memory */\n"
18950 " unsigned long bufferram; /* Memory used by buffers */\n"
18951 " unsigned long totalswap; /* Total swap space size */\n"
18952 " unsigned long freeswap; /* swap space still available */\n"
18953 " unsigned short procs; /* Number of current processes */\n"
18954 " unsigned long totalhigh; /* Total high memory size */\n"
18955 " unsigned long freehigh; /* Available high memory size */\n"
18956 " unsigned int mem_unit; /* Memory unit size in bytes */\n"
18957 " char _f[20-2*sizeof(long)-sizeof(int)]; /* Padding to 64 bytes */\n"
18961 #. type: Plain text
18962 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:69
18963 msgid "and the sizes are given as multiples of I<mem_unit> bytes."
18966 #. type: Plain text
18967 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:74
18969 "B<sysinfo>() provides a simple way of getting overall system statistics. "
18970 "This is more portable than reading I</dev/kmem>."
18973 #. type: Plain text
18974 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:83
18975 msgid "pointer to I<struct\\ sysinfo> is invalid"
18978 #. type: Plain text
18979 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:87
18980 msgid "The Linux kernel has a B<sysinfo>() system call since 0.98.pl6."
18984 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25
18990 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25
18995 #. type: Plain text
18996 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:28
18997 msgid "tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp - get and set terminal foreground process group"
19000 #. type: Plain text
19001 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:32
19002 msgid "B<pid_t tcgetpgrp(int >I<fd>B<);>"
19005 #. type: Plain text
19006 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:34
19007 msgid "B<int tcsetpgrp(int >I<fd>B<, pid_t >I<pgrp>B<);>"
19010 #. The process itself may be a background process.
19011 #. type: Plain text
19012 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:42
19014 "The function B<tcgetpgrp>() returns the process group ID of the foreground "
19015 "process group on the terminal associated to I<fd>, which must be the "
19016 "controlling terminal of the calling process."
19019 #. type: Plain text
19020 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:55
19022 "The function B<tcsetpgrp>() makes the process group with process group ID "
19023 "I<pgrp> the foreground process group on the terminal associated to I<fd>, "
19024 "which must be the controlling terminal of the calling process, and still be "
19025 "associated with its session. Moreover, I<pgrp> must be a (nonempty) process "
19026 "group belonging to the same session as the calling process."
19029 #. type: Plain text
19030 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:64
19032 "If B<tcsetpgrp>() is called by a member of a background process group in "
19033 "its session, and the calling process is not blocking or ignoring B<SIGTTOU>, "
19034 "a B<SIGTTOU> signal is sent to all members of this background process group."
19037 #. type: Plain text
19038 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:79
19040 "When I<fd> refers to the controlling terminal of the calling process, the "
19041 "function B<tcgetpgrp>() will return the foreground process group ID of that "
19042 "terminal if there is one, and some value larger than 1 that is not presently "
19043 "a process group ID otherwise. When I<fd> does not refer to the controlling "
19044 "terminal of the calling process, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set "
19048 #. type: Plain text
19049 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:86
19051 "When successful, B<tcsetpgrp>() returns 0. Otherwise, it returns -1, and "
19052 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
19055 #. type: Plain text
19056 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:95
19057 msgid "I<pgrp> has an unsupported value."
19060 #. type: Plain text
19061 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:104
19063 "The calling process does not have a controlling terminal, or it has one but "
19064 "it is not described by I<fd>, or, for B<tcsetpgrp>(), this controlling "
19065 "terminal is no longer associated with the session of the calling process."
19068 #. type: Plain text
19069 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:109
19071 "I<pgrp> has a supported value, but is not the process group ID of a process "
19072 "in the same session as the calling process."
19075 #. type: Plain text
19076 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:116
19077 msgid "The B<tcgetpgrp>() and B<tcsetpgrp>() functions are thread-safe."
19080 #. type: Plain text
19081 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:124
19083 "These functions are implemented via the B<TIOCGPGRP> and B<TIOCSPGRP> "
19088 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:124 build/C/man2/vfork.2:234
19093 #. type: Plain text
19094 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:127
19095 msgid "The ioctls appeared in 4.2BSD. The functions are POSIX inventions."
19098 #. type: Plain text
19099 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:130
19100 msgid "B<setpgid>(2), B<setsid>(2), B<credentials>(7)"
19104 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:43
19110 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:43
19115 #. type: Plain text
19116 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:46
19117 msgid "truncate, ftruncate - truncate a file to a specified length"
19120 #. type: Plain text
19121 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:52
19122 msgid "B<int truncate(const char *>I<path>B<, off_t >I<length>B<);>"
19125 #. type: Plain text
19126 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:54
19127 msgid "B<int ftruncate(int >I<fd>B<, off_t >I<length>B<);>"
19130 #. type: Plain text
19131 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:63
19132 msgid "B<truncate>():"
19135 #. type: Plain text
19136 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:71
19137 msgid "B<ftruncate>():"
19140 #. type: Plain text
19141 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:76
19142 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.3.5: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L"
19145 #. type: Plain text
19146 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:91
19148 "The B<truncate>() and B<ftruncate>() functions cause the regular file "
19149 "named by I<path> or referenced by I<fd> to be truncated to a size of "
19150 "precisely I<length> bytes."
