1 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2 # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4 # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
9 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
10 "POT-Creation-Date: 2014-06-08 01:30+0900\n"
11 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
12 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
13 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
16 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
17 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
20 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38
26 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38
32 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38 build/C/man2/access.2:43 build/C/man2/alarm.2:30 build/C/man2/brk.2:29 build/C/man2/chdir.2:33 build/C/man2/chmod.2:32 build/C/man2/chown.2:38 build/C/man2/chroot.2:33 build/C/man2/close.2:35 build/C/man2/dup.2:36 build/C/man7/environ.7:34 build/C/man2/execve.2:37 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:61 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25 build/C/man2/flock.2:35 build/C/man2/fork.2:39 build/C/man2/fsync.2:38 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25 build/C/man2/gettid.2:26 build/C/man2/idle.2:32 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34 build/C/man2/mincore.2:34 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:11 build/C/man2/nice.2:31 build/C/man2/pread.2:25 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/setup.2:34 build/C/man2/swapon.2:37 build/C/man2/syscall.2:40 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14 build/C/man2/truncate.2:43 build/C/man2/umask.2:34 build/C/man2/uname.2:27 build/C/man2/uselib.2:31 build/C/man2/vfork.2:28 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28
38 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:38 build/C/man2/access.2:43 build/C/man2/alarm.2:30 build/C/man2/brk.2:29 build/C/man2/chdir.2:33 build/C/man2/chmod.2:32 build/C/man2/chown.2:38 build/C/man2/chroot.2:33 build/C/man2/close.2:35 build/C/man3/confstr.3:31 build/C/man3/crypt.3:36 build/C/man3/daemon.3:36 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:14 build/C/man2/dup.2:36 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:30 build/C/man7/environ.7:34 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:25 build/C/man3/exec.3:41 build/C/man2/execve.2:37 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:61 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25 build/C/man2/flock.2:35 build/C/man2/fork.2:39 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41 build/C/man2/fsync.2:38 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28 build/C/man3/getopt.3:41 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25 build/C/man2/gettid.2:26 build/C/man3/getumask.3:28 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30 build/C/man2/idle.2:32 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34 build/C/man3/lockf.3:28 build/C/man2/mincore.2:34 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:11 build/C/man2/nice.2:31 build/C/man2/pread.2:25 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/setup.2:34 build/C/man5/shells.5:28 build/C/man3/sleep.3:26 build/C/man3/swab.3:31 build/C/man2/swapon.2:37 build/C/man2/syscall.2:40 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25 build/C/man2/truncate.2:43 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:24 build/C/man2/umask.2:34 build/C/man2/uname.2:27 build/C/man2/uselib.2:31 build/C/man3/usleep.3:33 build/C/man2/vfork.2:28 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28
40 msgid "Linux Programmer's Manual"
44 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:39 build/C/man2/access.2:44 build/C/man2/alarm.2:31 build/C/man2/brk.2:30 build/C/man2/chdir.2:34 build/C/man2/chmod.2:33 build/C/man2/chown.2:39 build/C/man2/chroot.2:34 build/C/man2/close.2:36 build/C/man3/confstr.3:32 build/C/man3/crypt.3:37 build/C/man3/daemon.3:37 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:15 build/C/man2/dup.2:37 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:31 build/C/man7/environ.7:35 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:26 build/C/man3/exec.3:42 build/C/man2/execve.2:38 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:26 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:62 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:26 build/C/man2/flock.2:36 build/C/man2/fork.2:40 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:42 build/C/man2/fsync.2:39 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:27 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:9 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:33 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:30 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:28 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:30 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:33 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:29 build/C/man3/getopt.3:42 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:26 build/C/man2/gettid.2:27 build/C/man3/getumask.3:29 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:31 build/C/man2/idle.2:33 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:42 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:31 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:35 build/C/man3/lockf.3:29 build/C/man2/mincore.2:35 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:12 build/C/man2/nice.2:32 build/C/man2/pread.2:26 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:9 build/C/man2/setup.2:35 build/C/man5/shells.5:29 build/C/man3/sleep.3:27 build/C/man3/swab.3:32 build/C/man2/swapon.2:38 build/C/man2/syscall.2:41 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:32 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:28 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:31 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:15 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:26 build/C/man2/truncate.2:44 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:25 build/C/man2/umask.2:35 build/C/man2/uname.2:28 build/C/man2/uselib.2:32 build/C/man3/usleep.3:34 build/C/man2/vfork.2:29 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:29
50 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:41
51 msgid "_syscall - invoking a system call without library support (OBSOLETE)"
55 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:41 build/C/man2/access.2:46 build/C/man2/alarm.2:33 build/C/man2/brk.2:32 build/C/man2/chdir.2:36 build/C/man2/chmod.2:35 build/C/man2/chown.2:41 build/C/man2/chroot.2:36 build/C/man2/close.2:38 build/C/man3/confstr.3:34 build/C/man3/crypt.3:39 build/C/man3/daemon.3:39 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:18 build/C/man2/dup.2:39 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:33 build/C/man7/environ.7:37 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:28 build/C/man3/exec.3:44 build/C/man2/execve.2:40 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:28 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:64 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:28 build/C/man2/flock.2:38 build/C/man2/fork.2:42 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:44 build/C/man2/fsync.2:41 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:29 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:11 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:35 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:32 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:30 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:32 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:35 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:31 build/C/man3/getopt.3:45 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:28 build/C/man2/gettid.2:29 build/C/man3/getumask.3:31 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:33 build/C/man2/idle.2:35 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:44 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:37 build/C/man3/lockf.3:31 build/C/man2/mincore.2:37 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:14 build/C/man2/nice.2:34 build/C/man2/pread.2:28 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:11 build/C/man2/setup.2:37 build/C/man3/sleep.3:29 build/C/man3/swab.3:34 build/C/man2/swapon.2:40 build/C/man2/syscall.2:43 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:34 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:30 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:33 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:17 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:28 build/C/man2/truncate.2:46 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:27 build/C/man2/umask.2:37 build/C/man2/uname.2:30 build/C/man2/uselib.2:34 build/C/man3/usleep.3:36 build/C/man2/vfork.2:31 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:31
61 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:43 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:13 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:13
62 msgid "B<#include E<lt>linux/unistd.hE<gt>>"
66 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:45
67 msgid "A _syscall macro"
71 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:47
72 msgid "desired system call"
76 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:47 build/C/man2/access.2:78 build/C/man2/alarm.2:39 build/C/man2/brk.2:64 build/C/man2/chdir.2:59 build/C/man2/chmod.2:81 build/C/man2/chown.2:88 build/C/man2/chroot.2:63 build/C/man2/close.2:44 build/C/man3/confstr.3:48 build/C/man3/crypt.3:56 build/C/man3/daemon.3:51 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:34 build/C/man2/dup.2:52 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:56 build/C/man7/environ.7:42 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:36 build/C/man3/exec.3:72 build/C/man2/execve.2:46 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:34 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:71 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:53 build/C/man2/flock.2:42 build/C/man2/fork.2:46 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:52 build/C/man2/fsync.2:61 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:35 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:75 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:51 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:57 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:56 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:63 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:52 build/C/man3/getopt.3:79 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:55 build/C/man2/gettid.2:38 build/C/man3/getumask.3:39 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:57 build/C/man2/idle.2:39 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:50 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:33 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:45 build/C/man3/lockf.3:48 build/C/man2/mincore.2:51 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:47 build/C/man2/nice.2:46 build/C/man2/pread.2:53 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man2/setup.2:41 build/C/man5/shells.5:31 build/C/man3/sleep.3:35 build/C/man3/swab.3:41 build/C/man2/swapon.2:48 build/C/man2/syscall.2:51 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:36 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:36 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:44 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:21 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:34 build/C/man2/truncate.2:79 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:58 build/C/man2/umask.2:43 build/C/man2/uname.2:34 build/C/man2/uselib.2:38 build/C/man3/usleep.3:67 build/C/man2/vfork.2:62 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:45
82 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:53
84 "The important thing to know about a system call is its prototype. You need "
85 "to know how many arguments, their types, and the function return type. "
86 "There are seven macros that make the actual call into the system easier. "
91 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:56
92 msgid "_syscallI<X>(I<type>,I<name>,I<type1>,I<arg1>,I<type2>,I<arg2>,...)"
96 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:59
101 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:63
102 msgid "I<X> is 0\\(en6, which are the number of arguments taken by the system call"
106 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:66
107 msgid "I<type> is the return type of the system call"
111 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:69
112 msgid "I<name> is the name of the system call"
116 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:72
117 msgid "I<typeN> is the Nth argument's type"
121 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:75
122 msgid "I<argN> is the name of the Nth argument"
126 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:83
128 "These macros create a function called I<name> with the arguments you "
129 "specify. Once you include the _syscall() in your source file, you call the "
130 "system call by I<name>."
134 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:83 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:132 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:89 build/C/man5/shells.5:43
140 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:85
141 msgid "I</usr/include/linux/unistd.h>"
145 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:85 build/C/man2/access.2:262 build/C/man2/alarm.2:59 build/C/man2/brk.2:114 build/C/man2/chdir.2:125 build/C/man2/chmod.2:330 build/C/man2/chown.2:313 build/C/man2/chroot.2:134 build/C/man2/close.2:84 build/C/man3/confstr.3:127 build/C/man3/crypt.3:183 build/C/man3/daemon.3:96 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:142 build/C/man2/dup.2:170 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:137 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:80 build/C/man3/exec.3:199 build/C/man2/execve.2:456 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:43 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1177 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:94 build/C/man2/flock.2:139 build/C/man2/fork.2:221 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:169 build/C/man2/fsync.2:125 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:48 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:46 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:208 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:110 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:69 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:92 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:124 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:154 build/C/man3/getopt.3:318 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:64 build/C/man2/gettid.2:58 build/C/man3/getumask.3:58 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:101 build/C/man2/idle.2:61 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:119 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:104 build/C/man3/lockf.3:154 build/C/man2/mincore.2:134 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:204 build/C/man2/nice.2:75 build/C/man2/pread.2:115 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:63 build/C/man2/setup.2:62 build/C/man3/sleep.3:44 build/C/man3/swab.3:77 build/C/man2/swapon.2:157 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:324 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:100 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:83 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:116 build/C/man2/truncate.2:195 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:97 build/C/man2/umask.2:95 build/C/man2/uname.2:73 build/C/man2/uselib.2:76 build/C/man3/usleep.3:96 build/C/man2/vfork.2:159 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:63
147 msgid "CONFORMING TO"
151 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:87
152 msgid "The use of these macros is Linux-specific, and deprecated."
156 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:87 build/C/man2/access.2:268 build/C/man2/alarm.2:61 build/C/man2/brk.2:122 build/C/man2/chdir.2:127 build/C/man2/chmod.2:337 build/C/man2/chown.2:330 build/C/man2/chroot.2:139 build/C/man2/close.2:87 build/C/man3/crypt.3:188 build/C/man3/daemon.3:102 build/C/man2/dup.2:180 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:148 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:86 build/C/man3/exec.3:205 build/C/man2/execve.2:464 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:45 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1227 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:99 build/C/man2/flock.2:148 build/C/man2/fork.2:223 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:171 build/C/man2/fsync.2:140 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:50 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:50 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:230 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:113 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:77 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:102 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:130 build/C/man3/getopt.3:350 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:71 build/C/man2/gettid.2:62 build/C/man3/getumask.3:60 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:134 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:108 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:211 build/C/man2/nice.2:82 build/C/man2/pread.2:117 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:67 build/C/man2/setup.2:65 build/C/man2/swapon.2:163 build/C/man2/syscall.2:78 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:662 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:114 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:118 build/C/man2/truncate.2:208 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:105 build/C/man2/umask.2:97 build/C/man2/uname.2:82 build/C/man2/uselib.2:80 build/C/man3/usleep.3:114 build/C/man2/vfork.2:174
162 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:97
164 "Starting around kernel 2.6.18, the _syscall macros were removed from header "
165 "files supplied to user space. Use B<syscall>(2) instead. (Some "
166 "architectures, notably ia64, never provided the _syscall macros; on those "
167 "architectures, B<syscall>(2) was always required.)"
171 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:103
173 "The _syscall() macros I<do not> produce a prototype. You may have to create "
174 "one, especially for C++ users."
178 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:124
180 "System calls are not required to return only positive or negative error "
181 "codes. You need to read the source to be sure how it will return errors. "
182 "Usually, it is the negative of a standard error code, for example, "
183 "-I<EPERM>. The _syscall() macros will return the result I<r> of the system "
184 "call when I<r> is nonnegative, but will return -1 and set the variable "
185 "I<errno> to -I<r> when I<r> is negative. For the error codes, see "
189 #. The preferred way to invoke system calls that glibc does not know
192 #. However, this mechanism can be used only if using a libc
193 #. (such as glibc) that supports
196 #. .I <sys/syscall.h>
197 #. header file contains the required SYS_foo definition.
198 #. Otherwise, the use of a _syscall macro is required.
200 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:140
202 "When defining a system call, the argument types I<must> be passed by-value "
203 "or by-pointer (for aggregates like structs)."
207 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:140 build/C/man2/chown.2:427 build/C/man3/confstr.3:129 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:150 build/C/man2/execve.2:565 build/C/man2/fork.2:254 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:67 build/C/man3/getopt.3:376 build/C/man5/shells.5:45 build/C/man2/syscall.2:210 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:143
213 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:147
216 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
217 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
218 "#include E<lt>errno.hE<gt>\n"
219 "#include E<lt>linux/unistd.hE<gt> /* for _syscallX macros/related "
221 "#include E<lt>linux/kernel.hE<gt> /* for struct sysinfo */\n"
225 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:149
227 msgid "_syscall1(int, sysinfo, struct sysinfo *, info);\n"
231 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:152
234 "/* Note: if you copy directly from the nroff source, remember to\n"
235 "REMOVE the extra backslashes in the printf statement. */\n"
239 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:158
245 " struct sysinfo s_info;\n"
250 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:173
253 " error = sysinfo(&s_info);\n"
254 " printf(\"code error = %d\\en\", error);\n"
255 " printf(\"Uptime = %lds\\enLoad: 1 min %lu / 5 min %lu / 15 min "
257 " \"RAM: total %lu / free %lu / shared %lu\\en\"\n"
258 " \"Memory in buffers = %lu\\enSwap: total %lu / free %lu\\en\"\n"
259 " \"Number of processes = %d\\en\",\n"
260 " s_info.uptime, s_info.loads[0],\n"
261 " s_info.loads[1], s_info.loads[2],\n"
262 " s_info.totalram, s_info.freeram,\n"
263 " s_info.sharedram, s_info.bufferram,\n"
264 " s_info.totalswap, s_info.freeswap,\n"
266 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
271 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:174
273 msgid "Sample output"
277 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:183
282 "Load: 1 min 13376 / 5 min 5504 / 15 min 1152\n"
283 "RAM: total 15343616 / free 827392 / shared 8237056\n"
284 "Memory in buffers = 5066752\n"
285 "Swap: total 27881472 / free 24698880\n"
286 "Number of processes = 40\n"
290 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:184 build/C/man2/access.2:372 build/C/man2/alarm.2:86 build/C/man2/brk.2:164 build/C/man2/chdir.2:136 build/C/man2/chmod.2:347 build/C/man2/chown.2:475 build/C/man2/chroot.2:151 build/C/man2/close.2:131 build/C/man3/confstr.3:146 build/C/man3/crypt.3:249 build/C/man3/daemon.3:110 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:145 build/C/man2/dup.2:207 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:174 build/C/man7/environ.7:248 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:101 build/C/man3/exec.3:241 build/C/man2/execve.2:660 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:49 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1342 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:137 build/C/man2/flock.2:202 build/C/man2/fork.2:259 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:180 build/C/man2/fsync.2:162 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:55 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:249 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:127 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:90 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:124 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:176 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:209 build/C/man3/getopt.3:515 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:108 build/C/man2/gettid.2:71 build/C/man3/getumask.3:63 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:103 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:142 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:963 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:121 build/C/man3/lockf.3:156 build/C/man2/mincore.2:166 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:223 build/C/man2/nice.2:105 build/C/man2/pread.2:158 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:72 build/C/man5/shells.5:56 build/C/man3/sleep.3:61 build/C/man3/swab.3:79 build/C/man2/swapon.2:197 build/C/man2/syscall.2:227 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:839 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:335 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:181 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:94 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:127 build/C/man2/truncate.2:256 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:147 build/C/man2/umask.2:118 build/C/man2/uname.2:167 build/C/man2/uselib.2:102 build/C/man3/usleep.3:147 build/C/man2/vfork.2:273 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:66
296 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:188
297 msgid "B<intro>(2), B<syscall>(2), B<errno>(3)"
301 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:188 build/C/man2/access.2:383 build/C/man2/alarm.2:95 build/C/man2/brk.2:169 build/C/man2/chdir.2:140 build/C/man2/chmod.2:354 build/C/man2/chown.2:480 build/C/man2/chroot.2:154 build/C/man2/close.2:138 build/C/man3/confstr.3:154 build/C/man3/crypt.3:255 build/C/man3/daemon.3:113 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:149 build/C/man2/dup.2:211 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:179 build/C/man7/environ.7:262 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:112 build/C/man3/exec.3:248 build/C/man2/execve.2:671 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:51 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1363 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:139 build/C/man2/flock.2:216 build/C/man2/fork.2:270 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:186 build/C/man2/fsync.2:170 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:88 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:58 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:256 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:131 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:95 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:127 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:180 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:213 build/C/man3/getopt.3:517 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:111 build/C/man2/gettid.2:90 build/C/man3/getumask.3:65 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:105 build/C/man2/idle.2:64 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:150 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:965 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:125 build/C/man3/lockf.3:171 build/C/man2/mincore.2:169 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:234 build/C/man2/nice.2:113 build/C/man2/pread.2:163 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:74 build/C/man2/setup.2:72 build/C/man5/shells.5:59 build/C/man3/sleep.3:66 build/C/man3/swab.3:81 build/C/man2/swapon.2:201 build/C/man2/syscall.2:232 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:845 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:344 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:183 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:96 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:131 build/C/man2/truncate.2:260 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:155 build/C/man2/umask.2:124 build/C/man2/uname.2:171 build/C/man2/uselib.2:112 build/C/man3/usleep.3:156 build/C/man2/vfork.2:279 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:69
307 #: build/C/man2/_syscall.2:196 build/C/man2/access.2:391 build/C/man2/alarm.2:103 build/C/man2/brk.2:177 build/C/man2/chdir.2:148 build/C/man2/chmod.2:362 build/C/man2/chown.2:488 build/C/man2/chroot.2:162 build/C/man2/close.2:146 build/C/man3/confstr.3:162 build/C/man3/crypt.3:263 build/C/man3/daemon.3:121 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:157 build/C/man2/dup.2:219 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:187 build/C/man7/environ.7:270 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:120 build/C/man3/exec.3:256 build/C/man2/execve.2:679 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:59 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1371 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:147 build/C/man2/flock.2:224 build/C/man2/fork.2:278 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:194 build/C/man2/fsync.2:178 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:96 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:66 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:264 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:139 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:103 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:135 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:188 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:221 build/C/man3/getopt.3:525 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:119 build/C/man2/gettid.2:98 build/C/man3/getumask.3:73 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:113 build/C/man2/idle.2:72 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:158 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:973 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:133 build/C/man3/lockf.3:179 build/C/man2/mincore.2:177 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:242 build/C/man2/nice.2:121 build/C/man2/pread.2:171 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:82 build/C/man2/setup.2:80 build/C/man5/shells.5:67 build/C/man3/sleep.3:74 build/C/man3/swab.3:89 build/C/man2/swapon.2:209 build/C/man2/syscall.2:240 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:853 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:352 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:191 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:104 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:139 build/C/man2/truncate.2:268 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:163 build/C/man2/umask.2:132 build/C/man2/uname.2:179 build/C/man2/uselib.2:120 build/C/man3/usleep.3:164 build/C/man2/vfork.2:287 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:77
309 "This page is part of release 3.68 of the Linux I<man-pages> project. A "
310 "description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest "
311 "version of this page, can be found at "
312 "\\%http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/."
316 #: build/C/man2/access.2:43
322 #: build/C/man2/access.2:43 build/C/man2/chmod.2:32 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:11
328 #: build/C/man2/access.2:46
329 msgid "access, faccessat - check user's permissions for a file"
333 #: build/C/man2/access.2:49 build/C/man2/alarm.2:36 build/C/man2/chown.2:44 build/C/man2/close.2:41 build/C/man3/confstr.3:37 build/C/man3/crypt.3:44 build/C/man2/dup.2:42 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:31 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:47 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:38 build/C/man3/getopt.3:48 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:36 build/C/man3/sleep.3:32 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:33 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:36 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:30 build/C/man3/usleep.3:39
335 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
339 #: build/C/man2/access.2:51
341 msgid "B<int access(const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<mode>B<);>\n"
345 #: build/C/man2/access.2:54 build/C/man2/chown.2:53
348 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt> >/* Definition of AT_* constants */\n"
349 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
353 #: build/C/man2/access.2:57
356 "B<int faccessat(int >I<dirfd>B<, const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<mode>B<, "
357 "int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
361 #: build/C/man2/access.2:62 build/C/man2/brk.2:42 build/C/man2/chdir.2:46 build/C/man2/chmod.2:53 build/C/man2/chown.2:62 build/C/man2/chroot.2:44 build/C/man3/confstr.3:44 build/C/man3/daemon.3:47 build/C/man3/exec.3:68 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:38 build/C/man2/fsync.2:51 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:49 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:42 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:38 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:42 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:45 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:45 build/C/man3/getopt.3:69 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:36 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:47 build/C/man3/lockf.3:39 build/C/man2/mincore.2:47 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:31 build/C/man2/nice.2:42 build/C/man2/pread.2:40 build/C/man2/truncate.2:58 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:37 build/C/man3/usleep.3:46 build/C/man2/vfork.2:41 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:39
362 msgid "Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see B<feature_test_macros>(7)):"
366 #: build/C/man2/access.2:65
367 msgid "B<faccessat>():"
371 #: build/C/man2/access.2:68 build/C/man2/chmod.2:71 build/C/man2/chown.2:79 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:44 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:37
373 msgid "Since glibc 2.10:"
377 #: build/C/man2/access.2:71 build/C/man2/chmod.2:74 build/C/man2/chown.2:82 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:47 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:40
378 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700 || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L"
382 #: build/C/man2/access.2:71 build/C/man2/chmod.2:74 build/C/man2/chown.2:82 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:47 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:40
384 msgid "Before glibc 2.10:"
388 #: build/C/man2/access.2:74 build/C/man2/chmod.2:77 build/C/man2/chown.2:85 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:43
389 msgid "_ATFILE_SOURCE"
393 #: build/C/man2/access.2:85
395 "B<access>() checks whether the calling process can access the file "
396 "I<pathname>. If I<pathname> is a symbolic link, it is dereferenced."