19153 #. type: Plain text
19154 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:95
19156 "If the file previously was larger than this size, the extra data is lost. "
19157 "If the file previously was shorter, it is extended, and the extended part "
19158 "reads as null bytes (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq)."
19161 #. type: Plain text
19162 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:97
19163 msgid "The file offset is not changed."
19166 #. type: Plain text
19167 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:104
19169 "If the size changed, then the st_ctime and st_mtime fields (respectively, "
19170 "time of last status change and time of last modification; see B<stat>(2)) "
19171 "for the file are updated, and the set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission "
19172 "bits may be cleared."
19175 #. type: Plain text
19176 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:110
19178 "With B<ftruncate>(), the file must be open for writing; with B<truncate>(), "
19179 "the file must be writable."
19182 #. type: Plain text
19183 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:118
19184 msgid "For B<truncate>():"
19187 #. type: Plain text
19188 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:124
19190 "Search permission is denied for a component of the path prefix, or the named "
19191 "file is not writable by the user. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
19194 #. type: Plain text
19195 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:129
19196 msgid "The argument I<path> points outside the process's allocated address space."
19200 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:129
19205 #. type: Plain text
19206 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:134
19207 msgid "The argument I<length> is larger than the maximum file size. (XSI)"
19210 #. type: Plain text
19211 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:141
19213 "While blocked waiting to complete, the call was interrupted by a signal "
19214 "handler; see B<fcntl>(2) and B<signal>(7)."
19217 #. type: Plain text
19218 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:146
19219 msgid "The argument I<length> is negative or larger than the maximum file size."
19222 #. type: Plain text
19223 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:149
19224 msgid "An I/O error occurred updating the inode."
19227 #. type: Plain text
19228 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:152
19229 msgid "The named file is a directory."
19232 #. type: Plain text
19233 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:155
19234 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in translating the pathname."
19237 #. type: Plain text
19238 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:159
19240 "A component of a pathname exceeded 255 characters, or an entire pathname "
19241 "exceeded 1023 characters."
19244 #. type: Plain text
19245 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:162
19246 msgid "The named file does not exist."
19249 #. This happens for at least MSDOS and VFAT filesystems
19250 #. on kernel 2.6.13
19251 #. type: Plain text
19252 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:171
19254 "The underlying filesystem does not support extending a file beyond its "
19258 #. type: Plain text
19259 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:175
19260 msgid "The operation was prevented by a file seal; see B<fcntl>(2)."
19263 #. type: Plain text
19264 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:181
19265 msgid "The file is a pure procedure (shared text) file that is being executed."
19268 #. type: Plain text
19269 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:188
19271 "For B<ftruncate>() the same errors apply, but instead of things that can be "
19272 "wrong with I<path>, we now have things that can be wrong with the file "
19273 "descriptor, I<fd>:"
19277 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:192
19279 msgid "B<EBADF> or B<EINVAL>"
19282 #. type: Plain text
19283 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:196
19284 msgid "I<fd> is not open for writing."
19287 #. type: Plain text
19288 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:200
19289 msgid "I<fd> does not reference a regular file."
19292 #. POSIX.1-1996 has
19293 #. .BR ftruncate ().
19294 #. POSIX.1-2001 also has
19295 #. .BR truncate (),
19296 #. as an XSI extension.
19298 #. SVr4 documents additional
19300 #. error conditions EMFILE, EMULTIHP, ENFILE, ENOLINK. SVr4 documents for
19301 #. .BR ftruncate ()
19302 #. an additional EAGAIN error condition.
19303 #. type: Plain text
19304 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:213
19305 msgid "4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001 (these calls first appeared in 4.2BSD)."
19308 #. At the very least: OSF/1, Solaris 7, and FreeBSD conform, mtk, Jan 2002
19309 #. type: Plain text
19310 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:234
19312 "The details in DESCRIPTION are for XSI-compliant systems. For "
19313 "non-XSI-compliant systems, the POSIX standard allows two behaviors for "
19314 "B<ftruncate>() when I<length> exceeds the file length (note that "
19315 "B<truncate>() is not specified at all in such an environment): either "
19316 "returning an error, or extending the file. Like most UNIX implementations, "
19317 "Linux follows the XSI requirement when dealing with native filesystems. "
19318 "However, some nonnative filesystems do not permit B<truncate>() and "
19319 "B<ftruncate>() to be used to extend a file beyond its current length: a "
19320 "notable example on Linux is VFAT."
19323 #. type: Plain text
19324 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:248
19326 "The original Linux B<truncate>() and B<ftruncate>() system calls were not "
19327 "designed to handle large file offsets. Consequently, Linux 2.4 added "
19328 "B<truncate64>() and B<ftruncate64>() system calls that handle large "
19329 "files. However, these details can be ignored by applications using glibc, "
19330 "whose wrapper functions transparently employ the more recent system calls "
19331 "where they are available."
19334 #. http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12037
19335 #. type: Plain text
19336 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:261
19338 "A header file bug in glibc 2.12 meant that the minimum value of "
19339 "B<_POSIX_C_SOURCE> required to expose the declaration of B<ftruncate>() was "
19340 "200809L instead of 200112L. This has been fixed in later glibc versions."
19343 #. type: Plain text
19344 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:264
19345 msgid "B<open>(2), B<stat>(2), B<path_resolution>(7)"
19349 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:24
19355 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:24
19360 #. type: Plain text
19361 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:27
19362 msgid "ualarm - schedule signal after given number of microseconds"
19365 #. type: Plain text
19366 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:32
19368 msgid "B<useconds_t ualarm(useconds_t >I<usecs>B<, useconds_t >I<interval>B<);>\n"
19371 #. type: Plain text
19372 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:40
19373 msgid "B<ualarm>():"
19376 #. type: Plain text
19377 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:69
19379 "The B<ualarm>() function causes the signal B<SIGALRM> to be sent to the "
19380 "invoking process after (not less than) I<usecs> microseconds. The delay "
19381 "may be lengthened slightly by any system activity or by the time spent "
19382 "processing the call or by the granularity of system timers."
19385 #. type: Plain text
19386 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:73
19387 msgid "Unless caught or ignored, the B<SIGALRM> signal will terminate the process."
19390 #. type: Plain text
19391 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:81
19393 "If the I<interval> argument is nonzero, further B<SIGALRM> signals will be "
19394 "sent every I<interval> microseconds after the first."
19397 #. type: Plain text
19398 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:84
19400 "This function returns the number of microseconds remaining for any alarm "
19401 "that was previously set, or 0 if no alarm was pending."
19404 #. type: Plain text
19405 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:88
19406 msgid "Interrupted by a signal."
19409 #. type: Plain text
19410 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:92
19412 "I<usecs> or I<interval> is not smaller than 1000000. (On systems where that "
19413 "is considered an error.)"
19416 #. type: Plain text
19417 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:97
19418 msgid "The B<ualarm>() function is thread-safe."
19421 #. type: Plain text
19422 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:105
19424 "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2001 marks B<ualarm>() as obsolete. "
19425 "POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of B<ualarm>(). 4.3BSD, SUSv2, and "
19426 "POSIX do not define any errors."
19429 #. This case is not documented in HP-US, Solar, FreeBSD, NetBSD, or OpenBSD!
19430 #. type: Plain text
19431 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:112
19433 "POSIX.1-2001 does not specify what happens if the I<usecs> argument is 0. "
19434 "On Linux (and probably most other systems), the effect is to cancel any "
19438 #. type: Plain text
19439 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:125
19441 "The type I<useconds_t> is an unsigned integer type capable of holding "
19442 "integers in the range [0,1000000]. On the original BSD implementation, and "
19443 "in glibc before version 2.1, the arguments to B<ualarm>() were instead "
19444 "typed as I<unsigned int>. Programs will be more portable if they never "
19445 "mention I<useconds_t> explicitly."
19448 #. type: Plain text
19449 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:139
19451 "The interaction of this function with other timer functions such as "
19452 "B<alarm>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<nanosleep>(2), B<setitimer>(2), "
19453 "B<timer_create>(2), B<timer_delete>(2), B<timer_getoverrun>(2), "
19454 "B<timer_gettime>(2), B<timer_settime>(2), B<usleep>(3) is unspecified."
19457 #. type: Plain text
19458 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:147
19460 "This function is obsolete. Use B<setitimer>(2) or POSIX interval timers "
19461 "(B<timer_create>(2), etc.) instead."
19464 #. type: Plain text
19465 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:154
19467 "B<alarm>(2), B<getitimer>(2), B<nanosleep>(2), B<select>(2), "
19468 "B<setitimer>(2), B<usleep>(3), B<time>(7)"
19472 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:34
19478 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:34
19483 #. type: Plain text
19484 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:37
19485 msgid "umask - set file mode creation mask"
19488 #. type: Plain text
19489 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:43
19490 msgid "B<mode_t umask(mode_t >I<mask>B<);>"
19493 #. type: Plain text
19494 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:50
19496 "B<umask>() sets the calling process's file mode creation mask (umask) to "
19497 "I<mask> & 0777 (i.e., only the file permission bits of I<mask> are used), "
19498 "and returns the previous value of the mask."
19501 #. e.g., mkfifo(), creat(), mknod(), sem_open(), mq_open(), shm_open()
19502 #. but NOT the System V IPC *get() calls
19503 #. type: Plain text
19504 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:65
19506 "The umask is used by B<open>(2), B<mkdir>(2), and other system calls that "
19507 "create files to modify the permissions placed on newly created files or "
19508 "directories. Specifically, permissions in the umask are turned off from the "
19509 "I<mode> argument to B<open>(2) and B<mkdir>(2)."