399 #. F_OK is defined as 0 on every system that I know of.
401 #: build/C/man2/access.2:99
403 "The I<mode> specifies the accessibility check(s) to be performed, and is "
404 "either the value B<F_OK>, or a mask consisting of the bitwise OR of one or "
405 "more of B<R_OK>, B<W_OK>, and B<X_OK>. B<F_OK> tests for the existence of "
406 "the file. B<R_OK>, B<W_OK>, and B<X_OK> test whether the file exists and "
407 "grants read, write, and execute permissions, respectively."
411 #: build/C/man2/access.2:108
413 "The check is done using the calling process's I<real> UID and GID, rather "
414 "than the effective IDs as is done when actually attempting an operation "
415 "(e.g., B<open>(2)) on the file. This allows set-user-ID programs to easily "
416 "determine the invoking user's authority."
420 #: build/C/man2/access.2:114
422 "If the calling process is privileged (i.e., its real UID is zero), then an "
423 "B<X_OK> check is successful for a regular file if execute permission is "
424 "enabled for any of the file owner, group, or other."
428 #: build/C/man2/access.2:114
434 #: build/C/man2/access.2:120
436 "The B<faccessat>() system call operates in exactly the same way as "
437 "B<access>(), except for the differences described here."
441 #: build/C/man2/access.2:130
443 "If the pathname given in I<pathname> is relative, then it is interpreted "
444 "relative to the directory referred to by the file descriptor I<dirfd> "
445 "(rather than relative to the current working directory of the calling "
446 "process, as is done by B<access>() for a relative pathname)."
450 #: build/C/man2/access.2:142
452 "If I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is the special value B<AT_FDCWD>, "
453 "then I<pathname> is interpreted relative to the current working directory of "
454 "the calling process (like B<access>())."
458 #: build/C/man2/access.2:148 build/C/man2/chmod.2:216 build/C/man2/chown.2:179 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:110
459 msgid "If I<pathname> is absolute, then I<dirfd> is ignored."
463 #: build/C/man2/access.2:151
465 "I<flags> is constructed by ORing together zero or more of the following "
470 #: build/C/man2/access.2:151
472 msgid "B<AT_EACCESS>"
476 #: build/C/man2/access.2:158
478 "Perform access checks using the effective user and group IDs. By default, "
479 "B<faccessat>() uses the real IDs (like B<access>())."
483 #: build/C/man2/access.2:158 build/C/man2/chmod.2:219 build/C/man2/chown.2:208
485 msgid "B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW>"
489 #: build/C/man2/access.2:164
491 "If I<pathname> is a symbolic link, do not dereference it: instead return "
492 "information about the link itself."
496 #: build/C/man2/access.2:169
497 msgid "See B<openat>(2) for an explanation of the need for B<faccessat>()."
501 #: build/C/man2/access.2:169 build/C/man2/alarm.2:54 build/C/man2/brk.2:93 build/C/man2/chdir.2:70 build/C/man2/chmod.2:231 build/C/man2/chown.2:224 build/C/man2/chroot.2:90 build/C/man2/close.2:64 build/C/man3/confstr.3:94 build/C/man3/crypt.3:120 build/C/man3/daemon.3:73 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:106 build/C/man2/dup.2:120 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:113 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:58 build/C/man3/exec.3:183 build/C/man2/execve.2:357 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:39 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1082 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:67 build/C/man2/flock.2:112 build/C/man2/fork.2:173 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:160 build/C/man2/fsync.2:108 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:46 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:29 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:156 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:75 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:61 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:71 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:89 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:95 build/C/man3/getopt.3:274 build/C/man2/gettid.2:50 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:85 build/C/man2/idle.2:52 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:85 build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:107 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:82 build/C/man3/lockf.3:116 build/C/man2/mincore.2:94 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:115 build/C/man2/nice.2:56 build/C/man2/pread.2:79 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:44 build/C/man2/setup.2:53 build/C/man3/sleep.3:40 build/C/man3/swab.3:68 build/C/man2/swapon.2:106 build/C/man2/syscall.2:72 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:311 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:74 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:74 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:64 build/C/man2/truncate.2:110 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:81 build/C/man2/umask.2:92 build/C/man2/uname.2:63 build/C/man2/uselib.2:48 build/C/man3/usleep.3:75 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:50
507 #: build/C/man2/access.2:185
509 "On success (all requested permissions granted, or I<mode> is B<F_OK> and the "
510 "file exists), zero is returned. On error (at least one bit in I<mode> asked "
511 "for a permission that is denied, or I<mode> is B<F_OK> and the file does not "
512 "exist, or some other error occurred), -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set "
517 #: build/C/man2/access.2:185 build/C/man2/chdir.2:75 build/C/man2/chmod.2:236 build/C/man2/chown.2:229 build/C/man2/chroot.2:95 build/C/man2/close.2:70 build/C/man3/confstr.3:121 build/C/man3/crypt.3:123 build/C/man2/dup.2:126 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:115 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:66 build/C/man3/exec.3:190 build/C/man2/execve.2:363 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1115 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:74 build/C/man2/flock.2:117 build/C/man2/fork.2:180 build/C/man2/fsync.2:113 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:35 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:172 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:80 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:63 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:81 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:94 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:103 build/C/man2/gettid.2:52 build/C/man2/idle.2:55 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:94 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:87 build/C/man3/lockf.3:121 build/C/man2/mincore.2:101 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:122 build/C/man2/nice.2:61 build/C/man2/pread.2:89 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:49 build/C/man2/setup.2:56 build/C/man2/swapon.2:111 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:81 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:79 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:86 build/C/man2/truncate.2:115 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:84 build/C/man2/uname.2:68 build/C/man2/uselib.2:53 build/C/man3/usleep.3:82 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:55
523 #: build/C/man2/access.2:190
524 msgid "B<access>() and B<faccessat>() shall fail if:"
528 #: build/C/man2/access.2:190 build/C/man2/chdir.2:81 build/C/man2/chdir.2:117 build/C/man2/chmod.2:243 build/C/man2/chown.2:236 build/C/man2/chroot.2:98 build/C/man2/execve.2:371 build/C/man2/execve.2:378 build/C/man2/execve.2:381 build/C/man2/execve.2:384 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:173 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:84 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:123 build/C/man2/truncate.2:118 build/C/man2/uselib.2:59
534 #: build/C/man2/access.2:197
536 "The requested access would be denied to the file, or search permission is "
537 "denied for one of the directories in the path prefix of I<pathname>. (See "
538 "also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
542 #: build/C/man2/access.2:197 build/C/man2/chdir.2:94 build/C/man2/chmod.2:255 build/C/man2/chown.2:245 build/C/man2/chroot.2:112 build/C/man2/execve.2:409 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:145 build/C/man2/truncate.2:151
548 #: build/C/man2/access.2:201 build/C/man2/chmod.2:259 build/C/man2/chown.2:249 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:149
549 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<pathname>."
553 #: build/C/man2/access.2:201 build/C/man2/chdir.2:98 build/C/man2/chmod.2:259 build/C/man2/chown.2:249 build/C/man2/chroot.2:116 build/C/man2/execve.2:417 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:109 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:153 build/C/man2/truncate.2:154
555 msgid "B<ENAMETOOLONG>"
559 #: build/C/man2/access.2:205 build/C/man2/chmod.2:263 build/C/man2/chown.2:253
560 msgid "I<pathname> is too long."
564 #: build/C/man2/access.2:205 build/C/man2/chdir.2:102 build/C/man2/chmod.2:263 build/C/man2/chown.2:253 build/C/man2/chown.2:279 build/C/man2/chroot.2:120 build/C/man2/execve.2:424 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:198 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:122 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:156 build/C/man2/swapon.2:142 build/C/man2/truncate.2:158
570 #: build/C/man2/access.2:210
571 msgid "A component of I<pathname> does not exist or is a dangling symbolic link."
575 #: build/C/man2/access.2:210 build/C/man2/access.2:252 build/C/man2/chdir.2:108 build/C/man2/chmod.2:269 build/C/man2/chmod.2:314 build/C/man2/chown.2:259 build/C/man2/chown.2:303 build/C/man2/chroot.2:126 build/C/man2/execve.2:438 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:173 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:194 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:88 build/C/man2/truncate.2:161
581 #: build/C/man2/access.2:215 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:178
582 msgid "A component used as a directory in I<pathname> is not, in fact, a directory."
586 #: build/C/man2/access.2:215 build/C/man2/chmod.2:278 build/C/man2/chmod.2:296 build/C/man2/chown.2:266 build/C/man2/chown.2:285 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:183 build/C/man2/truncate.2:170
592 #: build/C/man2/access.2:218
593 msgid "Write permission was requested for a file on a read-only filesystem."
597 #: build/C/man2/access.2:223
598 msgid "B<access>() and B<faccessat>() may fail if:"
602 #: build/C/man2/access.2:223 build/C/man2/chdir.2:87 build/C/man2/chmod.2:248 build/C/man2/chown.2:241 build/C/man2/chroot.2:105 build/C/man2/execve.2:388 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1137 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:36 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:176 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:83 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:95 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:99 build/C/man2/mincore.2:104 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:142 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:53 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:82 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:80 build/C/man2/truncate.2:124 build/C/man2/uname.2:69
608 #: build/C/man2/access.2:227 build/C/man2/chmod.2:252 build/C/man2/chown.2:245 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:145
609 msgid "I<pathname> points outside your accessible address space."
613 #: build/C/man2/access.2:227 build/C/man2/access.2:248 build/C/man2/chmod.2:310 build/C/man2/chown.2:299 build/C/man3/confstr.3:122 build/C/man3/crypt.3:124 build/C/man2/dup.2:151 build/C/man2/execve.2:396 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1153 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:78 build/C/man2/flock.2:127 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:39 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:180 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:87 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:99 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:99 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:103 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:88 build/C/man3/lockf.3:147 build/C/man2/mincore.2:108 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:50 build/C/man2/swapon.2:119 build/C/man2/swapon.2:124 build/C/man2/swapon.2:134 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:91 build/C/man2/truncate.2:140 build/C/man2/truncate.2:191 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:88 build/C/man3/usleep.3:87
619 #: build/C/man2/access.2:231
620 msgid "I<mode> was incorrectly specified."
624 #: build/C/man2/access.2:231 build/C/man2/chdir.2:91 build/C/man2/chmod.2:252 build/C/man2/chmod.2:290 build/C/man2/chown.2:276 build/C/man2/chroot.2:109 build/C/man2/close.2:81 build/C/man2/execve.2:400 build/C/man2/fsync.2:118 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:94 build/C/man2/truncate.2:145
630 #: build/C/man2/access.2:234 build/C/man2/chdir.2:94 build/C/man2/chmod.2:255 build/C/man2/chroot.2:112 build/C/man2/close.2:84 build/C/man2/execve.2:403
631 msgid "An I/O error occurred."
635 #: build/C/man2/access.2:234 build/C/man2/chdir.2:105 build/C/man2/chmod.2:266 build/C/man2/chown.2:256 build/C/man2/chroot.2:123 build/C/man2/execve.2:435 build/C/man2/fork.2:211 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:125 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:97 build/C/man2/mincore.2:112 build/C/man2/mincore.2:124 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:161 build/C/man2/swapon.2:147
641 #: build/C/man2/access.2:237 build/C/man2/chdir.2:108 build/C/man2/chmod.2:269 build/C/man2/chown.2:259 build/C/man2/chroot.2:126 build/C/man2/execve.2:438 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:164
642 msgid "Insufficient kernel memory was available."
646 #: build/C/man2/access.2:237 build/C/man2/execve.2:453 build/C/man2/truncate.2:173
652 #: build/C/man2/access.2:241
653 msgid "Write access was requested to an executable which is being executed."
657 #: build/C/man2/access.2:244
658 msgid "The following additional errors can occur for B<faccessat>():"
662 #: build/C/man2/access.2:244 build/C/man2/chdir.2:121 build/C/man2/chmod.2:285 build/C/man2/chmod.2:306 build/C/man2/chown.2:273 build/C/man2/chown.2:295 build/C/man2/close.2:71 build/C/man2/dup.2:127 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1123 build/C/man2/flock.2:118 build/C/man2/fsync.2:114 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:95 build/C/man3/lockf.3:130 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:190 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:87 build/C/man2/truncate.2:183
668 #: build/C/man2/access.2:248 build/C/man2/chmod.2:310 build/C/man2/chown.2:299 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:194
669 msgid "I<dirfd> is not a valid file descriptor."
673 #: build/C/man2/access.2:252 build/C/man2/chmod.2:314 build/C/man2/chown.2:303
674 msgid "Invalid flag specified in I<flags>."
678 #: build/C/man2/access.2:258 build/C/man2/chmod.2:320 build/C/man2/chown.2:309 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:200
680 "I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is a file descriptor referring to a "
681 "file other than a directory."
685 #: build/C/man2/access.2:258 build/C/man2/chmod.2:326 build/C/man2/chown.2:309 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:131 build/C/man2/dup.2:165 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:69 build/C/man3/exec.3:195 build/C/man2/exit_group.2:41 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:91 build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:42 build/C/man2/gettid.2:54 build/C/man2/idle.2:59 build/C/man2/mincore.2:132 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:200 build/C/man2/pread.2:104 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:59 build/C/man2/setup.2:60
691 #: build/C/man2/access.2:262
693 "B<faccessat>() was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16; library support was "
694 "added to glibc in version 2.4."
698 #: build/C/man2/access.2:265
699 msgid "B<access>(): SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008."
703 #: build/C/man2/access.2:268
704 msgid "B<faccessat>(): POSIX.1-2008."
708 #: build/C/man2/access.2:281
710 "B<Warning>: Using these calls to check if a user is authorized to, for "
711 "example, open a file before actually doing so using B<open>(2) creates a "
712 "security hole, because the user might exploit the short time interval "
713 "between checking and opening the file to manipulate it. B<For this reason, "
714 "the use of this system call should be avoided>. (In the example just "
715 "described, a safer alternative would be to temporarily switch the process's "
716 "effective user ID to the real ID and then call B<open>(2).)"
720 #: build/C/man2/access.2:288
722 "B<access>() always dereferences symbolic links. If you need to check the "
723 "permissions on a symbolic link, use B<faccessat>(2) with the flag "
724 "B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW>."
728 #: build/C/man2/access.2:294
730 "These calls return an error if any of the access types in I<mode> is denied, "
731 "even if some of the other access types in I<mode> are permitted."
734 #. HPU-UX 11 and Tru64 5.1 do this.
736 #: build/C/man2/access.2:301
738 "If the calling process has appropriate privileges (i.e., is superuser), "
739 "POSIX.1-2001 permits an implementation to indicate success for an B<X_OK> "
740 "check even if none of the execute file permission bits are set. Linux does "
745 #: build/C/man2/access.2:309
747 "A file is accessible only if the permissions on each of the directories in "
748 "the path prefix of I<pathname> grant search (i.e., execute) access. If any "
749 "directory is inaccessible, then the B<access>() call will fail, regardless "
750 "of the permissions on the file itself."
754 #: build/C/man2/access.2:317
756 "Only access bits are checked, not the file type or contents. Therefore, if "
757 "a directory is found to be writable, it probably means that files can be "
758 "created in the directory, and not that the directory can be written as a "
759 "file. Similarly, a DOS file may be found to be \"executable,\" but the "
760 "B<execve>(2) call will still fail."
764 #: build/C/man2/access.2:326
766 "These calls may not work correctly on NFSv2 filesystems with UID mapping "
767 "enabled, because UID mapping is done on the server and hidden from the "
768 "client, which checks permissions. (NFS versions 3 and higher perform the "
769 "check on the server.) Similar problems can occur to FUSE mounts."
773 #: build/C/man2/access.2:326
779 #: build/C/man2/access.2:339
781 "The raw B<faccessat>() system call takes only the first three arguments. "
782 "The B<AT_EACCESS> and B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW> flags are actually implemented "
783 "within the glibc wrapper function for B<faccessat>(). If either of these "
784 "flags is specified, then the wrapper function employs B<fstatat>(2) to "
785 "determine access permissions."
789 #: build/C/man2/access.2:339 build/C/man7/environ.7:210 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1271 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:122 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:177 build/C/man3/getopt.3:369 build/C/man2/mincore.2:144 build/C/man2/pread.2:146 build/C/man3/sleep.3:46 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:326 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:135 build/C/man2/truncate.2:248 build/C/man2/vfork.2:252
794 #. This behavior appears to have been an implementation accident.
796 #: build/C/man2/access.2:362
798 "In kernel 2.4 (and earlier) there is some strangeness in the handling of "
799 "B<X_OK> tests for superuser. If all categories of execute permission are "
800 "disabled for a nondirectory file, then the only B<access>() test that "
801 "returns -1 is when I<mode> is specified as just B<X_OK>; if B<R_OK> or "
802 "B<W_OK> is also specified in I<mode>, then B<access>() returns 0 for such "
803 "files. Early 2.6 kernels (up to and including 2.6.3) also behaved in the "
804 "same way as kernel 2.4."
808 #: build/C/man2/access.2:372
810 "In kernels before 2.6.20, these calls ignored the effect of the B<MS_NOEXEC> "
811 "flag if it was used to B<mount>(2) the underlying filesystem. Since kernel "
812 "2.6.20, the B<MS_NOEXEC> is honored"
816 #: build/C/man2/access.2:383
818 "B<chmod>(2), B<chown>(2), B<open>(2), B<setgid>(2), B<setuid>(2), "
819 "B<stat>(2), B<euidaccess>(3), B<credentials>(7), B<path_resolution>(7), "
824 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:30
830 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:30
836 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:33
837 msgid "alarm - set an alarm clock for delivery of a signal"
841 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:38
843 msgid "B<unsigned int alarm(unsigned int >I<seconds>B<);>\n"
847 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:46
849 "B<alarm>() arranges for a B<SIGALRM> signal to be delivered to the calling "
850 "process in I<seconds> seconds."
854 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:50
855 msgid "If I<seconds> is zero, any pending alarm is canceled."
859 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:54
860 msgid "In any event any previously set B<alarm>() is canceled."
864 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:59
866 "B<alarm>() returns the number of seconds remaining until any previously "
867 "scheduled alarm was due to be delivered, or zero if there was no previously "
872 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:61
873 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD."
877 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:67
879 "B<alarm>() and B<setitimer>(2) share the same timer; calls to one will "
880 "interfere with use of the other."
884 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:74
886 "Alarms created by B<alarm()> are preserved across B<execve>(2) and are not "
887 "inherited by children created via B<fork>(2)."
891 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:83
893 "B<sleep>(3) may be implemented using B<SIGALRM>; mixing calls to B<alarm>() "
894 "and B<sleep>(3) is a bad idea."
898 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:86
900 "Scheduling delays can, as ever, cause the execution of the process to be "
901 "delayed by an arbitrary amount of time."
905 #: build/C/man2/alarm.2:95
907 "B<gettimeofday>(2), B<pause>(2), B<select>(2), B<setitimer>(2), "
908 "B<sigaction>(2), B<signal>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<time>(7)"
912 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:29
918 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:29 build/C/man2/chroot.2:33 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29
924 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:32
925 msgid "brk, sbrk - change data segment size"
929 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:34 build/C/man2/chdir.2:38 build/C/man2/chroot.2:38 build/C/man3/daemon.3:41 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:37 build/C/man3/exec.3:46 build/C/man2/execve.2:42 build/C/man2/fork.2:44 build/C/man2/fsync.2:43 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:34 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:32 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:34 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:37 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:33 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:30 build/C/man2/idle.2:37 build/C/man3/lockf.3:33 build/C/man2/mincore.2:39 build/C/man2/nice.2:36 build/C/man2/pread.2:30 build/C/man2/setup.2:39 build/C/man2/swapon.2:42 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:30 build/C/man2/truncate.2:48 build/C/man2/uselib.2:36 build/C/man2/vfork.2:35 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:33
930 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>"
934 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:36
935 msgid "B<int brk(void *>I<addr>B<);>"
939 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:38
940 msgid "B<void *sbrk(intptr_t >I<increment>B<);>"
944 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:46
945 msgid "B<brk>(), B<sbrk>():"
949 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:49 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:60 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:44 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:42 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:43 build/C/man3/usleep.3:52 build/C/man2/vfork.2:47
951 msgid "Since glibc 2.12:"
955 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:56
958 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE ||\n"
959 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
960 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
961 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
965 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:61
967 "Before glibc 2.12: _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ "
968 "500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
972 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:76
974 "B<brk>() and B<sbrk>() change the location of the I<program break>, which "
975 "defines the end of the process's data segment (i.e., the program break is "
976 "the first location after the end of the uninitialized data segment). "
977 "Increasing the program break has the effect of allocating memory to the "
978 "process; decreasing the break deallocates memory."
982 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:83
984 "B<brk>() sets the end of the data segment to the value specified by "
985 "I<addr>, when that value is reasonable, the system has enough memory, and "
986 "the process does not exceed its maximum data size (see B<setrlimit>(2))."
990 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:93
992 "B<sbrk>() increments the program's data space by I<increment> bytes. "
993 "Calling B<sbrk>() with an I<increment> of 0 can be used to find the current "
994 "location of the program break."
998 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:102
1000 "On success, B<brk>() returns zero. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> "
1001 "is set to B<ENOMEM>. (But see I<Linux Notes> below.)"
1005 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:114
1007 "On success, B<sbrk>() returns the previous program break. (If the break "
1008 "was increased, then this value is a pointer to the start of the newly "
1009 "allocated memory). On error, I<(void\\ *)\\ -1> is returned, and I<errno> "
1010 "is set to B<ENOMEM>."
1017 #. are not defined in the C Standard and are deliberately excluded from the
1018 #. POSIX.1-1990 standard (see paragraphs B.1.1.1.3 and B.8.3.3).
1020 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:122
1021 msgid "4.3BSD; SUSv1, marked LEGACY in SUSv2, removed in POSIX.1-2001."