19512 #. type: Plain text
19513 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:70
19515 "The constants that should be used to specify I<mask> are described under "
19519 #. type: Plain text
19520 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:79
19522 "The typical default value for the process umask is I<S_IWGRP\\ |\\ S_IWOTH> "
19523 "(octal 022). In the usual case where the I<mode> argument to B<open>(2) is "
19527 #. type: Plain text
19528 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:82
19530 msgid " S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH\n"
19533 #. type: Plain text
19534 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:86
19536 "(octal 0666) when creating a new file, the permissions on the resulting file "
19540 #. type: Plain text
19541 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:89
19543 msgid " S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH\n"
19546 #. type: Plain text
19547 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:92
19548 msgid "(because 0666 & ~022 = 0644; i.e., rw-r--r--)."
19551 #. type: Plain text
19552 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:95
19554 "This system call always succeeds and the previous value of the mask is "
19558 #. type: Plain text
19559 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:103
19561 "A child process created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's umask. The "
19562 "umask is left unchanged by B<execve>(2)."
19565 #. type: Plain text
19566 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:118
19568 "The umask setting also affects the permissions assigned to POSIX IPC objects "
19569 "(B<mq_open>(3), B<sem_open>(3), B<shm_open>(3)), FIFOs (B<mkfifo>(3)), and "
19570 "UNIX domain sockets (B<unix>(7)) created by the process. The umask does "
19571 "not affect the permissions assigned to System\\ V IPC objects created by the "
19572 "process (using B<msgget>(2), B<semget>(2), B<shmget>(2))."
19575 #. type: Plain text
19576 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:123
19577 msgid "B<chmod>(2), B<mkdir>(2), B<open>(2), B<stat>(2), B<acl>(5)"
19581 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:27
19586 #. type: Plain text
19587 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:30
19588 msgid "uname - get name and information about current kernel"
19591 #. type: Plain text
19592 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:32
19593 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/utsname.hE<gt>>"
19596 #. type: Plain text
19597 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:34
19598 msgid "B<int uname(struct utsname *>I<buf>B<);>"
19601 #. type: Plain text
19602 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:42
19604 "B<uname>() returns system information in the structure pointed to by "
19605 "I<buf>. The I<utsname> struct is defined in I<E<lt>sys/utsname.hE<gt>>:"
19608 #. type: Plain text
19609 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:56
19612 "struct utsname {\n"
19613 " char sysname[]; /* Operating system name (e.g., \"Linux\") */\n"
19614 " char nodename[]; /* Name within \"some implementation-defined\n"
19616 " char release[]; /* Operating system release (e.g., \"2.6.28\") */\n"
19617 " char version[]; /* Operating system version */\n"
19618 " char machine[]; /* Hardware identifier */\n"
19619 "#ifdef _GNU_SOURCE\n"
19620 " char domainname[]; /* NIS or YP domain name */\n"
19625 #. type: Plain text
19626 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:63
19628 "The length of the arrays in a I<struct utsname> is unspecified (see NOTES); "
19629 "the fields are terminated by a null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq)."
19632 #. type: Plain text
19633 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:73
19634 msgid "I<buf> is not valid."
19637 #. type: Plain text
19638 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:78
19639 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001. There is no B<uname>() call in 4.3BSD."
19642 #. type: Plain text
19643 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:82
19644 msgid "The I<domainname> member (the NIS or YP domain name) is a GNU extension."
19647 #. type: Plain text
19648 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:98
19650 "This is a system call, and the operating system presumably knows its name, "
19651 "release and version. It also knows what hardware it runs on. So, four of "
19652 "the fields of the struct are meaningful. On the other hand, the field "
19653 "I<nodename> is meaningless: it gives the name of the present machine in some "
19654 "undefined network, but typically machines are in more than one network and "
19655 "have several names. Moreover, the kernel has no way of knowing about such "
19656 "things, so it has to be told what to answer here. The same holds for the "
19657 "additional I<domainname> field."
19660 #. type: Plain text
19661 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:116
19663 "To this end, Linux uses the system calls B<sethostname>(2) and "
19664 "B<setdomainname>(2). Note that there is no standard that says that the "
19665 "hostname set by B<sethostname>(2) is the same string as the I<nodename> "
19666 "field of the struct returned by B<uname>() (indeed, some systems allow a "
19667 "256-byte hostname and an 8-byte nodename), but this is true on Linux. The "
19668 "same holds for B<setdomainname>(2) and the I<domainname> field."
19671 #. type: Plain text
19672 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:131
19674 "The length of the fields in the struct varies. Some operating systems or "
19675 "libraries use a hardcoded 9 or 33 or 65 or 257. Other systems use "
19676 "B<SYS_NMLN> or B<_SYS_NMLN> or B<UTSLEN> or B<_UTSNAME_LENGTH>. Clearly, it "
19677 "is a bad idea to use any of these constants; just use sizeof(...). Often "
19678 "257 is chosen in order to have room for an internet hostname."
19681 #. type: Plain text
19682 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:138
19684 "Part of the utsname information is also accessible via "
19685 "I</proc/sys/kernel/>{I<ostype>, I<hostname>, I<osrelease>, I<version>, "
19689 #. That was back before Linux 1.0
19690 #. That was also back before Linux 1.0
19691 #. type: Plain text
19692 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:167
19694 "Over time, increases in the size of the I<utsname> structure have led to "
19695 "three successive versions of B<uname>(): I<sys_olduname>() (slot "
19696 "I<__NR_oldolduname>), I<sys_uname>() (slot I<__NR_olduname>), and "
19697 "I<sys_newuname>() (slot I<__NR_uname)>. The first one used length 9 for "
19698 "all fields; the second used 65; the third also uses 65 but adds the "
19699 "I<domainname> field. The glibc B<uname>() wrapper function hides these "
19700 "details from applications, invoking the most recent version of the system "
19701 "call provided by the kernel."