1025 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:131
1027 "Avoid using B<brk>() and B<sbrk>(): the B<malloc>(3) memory allocation "
1028 "package is the portable and comfortable way of allocating memory."
1032 #. \fIint\fP (e.g., XPGv4, DU 4.0, HP-UX 11, FreeBSD 4.0, OpenBSD 3.2),
1033 #. \fIssize_t\fP (OSF1 2.0, Irix 5.3, 6.5),
1034 #. \fIptrdiff_t\fP (libc4, libc5, ulibc, glibc 2.0, 2.1),
1035 #. \fIintptr_t\fP (e.g., XPGv5, AIX, SunOS 5.8, 5.9, FreeBSD 4.7, NetBSD 1.6,
1036 #. Tru64 5.1, glibc2.2).
1038 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:141
1040 "Various systems use various types for the argument of B<sbrk>(). Common are "
1041 "I<int>, I<ssize_t>, I<ptrdiff_t>, I<intptr_t>."
1045 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:141 build/C/man2/vfork.2:213
1051 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:157
1053 "The return value described above for B<brk>() is the behavior provided by "
1054 "the glibc wrapper function for the Linux B<brk>() system call. (On most "
1055 "other implementations, the return value from B<brk>() is the same; this "
1056 "return value was also specified in SUSv2.) However, the actual Linux system "
1057 "call returns the new program break on success. On failure, the system call "
1058 "returns the current break. The glibc wrapper function does some work (i.e., "
1059 "checks whether the new break is less than I<addr>) to provide the 0 and -1 "
1060 "return values described above."
1064 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:164
1066 "On Linux, B<sbrk>() is implemented as a library function that uses the "
1067 "B<brk>() system call, and does some internal bookkeeping so that it can "
1068 "return the old break value."
1072 #: build/C/man2/brk.2:169
1073 msgid "B<execve>(2), B<getrlimit>(2), B<end>(3), B<malloc>(3)"
1077 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:33
1083 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:33
1089 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:36
1090 msgid "chdir, fchdir - change working directory"
1094 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:40
1095 msgid "B<int chdir(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
1099 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:42
1100 msgid "B<int fchdir(int >I<fd>B<);>"
1104 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:49
1105 msgid "B<fchdir>():"
1109 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:54 build/C/man2/chmod.2:62 build/C/man2/chown.2:71 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:50 build/C/man2/truncate.2:66 build/C/man2/truncate.2:74
1111 "_BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ "
1112 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
1116 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:56 build/C/man2/chmod.2:64 build/C/man2/chown.2:73 build/C/man2/pread.2:50 build/C/man2/truncate.2:68
1117 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L"
1121 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:64
1123 "B<chdir>() changes the current working directory of the calling process to "
1124 "the directory specified in I<path>."
1128 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:70
1130 "B<fchdir>() is identical to B<chdir>(); the only difference is that the "
1131 "directory is given as an open file descriptor."
1135 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:75 build/C/man2/chmod.2:236 build/C/man2/chown.2:229 build/C/man2/chroot.2:95 build/C/man2/flock.2:117 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:80 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:94 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:87 build/C/man3/lockf.3:121 build/C/man2/swapon.2:111 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:79 build/C/man2/truncate.2:115 build/C/man2/uname.2:68 build/C/man2/uselib.2:53 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:55
1137 "On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set "
1142 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:81
1144 "Depending on the filesystem, other errors can be returned. The more general "
1145 "errors for B<chdir>() are listed below:"
1149 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:87
1151 "Search permission is denied for one of the components of I<path>. (See also "
1152 "B<path_resolution>(7).)"
1156 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:91 build/C/man2/chroot.2:109
1157 msgid "I<path> points outside your accessible address space."
1161 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:98 build/C/man2/chroot.2:116
1162 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<path>."
1166 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:102 build/C/man2/chroot.2:120
1167 msgid "I<path> is too long."
1171 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:105 build/C/man2/chmod.2:266 build/C/man2/chown.2:256 build/C/man2/chroot.2:123
1172 msgid "The file does not exist."
1176 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:113 build/C/man2/chroot.2:131
1177 msgid "A component of I<path> is not a directory."
1181 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:117
1182 msgid "The general errors for B<fchdir>() are listed below:"
1186 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:121
1187 msgid "Search permission was denied on the directory open on I<fd>."
1191 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:125 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:91
1192 msgid "I<fd> is not a valid file descriptor."
1196 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:127
1197 msgid "SVr4, 4.4BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
1201 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:130
1203 "The current working directory is the starting point for interpreting "
1204 "relative pathnames (those not starting with \\(aq/\\(aq)."
1208 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:136
1210 "A child process created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's current "
1211 "working directory. The current working directory is left unchanged by "
1216 #: build/C/man2/chdir.2:140
1217 msgid "B<chroot>(2), B<getcwd>(3), B<path_resolution>(7)"
1221 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:32
1227 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:35
1228 msgid "chmod, fchmod, fchmodat - change permissions of a file"
1232 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:38
1234 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
1238 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:40
1240 msgid "B<int chmod(const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<);>\n"
1244 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:42
1246 msgid "B<int fchmod(int >I<fd>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<);>\n"
1250 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:45
1253 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>> /* Definition of AT_* constants */\n"
1254 "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
1258 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:48
1261 "B<int fchmodat(int >I<dirfd>B<, const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t "
1262 ">I<mode>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
1266 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:58
1267 msgid "B<fchmod>():"
1271 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:68
1272 msgid "B<fchmodat>():"
1276 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:88
1278 "The B<chmod>() and B<fchmod>() system calls change the permissions of a "
1279 "file. They differ only in how the file is specified:"
1283 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:88 build/C/man2/chmod.2:93 build/C/man2/chown.2:96 build/C/man2/chown.2:101 build/C/man2/chown.2:105 build/C/man2/chown.2:353 build/C/man2/chown.2:358 build/C/man2/chown.2:364 build/C/man2/dup.2:62 build/C/man2/dup.2:68 build/C/man2/dup.2:101 build/C/man2/dup.2:110 build/C/man2/execve.2:124 build/C/man2/execve.2:128 build/C/man2/execve.2:131 build/C/man2/execve.2:134 build/C/man2/execve.2:137 build/C/man2/execve.2:140 build/C/man2/execve.2:143 build/C/man2/execve.2:146 build/C/man2/execve.2:149 build/C/man2/execve.2:152 build/C/man2/execve.2:156 build/C/man2/execve.2:160 build/C/man2/execve.2:169 build/C/man2/execve.2:176 build/C/man2/execve.2:181 build/C/man2/execve.2:188 build/C/man2/execve.2:195 build/C/man2/execve.2:202 build/C/man2/execve.2:209 build/C/man2/execve.2:213 build/C/man2/execve.2:216 build/C/man2/execve.2:224 build/C/man2/execve.2:228 build/C/man2/execve.2:233 build/C/man2/fork.2:52 build/C/man2/fork.2:56 build/C/man2/fork.2:58 build/C/man2/fork.2:62 build/C/man2/fork.2:68 build/C/man2/fork.2:71 build/C/man2/fork.2:74 build/C/man2/fork.2:77 build/C/man2/fork.2:82 build/C/man2/fork.2:94 build/C/man2/fork.2:101 build/C/man2/fork.2:107 build/C/man2/fork.2:114 build/C/man2/fork.2:120 build/C/man2/fork.2:125 build/C/man2/fork.2:133 build/C/man2/fork.2:142 build/C/man2/fork.2:156 build/C/man2/fork.2:165 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:87 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:90 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:96 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:112 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:118 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:124 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:130 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:137 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:698 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:719 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:730 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:737 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:748 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:760 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:781 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:789 build/C/man2/vfork.2:193 build/C/man2/vfork.2:197
1289 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:93
1291 "B<chmod>() changes the permissions of the file specified whose pathname is "
1292 "given in I<pathname>, which is dereferenced if it is a symbolic link."
1296 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:97
1298 "B<fchmod>() changes the permissions of the file referred to by the open "
1299 "file descriptor I<fd>."
1303 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:102
1305 "The new file permissions are specified in I<mode>, which is a bit mask "
1306 "created by ORing together zero or more of the following:"
1310 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:102
1312 msgid "B<S_ISUID> (04000)"
1316 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:106
1317 msgid "set-user-ID (set process effective user ID on B<execve>(2))"
1321 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:106
1323 msgid "B<S_ISGID> (02000)"
1327 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:116
1329 "set-group-ID (set process effective group ID on B<execve>(2); mandatory "
1330 "locking, as described in B<fcntl>(2); take a new file's group from parent "
1331 "directory, as described in B<chown>(2) and B<mkdir>(2))"
1335 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:116
1337 msgid "B<S_ISVTX> (01000)"
1341 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:120
1342 msgid "sticky bit (restricted deletion flag, as described in B<unlink>(2))"
1346 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:120
1348 msgid "B<S_IRUSR> (00400)"
1352 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:123
1353 msgid "read by owner"
1357 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:123
1359 msgid "B<S_IWUSR> (00200)"
1363 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:126
1364 msgid "write by owner"
1368 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:126
1370 msgid "B<S_IXUSR> (00100)"
1374 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:130
1376 "execute/search by owner (\"search\" applies for directories, and means that "
1377 "entries within the directory can be accessed)"
1381 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:130
1383 msgid "B<S_IRGRP> (00040)"
1387 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:133
1388 msgid "read by group"
1392 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:133
1394 msgid "B<S_IWGRP> (00020)"
1398 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:136
1399 msgid "write by group"
1403 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:136
1405 msgid "B<S_IXGRP> (00010)"
1409 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:139
1410 msgid "execute/search by group"
1414 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:139
1416 msgid "B<S_IROTH> (00004)"
1420 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:142
1421 msgid "read by others"
1425 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:142
1427 msgid "B<S_IWOTH> (00002)"
1431 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:145
1432 msgid "write by others"
1436 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:145
1438 msgid "B<S_IXOTH> (00001)"
1442 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:148
1443 msgid "execute/search by others"
1447 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:153
1449 "The effective UID of the calling process must match the owner of the file, "
1450 "or the process must be privileged (Linux: it must have the B<CAP_FOWNER> "
1455 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:162
1457 "If the calling process is not privileged (Linux: does not have the "
1458 "B<CAP_FSETID> capability), and the group of the file does not match the "
1459 "effective group ID of the process or one of its supplementary group IDs, the "
1460 "B<S_ISGID> bit will be turned off, but this will not cause an error to be "
1465 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:174
1467 "As a security measure, depending on the filesystem, the set-user-ID and "
1468 "set-group-ID execution bits may be turned off if a file is written. (On "
1469 "Linux this occurs if the writing process does not have the B<CAP_FSETID> "
1470 "capability.) On some filesystems, only the superuser can set the sticky "
1471 "bit, which may have a special meaning. For the sticky bit, and for "
1472 "set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits on directories, see B<stat>(2)."
1476 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:182
1478 "On NFS filesystems, restricting the permissions will immediately influence "
1479 "already open files, because the access control is done on the server, but "
1480 "open files are maintained by the client. Widening the permissions may be "
1481 "delayed for other clients if attribute caching is enabled on them."
1485 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:182
1491 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:188
1493 "The B<fchmodat>() system call operates in exactly the same way as "
1494 "B<chmod>(), except for the differences described here."
1498 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:198
1500 "If the pathname given in I<pathname> is relative, then it is interpreted "
1501 "relative to the directory referred to by the file descriptor I<dirfd> "
1502 "(rather than relative to the current working directory of the calling "
1503 "process, as is done by B<chmod>() for a relative pathname)."
1507 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:210
1509 "If I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is the special value B<AT_FDCWD>, "
1510 "then I<pathname> is interpreted relative to the current working directory of "
1511 "the calling process (like B<chmod>())."
1515 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:219
1516 msgid "I<flags> can either be 0, or include the following flag:"
1520 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:226
1522 "If I<pathname> is a symbolic link, do not dereference it: instead operate on "
1523 "the link itself. This flag is not currently implemented."
1527 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:231
1528 msgid "See B<openat>(2) for an explanation of the need for B<fchmodat>()."
1532 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:239 build/C/man2/chown.2:232
1534 "Depending on the filesystem, errors other than those listed below can be "
1539 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:243
1540 msgid "The more general errors for B<chmod>() are listed below:"
1543 #. Also search permission is required on the final component,
1544 #. maybe just to guarantee that it is a directory?
1546 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:248 build/C/man2/chown.2:241 build/C/man2/chroot.2:105
1548 "Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix. (See also "
1549 "B<path_resolution>(7).)"
1553 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:272 build/C/man2/chown.2:262 build/C/man2/truncate.2:164
1554 msgid "A component of the path prefix is not a directory."
1558 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:272 build/C/man2/chmod.2:293 build/C/man2/chown.2:262 build/C/man2/chown.2:282 build/C/man2/chroot.2:131 build/C/man3/crypt.3:169 build/C/man2/execve.2:443 build/C/man2/execve.2:449 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1172 build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:91 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:88 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:117 build/C/man2/idle.2:56 build/C/man2/ioperm.2:101 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:178 build/C/man2/nice.2:62 build/C/man2/setup.2:57 build/C/man2/swapon.2:150 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:104 build/C/man2/truncate.2:164 build/C/man2/vhangup.2:56
1564 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:278
1566 "The effective UID does not match the owner of the file, and the process is "
1567 "not privileged (Linux: it does not have the B<CAP_FOWNER> capability)."
1571 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:281 build/C/man2/chown.2:269 build/C/man2/truncate.2:173
1572 msgid "The named file resides on a read-only filesystem."
1576 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:285
1577 msgid "The general errors for B<fchmod>() are listed below:"
1581 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:290
1582 msgid "The file descriptor I<fd> is not valid."
1586 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:293 build/C/man2/chmod.2:296 build/C/man2/chmod.2:299 build/C/man2/chown.2:282 build/C/man2/chown.2:285 build/C/man2/chown.2:288
1591 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:306
1593 "The same errors that occur for B<chmod>() can also occur for "
1594 "B<fchmodat>(). The following additional errors can occur for B<fchmodat>():"
1598 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:320
1604 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:326
1605 msgid "I<flags> specified B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW>, which is not supported."
1609 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:330
1611 "B<fchmodat>() was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16; library support was "
1612 "added to glibc in version 2.4."
1616 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:334
1617 msgid "B<chmod>(), B<fchmod>(): 4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001i, POSIX.1-2008."
1621 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:337
1622 msgid "B<fchmodat>(): POSIX.1-2008."
1626 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:347
1628 "The GNU C library B<fchmodat>() wrapper function implements the "
1629 "POSIX-specified interface described in this page. This interface differs "
1630 "from the underlying Linux system call, which does I<not> have a I<flags> "
1635 #: build/C/man2/chmod.2:354
1637 "B<chown>(2), B<execve>(2), B<open>(2), B<stat>(2), B<path_resolution>(7), "
1642 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:38
1648 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:38 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:61
1654 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:41
1655 msgid "chown, fchown, lchown, fchownat - change ownership of a file"
1659 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:46
1662 "B<int chown(const char *>I<pathname>B<, uid_t >I<owner>B<, gid_t "
1667 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:48
1669 msgid "B<int fchown(int >I<fd>B<, uid_t >I<owner>B<, gid_t >I<group>B<);>\n"
1673 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:50
1676 "B<int lchown(const char *>I<pathname>B<, uid_t >I<owner>B<, gid_t "
1681 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:56
1684 "B<int fchownat(int >I<dirfd>B<, const char *>I<pathname>B<,>\n"
1685 "B< uid_t >I<owner>B<, gid_t >I<group>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
1689 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:66
1690 msgid "B<fchown>(), B<lchown>():"
1694 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:76
1695 msgid "B<fchownat>():"
1699 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:96
1701 "These system calls change the owner and group of a file. The B<chown>(), "
1702 "B<fchown>(), and B<lchown>() system calls differ only in how the file is "
1707 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:101
1709 "B<chown>() changes the ownership of the file specified by I<pathname>, "
1710 "which is dereferenced if it is a symbolic link."
1714 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:105
1716 "B<fchown>() changes the ownership of the file referred to by the open file "
1721 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:110
1722 msgid "B<lchown>() is like B<chown>(), but does not dereference symbolic links."
1726 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:119
1728 "Only a privileged process (Linux: one with the B<CAP_CHOWN> capability) may "
1729 "change the owner of a file. The owner of a file may change the group of the "
1730 "file to any group of which that owner is a member. A privileged process "
1731 "(Linux: with B<CAP_CHOWN>) may change the group arbitrarily."
1735 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:125
1736 msgid "If the I<owner> or I<group> is specified as -1, then that ID is not changed."
1739 #. In Linux 2.0 kernels, superuser was like everyone else
1740 #. In 2.2, up to 2.2.12, these bits were not cleared for superuser.
1741 #. Since 2.2.13, superuser is once more like everyone else.
1743 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:145
1745 "When the owner or group of an executable file are changed by an unprivileged "
1746 "user the B<S_ISUID> and B<S_ISGID> mode bits are cleared. POSIX does not "
1747 "specify whether this also should happen when root does the B<chown>(); the "
1748 "Linux behavior depends on the kernel version. In case of a "
1749 "non-group-executable file (i.e., one for which the B<S_IXGRP> bit is not "
1750 "set) the B<S_ISGID> bit indicates mandatory locking, and is not cleared by a "
1755 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:145
1761 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:151
1763 "The B<fchownat>() system call operates in exactly the same way as "
1764 "B<chown>(), except for the differences described here."
1768 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:161
1770 "If the pathname given in I<pathname> is relative, then it is interpreted "
1771 "relative to the directory referred to by the file descriptor I<dirfd> "
1772 "(rather than relative to the current working directory of the calling "
1773 "process, as is done by B<chown>() for a relative pathname)."
1777 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:173
1779 "If I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is the special value B<AT_FDCWD>, "
1780 "then I<pathname> is interpreted relative to the current working directory of "
1781 "the calling process (like B<chown>())."
1785 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:184
1787 "The I<flags> argument is a bit mask created by ORing together 0 or more of "
1788 "the following values;"
1792 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:184
1794 msgid "B<AT_EMPTY_PATH> (since Linux 2.6.39)"
1797 #. commit 65cfc6722361570bfe255698d9cd4dccaf47570d
1798 #. Before glibc 2.16, defining _ATFILE_SOURCE sufficed
1800 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:207
1802 "If I<pathname> is an empty string, operate on the file referred to by "
1803 "I<dirfd> (which may have been obtained using the B<open>(2) B<O_PATH> "
1804 "flag). In this case, I<dirfd> can refer to any type of file, not just a "
1805 "directory. If I<dirfd> is B<AT_FDCWD>, the call operates on the current "
1806 "working directory. This flag is Linux-specific; define B<_GNU_SOURCE> to "
1807 "obtain its definition."
1811 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:219
1813 "If I<pathname> is a symbolic link, do not dereference it: instead operate on "
1814 "the link itself, like B<lchown>(). (By default, B<fchownat>() dereferences "
1815 "symbolic links, like B<chown>().)"
1819 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:224
1820 msgid "See B<openat>(2) for an explanation of the need for B<fchownat>()."
1824 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:236
1825 msgid "The more general errors for B<chown>() are listed below."
1829 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:266
1831 "The calling process did not have the required permissions (see above) to "
1832 "change owner and/or group."
1836 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:273
1837 msgid "The general errors for B<fchown>() are listed below:"
1841 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:276
1842 msgid "The descriptor is not valid."
1846 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:279
1847 msgid "A low-level I/O error occurred while modifying the inode."
1851 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:295
1853 "The same errors that occur for B<chown>() can also occur for "
1854 "B<fchownat>(). The following additional errors can occur for B<fchownat>():"
1858 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:313
1860 "B<fchownat>() was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16; library support was "
1861 "added to glibc in version 2.4."
1865 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:318
1867 "B<chown>(), B<fchown>(), B<lchown>(): 4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, "
1872 #. SVr4 documents EINVAL, EINTR, ENOLINK and EMULTIHOP returns, but no
1873 #. ENOMEM. POSIX.1 does not document ENOMEM or ELOOP error conditions.
1875 #. SVr4 documents additional EINVAL, EIO, EINTR, and ENOLINK
1876 #. error conditions.
1878 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:327
1880 "The 4.4BSD version can be used only by the superuser (that is, ordinary "
1881 "users cannot give away files)."
1885 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:330
1886 msgid "B<fchownat>(): POSIX.1-2008."
1890 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:331
1892 msgid "Ownership of new files"
1896 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:353
1898 "When a new file is created (by, for example, B<open>(2) or B<mkdir>(2)), "
1899 "its owner is made the same as the filesystem user ID of the creating "
1900 "process. The group of the file depends on a range of factors, including the "
1901 "type of filesystem, the options used to mount the filesystem, and whether or "
1902 "not the set-group-ID permission bit is enabled on the parent directory. If "
1903 "the filesystem supports the I<-o\\ grpid> (or, synonymously I<-o\\ "
1904 "bsdgroups>) and I<-o\\ nogrpid> (or, synonymously I<-o\\ sysvgroups>) "
1905 "B<mount>(8) options, then the rules are as follows:"
1909 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:358
1911 "If the filesystem is mounted with I<-o\\ grpid>, then the group of a new "
1912 "file is made the same as that of the parent directory."
1916 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:364
1918 "If the filesystem is mounted with I<-o\\ nogrpid> and the set-group-ID bit "
1919 "is disabled on the parent directory, then the group of a new file is made "
1920 "the same as the process's filesystem GID."
1924 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:370
1926 "If the filesystem is mounted with I<-o\\ nogrpid> and the set-group-ID bit "
1927 "is enabled on the parent directory, then the group of a new file is made the "
1928 "same as that of the parent directory."
1932 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:380
1934 "As at Linux 2.6.25, the I<-o\\ grpid> and I<-o\\ nogrpid> mount options are "
1935 "supported by ext2, ext3, ext4, and XFS. Filesystems that don't support "
1936 "these mount options follow the I<-o\\ nogrpid> rules."
1940 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:380
1946 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:393
1948 "The B<chown>() semantics are deliberately violated on NFS filesystems which "
1949 "have UID mapping enabled. Additionally, the semantics of all system calls "
1950 "which access the file contents are violated, because B<chown>() may cause "
1951 "immediate access revocation on already open files. Client side caching may "
1952 "lead to a delay between the time where ownership have been changed to allow "
1953 "access for a user and the time where the file can actually be accessed by "
1954 "the user on other clients."
1958 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:393
1960 msgid "Historical details"
1964 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:412
1966 "The original Linux B<chown>(), B<fchown>(), and B<lchown>() system calls "
1967 "supported only 16-bit user and group IDs. Subsequently, Linux 2.4 added "
1968 "B<chown32>(), B<fchown32>(), and B<lchown32>(), supporting 32-bit IDs. The "
1969 "glibc B<chown>(), B<fchown>(), and B<lchown>() wrapper functions "
1970 "transparently deal with the variations across kernel versions."
1974 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:427
1976 "In versions of Linux prior to 2.1.81 (and distinct from 2.1.46), B<chown>() "
1977 "did not follow symbolic links. Since Linux 2.1.81, B<chown>() does follow "
1978 "symbolic links, and there is a new system call B<lchown>() that does not "
1979 "follow symbolic links. Since Linux 2.1.86, this new call (that has the same "
1980 "semantics as the old B<chown>()) has got the same syscall number, and "
1981 "B<chown>() got the newly introduced number."
1985 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:436
1987 "The following program changes the ownership of the file named in its second "
1988 "command-line argument to the value specified in its first command-line "
1989 "argument. The new owner can be specified either as a numeric user ID, or as "
1990 "a username (which is converted to a user ID by using B<getpwnam>(3) to "
1991 "perform a lookup in the system password file)."
1995 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:436
1997 msgid "Program source"
2001 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:442
2004 "#include E<lt>pwd.hE<gt>\n"
2005 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
2006 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
2007 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
2011 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:449
2015 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
2018 " struct passwd *pwd;\n"
2023 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:454
2026 " if (argc != 3 || argv[1][0] == \\(aq\\e0\\(aq) {\n"
2027 " fprintf(stderr, \"%s E<lt>ownerE<gt> E<lt>fileE<gt>\\en\", "
2029 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2034 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:456
2036 msgid " uid = strtol(argv[1], &endptr, 10); /* Allow a numeric string */\n"
2040 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:463
2043 " if (*endptr != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq) { /* Was not pure numeric string "
2045 " pwd = getpwnam(argv[1]); /* Try getting UID for username */\n"
2046 " if (pwd == NULL) {\n"
2047 " perror(\"getpwnam\");\n"
2048 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2053 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:466
2056 " uid = pwd-E<gt>pw_uid;\n"
2061 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:471
2064 " if (chown(argv[2], uid, -1) == -1) {\n"
2065 " perror(\"chown\");\n"
2066 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2071 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:474 build/C/man2/execve.2:586 build/C/man3/getopt.3:429 build/C/man3/getopt.3:514
2074 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
2079 #: build/C/man2/chown.2:480
2080 msgid "B<chmod>(2), B<flock>(2), B<path_resolution>(7), B<symlink>(7)"
2084 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:33
2090 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:36
2091 msgid "chroot - change root directory"
2095 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:40
2096 msgid "B<int chroot(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
2100 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:47
2101 msgid "B<chroot>():"
2105 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:50
2107 msgid "Since glibc 2.2.2:"
2111 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:57
2115 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
2116 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
2117 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
2121 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:60
2122 msgid "Before glibc 2.2.2: none"
2126 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:69
2128 "B<chroot>() changes the root directory of the calling process to that "
2129 "specified in I<path>. This directory will be used for pathnames beginning "
2130 "with I</>. The root directory is inherited by all children of the calling "
2135 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:74
2137 "Only a privileged process (Linux: one with the B<CAP_SYS_CHROOT> capability) "
2138 "may call B<chroot>()."
2142 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:77
2144 "This call changes an ingredient in the pathname resolution process and does "
2149 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:83
2151 "This call does not change the current working directory, so that after the "
2152 "call \\(aqI<.>\\(aq can be outside the tree rooted at \\(aqI</>\\(aq. In "
2153 "particular, the superuser can escape from a \"chroot jail\" by doing:"
2157 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:86
2159 msgid " mkdir foo; chroot foo; cd ..\n"
2163 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:90
2165 "This call does not close open file descriptors, and such file descriptors "
2166 "may allow access to files outside the chroot tree."
2170 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:98
2172 "Depending on the filesystem, other errors can be returned. The more general "
2173 "errors are listed below:"
2177 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:134
2178 msgid "The caller has insufficient privilege."
2181 #. SVr4 documents additional EINTR, ENOLINK and EMULTIHOP error conditions.
2182 #. X/OPEN does not document EIO, ENOMEM or EFAULT error conditions.
2184 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:139
2186 "SVr4, 4.4BSD, SUSv2 (marked LEGACY). This function is not part of "
2191 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:145
2193 "A child process created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's root "
2194 "directory. The root directory is left unchanged by B<execve>(2)."
2197 #. FIXME . eventually say something about containers,
2198 #. virtual servers, etc.?
2200 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:151
2201 msgid "FreeBSD has a stronger B<jail>() system call."
2205 #: build/C/man2/chroot.2:154
2206 msgid "B<chdir>(2), B<path_resolution>(7)"
2210 #: build/C/man2/close.2:35
2216 #: build/C/man2/close.2:35
2222 #: build/C/man2/close.2:38
2223 msgid "close - close a file descriptor"
2227 #: build/C/man2/close.2:43
2229 msgid "B<int close(int >I<fd>B<);>\n"
2233 #: build/C/man2/close.2:53
2235 "B<close>() closes a file descriptor, so that it no longer refers to any "
2236 "file and may be reused. Any record locks (see B<fcntl>(2)) held on the "
2237 "file it was associated with, and owned by the process, are removed "
2238 "(regardless of the file descriptor that was used to obtain the lock)."
2242 #: build/C/man2/close.2:64
2244 "If I<fd> is the last file descriptor referring to the underlying open file "
2245 "description (see B<open>(2)), the resources associated with the open file "
2246 "description are freed; if the descriptor was the last reference to a file "
2247 "which has been removed using B<unlink>(2), the file is deleted."
2251 #: build/C/man2/close.2:70
2253 "B<close>() returns zero on success. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> "
2254 "is set appropriately."
2258 #: build/C/man2/close.2:75
2259 msgid "I<fd> isn't a valid open file descriptor."
2263 #: build/C/man2/close.2:75 build/C/man2/dup.2:143 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1141 build/C/man2/flock.2:122 build/C/man2/truncate.2:133 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:85 build/C/man3/usleep.3:83
2269 #: build/C/man2/close.2:81
2270 msgid "The B<close>() call was interrupted by a signal; see B<signal>(7)."
2274 #: build/C/man2/close.2:87 build/C/man2/fork.2:223 build/C/man3/swab.3:79 build/C/man2/umask.2:97
2275 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
2279 #: build/C/man2/close.2:107
2281 "Not checking the return value of B<close>() is a common but nevertheless "
2282 "serious programming error. It is quite possible that errors on a previous "
2283 "B<write>(2) operation are first reported at the final B<close>(). Not "
2284 "checking the return value when closing the file may lead to silent loss of "
2285 "data. This can especially be observed with NFS and with disk quota. Note "
2286 "that the return value should only be used for diagnostics. In particular "
2287 "B<close>() should not be retried after an B<EINTR> since this may cause a "
2288 "reused descriptor from another thread to be closed."
2292 #: build/C/man2/close.2:116
2294 "A successful close does not guarantee that the data has been successfully "
2295 "saved to disk, as the kernel defers writes. It is not common for a "
2296 "filesystem to flush the buffers when the stream is closed. If you need to "
2297 "be sure that the data is physically stored, use B<fsync>(2). (It will "
2298 "depend on the disk hardware at this point.)"
2301 #. Date: Tue, 4 Sep 2007 13:57:35 +0200
2302 #. From: Fredrik Noring <noring@nocrew.org>
2303 #. One such race involves signals and ERESTARTSYS. If a file descriptor
2304 #. in use by a system call is closed and then reused by e.g. an
2305 #. independent open() in some unrelated thread, before the original system
2306 #. call has restarted after ERESTARTSYS, the original system call will
2307 #. later restart with the reused file descriptor. This is most likely a
2308 #. serious programming error.
2310 #: build/C/man2/close.2:131
2312 "It is probably unwise to close file descriptors while they may be in use by "
2313 "system calls in other threads in the same process. Since a file descriptor "
2314 "may be reused, there are some obscure race conditions that may cause "
2315 "unintended side effects."
2319 #: build/C/man2/close.2:138
2321 "B<fcntl>(2), B<fsync>(2), B<open>(2), B<shutdown>(2), B<unlink>(2), "
2326 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:31
2332 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:31 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27
2338 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:31 build/C/man3/daemon.3:36 build/C/man3/exec.3:41 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41 build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28 build/C/man3/getopt.3:41 build/C/man3/getumask.3:28 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30 build/C/man3/lockf.3:28 build/C/man3/sleep.3:26 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25
2344 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:34
2345 msgid "confstr - get configuration dependent string variables"
2349 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:39
2351 msgid "B<size_t confstr(int >I<name>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
2355 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:48
2356 msgid "B<confstr>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 2 || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
2360 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:51
2361 msgid "B<confstr>() gets the value of configuration-dependent string variables."
2365 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:56
2367 "The I<name> argument is the system variable to be queried. The following "
2368 "variables are supported:"
2372 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:56
2374 msgid "B<_CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION> (GNU C library only; since glibc 2.3.2)"
2378 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:60
2380 "A string which identifies the GNU C library version on this system (e.g, "
2385 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:60
2387 msgid "B<_CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION> (GNU C library only; since glibc 2.3.2)"
2391 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:64
2393 "A string which identifies the POSIX implementation supplied by this C "
2394 "library (e.g, \"NPTL 2.3.4\" or \"linuxthreads-0.10\")."
2398 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:64
2404 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:70
2406 "A value for the B<PATH> variable which indicates where all the POSIX.2 "
2407 "standard utilities can be found."
2411 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:86
2413 "If I<buf> is not NULL and I<len> is not zero, B<confstr>() copies the value "
2414 "of the string to I<buf> truncated to I<len - 1> bytes if necessary, with a "
2415 "null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) as terminator. This can be detected by comparing "
2416 "the return value of B<confstr>() against I<len>."
2420 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:94
2422 "If I<len> is zero and I<buf> is NULL, B<confstr>() just returns the value "
2427 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:106
2429 "If I<name> is a valid configuration variable, B<confstr>() returns the "
2430 "number of bytes (including the terminating null byte) that would be "
2431 "required to hold the entire value of that variable. This value may be "
2432 "greater than I<len>, which means that the value in I<buf> is truncated."
2436 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:121
2438 "If I<name> is a valid configuration variable, but that variable does not "
2439 "have a value, then B<confstr>() returns 0. If I<name> does not correspond "
2440 "to a valid configuration variable, B<confstr>() returns 0, and I<errno> is "
2445 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:127
2446 msgid "The value of I<name> is invalid."
2450 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:129 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:171 build/C/man2/pread.2:117 build/C/man3/sleep.3:46 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:326 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:118
2451 msgid "POSIX.1-2001."
2455 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:132
2457 "The following code fragment determines the path where to find the POSIX.2 "
2462 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:138
2470 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:144
2473 "n = confstr(_CS_PATH, NULL, (size_t) 0);\n"
2474 "pathbuf = malloc(n);\n"
2475 "if (pathbuf == NULL)\n"
2477 "confstr(_CS_PATH, pathbuf, n);\n"
2481 #: build/C/man3/confstr.3:154
2483 "B<getconf>(1), B<sh>(1), B<exec>(3), B<fpathconf>(3) B<sysconf>(3) "
2484 "B<pathconf>(3) B<system>(3)"
2488 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:36
2494 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:36
2500 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:39
2501 msgid "crypt, crypt_r - password and data encryption"
2505 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:42
2507 msgid "B<#define _XOPEN_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
2511 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:46
2513 msgid "B<char *crypt(const char *>I<key>B<, const char *>I<salt>B<);>\n"
2517 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:48
2519 msgid "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
2523 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:50
2525 msgid "B<#include E<lt>crypt.hE<gt>>\n"
2529 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:53
2532 "B<char *crypt_r(const char *>I<key>B<, const char *>I<salt>B<,>\n"
2533 "B< struct crypt_data *>I<data>B<);>\n"
2537 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:56
2538 msgid "Link with I<-lcrypt>."
2542 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:62
2544 "B<crypt>() is the password encryption function. It is based on the Data "
2545 "Encryption Standard algorithm with variations intended (among other things) "
2546 "to discourage use of hardware implementations of a key search."
2550 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:65
2551 msgid "I<key> is a user's typed password."
2555 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:71
2557 "I<salt> is a two-character string chosen from the set [B<a-zA-Z0-9./>]. "
2558 "This string is used to perturb the algorithm in one of 4096 different ways."
2562 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:82
2564 "By taking the lowest 7 bits of each of the first eight characters of the "
2565 "I<key>, a 56-bit key is obtained. This 56-bit key is used to encrypt "
2566 "repeatedly a constant string (usually a string consisting of all zeros). "
2567 "The returned value points to the encrypted password, a series of 13 "
2568 "printable ASCII characters (the first two characters represent the salt "
2569 "itself). The return value points to static data whose content is "
2570 "overwritten by each call."
2574 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:84
2575 msgid "Warning: The key space consists of"
2579 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:99
2581 "equal 7.2e16 possible values. Exhaustive searches of this key space are "
2582 "possible using massively parallel computers. Software, such as B<crack>(1), "
2583 "is available which will search the portion of this key space that is "
2584 "generally used by humans for passwords. Hence, password selection should, "
2585 "at minimum, avoid common words and names. The use of a B<passwd>(1) "
2586 "program that checks for crackable passwords during the selection process is "
2591 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:108
2593 "The DES algorithm itself has a few quirks which make the use of the "
2594 "B<crypt>() interface a very poor choice for anything other than password "
2595 "authentication. If you are planning on using the B<crypt>() interface for "
2596 "a cryptography project, don't do it: get a good book on encryption and one "
2597 "of the widely available DES libraries."
2601 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:120
2603 "B<crypt_r>() is a reentrant version of B<crypt>(). The structure pointed "
2604 "to by I<data> is used to store result data and bookkeeping information. "
2605 "Other than allocating it, the only thing that the caller should do with this "
2606 "structure is to set I<data-E<gt>initialized> to zero before the first call "
2611 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:123
2613 "On success, a pointer to the encrypted password is returned. On error, NULL "
2618 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:128
2619 msgid "I<salt> has the wrong format."
2623 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:130 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:120 build/C/man3/fexecve.3:86 build/C/man2/fork.2:215
2628 #. This level of detail is not necessary in this man page. . .
2630 #. When encrypting a plain text P using DES with the key K results in the
2631 #. encrypted text C, then the complementary plain text P' being encrypted
2632 #. using the complementary key K' will result in the complementary encrypted
2635 #. Weak keys are keys which stay invariant under the DES key transformation.
2636 #. The four known weak keys 0101010101010101, fefefefefefefefe,
2637 #. 1f1f1f1f0e0e0e0e and e0e0e0e0f1f1f1f1 must be avoided.
2639 #. There are six known half weak key pairs, which keys lead to the same
2640 #. encrypted data. Keys which are part of such key clusters should be
2642 #. Sorry, I could not find out what they are.
2645 #. Heavily redundant data causes trouble with DES encryption, when used in the
2651 #. interface should be used only for its intended purpose of password
2652 #. verification, and should not be used as part of a data encryption tool.
2654 #. The first and last three output bits of the fourth S-box can be
2655 #. represented as function of their input bits. Empiric studies have
2656 #. shown that S-boxes partially compute the same output for similar input.
2657 #. It is suspected that this may contain a back door which could allow the
2658 #. NSA to decrypt DES encrypted data.
2660 #. Making encrypted data computed using crypt() publicly available has
2661 #. to be considered insecure for the given reasons.
2663 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:169
2665 "The B<crypt>() function was not implemented, probably because of "
2666 "U.S.A. export restrictions."
2670 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:174
2672 "I</proc/sys/crypto/fips_enabled> has a nonzero value, and an attempt was "
2673 "made to use a weak encryption type, such as DES."
2677 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:174 build/C/man3/daemon.3:91 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:134 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:124 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:73 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:140 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:93 build/C/man3/swab.3:72 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:109 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:92 build/C/man3/usleep.3:91
2683 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:175 build/C/man3/daemon.3:92 build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:135 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:125 build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:74 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:141 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:94 build/C/man3/swab.3:73 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:110 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:93 build/C/man3/usleep.3:92
2685 msgid "Multithreading (see pthreads(7))"
2689 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:179
2690 msgid "The B<crypt>() function is not thread-safe."
2694 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:183
2695 msgid "The B<crypt_r>() function is thread-safe."
2699 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:188
2700 msgid "B<crypt>(): SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. B<crypt_r>() is a GNU extension."
2704 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:189 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:140
2710 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:192
2712 "The glibc2 version of this function supports additional encryption "
2717 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:197
2719 "If I<salt> is a character string starting with the characters \"$I<id>$\" "
2720 "followed by a string terminated by \"$\":"
2724 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:200
2725 msgid "$I<id>$I<salt>$I<encrypted>"
2729 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:209
2731 "then instead of using the DES machine, I<id> identifies the encryption "
2732 "method used and this then determines how the rest of the password string is "
2733 "interpreted. The following values of I<id> are supported:"
2737 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:212
2739 msgid "ID | Method\n"
2743 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:213 build/C/man2/syscall.2:158 build/C/man2/syscall.2:190
2749 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:214
2755 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:215
2757 msgid "2a | Blowfish (not in mainline glibc; added in some\n"
2761 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:216
2763 msgid " | Linux distributions)\n"
2766 #. openSUSE has Blowfish, but AFAICS, this option is not supported
2767 #. natively by glibc -- mtk, Jul 08
2770 #. glibc doesn't appear to natively support Sun MD5; I don't know
2771 #. if any distros add the support.
2773 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:223
2775 msgid "5 | SHA-256 (since glibc 2.7)\n"
2779 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:224
2781 msgid "6 | SHA-512 (since glibc 2.7)\n"
2785 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:231
2787 "So $5$I<salt>$I<encrypted> is an SHA-256 encoded password and "
2788 "$6$I<salt>$I<encrypted> is an SHA-512 encoded one."
2792 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:236
2794 "\"I<salt>\" stands for the up to 16 characters following \"$I<id>$\" in the "
2795 "salt. The encrypted part of the password string is the actual computed "
2796 "password. The size of this string is fixed:"
2800 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:238
2802 msgid "MD5 | 22 characters\n"
2806 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:239
2808 msgid "SHA-256 | 43 characters\n"
2812 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:240
2814 msgid "SHA-512 | 86 characters\n"
2818 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:249
2820 "The characters in \"I<salt>\" and \"I<encrypted>\" are drawn from the set "
2821 "[B<a-zA-Z0-9./>]. In the MD5 and SHA implementations the entire I<key> is "
2822 "significant (instead of only the first 8 bytes in DES)."
2826 #: build/C/man3/crypt.3:255
2827 msgid "B<login>(1), B<passwd>(1), B<encrypt>(3), B<getpass>(3), B<passwd>(5)"
2831 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:36
2837 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:36
2843 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:39
2844 msgid "daemon - run in the background"
2848 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:43
2849 msgid "B<int daemon(int >I<nochdir>B<, int >I<noclose>B<);>"
2853 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:51
2854 msgid "B<daemon>(): _BSD_SOURCE || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<lt>\\ 500)"
2858 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:56
2860 "The B<daemon>() function is for programs wishing to detach themselves from "
2861 "the controlling terminal and run in the background as system daemons."
2865 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:64
2867 "If I<nochdir> is zero, B<daemon>() changes the calling process's current "
2868 "working directory to the root directory (\"/\"); otherwise, the current "
2869 "working directory is left unchanged."
2873 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:73
2875 "If I<noclose> is zero, B<daemon>() redirects standard input, standard "
2876 "output and standard error to I</dev/null>; otherwise, no changes are made to "
2877 "these file descriptors."
2880 #. not .IR in order not to underline _
2882 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:91
2884 "(This function forks, and if the B<fork>(2) succeeds, the parent calls "
2885 "B<_exit>(2), so that further errors are seen by the child only.) On success "
2886 "B<daemon>() returns zero. If an error occurs, B<daemon>() returns -1 and "
2887 "sets I<errno> to any of the errors specified for the B<fork>(2) and "
2892 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:96
2893 msgid "The B<daemon>() function is thread-safe."
2897 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:102
2899 "Not in POSIX.1-2001. A similar function appears on the BSDs. The "
2900 "B<daemon>() function first appeared in 4.4BSD."
2904 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:110
2906 "The glibc implementation can also return -1 when I</dev/null> exists but is "
2907 "not a character device with the expected major and minor numbers. In this "
2908 "case, I<errno> need not be set."
2912 #: build/C/man3/daemon.3:113
2913 msgid "B<fork>(2), B<setsid>(2)"
2917 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:14
2923 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:14
2929 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:18
2931 "des_crypt, ecb_crypt, cbc_crypt, des_setparity, DES_FAILED - fast DES "
2936 #. .B #include <des_crypt.h>
2938 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:23
2940 msgid "B<#include E<lt>rpc/des_crypt.hE<gt>>\n"
2944 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:26
2947 "B<int ecb_crypt(char *>I<key>B<, char *>I<data>B<, unsigned "
2949 "B< unsigned >I<mode>B<);>\n"
2953 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:29
2956 "B<int cbc_crypt(char *>I<key>B<, char *>I<data>B<, unsigned "
2958 "B< unsigned >I<mode>B<, char *>I<ivec>B<);>\n"
2962 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:31
2964 msgid "B<void des_setparity(char *>I<key>B<);>\n"
2968 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:33
2970 msgid "B<int DES_FAILED(int >I<status>B<);>\n"
2974 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:63
2976 "B<ecb_crypt>() and B<cbc_crypt>() implement the NBS DES (Data Encryption "
2977 "Standard). These routines are faster and more general purpose than "
2978 "B<crypt>(3). They also are able to utilize DES hardware if it is "
2979 "available. B<ecb_crypt>() encrypts in ECB (Electronic Code Book) mode, "
2980 "which encrypts blocks of data independently. B<cbc_crypt>() encrypts in "
2981 "CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) mode, which chains together successive blocks. "
2982 "CBC mode protects against insertions, deletions and substitutions of "
2983 "blocks. Also, regularities in the clear text will not appear in the cipher "
2988 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:106
2990 "Here is how to use these routines. The first argument, I<key>, is the "
2991 "8-byte encryption key with parity. To set the key's parity, which for DES "
2992 "is in the low bit of each byte, use B<des_setparity>(). The second "
2993 "argument, I<data>, contains the data to be encrypted or decrypted. The "
2994 "third argument, I<datalen>, is the length in bytes of I<data>, which must be "
2995 "a multiple of 8. The fourth argument, I<mode>, is formed by ORing together "
2996 "some things. For the encryption direction OR in either B<DES_ENCRYPT> or "
2997 "B<DES_DECRYPT>. For software versus hardware encryption, OR in either "
2998 "B<DES_HW> or B<DES_SW>. If B<DES_HW> is specified, and there is no "
2999 "hardware, then the encryption is performed in software and the routine "
3000 "returns B<DESERR_NOHWDEVICE>. For B<cbc_crypt>(), the argument I<ivec> is "
3001 "the 8-byte initialization vector for the chaining. It is updated to the "
3002 "next initialization vector upon return."