19704 #. type: Plain text
19705 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:171
19706 msgid "B<uname>(1), B<getdomainname>(2), B<gethostname>(2), B<namespaces>(7)"
19710 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:31
19716 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:31
19721 #. type: Plain text
19722 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:34
19723 msgid "uselib - load shared library"
19726 #. type: Plain text
19727 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:38
19728 msgid "B<int uselib(const char *>I<library>B<);>"
19731 #. type: Plain text
19732 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:48
19734 "The system call B<uselib>() serves to load a shared library to be used by "
19735 "the calling process. It is given a pathname. The address where to load is "
19736 "found in the library itself. The library can have any recognized binary "
19740 #. type: Plain text
19741 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:59
19743 "In addition to all of the error codes returned by B<open>(2) and "
19744 "B<mmap>(2), the following may also be returned:"
19747 #. type: Plain text
19748 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:67
19750 "The library specified by I<library> does not have read or execute "
19751 "permission, or the caller does not have search permission for one of the "
19752 "directories in the path prefix. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
19755 #. type: Plain text
19756 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:76
19758 "The file specified by I<library> is not an executable of a known type; for "
19759 "example, it does not have the correct magic numbers."
19762 #. type: Plain text
19763 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:80
19765 "B<uselib>() is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended "
19769 #. type: Plain text
19770 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:85
19772 "B<uselib>() was used by early libc startup code to load the shared "
19773 "libraries with names found in an array of names in the binary."
19776 #. libc 4.3.1f - changelog 1993-03-02
19777 #. libc 4.3.4 - changelog 1993-04-21
19778 #. type: Plain text
19779 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:95
19781 "Since libc 4.3.2, startup code tries to prefix these names with "
19782 "\"/usr/lib\", \"/lib\" and \"\" before giving up. In libc 4.3.4 and later "
19783 "these names are looked for in the directories found in B<LD_LIBRARY_PATH>, "
19784 "and if not found there, prefixes \"/usr/lib\", \"/lib\" and \"/\" are tried."
19787 #. type: Plain text
19788 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:100
19790 "From libc 4.4.4 on only the library \"/lib/ld.so\" is loaded, so that this "
19791 "dynamic library can load the remaining libraries needed (again using this "
19792 "call). This is also the state of affairs in libc5."
19795 #. type: Plain text
19796 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:102
19797 msgid "glibc2 does not use this call."
19800 #. type: Plain text
19801 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:111
19803 "B<ar>(1), B<gcc>(1), B<ld>(1), B<ldd>(1), B<mmap>(2), B<open>(2), "
19804 "B<dlopen>(3), B<capabilities>(7), B<ld.so>(8)"
19808 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:33
19814 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:33
19819 #. type: Plain text
19820 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:36
19821 msgid "usleep - suspend execution for microsecond intervals"
19824 #. type: Plain text
19825 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:41
19827 msgid "B<int usleep(useconds_t >I<usec>B<);>\n"
19830 #. type: Plain text
19831 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:49
19832 msgid "B<usleep>():"
19835 #. type: Plain text
19836 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:75
19838 "The B<usleep>() function suspends execution of the calling thread for (at "
19839 "least) I<usec> microseconds. The sleep may be lengthened slightly by any "
19840 "system activity or by the time spent processing the call or by the "
19841 "granularity of system timers."
19844 #. type: Plain text
19845 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:82
19847 "The B<usleep>() function returns 0 on success. On error, -1 is returned, "
19848 "with I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
19851 #. type: Plain text
19852 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:87
19853 msgid "Interrupted by a signal; see B<signal>(7)."
19856 #. type: Plain text
19857 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:91
19859 "I<usec> is not smaller than 1000000. (On systems where that is considered "
19863 #. type: Plain text
19864 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:96
19865 msgid "The B<usleep>() function is thread-safe."
19868 #. type: Plain text
19869 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:103
19871 "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2001 declares this function obsolete; use "
19872 "B<nanosleep>(2) instead. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
19876 #. type: Plain text
19877 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:110
19879 "On the original BSD implementation, and in glibc before version 2.2.2, the "
19880 "return type of this function is I<void>. The POSIX version returns I<int>, "
19881 "and this is also the prototype used since glibc 2.2.2."
19884 #. type: Plain text
19885 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:114
19886 msgid "Only the B<EINVAL> error return is documented by SUSv2 and POSIX.1-2001."