3006 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:108
3008 msgid "B<DESERR_NONE>"
3012 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:111
3017 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:111
3019 msgid "B<DESERR_NOHWDEVICE>"
3023 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:114
3025 "Encryption succeeded, but done in software instead of the requested "
3030 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:114
3032 msgid "B<DESERR_HWERROR>"
3036 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:117
3037 msgid "An error occurred in the hardware or driver."
3041 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:117
3043 msgid "B<DESERR_BADPARAM>"
3047 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:120
3048 msgid "Bad argument to routine."
3053 #. So far the Sun page
3054 #. Some additions - aeb
3056 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:131
3058 "Given a result status I<stat>, the macro B<DES_FAILED(>I<stat>B<)> is false "
3059 "only for the first two statuses."
3063 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:134
3065 "These routines are present in libc 4.6.27 and later, and in glibc 2.1 and "
3070 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:142
3072 "The B<ecb_crypt>(), B<cbc_crypt>(), and B<des_setparity>() functions are "
3077 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:145
3078 msgid "4.3BSD. Not in POSIX.1-2001."
3082 #: build/C/man3/des_crypt.3:149
3083 msgid "B<des>(1), B<crypt>(3), B<xcrypt>(3)"
3087 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:36
3093 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:36
3099 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:39
3100 msgid "dup, dup2, dup3 - duplicate a file descriptor"
3104 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:45
3107 "B<int dup(int >I<oldfd>B<);>\n"
3108 "B<int dup2(int >I<oldfd>B<, int >I<newfd>B<);>\n"
3112 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:49
3115 "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
3116 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>> /* Obtain O_* constant "
3118 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
3122 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:51
3124 msgid "B<int dup3(int >I<oldfd>B<, int >I<newfd>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
3128 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:55
3129 msgid "These system calls create a copy of the file descriptor I<oldfd>."
3133 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:58
3134 msgid "B<dup>() uses the lowest-numbered unused descriptor for the new descriptor."
3138 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:62
3140 "B<dup2>() makes I<newfd> be the copy of I<oldfd>, closing I<newfd> first if "
3141 "necessary, but note the following:"
3145 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:68
3147 "If I<oldfd> is not a valid file descriptor, then the call fails, and "
3148 "I<newfd> is not closed."
3152 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:79
3154 "If I<oldfd> is a valid file descriptor, and I<newfd> has the same value as "
3155 "I<oldfd>, then B<dup2>() does nothing, and returns I<newfd>."
3159 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:88
3161 "After a successful return from one of these system calls, the old and new "
3162 "file descriptors may be used interchangeably. They refer to the same open "
3163 "file description (see B<open>(2)) and thus share file offset and file "
3164 "status flags; for example, if the file offset is modified by using "
3165 "B<lseek>(2) on one of the descriptors, the offset is also changed for the "
3170 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:96
3172 "The two descriptors do not share file descriptor flags (the close-on-exec "
3173 "flag). The close-on-exec flag (B<FD_CLOEXEC>; see B<fcntl>(2)) for the "
3174 "duplicate descriptor is off."
3178 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:101
3179 msgid "B<dup3>() is the same as B<dup2>(), except that:"
3183 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:110
3185 "The caller can force the close-on-exec flag to be set for the new file "
3186 "descriptor by specifying B<O_CLOEXEC> in I<flags>. See the description of "
3187 "the same flag in B<open>(2) for reasons why this may be useful."
3190 #. FIXME . To confirm with Al Viro that this was intended, and its rationale
3192 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:120
3193 msgid "If I<oldfd> equals I<newfd>, then B<dup3>() fails with the error B<EINVAL>."
3197 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:126
3199 "On success, these system calls return the new descriptor. On error, -1 is "
3200 "returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
3204 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:133
3206 "I<oldfd> isn't an open file descriptor, or I<newfd> is out of the allowed "
3207 "range for file descriptors."
3211 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:133 build/C/man2/swapon.2:112
3217 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:143
3219 "(Linux only) This may be returned by B<dup2>() or B<dup3>() during a race "
3220 "condition with B<open>(2) and B<dup>()."
3224 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:151
3226 "The B<dup2>() or B<dup3>() call was interrupted by a signal; see "
3230 #. FIXME . To confirm with Al Viro that this was intended, and its rationale
3232 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:161
3234 "(B<dup3>()) I<flags> contain an invalid value. Or, I<oldfd> was equal to "
3239 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:161 build/C/man2/execve.2:414 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1163 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:105
3245 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:165
3247 "The process already has the maximum number of file descriptors open and "
3248 "tried to open a new one."
3252 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:170
3254 "B<dup3>() was added to Linux in version 2.6.27; glibc support is available "
3255 "starting with version 2.9."
3259 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:174
3260 msgid "B<dup>(), B<dup2>(): SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
3263 #. SVr4 documents additional
3264 #. EINTR and ENOLINK error conditions. POSIX.1 adds EINTR.
3265 #. The EBUSY return is Linux-specific.
3267 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:180
3268 msgid "B<dup3>() is Linux-specific."
3272 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:194
3274 "The error returned by B<dup2>() is different from that returned by "
3275 "B<fcntl(>..., B<F_DUPFD>, ...B<)> when I<newfd> is out of range. On some "
3276 "systems, B<dup2>() also sometimes returns B<EINVAL> like B<F_DUPFD>."
3280 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:207
3282 "If I<newfd> was open, any errors that would have been reported at "
3283 "B<close>(2) time are lost. A careful programmer will not use B<dup2>() or "
3284 "B<dup3>() without closing I<newfd> first."
3288 #: build/C/man2/dup.2:211
3289 msgid "B<close>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<open>(2)"
3293 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:30
3299 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:30
3305 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:33
3306 msgid "encrypt, setkey, encrypt_r, setkey_r - encrypt 64-bit messages"
3310 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:35 build/C/man3/encrypt.3:41
3311 msgid "B<#define _XOPEN_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
3315 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:39
3316 msgid "B<void encrypt(char >I<block>B<[64], int >I<edflag>B<);>"
3320 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:43
3321 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>"
3325 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:45
3326 msgid "B<void setkey(const char *>I<key>B<);>"
3330 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:47 build/C/man3/getumask.3:33
3331 msgid "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
3335 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:49
3336 msgid "B<#include E<lt>crypt.hE<gt>>"
3340 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:51
3341 msgid "B<void setkey_r(const char *>I<key>B<, struct crypt_data *>I<data>B<);>"
3345 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:54
3347 "B<void encrypt_r(char *>I<block>B<, int >I<edflag>B<, struct crypt_data "
3352 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:56
3353 msgid "Each of these requires linking with I<-lcrypt>."
3357 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:68
3359 "These functions encrypt and decrypt 64-bit messages. The B<setkey>() "
3360 "function sets the key used by B<encrypt>(). The I<key> argument used here "
3361 "is an array of 64 bytes, each of which has numerical value 1 or 0. The "
3362 "bytes key[n] where n=8*i-1 are ignored, so that the effective key length is "
3367 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:80
3369 "The B<encrypt>() function modifies the passed buffer, encoding if I<edflag> "
3370 "is 0, and decoding if 1 is being passed. Like the I<key> argument, also "
3371 "I<block> is a bit vector representation of the actual value that is "
3372 "encoded. The result is returned in that same vector."
3376 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:90
3378 "These two functions are not reentrant, that is, the key data is kept in "
3379 "static storage. The functions B<setkey_r>() and B<encrypt_r>() are the "
3380 "reentrant versions. They use the following structure to hold the key data:"
3384 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:105
3387 "struct crypt_data {\n"
3388 " char keysched[16 * 8];\n"
3389 " char sb0[32768];\n"
3390 " char sb1[32768];\n"
3391 " char sb2[32768];\n"
3392 " char sb3[32768];\n"
3393 " char crypt_3_buf[14];\n"
3394 " char current_salt[2];\n"
3395 " long int current_saltbits;\n"
3397 " int initialized;\n"
3402 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:113
3403 msgid "Before calling B<setkey_r>() set I<data-E<gt>initialized> to zero."
3407 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:115
3408 msgid "These functions do not return any value."
3412 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:120
3414 "Set I<errno> to zero before calling the above functions. On success, it is "
3419 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:124
3421 "The function is not provided. (For example because of former USA export "
3426 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:131
3427 msgid "The B<encrypt>() and B<setkey>() functions are not thread-safe."
3431 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:137
3432 msgid "The B<encrypt_r>() and B<setkey_r>() functions are thread-safe."
3436 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:148
3438 "The functions B<encrypt>() and B<setkey>() conform to SVr4, SUSv2, and "
3439 "POSIX.1-2001. The functions B<encrypt_r>() and B<setkey_r>() are GNU "
3444 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:150
3445 msgid "In glibc 2.2 these functions use the DES algorithm."
3449 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:157
3451 "You need to link with libcrypt to compile this example with glibc. To do "
3452 "useful work the I<key[]> and I<txt[]> arrays must be filled with a useful "
3457 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:162
3460 "#define _XOPEN_SOURCE\n"
3461 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
3462 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
3466 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:168
3472 " char key[64]; /* bit pattern for key */\n"
3473 " char txt[64]; /* bit pattern for messages */\n"
3477 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:173
3481 " encrypt(txt, 0); /* encode */\n"
3482 " encrypt(txt, 1); /* decode */\n"
3488 #: build/C/man3/encrypt.3:179
3489 msgid "B<cbc_crypt>(3), B<crypt>(3), B<ecb_crypt>(3),"
3493 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:34
3499 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:34
3505 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:37
3506 msgid "environ - user environment"
3510 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:40
3512 msgid "B<extern char **>I<environ>B<;>\n"
3516 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:57
3518 "The variable I<environ> points to an array of pointers to strings called the "
3519 "\"environment\". The last pointer in this array has the value NULL. (This "
3520 "variable must be declared in the user program, but is declared in the header "
3521 "file I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> in case the header files came from libc4 or "
3522 "libc5, and in case they came from glibc and B<_GNU_SOURCE> was defined.) "
3523 "This array of strings is made available to the process by the B<exec>(3) "
3524 "call that started the process."
3528 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:62
3530 "By convention the strings in I<environ> have the form "
3531 "\"I<name>B<=>I<value>\". Common examples are:"
3535 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:62
3541 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:65
3542 msgid "The name of the logged-in user (used by some BSD-derived programs)."
3546 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:65
3552 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:68
3553 msgid "The name of the logged-in user (used by some System-V derived programs)."
3557 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:68
3563 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:74
3565 "A user's login directory, set by B<login>(1) from the password file "
3570 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:74
3576 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:92
3578 "The name of a locale to use for locale categories when not overridden by "
3579 "B<LC_ALL> or more specific environment variables such as B<LC_COLLATE>, "
3580 "B<LC_CTYPE>, B<LC_MESSAGES>, B<LC_MONETARY>, B<LC_NUMERIC>, and B<LC_TIME> "
3581 "(see B<locale>(7) for further details of the B<LC_*> environment "
3586 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:92
3592 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:107
3594 "The sequence of directory prefixes that B<sh>(1) and many other programs "
3595 "apply in searching for a file known by an incomplete pathname. The prefixes "
3596 "are separated by \\(aqB<:>\\(aq. (Similarly one has B<CDPATH> used by some "
3597 "shells to find the target of a change directory command, B<MANPATH> used by "
3598 "B<man>(1) to find manual pages, and so on)"
3602 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:107
3608 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:111
3609 msgid "The current working directory. Set by some shells."
3613 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:111
3619 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:114
3620 msgid "The pathname of the user's login shell."
3624 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:114
3630 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:117
3631 msgid "The terminal type for which output is to be prepared."
3635 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:117
3641 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:120
3642 msgid "The user's preferred utility to display text files."
3646 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:120
3648 msgid "B<EDITOR>/B<VISUAL>"
3653 #. The user's preferred utility to browse URLs. Sequence of colon-separated
3654 #. browser commands. See http://www.catb.org/~esr/BROWSER/ .
3656 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:127
3657 msgid "The user's preferred utility to edit text files."
3661 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:145
3663 "Further names may be placed in the environment by the I<export> command and "
3664 "\"name=value\" in B<sh>(1), or by the I<setenv> command if you use "
3665 "B<csh>(1). Arguments may also be placed in the environment at the point of "
3666 "an B<exec>(3). A C program can manipulate its environment using the "
3667 "functions B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), and B<unsetenv>(3)."
3671 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:149
3673 "Note that the behavior of many programs and library routines is influenced "
3674 "by the presence or value of certain environment variables. A random "
3679 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:158
3681 "The variables B<LANG>, B<LANGUAGE>, B<NLSPATH>, B<LOCPATH>, B<LC_ALL>, "
3682 "B<LC_MESSAGES>, and so on influence locale handling; see B<catopen>(3), "
3683 "B<gettext>(3), and B<locale>(7)."
3687 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:165
3689 "B<TMPDIR> influences the path prefix of names created by B<tmpnam>(3) and "
3690 "other routines, and the temporary directory used by B<sort>(1) and other "
3695 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:169
3697 "B<LD_LIBRARY_PATH>, B<LD_PRELOAD> and other LD_* variables influence the "
3698 "behavior of the dynamic loader/linker."
3702 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:173
3704 "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> makes certain programs and library routines follow the "
3705 "prescriptions of POSIX."
3709 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:179
3710 msgid "The behavior of B<malloc>(3) is influenced by B<MALLOC_*> variables."
3714 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:185
3716 "The variable B<HOSTALIASES> gives the name of a file containing aliases to "
3717 "be used with B<gethostbyname>(3)."
3721 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:196
3723 "B<TZ> and B<TZDIR> give timezone information used by B<tzset>(3) and "
3724 "through that by functions like B<ctime>(3), B<localtime>(3), B<mktime>(3), "
3725 "B<strftime>(3). See also B<tzselect>(8)."
3729 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:200
3731 "B<TERMCAP> gives information on how to address a given terminal (or gives "
3732 "the name of a file containing such information)."
3736 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:203
3738 "B<COLUMNS> and B<LINES> tell applications about the window size, possibly "
3739 "overriding the actual size."
3743 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:208
3745 "B<PRINTER> or B<LPDEST> may specify the desired printer to use. See "
3750 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:210
3755 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:215
3757 "Clearly there is a security risk here. Many a system command has been "
3758 "tricked into mischief by a user who specified unusual values for B<IFS> or "
3759 "B<LD_LIBRARY_PATH>."
3763 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:248
3765 "There is also the risk of name space pollution. Programs like I<make> and "
3766 "I<autoconf> allow overriding of default utility names from the environment "
3767 "with similarly named variables in all caps. Thus one uses B<CC> to select "
3768 "the desired C compiler (and similarly B<MAKE>, B<AR>, B<AS>, B<FC>, B<LD>, "
3769 "B<LEX>, B<RM>, B<YACC>, etc.). However, in some traditional uses such an "
3770 "environment variable gives options for the program instead of a pathname. "
3771 "Thus, one has B<MORE>, B<LESS>, and B<GZIP>. Such usage is considered "
3772 "mistaken, and to be avoided in new programs. The authors of I<gzip> should "
3773 "consider renaming their option to B<GZIP_OPT>."
3777 #: build/C/man7/environ.7:262
3779 "B<bash>(1), B<csh>(1), B<login>(1), B<sh>(1), B<tcsh>(1), B<execve>(2), "
3780 "B<clearenv>(3), B<exec>(3), B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), "
3781 "B<unsetenv>(3), B<locale>(7)"
3785 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:25
3791 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:25
3797 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:28
3798 msgid "euidaccess, eaccess - check effective user's permissions for a file"
3802 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:32
3805 "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
3806 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
3810 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:35
3813 "B<int euidaccess(const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<mode>B<);>\n"
3814 "B<int eaccess(const char *>I<pathname>B<, int >I<mode>B<);>\n"
3818 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:47
3820 "Like B<access>(2), B<euidaccess>() checks permissions and existence of the "
3821 "file identified by its argument I<pathname>. However, whereas B<access>(2), "
3822 "performs checks using the real user and group identifiers of the process, "
3823 "B<euidaccess>() uses the effective identifiers."
3827 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:53
3829 "I<mode> is a mask consisting of one or more of B<R_OK>, B<W_OK>, B<X_OK>, "
3830 "and B<F_OK>, with the same meanings as for B<access>(2)."
3834 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:58
3836 "B<eaccess>() is a synonym for B<euidaccess>(), provided for compatibility "
3837 "with some other systems."
3841 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:66
3843 "On success (all requested permissions granted), zero is returned. On error "
3844 "(at least one bit in I<mode> asked for a permission that is denied, or some "
3845 "other error occurred), -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
3849 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:69
3850 msgid "As for B<access>(2)."
3854 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:73
3855 msgid "The B<eaccess>() function was added to glibc in version 2.4."
3859 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:80
3860 msgid "The B<euidaccess>() and B<eaccess>() functions are thread-safe."
3863 #. e.g., FreeBSD 6.1.
3865 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:86
3867 "These functions are nonstandard. Some other systems have an B<eaccess>() "
3872 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:93
3874 "I<Warning>: Using this function to check a process's permissions on a file "
3875 "before performing some operation based on that information leads to race "
3876 "conditions: the file permissions may change between the two steps. "
3877 "Generally, it is safer just to attempt the desired operation and handle any "
3878 "permission error that occurs."
3882 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:101
3884 "This function always dereferences symbolic links. If you need to check the "
3885 "permissions on a symbolic link, use B<faccessat>(2) with the flags "
3886 "B<AT_EACCESS> and B<AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW>."
3890 #: build/C/man3/euidaccess.3:112
3892 "B<access>(2), B<chmod>(2), B<chown>(2), B<faccessat>(2), B<open>(2), "
3893 "B<setgid>(2), B<setuid>(2), B<stat>(2), B<credentials>(7), "
3894 "B<path_resolution>(7)"
3898 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:41
3904 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:41
3910 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:44
3911 msgid "execl, execlp, execle, execv, execvp, execvpe - execute a file"
3915 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:48
3916 msgid "B<extern char **environ;>"
3920 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:50
3921 msgid "B<int execl(const char *>I<path>B<, const char *>I<arg>B<, ...);>"
3925 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:52
3926 msgid "B<int execlp(const char *>I<file>B<, const char *>I<arg>B<, ...);>"
3930 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:54
3931 msgid "B<int execle(const char *>I<path>B<, const char *>I<arg>B<,>"
3935 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:56
3936 msgid "B< ..., char * const >I<envp>B<[]);>"
3940 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:58
3941 msgid "B<int execv(const char *>I<path>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[]);>"
3945 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:60
3946 msgid "B<int execvp(const char *>I<file>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[]);>"
3950 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:62
3951 msgid "B<int execvpe(const char *>I<file>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[],>"
3955 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:64 build/C/man2/execve.2:46
3956 msgid "B< char *const >I<envp>B<[]);>"
3960 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:72
3961 msgid "B<execvpe>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
3965 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:82
3967 "The B<exec>() family of functions replaces the current process image with a "
3968 "new process image. The functions described in this manual page are "
3969 "front-ends for B<execve>(2). (See the manual page for B<execve>(2) for "
3970 "further details about the replacement of the current process image.)"
3974 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:85
3976 "The initial argument for these functions is the name of a file that is to be "
3981 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:107
3983 "The I<const char\\ *arg> and subsequent ellipses in the B<execl>(), "
3984 "B<execlp>(), and B<execle>() functions can be thought of as I<arg0>, "
3985 "I<arg1>, \\&..., I<argn>. Together they describe a list of one or more "
3986 "pointers to null-terminated strings that represent the argument list "
3987 "available to the executed program. The first argument, by convention, "
3988 "should point to the filename associated with the file being executed. The "
3989 "list of arguments I<must> be terminated by a null pointer, and, since these "
3990 "are variadic functions, this pointer must be cast I<(char\\ *) NULL>."
3994 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:120
3996 "The B<execv>(), B<execvp>(), and B<execvpe>() functions provide an array of "
3997 "pointers to null-terminated strings that represent the argument list "
3998 "available to the new program. The first argument, by convention, should "
3999 "point to the filename associated with the file being executed. The array of "
4000 "pointers I<must> be terminated by a null pointer."
4004 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:137
4006 "The B<execle>() and B<execvpe>() functions allow the caller to specify the "
4007 "environment of the executed program via the argument I<envp>. The I<envp> "
4008 "argument is an array of pointers to null-terminated strings and I<must> be "
4009 "terminated by a null pointer. The other functions take the environment for "
4010 "the new process image from the external variable I<environ> in the calling "
4015 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:137
4017 msgid "Special semantics for execlp() and execvp()"
4021 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:157
4023 "The B<execlp>(), B<execvp>(), and B<execvpe>() functions duplicate the "
4024 "actions of the shell in searching for an executable file if the specified "
4025 "filename does not contain a slash (/) character. The file is sought in the "
4026 "colon-separated list of directory pathnames specified in the B<PATH> "
4027 "environment variable. If this variable isn't defined, the path list "
4028 "defaults to the current directory followed by the list of directories "
4029 "returned by I<confstr(_CS_PATH)>. (This B<confstr>(3) call typically "
4030 "returns the value \"/bin:/usr/bin\".)"
4034 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:161
4036 "If the specified filename includes a slash character, then B<PATH> is "
4037 "ignored, and the file at the specified pathname is executed."
4041 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:163
4042 msgid "In addition, certain errors are treated specially."
4046 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:174
4048 "If permission is denied for a file (the attempted B<execve>(2) failed with "
4049 "the error B<EACCES>), these functions will continue searching the rest of "
4050 "the search path. If no other file is found, however, they will return with "
4051 "I<errno> set to B<EACCES>."
4055 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:183
4057 "If the header of a file isn't recognized (the attempted B<execve>(2) failed "
4058 "with the error B<ENOEXEC>), these functions will execute the shell "
4059 "(I</bin/sh>) with the path of the file as its first argument. (If this "
4060 "attempt fails, no further searching is done.)"
4064 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:190
4066 "The B<exec>() functions return only if an error has occurred. The return "
4067 "value is -1, and I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
4071 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:195
4073 "All of these functions may fail and set I<errno> for any of the errors "
4074 "specified for B<execve>(2)."
4078 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:199
4079 msgid "The B<execvpe>() function first appeared in glibc 2.11."
4083 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:201
4084 msgid "POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008."
4088 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:205
4089 msgid "The B<execvpe>() function is a GNU extension."
4093 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:215
4095 "On some other systems, the default path (used when the environment does not "
4096 "contain the variable B<PATH>) has the current working directory listed after "
4097 "I</bin> and I</usr/bin>, as an anti-Trojan-horse measure. Linux uses here "
4098 "the traditional \"current directory first\" default path."
4102 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:229
4104 "The behavior of B<execlp>() and B<execvp>() when errors occur while "
4105 "attempting to execute the file is historic practice, but has not "
4106 "traditionally been documented and is not specified by the POSIX standard. "
4107 "BSD (and possibly other systems) do an automatic sleep and retry if "
4108 "B<ETXTBSY> is encountered. Linux treats it as a hard error and returns "
4113 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:241
4115 "Traditionally, the functions B<execlp>() and B<execvp>() ignored all "
4116 "errors except for the ones described above and B<ENOMEM> and B<E2BIG>, upon "
4117 "which they returned. They now return if any error other than the ones "
4118 "described above occurs."
4122 #: build/C/man3/exec.3:248
4124 "B<sh>(1), B<execve>(2), B<fork>(2), B<ptrace>(2), B<fexecve>(3), "
4129 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:37
4135 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:37 build/C/man2/syscall.2:40
4141 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:40
4142 msgid "execve - execute program"
4146 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:44
4147 msgid "B<int execve(const char *>I<filename>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[], >"
4151 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:51
4153 "B<execve>() executes the program pointed to by I<filename>. I<filename> "
4154 "must be either a binary executable, or a script starting with a line of the "
4159 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:55 build/C/man2/execve.2:267
4161 msgid "B<#!> I<interpreter >[optional-arg]\n"
4165 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:59
4166 msgid "For details of the latter case, see \"Interpreter scripts\" below."
4170 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:68
4172 "I<argv> is an array of argument strings passed to the new program. By "
4173 "convention, the first of these strings should contain the filename "
4174 "associated with the file being executed. I<envp> is an array of strings, "
4175 "conventionally of the form B<key=value>, which are passed as environment to "
4176 "the new program. Both I<argv> and I<envp> must be terminated by a null "
4177 "pointer. The argument vector and environment can be accessed by the called "
4178 "program's main function, when it is defined as:"
4182 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:72
4184 msgid "int main(int argc, char *argv[], char *envp[])\n"
4188 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:79
4190 "B<execve>() does not return on success, and the text, data, bss, and stack "
4191 "of the calling process are overwritten by that of the program loaded."
4195 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:83
4197 "If the current program is being ptraced, a B<SIGTRAP> is sent to it after a "
4198 "successful B<execve>()."
4202 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:98
4204 "If the set-user-ID bit is set on the program file pointed to by I<filename>, "
4205 "and the underlying filesystem is not mounted I<nosuid> (the B<MS_NOSUID> "
4206 "flag for B<mount>(2)), and the calling process is not being ptraced, then "
4207 "the effective user ID of the calling process is changed to that of the owner "
4208 "of the program file. Similarly, when the set-group-ID bit of the program "
4209 "file is set the effective group ID of the calling process is set to the "
4210 "group of the program file."
4214 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:103
4216 "The effective user ID of the process is copied to the saved set-user-ID; "
4217 "similarly, the effective group ID is copied to the saved set-group-ID. This "
4218 "copying takes place after any effective ID changes that occur because of the "
4219 "set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission bits."
4223 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:111
4225 "If the executable is an a.out dynamically linked binary executable "
4226 "containing shared-library stubs, the Linux dynamic linker B<ld.so>(8) is "
4227 "called at the start of execution to bring needed shared libraries into "
4228 "memory and link the executable with them."
4232 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:120
4234 "If the executable is a dynamically linked ELF executable, the interpreter "
4235 "named in the PT_INTERP segment is used to load the needed shared libraries. "
4236 "This interpreter is typically I</lib/ld-linux.so.2> for binaries linked with "
4237 "glibc 2. (For binaries linked with the old Linux libc5, the interpreter was "
4238 "typically I</lib/ld-linux.so.1>.)"
4242 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:124
4244 "All process attributes are preserved during an B<execve>(), except the "
4249 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:128
4251 "The dispositions of any signals that are being caught are reset to the "
4252 "default (B<signal>(7))."
4256 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:131
4257 msgid "Any alternate signal stack is not preserved (B<sigaltstack>(2))."
4261 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:134
4262 msgid "Memory mappings are not preserved (B<mmap>(2))."
4266 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:137
4267 msgid "Attached System\\ V shared memory segments are detached (B<shmat>(2))."
4271 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:140
4272 msgid "POSIX shared memory regions are unmapped (B<shm_open>(3))."
4276 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:143
4277 msgid "Open POSIX message queue descriptors are closed (B<mq_overview>(7))."
4281 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:146
4282 msgid "Any open POSIX named semaphores are closed (B<sem_overview>(7))."
4286 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:149
4287 msgid "POSIX timers are not preserved (B<timer_create>(2))."
4291 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:152
4292 msgid "Any open directory streams are closed (B<opendir>(3))."
4296 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:156
4297 msgid "Memory locks are not preserved (B<mlock>(2), B<mlockall>(2))."
4301 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:160
4302 msgid "Exit handlers are not preserved (B<atexit>(3), B<on_exit>(3))."
4306 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:163
4307 msgid "The floating-point environment is reset to the default (see B<fenv>(3))."
4311 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:169
4313 "The process attributes in the preceding list are all specified in "
4314 "POSIX.1-2001. The following Linux-specific process attributes are also not "
4315 "preserved during an B<execve>():"
4319 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:176
4321 "The B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_DUMPABLE> flag is set, unless a set-user-ID or "
4322 "set-group ID program is being executed, in which case it is cleared."
4326 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:181
4327 msgid "The B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_KEEPCAPS> flag is cleared."
4331 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:188
4333 "(Since Linux 2.4.36 / 2.6.23) If a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program is "
4334 "being executed, then the parent death signal set by B<prctl>(2) "
4335 "B<PR_SET_PDEATHSIG> flag is cleared."
4339 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:195
4341 "The process name, as set by B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_NAME> (and displayed by "
4342 "I<ps\\ -o comm>), is reset to the name of the new executable file."
4346 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:202
4348 "The B<SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS> I<securebits> flag is cleared. See "
4349 "B<capabilities>(7)."
4353 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:207
4354 msgid "The termination signal is reset to B<SIGCHLD> (see B<clone>(2))."
4358 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:209 build/C/man2/fork.2:133
4359 msgid "Note the following further points:"
4363 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:213
4365 "All threads other than the calling thread are destroyed during an "
4366 "B<execve>(). Mutexes, condition variables, and other pthreads objects are "
4371 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:216
4373 "The equivalent of I<setlocale(LC_ALL, \"C\")> is executed at program "
4378 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:224
4380 "POSIX.1-2001 specifies that the dispositions of any signals that are ignored "
4381 "or set to the default are left unchanged. POSIX.1-2001 specifies one "
4382 "exception: if B<SIGCHLD> is being ignored, then an implementation may leave "
4383 "the disposition unchanged or reset it to the default; Linux does the former."
4387 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:228
4389 "Any outstanding asynchronous I/O operations are canceled (B<aio_read>(3), "
4394 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:233
4395 msgid "For the handling of capabilities during B<execve>(), see B<capabilities>(7)."
4398 #. On Linux it appears that these file descriptors are
4399 #. always open after an execve(), and it looks like
4400 #. Solaris 8 and FreeBSD 6.1 are the same. -- mtk, 30 Apr 2007
4402 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:260
4404 "By default, file descriptors remain open across an B<execve>(). File "
4405 "descriptors that are marked close-on-exec are closed; see the description of "
4406 "B<FD_CLOEXEC> in B<fcntl>(2). (If a file descriptor is closed, this will "
4407 "cause the release of all record locks obtained on the underlying file by "
4408 "this process. See B<fcntl>(2) for details.) POSIX.1-2001 says that if "
4409 "file descriptors 0, 1, and 2 would otherwise be closed after a successful "
4410 "B<execve>(), and the process would gain privilege because the set-user_ID or "
4411 "set-group_ID permission bit was set on the executed file, then the system "
4412 "may open an unspecified file for each of these file descriptors. As a "
4413 "general principle, no portable program, whether privileged or not, can "
4414 "assume that these three file descriptors will remain closed across an "
4419 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:260 build/C/man2/execve.2:520
4421 msgid "Interpreter scripts"
4425 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:263
4427 "An interpreter script is a text file that has execute permission enabled and "
4428 "whose first line is of the form:"
4432 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:281
4434 "The I<interpreter> must be a valid pathname for an executable which is not "
4435 "itself a script. If the I<filename> argument of B<execve>() specifies an "
4436 "interpreter script, then I<interpreter> will be invoked with the following "
4441 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:285
4443 msgid "I<interpreter> [optional-arg] I<filename> arg...\n"
4447 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:296
4449 "where I<arg...> is the series of words pointed to by the I<argv> argument of "
4450 "B<execve>(), starting at I<argv>[1]."
4454 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:301
4456 "For portable use, I<optional-arg> should either be absent, or be specified "
4457 "as a single word (i.e., it should not contain white space); see NOTES below."
4461 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:301
4463 msgid "Limits on size of arguments and environment"
4467 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:314
4469 "Most UNIX implementations impose some limit on the total size of the "
4470 "command-line argument (I<argv>) and environment (I<envp>) strings that may "
4471 "be passed to a new program. POSIX.1 allows an implementation to advertise "
4472 "this limit using the B<ARG_MAX> constant (either defined in "
4473 "I<E<lt>limits.hE<gt>> or available at run time using the call "
4474 "I<sysconf(_SC_ARG_MAX)>)."
4478 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:321
4480 "On Linux prior to kernel 2.6.23, the memory used to store the environment "
4481 "and argument strings was limited to 32 pages (defined by the kernel constant "
4482 "B<MAX_ARG_PAGES>). On architectures with a 4-kB page size, this yields a "
4483 "maximum size of 128 kB."
4486 #. For some background on the changes to ARG_MAX in kernels 2.6.23 and
4488 #. http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=5786
4489 #. http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=10095
4490 #. http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/646709/focus=648101,
4491 #. checked into 2.6.25 as commit a64e715fc74b1a7dcc5944f848acc38b2c4d4ee2.
4492 #. Ollie: That doesn't include the lists of pointers, though,
4493 #. so the actual usage is a bit higher (1 pointer per argument).
4495 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:357
4497 "On kernel 2.6.23 and later, most architectures support a size limit derived "
4498 "from the soft B<RLIMIT_STACK> resource limit (see B<getrlimit>(2)) that is "
4499 "in force at the time of the B<execve>() call. (Architectures with no "
4500 "memory management unit are excepted: they maintain the limit that was in "
4501 "effect before kernel 2.6.23.) This change allows programs to have a much "
4502 "larger argument and/or environment list. For these architectures, the total "
4503 "size is limited to 1/4 of the allowed stack size. (Imposing the 1/4-limit "
4504 "ensures that the new program always has some stack space.) Since Linux "
4505 "2.6.25, the kernel places a floor of 32 pages on this size limit, so that, "
4506 "even when B<RLIMIT_STACK> is set very low, applications are guaranteed to "
4507 "have at least as much argument and environment space as was provided by "
4508 "Linux 2.6.23 and earlier. (This guarantee was not provided in Linux 2.6.23 "
4509 "and 2.6.24.) Additionally, the limit per string is 32 pages (the kernel "
4510 "constant B<MAX_ARG_STRLEN>), and the maximum number of strings is "
4515 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:363
4517 "On success, B<execve>() does not return, on error -1 is returned, and "
4518 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
4522 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:364
4528 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:371
4530 "The total number of bytes in the environment (I<envp>) and argument list "
4531 "(I<argv>) is too large."
4535 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:378
4537 "Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix of I<filename> "
4538 "or the name of a script interpreter. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
4542 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:381
4543 msgid "The file or a script interpreter is not a regular file."
4547 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:384
4548 msgid "Execute permission is denied for the file or a script or ELF interpreter."
4552 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:388
4553 msgid "The filesystem is mounted I<noexec>."
4557 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:396
4559 "I<filename> or one of the pointers in the vectors I<argv> or I<envp> points "
4560 "outside your accessible address space."
4564 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:400
4566 "An ELF executable had more than one PT_INTERP segment (i.e., tried to name "
4567 "more than one interpreter)."
4571 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:403 build/C/man2/truncate.2:148
4577 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:406
4578 msgid "An ELF interpreter was a directory."
4582 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:406
4588 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:409
4589 msgid "An ELF interpreter was not in a recognized format."
4593 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:414
4595 "Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving I<filename> or the "
4596 "name of a script or ELF interpreter."
4600 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:417
4601 msgid "The process has the maximum number of files open."
4605 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:421
4606 msgid "I<filename> is too long."
4610 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:421 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:108 build/C/man2/swapon.2:139 build/C/man2/uselib.2:67
4616 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:424 build/C/man2/swapon.2:142 build/C/man2/uselib.2:70
4617 msgid "The system limit on the total number of open files has been reached."
4621 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:430
4623 "The file I<filename> or a script or ELF interpreter does not exist, or a "
4624 "shared library needed for file or interpreter cannot be found."
4628 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:430 build/C/man2/uselib.2:70
4634 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:435
4636 "An executable is not in a recognized format, is for the wrong architecture, "
4637 "or has some other format error that means it cannot be executed."
4641 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:443
4643 "A component of the path prefix of I<filename> or a script or ELF interpreter "
4644 "is not a directory."
4648 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:449
4650 "The filesystem is mounted I<nosuid>, the user is not the superuser, and the "
4651 "file has the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit set."
4655 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:453
4657 "The process is being traced, the user is not the superuser and the file has "
4658 "the set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit set."
4662 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:456
4663 msgid "Executable was open for writing by one or more processes."
4666 #. SVr4 documents additional error
4667 #. conditions EAGAIN, EINTR, ELIBACC, ENOLINK, EMULTIHOP; POSIX does not
4668 #. document ETXTBSY, EPERM, EFAULT, ELOOP, EIO, ENFILE, EMFILE, EINVAL,
4669 #. EISDIR or ELIBBAD error conditions.
4671 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:464
4673 "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2001 does not document the #! behavior "
4674 "but is otherwise compatible."
4678 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:467
4679 msgid "Set-user-ID and set-group-ID processes can not be B<ptrace>(2)d."
4682 #. e.g., EFAULT on Solaris 8 and FreeBSD 6.1; but
4683 #. HP-UX 11 is like Linux -- mtk, Apr 2007
4684 #. Bug filed 30 Apr 2007: http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=8408
4685 #. Bug rejected (because fix would constitute an ABI change).
4687 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:494
4689 "The result of mounting a filesystem I<nosuid> varies across Linux kernel "
4690 "versions: some will refuse execution of set-user-ID and set-group-ID "
4691 "executables when this would give the user powers she did not have already "
4692 "(and return B<EPERM>), some will just ignore the set-user-ID and "
4693 "set-group-ID bits and B<exec>() successfully. On Linux, I<argv> and "
4694 "I<envp> can be specified as NULL. In both cases, this has the same effect "
4695 "as specifying the argument as a pointer to a list containing a single null "
4696 "pointer. B<Do not take advantage of this misfeature!> It is nonstandard and "
4697 "nonportable: on most other UNIX systems doing this will result in an error "
4702 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:505
4704 "POSIX.1-2001 says that values returned by B<sysconf>(3) should be invariant "
4705 "over the lifetime of a process. However, since Linux 2.6.23, if the "
4706 "B<RLIMIT_STACK> resource limit changes, then the value reported by "
4707 "B<_SC_ARG_MAX> will also change, to reflect the fact that the limit on space "
4708 "for holding command-line arguments and environment variables has changed."
4712 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:520
4714 "In most cases where B<execve>() fails, control returns to the original "
4715 "executable image, and the caller of B<execve>() can then handle the error. "
4716 "However, in (rare) cases (typically caused by resource exhaustion), failure "
4717 "may occur past the point of no return: the original executable image has "
4718 "been torn down, but the new image could not be completely built. In such "
4719 "cases, the kernel kills the process with a B<SIGKILL> signal."
4723 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:523
4725 "A maximum line length of 127 characters is allowed for the first line in an "
4726 "interpreter scripts."
4730 #. e.g., FreeBSD before 6.0, but not FreeBSD 6.0 onward
4732 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:542
4734 "The semantics of the I<optional-arg> argument of an interpreter script vary "
4735 "across implementations. On Linux, the entire string following the "
4736 "I<interpreter> name is passed as a single argument to the interpreter, and "
4737 "this string can include white space. However, behavior differs on some "
4738 "other systems. Some systems use the first white space to terminate "
4739 "I<optional-arg>. On some systems, an interpreter script can have multiple "
4740 "arguments, and white spaces in I<optional-arg> are used to delimit the "
4745 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:545
4746 msgid "Linux ignores the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits on scripts."
4750 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:545
4757 #. Some Linux versions have failed to check permissions on ELF
4758 #. interpreters. This is a security hole, because it allows users to
4759 #. open any file, such as a rewinding tape device, for reading. Some
4760 #. Linux versions have also had other security holes in
4762 #. that could be exploited for denial of service by a suitably crafted
4763 #. ELF binary. There are no known problems with 2.0.34 or 2.2.15.
4765 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:565
4767 "With UNIX\\ V6, the argument list of an B<exec>() call was ended by 0, "
4768 "while the argument list of I<main> was ended by -1. Thus, this argument "
4769 "list was not directly usable in a further B<exec>() call. Since UNIX\\ V7, "
4774 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:568
4776 "The following program is designed to be execed by the second program below. "
4777 "It just echoes its command-line arguments, one per line."
4781 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:572
4783 msgid "/* myecho.c */\n"
4787 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:575
4790 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4791 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4795 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:580
4799 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4805 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:583
4808 " for (j = 0; j E<lt> argc; j++)\n"
4809 " printf(\"argv[%d]: %s\\en\", j, argv[j]);\n"
4813 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:591
4815 "This program can be used to exec the program named in its command-line "
4820 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:595
4822 msgid "/* execve.c */\n"
4826 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:599
4829 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4830 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4831 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
4835 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:605
4839 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4841 " char *newargv[] = { NULL, \"hello\", \"world\", NULL };\n"
4842 " char *newenviron[] = { NULL };\n"
4846 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:610
4849 " if (argc != 2) {\n"
4850 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>file-to-execE<gt>\\en\", "
4852 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4857 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:612
4859 msgid " newargv[0] = argv[1];\n"
4863 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:617
4866 " execve(argv[1], newargv, newenviron);\n"
4867 " perror(\"execve\"); /* execve() only returns on error */\n"
4868 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4873 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:621
4874 msgid "We can use the second program to exec the first as follows:"
4878 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:630
4881 "$B< cc myecho.c -o myecho>\n"
4882 "$B< cc execve.c -o execve>\n"
4883 "$B< ./execve ./myecho>\n"
4884 "argv[0]: ./myecho\n"
4890 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:638
4892 "We can also use these programs to demonstrate the use of a script "
4893 "interpreter. To do this we create a script whose \"interpreter\" is our "
4894 "I<myecho> program:"
4898 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:645
4901 "$B< cat E<gt> script.sh>\n"
4902 "B<#! ./myecho script-arg>\n"
4904 "$B< chmod +x script.sh>\n"
4908 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:649
4909 msgid "We can then use our program to exec the script:"
4913 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:658
4916 "$B< ./execve ./script.sh>\n"
4917 "argv[0]: ./myecho\n"
4918 "argv[1]: script-arg\n"
4919 "argv[2]: ./script.sh\n"
4925 #: build/C/man2/execve.2:671
4927 "B<chmod>(2), B<fork>(2), B<ptrace>(2), B<execl>(3), B<fexecve>(3), "
4928 "B<getopt>(3), B<credentials>(7), B<environ>(7), B<path_resolution>(7), "
4933 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25
4939 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:25
4945 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:28
4946 msgid "exit_group - exit all threads in a process"
4950 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:31
4952 msgid "B<#include E<lt>linux/unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
4956 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:33
4958 msgid "B<void exit_group(int >I<status>B<);>\n"
4962 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:39
4964 "This system call is equivalent to B<exit>(2) except that it terminates not "
4965 "only the calling thread, but all threads in the calling process's thread "
4970 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:41
4971 msgid "This system call does not return."
4975 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:43
4976 msgid "This call is present since Linux 2.5.35."
4980 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:45
4981 msgid "This call is Linux-specific."
4985 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:49
4987 "Since glibc 2.3, this is the system call invoked when the B<exit>(2) "
4988 "wrapper function is called."
4992 #: build/C/man2/exit_group.2:51
4997 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:61
5003 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:64
5004 msgid "fcntl - manipulate file descriptor"
5008 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:68
5011 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
5012 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>>\n"
5016 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:70
5018 msgid "B<int fcntl(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<cmd>B<, ... /* >I<arg>B< */ );>\n"
5022 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:77
5024 "B<fcntl>() performs one of the operations described below on the open file "
5025 "descriptor I<fd>. The operation is determined by I<cmd>."
5029 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:91
5031 "B<fcntl>() can take an optional third argument. Whether or not this "
5032 "argument is required is determined by I<cmd>. The required argument type is "
5033 "indicated in parentheses after each I<cmd> name (in most cases, the required "
5034 "type is I<int>, and we identify the argument using the name I<arg>), or "
5035 "I<void> is specified if the argument is not required."
5039 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:91
5041 msgid "Duplicating a file descriptor"
5045 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:92
5047 msgid "B<F_DUPFD> (I<int>)"
5051 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:102
5053 "Find the lowest numbered available file descriptor greater than or equal to "
5054 "I<arg> and make it be a copy of I<fd>. This is different from B<dup2>(2), "
5055 "which uses exactly the descriptor specified."