19889 #. type: Plain text
19890 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:122
19892 "The type I<useconds_t> is an unsigned integer type capable of holding "
19893 "integers in the range [0,1000000]. Programs will be more portable if they "
19894 "never mention this type explicitly. Use"
19897 #. type: Plain text
19898 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:130
19901 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
19903 " unsigned int usecs;\n"
19905 " usleep(usecs);\n"
19908 #. type: Plain text
19909 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:147
19911 "The interaction of this function with the B<SIGALRM> signal, and with other "
19912 "timer functions such as B<alarm>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<nanosleep>(2), "
19913 "B<setitimer>(2), B<timer_create>(2), B<timer_delete>(2), "
19914 "B<timer_getoverrun>(2), B<timer_gettime>(2), B<timer_settime>(2), "
19915 "B<ualarm>(3) is unspecified."
19918 #. type: Plain text
19919 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:155
19921 "B<alarm>(2), B<getitimer>(2), B<nanosleep>(2), B<select>(2), "
19922 "B<setitimer>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<ualarm>(3), B<time>(7)"
19926 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:28
19932 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:28
19937 #. type: Plain text
19938 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:31
19939 msgid "vfork - create a child process and block parent"
19942 #. type: Plain text
19943 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:37
19944 msgid "B<pid_t vfork(void);>"
19947 #. type: Plain text
19948 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:44
19949 msgid "B<vfork>():"
19953 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:63
19955 msgid "Standard description"
19958 #. type: Plain text
19959 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:82
19961 "(From POSIX.1) The B<vfork>() function has the same effect as B<fork>(2), "
19962 "except that the behavior is undefined if the process created by B<vfork>() "
19963 "either modifies any data other than a variable of type I<pid_t> used to "
19964 "store the return value from B<vfork>(), or returns from the function in "
19965 "which B<vfork>() was called, or calls any other function before "
19966 "successfully calling B<_exit>(2) or one of the B<exec>(3) family of "
19971 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:82
19973 msgid "Linux description"
19976 #. type: Plain text
19977 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:89
19979 "B<vfork>(), just like B<fork>(2), creates a child process of the calling "
19980 "process. For details and return value and errors, see B<fork>(2)."
19983 #. type: Plain text
19984 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:98
19986 "B<vfork>() is a special case of B<clone>(2). It is used to create new "
19987 "processes without copying the page tables of the parent process. It may be "
19988 "useful in performance-sensitive applications where a child is created which "
19989 "then immediately issues an B<execve>(2)."
19992 #. type: Plain text
19993 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:115
19995 "B<vfork>() differs from B<fork>(2) in that the calling thread is suspended "
19996 "until the child terminates (either normally, by calling B<_exit>(2), or "
19997 "abnormally, after delivery of a fatal signal), or it makes a call to "
19998 "B<execve>(2). Until that point, the child shares all memory with its "
19999 "parent, including the stack. The child must not return from the current "
20000 "function or call B<exit>(3), but may call B<_exit>(2)."
20003 #. type: Plain text
20004 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:126
20006 "As with B<fork>(2), the child process created by B<vfork>() inherits copies "
20007 "of various of the caller's process attributes (e.g., file descriptors, "
20008 "signal dispositions, and current working directory); the B<vfork>() call "
20009 "differs only in the treatment of the virtual address space, as described "
20013 #. type: Plain text
20014 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:132
20016 "Signals sent to the parent arrive after the child releases the parent's "
20017 "memory (i.e., after the child terminates or calls B<execve>(2))."
20021 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:132
20023 msgid "Historic description"
20026 #. type: Plain text
20027 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:159
20029 "Under Linux, B<fork>(2) is implemented using copy-on-write pages, so the "
20030 "only penalty incurred by B<fork>(2) is the time and memory required to "
20031 "duplicate the parent's page tables, and to create a unique task structure "
20032 "for the child. However, in the bad old days a B<fork>(2) would require "
20033 "making a complete copy of the caller's data space, often needlessly, since "
20034 "usually immediately afterward an B<exec>(3) is done. Thus, for greater "
20035 "efficiency, BSD introduced the B<vfork>() system call, which did not fully "
20036 "copy the address space of the parent process, but borrowed the parent's "
20037 "memory and thread of control until a call to B<execve>(2) or an exit "
20038 "occurred. The parent process was suspended while the child was using its "
20039 "resources. The use of B<vfork>() was tricky: for example, not modifying "
20040 "data in the parent process depended on knowing which variables were held in "
20044 #. type: Plain text
20045 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:163
20047 "4.3BSD; POSIX.1-2001 (but marked OBSOLETE). POSIX.1-2008 removes the "
20048 "specification of B<vfork>()."
20051 #. In AIXv3.1 vfork is equivalent to fork.
20052 #. type: Plain text
20053 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:174
20055 "The requirements put on B<vfork>() by the standards are weaker than those "
20056 "put on B<fork>(2), so an implementation where the two are synonymous is "
20057 "compliant. In particular, the programmer cannot rely on the parent "
20058 "remaining blocked until the child either terminates or calls B<execve>(2), "
20059 "and cannot rely on any specific behavior with respect to shared memory."