5059 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:104
5060 msgid "On success, the new descriptor is returned."
5064 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:108
5065 msgid "See B<dup>(2) for further details."
5069 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:108
5071 msgid "B<F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC> (I<int>; since Linux 2.6.24)"
5075 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:125
5077 "As for B<F_DUPFD>, but additionally set the close-on-exec flag for the "
5078 "duplicate descriptor. Specifying this flag permits a program to avoid an "
5079 "additional B<fcntl>() B<F_SETFD> operation to set the B<FD_CLOEXEC> flag. "
5080 "For an explanation of why this flag is useful, see the description of "
5081 "B<O_CLOEXEC> in B<open>(2)."
5085 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:125
5087 msgid "File descriptor flags"
5091 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:136
5093 "The following commands manipulate the flags associated with a file "
5094 "descriptor. Currently, only one such flag is defined: B<FD_CLOEXEC>, the "
5095 "close-on-exec flag. If the B<FD_CLOEXEC> bit is 0, the file descriptor will "
5096 "remain open across an B<execve>(2), otherwise it will be closed."
5100 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:136
5102 msgid "B<F_GETFD> (I<void>)"
5106 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:141
5107 msgid "Read the file descriptor flags; I<arg> is ignored."
5111 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:141
5113 msgid "B<F_SETFD> (I<int>)"
5117 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:145
5118 msgid "Set the file descriptor flags to the value specified by I<arg>."
5122 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:160
5124 "In multithreaded programs, using B<fcntl>() B<F_SETFD> to set the "
5125 "close-on-exec flag at the same time as another thread performs a B<fork>(2) "
5126 "plus B<execve>(2) is vulnerable to a race condition that may "
5127 "unintentionally leak the file descriptor to the program executed in the "
5128 "child process. See the discussion of the B<O_CLOEXEC> flag in B<open>(2) "
5129 "for details and a remedy to the problem."
5133 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:160
5135 msgid "File status flags"
5141 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:175
5143 "Each open file description has certain associated status flags, initialized "
5144 "by B<open>(2) and possibly modified by B<fcntl>(). Duplicated file "
5145 "descriptors (made with B<dup>(2), B<fcntl>(F_DUPFD), B<fork>(2), etc.) refer "
5146 "to the same open file description, and thus share the same file status "
5151 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:178
5152 msgid "The file status flags and their semantics are described in B<open>(2)."
5156 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:178
5158 msgid "B<F_GETFL> (I<void>)"
5162 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:183
5163 msgid "Get the file access mode and the file status flags; I<arg> is ignored."
5167 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:183
5169 msgid "B<F_SETFL> (I<int>)"
5173 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:208
5175 "Set the file status flags to the value specified by I<arg>. File access "
5176 "mode (B<O_RDONLY>, B<O_WRONLY>, B<O_RDWR>) and file creation flags (i.e., "
5177 "B<O_CREAT>, B<O_EXCL>, B<O_NOCTTY>, B<O_TRUNC>) in I<arg> are ignored. On "
5178 "Linux this command can change only the B<O_APPEND>, B<O_ASYNC>, B<O_DIRECT>, "
5179 "B<O_NOATIME>, and B<O_NONBLOCK> flags. It is not possible to change the "
5180 "B<O_DSYNC> and B<O_SYNC> flags; see BUGS, below."
5184 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:208
5186 msgid "Advisory locking"
5190 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:219
5192 "B<F_SETLK>, B<F_SETLKW>, and B<F_GETLK> are used to acquire, release, and "
5193 "test for the existence of record locks (also known as file-segment or "
5194 "file-region locks). The third argument, I<lock>, is a pointer to a "
5195 "structure that has at least the following fields (in unspecified order)."
5199 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:234
5204 " short l_type; /* Type of lock: F_RDLCK,\n"
5205 " F_WRLCK, F_UNLCK */\n"
5206 " short l_whence; /* How to interpret l_start:\n"
5207 " SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END */\n"
5208 " off_t l_start; /* Starting offset for lock */\n"
5209 " off_t l_len; /* Number of bytes to lock */\n"
5210 " pid_t l_pid; /* PID of process blocking our lock\n"
5211 " (F_GETLK only) */\n"
5217 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:242
5219 "The I<l_whence>, I<l_start>, and I<l_len> fields of this structure specify "
5220 "the range of bytes we wish to lock. Bytes past the end of the file may be "
5221 "locked, but not bytes before the start of the file."
5225 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:262
5227 "I<l_start> is the starting offset for the lock, and is interpreted relative "
5228 "to either: the start of the file (if I<l_whence> is B<SEEK_SET>); the "
5229 "current file offset (if I<l_whence> is B<SEEK_CUR>); or the end of the file "
5230 "(if I<l_whence> is B<SEEK_END>). In the final two cases, I<l_start> can be "
5231 "a negative number provided the offset does not lie before the start of the "
5236 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:277
5238 "I<l_len> specifies the number of bytes to be locked. If I<l_len> is "
5239 "positive, then the range to be locked covers bytes I<l_start> up to and "
5240 "including I<l_start>+I<l_len>-1. Specifying 0 for I<l_len> has the special "
5241 "meaning: lock all bytes starting at the location specified by I<l_whence> "
5242 "and I<l_start> through to the end of file, no matter how large the file "
5247 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:290
5249 "POSIX.1-2001 allows (but does not require) an implementation to support a "
5250 "negative I<l_len> value; if I<l_len> is negative, the interval described by "
5251 "I<lock> covers bytes I<l_start>+I<l_len> up to and including I<l_start>-1. "
5252 "This is supported by Linux since kernel versions 2.4.21 and 2.5.49."
5256 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:309
5258 "The I<l_type> field can be used to place a read (B<F_RDLCK>) or a write "
5259 "(B<F_WRLCK>) lock on a file. Any number of processes may hold a read lock "
5260 "(shared lock) on a file region, but only one process may hold a write lock "
5261 "(exclusive lock). An exclusive lock excludes all other locks, both shared "
5262 "and exclusive. A single process can hold only one type of lock on a file "
5263 "region; if a new lock is applied to an already-locked region, then the "
5264 "existing lock is converted to the new lock type. (Such conversions may "
5265 "involve splitting, shrinking, or coalescing with an existing lock if the "
5266 "byte range specified by the new lock does not precisely coincide with the "
5267 "range of the existing lock.)"
5271 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:309
5273 msgid "B<F_SETLK> (I<struct flock *>)"
5277 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:332
5279 "Acquire a lock (when I<l_type> is B<F_RDLCK> or B<F_WRLCK>) or release a "
5280 "lock (when I<l_type> is B<F_UNLCK>) on the bytes specified by the "
5281 "I<l_whence>, I<l_start>, and I<l_len> fields of I<lock>. If a conflicting "
5282 "lock is held by another process, this call returns -1 and sets I<errno> to "
5283 "B<EACCES> or B<EAGAIN>."
5287 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:332
5289 msgid "B<F_SETLKW> (I<struct flock *>)"
5293 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:346
5295 "As for B<F_SETLK>, but if a conflicting lock is held on the file, then wait "
5296 "for that lock to be released. If a signal is caught while waiting, then the "
5297 "call is interrupted and (after the signal handler has returned) returns "
5298 "immediately (with return value -1 and I<errno> set to B<EINTR>; see "
5303 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:346
5305 msgid "B<F_GETLK> (I<struct flock *>)"
5309 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:373
5311 "On input to this call, I<lock> describes a lock we would like to place on "
5312 "the file. If the lock could be placed, B<fcntl>() does not actually place "
5313 "it, but returns B<F_UNLCK> in the I<l_type> field of I<lock> and leaves the "
5314 "other fields of the structure unchanged. If one or more incompatible locks "
5315 "would prevent this lock being placed, then B<fcntl>() returns details about "
5316 "one of these locks in the I<l_type>, I<l_whence>, I<l_start>, and I<l_len> "
5317 "fields of I<lock> and sets I<l_pid> to be the PID of the process holding "
5318 "that lock. Note that the information returned by B<F_GETLK> may already be "
5319 "out of date by the time the caller inspects it."
5323 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:381
5325 "In order to place a read lock, I<fd> must be open for reading. In order to "
5326 "place a write lock, I<fd> must be open for writing. To place both types of "
5327 "lock, open a file read-write."
5330 #. (Additional file descriptors referring to the same file
5331 #. may have been obtained by calls to
5332 #. .BR open "(2), " dup "(2), " dup2 "(2), or " fcntl ().)
5334 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:398
5336 "As well as being removed by an explicit B<F_UNLCK>, record locks are "
5337 "automatically released when the process terminates or if it closes I<any> "
5338 "file descriptor referring to a file on which locks are held. This is bad: "
5339 "it means that a process can lose the locks on a file like I</etc/passwd> or "
5340 "I</etc/mtab> when for some reason a library function decides to open, read "
5345 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:403
5347 "Record locks are not inherited by a child created via B<fork>(2), but are "
5348 "preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
5352 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:412
5354 "Because of the buffering performed by the B<stdio>(3) library, the use of "
5355 "record locking with routines in that package should be avoided; use "
5356 "B<read>(2) and B<write>(2) instead."
5360 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:412 build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1327
5362 msgid "Mandatory locking"
5366 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:416
5368 "(Non-POSIX.) The above record locks may be either advisory or mandatory, "
5369 "and are advisory by default."
5373 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:419
5375 "Advisory locks are not enforced and are useful only between cooperating "
5380 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:438
5382 "Mandatory locks are enforced for all processes. If a process tries to "
5383 "perform an incompatible access (e.g., B<read>(2) or B<write>(2)) on a file "
5384 "region that has an incompatible mandatory lock, then the result depends upon "
5385 "whether the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag is enabled for its open file description. If "
5386 "the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag is not enabled, then system call is blocked until the "
5387 "lock is removed or converted to a mode that is compatible with the access. "
5388 "If the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag is enabled, then the system call fails with the "
5393 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:455
5395 "To make use of mandatory locks, mandatory locking must be enabled both on "
5396 "the filesystem that contains the file to be locked, and on the file itself. "
5397 "Mandatory locking is enabled on a filesystem using the \"-o mand\" option to "
5398 "B<mount>(8), or the B<MS_MANDLOCK> flag for B<mount>(2). Mandatory locking "
5399 "is enabled on a file by disabling group execute permission on the file and "
5400 "enabling the set-group-ID permission bit (see B<chmod>(1) and B<chmod>(2))."
5404 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:458
5406 "The Linux implementation of mandatory locking is unreliable. See BUGS "
5411 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:458
5413 msgid "Managing signals"
5417 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:467
5419 "B<F_GETOWN>, B<F_SETOWN>, B<F_GETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETOWN_EX>, B<F_GETSIG> and "
5420 "B<F_SETSIG> are used to manage I/O availability signals:"
5424 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:467
5426 msgid "B<F_GETOWN> (I<void>)"
5430 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:480
5432 "Return (as the function result) the process ID or process group currently "
5433 "receiving B<SIGIO> and B<SIGURG> signals for events on file descriptor "
5434 "I<fd>. Process IDs are returned as positive values; process group IDs are "
5435 "returned as negative values (but see BUGS below). I<arg> is ignored."
5439 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:480
5441 msgid "B<F_SETOWN> (I<int>)"
5445 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:497
5447 "Set the process ID or process group ID that will receive B<SIGIO> and "
5448 "B<SIGURG> signals for events on file descriptor I<fd> to the ID given in "
5449 "I<arg>. A process ID is specified as a positive value; a process group ID "
5450 "is specified as a negative value. Most commonly, the calling process "
5451 "specifies itself as the owner (that is, I<arg> is specified as "
5457 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:514
5459 "If you set the B<O_ASYNC> status flag on a file descriptor by using the "
5460 "B<F_SETFL> command of B<fcntl>(), a B<SIGIO> signal is sent whenever input "
5461 "or output becomes possible on that file descriptor. B<F_SETSIG> can be used "
5462 "to obtain delivery of a signal other than B<SIGIO>. If this permission "
5463 "check fails, then the signal is silently discarded."
5467 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:522
5469 "Sending a signal to the owner process (group) specified by B<F_SETOWN> is "
5470 "subject to the same permissions checks as are described for B<kill>(2), "
5471 "where the sending process is the one that employs B<F_SETOWN> (but see BUGS "
5475 #. The following appears to be rubbish. It doesn't seem to
5476 #. be true according to the kernel source, and I can write
5477 #. a program that gets a terminal-generated SIGIO even though
5478 #. it is not the foreground process group of the terminal.
5481 #. If the file descriptor
5483 #. refers to a terminal device, then SIGIO
5484 #. signals are sent to the foreground process group of the terminal.
5486 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:546
5488 "If the file descriptor I<fd> refers to a socket, B<F_SETOWN> also selects "
5489 "the recipient of B<SIGURG> signals that are delivered when out-of-band data "
5490 "arrives on that socket. (B<SIGURG> is sent in any situation where "
5491 "B<select>(2) would report the socket as having an \"exceptional "
5496 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:549
5497 msgid "The following was true in 2.6.x kernels up to and including kernel 2.6.11:"
5500 #. The relevant place in the (2.6) kernel source is the
5501 #. 'switch' in fs/fcntl.c::send_sigio_to_task() -- MTK, Apr 2005
5502 #. send_sigurg()/send_sigurg_to_task() bypasses
5503 #. kill_fasync()/send_sigio()/send_sigio_to_task()
5504 #. to directly call send_group_sig_info()
5505 #. -- MTK, Apr 2005 (kernel 2.6.11)
5507 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:589
5509 "If a nonzero value is given to B<F_SETSIG> in a multithreaded process "
5510 "running with a threading library that supports thread groups (e.g., NPTL), "
5511 "then a positive value given to B<F_SETOWN> has a different meaning: instead "
5512 "of being a process ID identifying a whole process, it is a thread ID "
5513 "identifying a specific thread within a process. Consequently, it may be "
5514 "necessary to pass B<F_SETOWN> the result of B<gettid>(2) instead of "
5515 "B<getpid>(2) to get sensible results when B<F_SETSIG> is used. (In current "
5516 "Linux threading implementations, a main thread's thread ID is the same as "
5517 "its process ID. This means that a single-threaded program can equally use "
5518 "B<gettid>(2) or B<getpid>(2) in this scenario.) Note, however, that the "
5519 "statements in this paragraph do not apply to the B<SIGURG> signal generated "
5520 "for out-of-band data on a socket: this signal is always sent to either a "
5521 "process or a process group, depending on the value given to B<F_SETOWN>."
5525 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:600
5527 "The above behavior was accidentally dropped in Linux 2.6.12, and won't be "
5528 "restored. From Linux 2.6.32 onward, use B<F_SETOWN_EX> to target B<SIGIO> "
5529 "and B<SIGURG> signals at a particular thread."
5533 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:600
5535 msgid "B<F_GETOWN_EX> (struct f_owner_ex *) (since Linux 2.6.32)"
5539 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:609
5541 "Return the current file descriptor owner settings as defined by a previous "
5542 "B<F_SETOWN_EX> operation. The information is returned in the structure "
5543 "pointed to by I<arg>, which has the following form:"
5547 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:616
5550 "struct f_owner_ex {\n"
5557 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:633
5559 "The I<type> field will have one of the values B<F_OWNER_TID>, "
5560 "B<F_OWNER_PID>, or B<F_OWNER_PGRP>. The I<pid> field is a positive integer "
5561 "representing a thread ID, process ID, or process group ID. See "
5562 "B<F_SETOWN_EX> for more details."
5566 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:633
5568 msgid "B<F_SETOWN_EX> (struct f_owner_ex *) (since Linux 2.6.32)"
5572 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:649
5574 "This operation performs a similar task to B<F_SETOWN>. It allows the caller "
5575 "to direct I/O availability signals to a specific thread, process, or process "
5576 "group. The caller specifies the target of signals via I<arg>, which is a "
5577 "pointer to a I<f_owner_ex> structure. The I<type> field has one of the "
5578 "following values, which define how I<pid> is interpreted:"
5582 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:650
5584 msgid "B<F_OWNER_TID>"
5588 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:659
5590 "Send the signal to the thread whose thread ID (the value returned by a call "
5591 "to B<clone>(2) or B<gettid>(2)) is specified in I<pid>."
5595 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:659
5597 msgid "B<F_OWNER_PID>"
5601 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:664
5602 msgid "Send the signal to the process whose ID is specified in I<pid>."
5606 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:664
5608 msgid "B<F_OWNER_PGRP>"
5612 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:672
5614 "Send the signal to the process group whose ID is specified in I<pid>. (Note "
5615 "that, unlike with B<F_SETOWN>, a process group ID is specified as a positive "
5620 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:673
5622 msgid "B<F_GETSIG> (I<void>)"
5626 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:688
5628 "Return (as the function result) the signal sent when input or output "
5629 "becomes possible. A value of zero means B<SIGIO> is sent. Any other value "
5630 "(including B<SIGIO>) is the signal sent instead, and in this case "
5631 "additional info is available to the signal handler if installed with "
5632 "B<SA_SIGINFO>. I<arg> is ignored."
5636 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:688
5638 msgid "B<F_SETSIG> (I<int>)"
5642 #. The following was true only up until 2.6.11:
5644 #. Additionally, passing a nonzero value to
5646 #. changes the signal recipient from a whole process to a specific thread
5647 #. within a process.
5648 #. See the description of
5650 #. for more details.
5652 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:711
5654 "Set the signal sent when input or output becomes possible to the value given "
5655 "in I<arg>. A value of zero means to send the default B<SIGIO> signal. Any "
5656 "other value (including B<SIGIO>) is the signal to send instead, and in this "
5657 "case additional info is available to the signal handler if installed with "
5662 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:739
5664 "By using B<F_SETSIG> with a nonzero value, and setting B<SA_SIGINFO> for the "
5665 "signal handler (see B<sigaction>(2)), extra information about I/O events is "
5666 "passed to the handler in a I<siginfo_t> structure. If the I<si_code> field "
5667 "indicates the source is B<SI_SIGIO>, the I<si_fd> field gives the file "
5668 "descriptor associated with the event. Otherwise, there is no indication "
5669 "which file descriptors are pending, and you should use the usual mechanisms "
5670 "(B<select>(2), B<poll>(2), B<read>(2) with B<O_NONBLOCK> set etc.) to "
5671 "determine which file descriptors are available for I/O."
5675 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:748
5677 "By selecting a real time signal (value E<gt>= B<SIGRTMIN>), multiple I/O "
5678 "events may be queued using the same signal numbers. (Queuing is dependent "
5679 "on available memory). Extra information is available if B<SA_SIGINFO> is "
5680 "set for the signal handler, as above."
5683 #. See fs/fcntl.c::send_sigio_to_task() (2.4/2.6) sources -- MTK, Apr 05
5685 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:761
5687 "Note that Linux imposes a limit on the number of real-time signals that may "
5688 "be queued to a process (see B<getrlimit>(2) and B<signal>(7)) and if this "
5689 "limit is reached, then the kernel reverts to delivering B<SIGIO>, and this "
5690 "signal is delivered to the entire process rather than to a specific thread."
5694 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:768
5696 "Using these mechanisms, a program can implement fully asynchronous I/O "
5697 "without using B<select>(2) or B<poll>(2) most of the time."
5701 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:792
5703 "The use of B<O_ASYNC> is specific to BSD and Linux. The only use of "
5704 "B<F_GETOWN> and B<F_SETOWN> specified in POSIX.1 is in conjunction with the "
5705 "use of the B<SIGURG> signal on sockets. (POSIX does not specify the "
5706 "B<SIGIO> signal.) B<F_GETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETOWN_EX>, B<F_GETSIG>, and "
5707 "B<F_SETSIG> are Linux-specific. POSIX has asynchronous I/O and the "
5708 "I<aio_sigevent> structure to achieve similar things; these are also "
5709 "available in Linux as part of the GNU C Library (Glibc)."
5713 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:792
5719 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:807
5721 "B<F_SETLEASE> and B<F_GETLEASE> (Linux 2.4 onward) are used (respectively) "
5722 "to establish a new lease, and retrieve the current lease, on the open file "
5723 "description referred to by the file descriptor I<fd>. A file lease provides "
5724 "a mechanism whereby the process holding the lease (the \"lease holder\") is "
5725 "notified (via delivery of a signal) when a process (the \"lease breaker\") "
5726 "tries to B<open>(2) or B<truncate>(2) the file referred to by that file "
5731 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:807
5733 msgid "B<F_SETLEASE> (I<int>)"
5737 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:812
5739 "Set or remove a file lease according to which of the following values is "
5740 "specified in the integer I<arg>:"
5744 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:813
5749 #. The following became true in kernel 2.6.10:
5750 #. See the man-pages-2.09 Changelog for further info.
5752 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:822
5754 "Take out a read lease. This will cause the calling process to be notified "
5755 "when the file is opened for writing or is truncated. A read lease can be "
5756 "placed only on a file descriptor that is opened read-only."
5760 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:822
5766 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:829
5768 "Take out a write lease. This will cause the caller to be notified when the "
5769 "file is opened for reading or writing or is truncated. A write lease may be "
5770 "placed on a file only if there are no other open file descriptors for the "
5775 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:829
5781 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:832
5782 msgid "Remove our lease from the file."
5786 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:846
5788 "Leases are associated with an open file description (see B<open>(2)). This "
5789 "means that duplicate file descriptors (created by, for example, B<fork>(2) "
5790 "or B<dup>(2)) refer to the same lease, and this lease may be modified or "
5791 "released using any of these descriptors. Furthermore, the lease is released "
5792 "by either an explicit B<F_UNLCK> operation on any of these duplicate "
5793 "descriptors, or when all such descriptors have been closed."
5797 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:853
5799 "Leases may be taken out only on regular files. An unprivileged process may "
5800 "take out a lease only on a file whose UID (owner) matches the filesystem UID "
5801 "of the process. A process with the B<CAP_LEASE> capability may take out "
5802 "leases on arbitrary files."
5806 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:853
5808 msgid "B<F_GETLEASE> (I<void>)"
5812 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:862
5814 "Indicates what type of lease is associated with the file descriptor I<fd> by "
5815 "returning either B<F_RDLCK>, B<F_WRLCK>, or B<F_UNLCK>, indicating, "
5816 "respectively, a read lease , a write lease, or no lease. I<arg> is ignored."