20062 #. type: Plain text
20063 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:193
20065 "Some consider the semantics of B<vfork>() to be an architectural blemish, "
20066 "and the 4.2BSD man page stated: \"This system call will be eliminated when "
20067 "proper system sharing mechanisms are implemented. Users should not depend "
20068 "on the memory sharing semantics of B<vfork>() as it will, in that case, be "
20069 "made synonymous to B<fork>(2).\" However, even though modern memory "
20070 "management hardware has decreased the performance difference between "
20071 "B<fork>(2) and B<vfork>(), there are various reasons why Linux and other "
20072 "systems have retained B<vfork>():"
20075 #. type: Plain text
20076 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:197
20078 "Some performance-critical applications require the small performance "
20079 "advantage conferred by B<vfork>()."
20082 #. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4259629/what-is-the-difference-between-fork-and-vfork
20083 #. http://developers.sun.com/solaris/articles/subprocess/subprocess.html
20084 #. http://mailman.uclinux.org/pipermail/uclinux-dev/2009-April/000684.html
20085 #. type: Plain text
20086 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:213
20088 "B<vfork>() can be implemented on systems that lack a memory-management unit "
20089 "(MMU), but B<fork>(2) can't be implemented on such systems. (POSIX.1-2008 "
20090 "removed B<vfork>() from the standard; the POSIX rationale for the "
20091 "B<posix_spawn>(3) function notes that that function, which provides "
20092 "functionality equivalent to B<fork>(2)+B<exec>(3), is designed to be "
20093 "implementable on systems that lack an MMU.)"
20097 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:213
20099 msgid "Linux notes"
20102 #. type: Plain text
20103 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:224
20105 "Fork handlers established using B<pthread_atfork>(3) are not called when a "
20106 "multithreaded program employing the NPTL threading library calls "
20107 "B<vfork>(). Fork handlers are called in this case in a program using the "
20108 "LinuxThreads threading library. (See B<pthreads>(7) for a description of "
20109 "Linux threading libraries.)"
20112 #. type: Plain text
20113 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:232
20115 "A call to B<vfork>() is equivalent to calling B<clone>(2) with I<flags> "
20119 #. type: Plain text
20120 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:234
20122 msgid " CLONE_VM | CLONE_VFORK | SIGCHLD\n"
20125 #. In the release notes for 4.2BSD Sam Leffler wrote: `vfork: Is still
20126 #. present, but definitely on its way out'.
20127 #. type: Plain text
20128 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:252
20130 "The B<vfork>() system call appeared in 3.0BSD. In 4.4BSD it was made "
20131 "synonymous to B<fork>(2) but NetBSD introduced it again, cf. E<.UR "
20132 "http://www.netbsd.org\\:/Documentation\\:/kernel\\:/vfork.html> E<.UE .> In "
20133 "Linux, it has been equivalent to B<fork>(2) until 2.2.0-pre6 or so. Since "
20134 "2.2.0-pre9 (on i386, somewhat later on other architectures) it is an "
20135 "independent system call. Support was added in glibc 2.0.112."
20139 #. As far as I can tell, the following is not true in 2.6.19:
20140 #. Currently (Linux 2.3.25),
20144 #. and requires a kernel patch.
20145 #. type: Plain text
20146 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:273
20148 "Details of the signal handling are obscure and differ between systems. The "
20149 "BSD man page states: \"To avoid a possible deadlock situation, processes "
20150 "that are children in the middle of a B<vfork>() are never sent B<SIGTTOU> "
20151 "or B<SIGTTIN> signals; rather, output or I<ioctl>s are allowed and input "
20152 "attempts result in an end-of-file indication.\""
20155 #. type: Plain text
20156 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:278
20157 msgid "B<clone>(2), B<execve>(2), B<fork>(2), B<unshare>(2), B<wait>(2)"
20161 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28
20167 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28
20172 #. type: Plain text
20173 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:31
20174 msgid "vhangup - virtually hangup the current terminal"
20177 #. type: Plain text
20178 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:35
20179 msgid "B<int vhangup(void);>"
20182 #. type: Plain text
20183 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:44
20184 msgid "B<vhangup>(): _BSD_SOURCE || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<lt>\\ 500)"
20187 #. type: Plain text
20188 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:50
20190 "B<vhangup>() simulates a hangup on the current terminal. This call "
20191 "arranges for other users to have a ``clean'' terminal at login time."
20194 #. type: Plain text
20195 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:63
20197 "The calling process has insufficient privilege to call B<vhangup>(); the "
20198 "B<CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG> capability is required."
20201 #. type: Plain text
20202 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:66
20204 "This call is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended to "
20208 #. type: Plain text
20209 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:68
20210 msgid "B<capabilities>(7), B<init>(1)"
20214 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:25
20220 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:25
20225 #. type: Plain text
20226 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:28
20227 msgid "execveat - execute program relative to a directory file descriptor"
20230 #. type: Plain text
20231 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:32
20232 msgid "B<int execveat(int >I<dirfd>B<, const char *>I<pathname>B<,>"
20235 #. type: Plain text
20236 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:34
20237 msgid "B< char *const >I<argv>B<[], char *const >I<envp>B<[],>"
20240 #. type: Plain text
20241 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:36
20242 msgid "B< int >I<flags>B<);>"
20245 #. commit 51f39a1f0cea1cacf8c787f652f26dfee9611874
20246 #. type: Plain text
20247 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:47
20249 "The B<execveat>() system call executes the program referred to by the "
20250 "combination of I<dirfd> and I<pathname>. It operates in exactly the same "
20251 "way as B<execve>(2), except for the differences described in this manual "
20255 #. type: Plain text
20256 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:57
20258 "If the pathname given in I<pathname> is relative, then it is interpreted "
20259 "relative to the directory referred to by the file descriptor I<dirfd> "
20260 "(rather than relative to the current working directory of the calling "
20261 "process, as is done by B<execve>(2) for a relative pathname)."
20264 #. type: Plain text
20265 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:69
20267 "If I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is the special value B<AT_FDCWD>, "
20268 "then I<pathname> is interpreted relative to the current working directory of "
20269 "the calling process (like B<execve>(2))."
20272 #. type: Plain text
20273 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:85
20275 "If I<pathname> is an empty string and the B<AT_EMPTY_PATH> flag is "
20276 "specified, then the file descriptor I<dirfd> specifies the file to be "
20277 "executed (i.e., I<dirfd> refers to an executable file, rather than a "
20281 #. type: Plain text
20282 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:89
20284 "The I<flags> argument is a bit mask that can include zero or more of the "
20289 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:89
20291 msgid "B<AT_EMPTY_PATH>"
20294 #. type: Plain text
20295 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:99
20297 "If I<pathname> is an empty string, operate on the file referred to by "
20298 "I<dirfd> (which may have been obtained using the B<open>(2) B<O_PATH> "
20302 #. type: Plain text
20303 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:107
20305 "If the file identified by I<dirfd> and a non-NULL I<pathname> is a symbolic "
20306 "link, then the call fails with the error B<ELOOP>."
20309 #. type: Plain text
20310 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:114
20312 "On success, B<execveat>() does not return. On error, -1 is returned, and "
20313 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
20316 #. type: Plain text
20317 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:121
20319 "The same errors that occur for B<execve>(2) can also occur for "
20320 "B<execveat>(). The following additional errors can occur for B<execveat>():"
20323 #. type: Plain text
20324 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:139
20326 "I<flags> includes B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW> and the file identified by I<dirfd> "
20327 "and a non-NULL I<pathname> is a symbolic link."
20330 #. type: Plain text
20331 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:153
20333 "The program identified by I<dirfd> and I<pathname> requires the use of an "
20334 "interpreter program (such as a script starting with \"#!\"), but the file "
20335 "descriptor I<dirfd> was opened with the B<O_CLOEXEC> flag, with the result "
20336 "that the program file is inaccessible to the launched interpreter. See "
20340 #. FIXME . check for glibc support in a future release
20341 #. type: Plain text
20342 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:164
20344 "B<execveat>() was added to Linux in kernel 3.19. GNU C library support is "
20348 #. type: Plain text
20349 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:168
20350 msgid "The B<execveat>() system call is Linux-specific."
20353 #. type: Plain text
20354 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:178
20356 "In addition to the reasons explained in B<openat>(2), the B<execveat>() "
20357 "system call is also needed to allow B<fexecve>(3) to be implemented on "
20358 "systems that do not have the I</proc> filesystem mounted."
20361 #. type: Plain text
20362 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:201
20364 "When asked to execute a script file, the I<argv[0]> that is passed to the "
20365 "script interpreter is a string of the form I</dev/fd/N> or I</dev/fd/N/P>, "
20366 "where I<N> is the number of the file descriptor passed via the I<dirfd> "
20367 "argument. A string of the first form occurs when B<AT_EMPTY_PATH> is "
20368 "employed. A string of the second form occurs when the script is specified "
20369 "via both I<dirfd> and I<pathname>; in this case, I<P> is the value given in "
20373 #. type: Plain text
20374 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:209
20376 "For the same reasons described in B<fexecve>(3), the natural idiom when "
20377 "using B<execveat>(2) is to set the close-on-exec flag on I<dirfd>. (But "
20381 #. type: Plain text
20382 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:214
20384 "The B<ENOENT> error described above means that it is not possible to set the "
20385 "close-on-exec flag on the file descriptor given to a call of the form:"
20388 #. type: Plain text
20389 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:216
20391 msgid " execveat(fd, \"\", argv, envp, AT_EMPTY_PATH);\n"
20394 #. For an example, see Michael Kerrisk's 2015-01-10 reply in this LKML
20395 #. thread (http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1836105/focus=20229):
20397 #. Subject: [PATCHv10 man-pages 5/5] execveat.2: initial man page.\" for execveat(2
20398 #. Date: Mon, 24 Nov 2014 11:53:59 +0000
20399 #. type: Plain text
20400 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:228
20402 "However, the inability to set the close-on-exec flag means that a file "
20403 "descriptor referring to the script leaks through to the script itself. As "
20404 "well as wasting a file descriptor, this leakage can lead to file-descriptor "
20405 "exhaustion in scenarios where scripts recursively employ B<execveat>()."
20408 #. type: Plain text
20409 #: build/C/man2/execveat.2:231
20410 msgid "B<execve>(2), B<openat>(2), B<fexecve>(3)"