5820 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:893
5822 "When a process (the \"lease breaker\") performs an B<open>(2) or "
5823 "B<truncate>(2) that conflicts with a lease established via B<F_SETLEASE>, "
5824 "the system call is blocked by the kernel and the kernel notifies the lease "
5825 "holder by sending it a signal (B<SIGIO> by default). The lease holder "
5826 "should respond to receipt of this signal by doing whatever cleanup is "
5827 "required in preparation for the file to be accessed by another process "
5828 "(e.g., flushing cached buffers) and then either remove or downgrade its "
5829 "lease. A lease is removed by performing an B<F_SETLEASE> command specifying "
5830 "I<arg> as B<F_UNLCK>. If the lease holder currently holds a write lease on "
5831 "the file, and the lease breaker is opening the file for reading, then it is "
5832 "sufficient for the lease holder to downgrade the lease to a read lease. "
5833 "This is done by performing an B<F_SETLEASE> command specifying I<arg> as "
5838 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:898
5840 "If the lease holder fails to downgrade or remove the lease within the number "
5841 "of seconds specified in I</proc/sys/fs/lease-break-time>, then the kernel "
5842 "forcibly removes or downgrades the lease holder's lease."
5846 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:908
5848 "Once a lease break has been initiated, B<F_GETLEASE> returns the target "
5849 "lease type (either B<F_RDLCK> or B<F_UNLCK>, depending on what would be "
5850 "compatible with the lease breaker) until the lease holder voluntarily "
5851 "downgrades or removes the lease or the kernel forcibly does so after the "
5852 "lease break timer expires."
5856 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:912
5858 "Once the lease has been voluntarily or forcibly removed or downgraded, and "
5859 "assuming the lease breaker has not unblocked its system call, the kernel "
5860 "permits the lease breaker's system call to proceed."
5864 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:933
5866 "If the lease breaker's blocked B<open>(2) or B<truncate>(2) is interrupted "
5867 "by a signal handler, then the system call fails with the error B<EINTR>, but "
5868 "the other steps still occur as described above. If the lease breaker is "
5869 "killed by a signal while blocked in B<open>(2) or B<truncate>(2), then the "
5870 "other steps still occur as described above. If the lease breaker specifies "
5871 "the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag when calling B<open>(2), then the call immediately "
5872 "fails with the error B<EWOULDBLOCK>, but the other steps still occur as "
5877 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:954
5879 "The default signal used to notify the lease holder is B<SIGIO>, but this can "
5880 "be changed using the B<F_SETSIG> command to B<fcntl>(). If a B<F_SETSIG> "
5881 "command is performed (even one specifying B<SIGIO>), and the signal handler "
5882 "is established using B<SA_SIGINFO>, then the handler will receive a "
5883 "I<siginfo_t> structure as its second argument, and the I<si_fd> field of "
5884 "this argument will hold the descriptor of the leased file that has been "
5885 "accessed by another process. (This is useful if the caller holds leases "
5886 "against multiple files)."
5890 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:954
5892 msgid "File and directory change notification (dnotify)"
5896 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:955
5898 msgid "B<F_NOTIFY> (I<int>)"
5902 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:965
5904 "(Linux 2.4 onward) Provide notification when the directory referred to by "
5905 "I<fd> or any of the files that it contains is changed. The events to be "
5906 "notified are specified in I<arg>, which is a bit mask specified by ORing "
5907 "together zero or more of the following bits:"
5911 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:968
5913 msgid "B<DN_ACCESS>"
5917 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:971
5918 msgid "A file was accessed (read, pread, readv)"
5922 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:971
5924 msgid "B<DN_MODIFY>"
5928 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:974
5929 msgid "A file was modified (write, pwrite, writev, truncate, ftruncate)."
5933 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:974
5935 msgid "B<DN_CREATE>"
5939 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:977
5940 msgid "A file was created (open, creat, mknod, mkdir, link, symlink, rename)."
5944 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:977
5946 msgid "B<DN_DELETE>"
5950 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:980
5951 msgid "A file was unlinked (unlink, rename to another directory, rmdir)."
5955 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:980
5957 msgid "B<DN_RENAME>"
5961 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:983
5962 msgid "A file was renamed within this directory (rename)."
5966 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:983
5968 msgid "B<DN_ATTRIB>"
5972 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:986
5973 msgid "The attributes of a file were changed (chown, chmod, utime[s])."
5977 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:994
5979 "(In order to obtain these definitions, the B<_GNU_SOURCE> feature test macro "
5980 "must be defined before including I<any> header files.)"
5984 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1002
5986 "Directory notifications are normally \"one-shot\", and the application must "
5987 "reregister to receive further notifications. Alternatively, if "
5988 "B<DN_MULTISHOT> is included in I<arg>, then notification will remain in "
5989 "effect until explicitly removed."
5992 #. The following does seem a poor API-design choice...
5994 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1014
5996 "A series of B<F_NOTIFY> requests is cumulative, with the events in I<arg> "
5997 "being added to the set already monitored. To disable notification of all "
5998 "events, make an B<F_NOTIFY> call specifying I<arg> as 0."
6002 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1032
6004 "Notification occurs via delivery of a signal. The default signal is "
6005 "B<SIGIO>, but this can be changed using the B<F_SETSIG> command to "
6006 "B<fcntl>(). In the latter case, the signal handler receives a I<siginfo_t> "
6007 "structure as its second argument (if the handler was established using "
6008 "B<SA_SIGINFO>) and the I<si_fd> field of this structure contains the file "
6009 "descriptor which generated the notification (useful when establishing "
6010 "notification on multiple directories)."
6014 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1037
6016 "Especially when using B<DN_MULTISHOT>, a real time signal should be used for "
6017 "notification, so that multiple notifications can be queued."
6021 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1046
6023 "B<NOTE:> New applications should use the I<inotify> interface (available "
6024 "since kernel 2.6.13), which provides a much superior interface for obtaining "
6025 "notifications of filesystem events. See B<inotify>(7)."
6029 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1046
6031 msgid "Changing the capacity of a pipe"
6035 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1047
6037 msgid "B<F_SETPIPE_SZ> (I<int>; since Linux 2.6.35)"
6041 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1078
6043 "Change the capacity of the pipe referred to by I<fd> to be at least I<arg> "
6044 "bytes. An unprivileged process can adjust the pipe capacity to any value "
6045 "between the system page size and the limit defined in "
6046 "I</proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size> (see B<proc>(5)). Attempts to set the pipe "
6047 "capacity below the page size are silently rounded up to the page size. "
6048 "Attempts by an unprivileged process to set the pipe capacity above the limit "
6049 "in I</proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size> yield the error B<EPERM>; a privileged "
6050 "process (B<CAP_SYS_RESOURCE>) can override the limit. When allocating the "
6051 "buffer for the pipe, the kernel may use a capacity larger than I<arg>, if "
6052 "that is convenient for the implementation. The B<F_GETPIPE_SZ> operation "
6053 "returns the actual size used. Attempting to set the pipe capacity smaller "
6054 "than the amount of buffer space currently used to store data produces the "
6059 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1078
6061 msgid "B<F_GETPIPE_SZ> (I<void>; since Linux 2.6.35)"
6065 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1082
6067 "Return (as the function result) the capacity of the pipe referred to by "
6072 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1084
6073 msgid "For a successful call, the return value depends on the operation:"
6077 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1084
6083 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1087
6084 msgid "The new descriptor."
6088 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1087
6094 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1090
6095 msgid "Value of file descriptor flags."
6099 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1090
6105 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1093
6106 msgid "Value of file status flags."
6110 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1093
6112 msgid "B<F_GETLEASE>"
6116 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1096
6117 msgid "Type of lease held on file descriptor."
6121 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1096
6127 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1099
6128 msgid "Value of descriptor owner."
6132 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1099
6138 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1105
6140 "Value of signal sent when read or write becomes possible, or zero for "
6141 "traditional B<SIGIO> behavior."
6145 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1105
6147 msgid "B<F_GETPIPE_SZ>"
6151 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1108
6152 msgid "The pipe capacity."
6156 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1108
6158 msgid "All other commands"
6162 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1111
6167 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1115
6168 msgid "On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
6172 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1116 build/C/man3/lockf.3:122
6174 msgid "B<EACCES> or B<EAGAIN>"
6178 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1119
6179 msgid "Operation is prohibited by locks held by other processes."
6183 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1119 build/C/man2/fork.2:181 build/C/man2/fork.2:186 build/C/man2/fork.2:204
6189 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1123
6191 "The operation is prohibited because the file has been memory-mapped by "
6196 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1132
6198 "I<fd> is not an open file descriptor, or the command was B<F_SETLK> or "
6199 "B<F_SETLKW> and the file descriptor open mode doesn't match with the type of "
6204 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1132 build/C/man3/lockf.3:142
6210 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1137
6212 "It was detected that the specified B<F_SETLKW> command would cause a "
6217 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1141
6218 msgid "I<lock> is outside your accessible address space."
6222 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1153
6224 "For B<F_SETLKW>, the command was interrupted by a signal; see B<signal>(7). "
6225 "For B<F_GETLK> and B<F_SETLK>, the command was interrupted by a signal "
6226 "before the lock was checked or acquired. Most likely when locking a remote "
6227 "file (e.g., locking over NFS), but can sometimes happen locally."
6231 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1163
6233 "For B<F_DUPFD>, I<arg> is negative or is greater than the maximum allowable "
6234 "value. For B<F_SETSIG>, I<arg> is not an allowable signal number."
6238 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1168
6240 "For B<F_DUPFD>, the process already has the maximum number of file "
6245 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1168 build/C/man2/flock.2:131 build/C/man3/lockf.3:151
6251 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1172
6253 "Too many segment locks open, lock table is full, or a remote locking "
6254 "protocol failed (e.g., locking over NFS)."
6258 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1177
6260 "Attempted to clear the B<O_APPEND> flag on a file that has the append-only "
6265 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1190
6267 "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. Only the operations B<F_DUPFD>, B<F_GETFD>, "
6268 "B<F_SETFD>, B<F_GETFL>, B<F_SETFL>, B<F_GETLK>, B<F_SETLK>, and B<F_SETLKW> "
6269 "are specified in POSIX.1-2001."
6273 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1202
6275 "B<F_GETOWN> and B<F_SETOWN> are specified in POSIX.1-2001. (To get their "
6276 "definitions, define B<_BSD_SOURCE>, or B<_XOPEN_SOURCE> with the value 500 "
6277 "or greater, or define B<_POSIX_C_SOURCE> with the value 200809L or greater.)"
6281 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1210
6283 "B<F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC> is specified in POSIX.1-2008. (To get this definition, "
6284 "define B<_POSIX_C_SOURCE> with the value 200809L or greater, or "
6285 "B<_XOPEN_SOURCE> with the value 700 or greater.)"
6289 #. SVr4 documents additional EIO, ENOLINK and EOVERFLOW error conditions.
6291 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1227
6293 "B<F_GETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETOWN_EX>, B<F_SETPIPE_SZ>, B<F_GETPIPE_SZ>, "
6294 "B<F_GETSIG>, B<F_SETSIG>, B<F_NOTIFY>, B<F_GETLEASE>, and B<F_SETLEASE> are "
6295 "Linux-specific. (Define the B<_GNU_SOURCE> macro to obtain these "
6300 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1233
6302 "The errors returned by B<dup2>(2) are different from those returned by "
6307 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1233
6309 msgid "File locking"
6313 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1254
6315 "The original Linux B<fcntl>() system call was not designed to handle large "
6316 "file offsets (in the I<flock> structure). Consequently, an B<fcntl64>() "
6317 "system call was added in Linux 2.4. The newer system call employs a "
6318 "different structure for file locking, I<flock64>, and corresponding "
6319 "commands, B<F_GETLK64>, B<F_SETLK64>, and B<F_SETLKW64>. However, these "
6320 "details can be ignored by applications using glibc, whose B<fcntl>() "
6321 "wrapper function transparently employs the more recent system call where it "
6326 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1260
6328 "Since kernel 2.0, there is no interaction between the types of lock placed "
6329 "by B<flock>(2) and B<fcntl>()."
6332 #. e.g., Solaris 8 documents this field in fcntl(2), and Irix 6.5
6333 #. documents it in fcntl(5). mtk, May 2007
6335 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1271
6337 "Several systems have more fields in I<struct flock> such as, for example, "
6338 "I<l_sysid>. Clearly, I<l_pid> alone is not going to be very useful if the "
6339 "process holding the lock may live on a different machine."
6343 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1272
6348 #. FIXME . According to POSIX.1-2001, O_SYNC should also be modifiable
6349 #. via fcntl(2), but currently Linux does not permit this
6350 #. See http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=5994
6352 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1284
6354 "It is not possible to use B<F_SETFL> to change the state of the B<O_DSYNC> "
6355 "and B<O_SYNC> flags. Attempts to change the state of these flags are "
6360 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1284
6365 #. glibc source: sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/i386/sysdep.h
6366 #. mtk, Dec 04: some limited testing on alpha and ia64 seems to
6367 #. indicate that ANY negative PGID value will cause F_GETOWN
6368 #. to misinterpret the return as an error. Some other architectures
6369 #. seem to have the same range check as i386.
6371 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1310
6373 "A limitation of the Linux system call conventions on some architectures "
6374 "(notably i386) means that if a (negative) process group ID to be returned "
6375 "by B<F_GETOWN> falls in the range -1 to -4095, then the return value is "
6376 "wrongly interpreted by glibc as an error in the system call; that is, the "
6377 "return value of B<fcntl>() will be -1, and I<errno> will contain the "
6378 "(positive) process group ID. The Linux-specific B<F_GETOWN_EX> operation "
6379 "avoids this problem. Since glibc version 2.11, glibc makes the kernel "
6380 "B<F_GETOWN> problem invisible by implementing B<F_GETOWN> using "
6385 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1310
6391 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1327
6393 "In Linux 2.4 and earlier, there is bug that can occur when an unprivileged "
6394 "process uses B<F_SETOWN> to specify the owner of a socket file descriptor as "
6395 "a process (group) other than the caller. In this case, B<fcntl>() can "
6396 "return -1 with I<errno> set to B<EPERM>, even when the owner process (group) "
6397 "is one that the caller has permission to send signals to. Despite this "
6398 "error return, the file descriptor owner is set, and signals will be sent to "
6402 #. http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=119013491707153&w=2
6404 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1342
6406 "The implementation of mandatory locking in all known versions of Linux is "
6407 "subject to race conditions which render it unreliable: a B<write>(2) call "
6408 "that overlaps with a lock may modify data after the mandatory lock is "
6409 "acquired; a B<read>(2) call that overlaps with a lock may detect changes to "
6410 "data that were made only after a write lock was acquired. Similar races "
6411 "exist between mandatory locks and B<mmap>(2). It is therefore inadvisable "
6412 "to rely on mandatory locking."
6416 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1350
6418 "B<dup2>(2), B<flock>(2), B<open>(2), B<socket>(2), B<lockf>(3), "
6419 "B<capabilities>(7), B<feature_test_macros>(7)"
6423 #: build/C/man2/fcntl.2:1363
6425 "I<locks.txt>, I<mandatory-locking.txt>, and I<dnotify.txt> in the Linux "
6426 "kernel source directory I<Documentation/filesystems/> (on older kernels, "
6427 "these files are directly under the I<Documentation/> directory, and "
6428 "I<mandatory-locking.txt> is called I<mandatory.txt>)"
6432 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25
6438 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:25
6444 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:28
6445 msgid "fexecve - execute program specified via file descriptor"
6449 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:33
6452 "B<int fexecve(int >I<fd>B<, char *const >I<argv>B<[], char *const "
6457 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:41
6458 msgid "B<fexecve>():"
6462 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:50 build/C/man3/getcwd.3:54
6466 #. POSIX.1-2008 specifies the O_EXEC flag for open as an alternative,
6467 #. but Linux doesn't support this flag yet.
6469 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:67
6471 "B<fexecve>() performs the same task as B<execve>(2), with the difference "
6472 "that the file to be executed is specified via a file descriptor, I<fd>, "
6473 "rather than via a pathname. The file descriptor I<fd> must be opened "
6474 "read-only, and the caller must have permission to execute the file that it "
6479 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:74
6481 "A successful call to B<fexecve>() never returns. On error, the function "
6482 "does return, with a result value of -1, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
6486 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:78
6487 msgid "Errors are as for B<execve>(2), with the following additions:"
6491 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:86
6493 "I<fd> is not a valid file descriptor, or I<argv> is NULL, or I<envp> is "
6498 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:91
6499 msgid "The I</proc> filesystem could not be accessed."
6503 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:94
6504 msgid "B<fexecve>() is implemented since glibc 2.3.2."
6508 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:99
6510 "POSIX.1-2008. This function is not specified in POSIX.1-2001, and is not "
6511 "widely available on other systems. It is specified in POSIX.1-2008."
6515 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:107
6517 "On Linux, B<fexecve>() is implemented using the B<proc>(5) filesystem, so "
6518 "I</proc> needs to be mounted and available at the time of the call."
6522 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:120
6524 "If I<fd> is a file descriptor that refers to an interpreter script and has "
6525 "been marked as close-on-exec (see the discussion of the B<FD_CLOEXEC> in "
6526 "B<fcntl>(2)), B<fexecve>() will fail to execute the script, since, by the "
6527 "time the script interpreter tries to access the script file, I<fd> has "
6528 "already been closed."
6532 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:137
6534 "The idea behind B<fexecve>() is to allow the caller to verify (checksum) "
6535 "the contents of an executable before executing it. Simply opening the file, "
6536 "checksumming the contents, and then doing an B<execve>(2) would not "
6537 "suffice, since, between the two steps, the filename, or a directory prefix "
6538 "of the pathname, could have been exchanged (by, for example, modifying the "
6539 "target of a symbolic link). B<fexecve>() does not mitigate the problem "
6540 "that the I<contents> of a file could be changed between the checksumming and "
6541 "the call to B<fexecve>(); for that, the solution is to ensure that the "
6542 "permissions on the file prevent it from being modified by malicious users."
6546 #: build/C/man3/fexecve.3:139
6547 msgid "B<execve>(2)"
6551 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:35
6557 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:35
6563 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:38
6564 msgid "flock - apply or remove an advisory lock on an open file"
6568 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:40
6569 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/file.hE<gt>>"
6573 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:42
6574 msgid "B<int flock(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<operation>B<);>"
6578 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:48
6580 "Apply or remove an advisory lock on the open file specified by I<fd>. The "
6581 "argument I<operation> is one of the following:"
6585 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:49
6591 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:54
6593 "Place a shared lock. More than one process may hold a shared lock for a "
6594 "given file at a given time."
6598 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:54
6604 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:59
6606 "Place an exclusive lock. Only one process may hold an exclusive lock for a "
6607 "given file at a given time."
6611 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:59
6617 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:62
6618 msgid "Remove an existing lock held by this process."
6622 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:71
6624 "A call to B<flock>() may block if an incompatible lock is held by another "
6625 "process. To make a nonblocking request, include B<LOCK_NB> (by ORing) with "
6626 "any of the above operations."
6630 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:73
6631 msgid "A single file may not simultaneously have both shared and exclusive locks."
6635 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:88
6637 "Locks created by B<flock>() are associated with an open file description "
6638 "(see B<open>(2)). This means that duplicate file descriptors (created by, "
6639 "for example, B<fork>(2) or B<dup>(2)) refer to the same lock, and this "
6640 "lock may be modified or released using any of these descriptors. "
6641 "Furthermore, the lock is released either by an explicit B<LOCK_UN> operation "
6642 "on any of these duplicate descriptors, or when all such descriptors have "
6647 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:97
6649 "If a process uses B<open>(2) (or similar) to obtain more than one "
6650 "descriptor for the same file, these descriptors are treated independently by "
6651 "B<flock>(). An attempt to lock the file using one of these file descriptors "
6652 "may be denied by a lock that the calling process has already placed via "
6653 "another descriptor."
6657 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:104
6659 "A process may hold only one type of lock (shared or exclusive) on a file. "
6660 "Subsequent B<flock>() calls on an already locked file will convert an "
6661 "existing lock to the new lock mode."
6665 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:109
6666 msgid "Locks created by B<flock>() are preserved across an B<execve>(2)."
6670 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:112
6672 "A shared or exclusive lock can be placed on a file regardless of the mode in "
6673 "which the file was opened."
6677 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:122
6678 msgid "I<fd> is not an open file descriptor."
6682 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:127
6684 "While waiting to acquire a lock, the call was interrupted by delivery of a "
6685 "signal caught by a handler; see B<signal>(7)."
6689 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:131
6690 msgid "I<operation> is invalid."
6694 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:134
6695 msgid "The kernel ran out of memory for allocating lock records."
6699 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:134
6701 msgid "B<EWOULDBLOCK>"
6705 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:139
6706 msgid "The file is locked and the B<LOCK_NB> flag was selected."
6710 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:148
6712 "4.4BSD (the B<flock>() call first appeared in 4.2BSD). A version of "
6713 "B<flock>(), possibly implemented in terms of B<fcntl>(2), appears on most "
6718 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:155
6720 "B<flock>() does not lock files over NFS. Use B<fcntl>(2) instead: that "
6721 "does work over NFS, given a sufficiently recent version of Linux and a "
6722 "server which supports locking."
6726 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:170
6728 "Since kernel 2.0, B<flock>() is implemented as a system call in its own "
6729 "right rather than being emulated in the GNU C library as a call to "
6730 "B<fcntl>(2). This yields true BSD semantics: there is no interaction "
6731 "between the types of lock placed by B<flock>() and B<fcntl>(2), and "
6732 "B<flock>() does not detect deadlock."
6736 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:176
6738 "B<flock>() places advisory locks only; given suitable permissions on a "
6739 "file, a process is free to ignore the use of B<flock>() and perform I/O on "
6744 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:189
6746 "B<flock>() and B<fcntl>(2) locks have different semantics with respect to "
6747 "forked processes and B<dup>(2). On systems that implement B<flock>() using "
6748 "B<fcntl>(2), the semantics of B<flock>() will be different from those "
6749 "described in this manual page."
6752 #. Kernel 2.5.21 changed things a little: during lock conversion
6753 #. it is now the highest priority process that will get the lock -- mtk
6755 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:202
6757 "Converting a lock (shared to exclusive, or vice versa) is not guaranteed to "
6758 "be atomic: the existing lock is first removed, and then a new lock is "
6759 "established. Between these two steps, a pending lock request by another "
6760 "process may be granted, with the result that the conversion either blocks, "
6761 "or fails if B<LOCK_NB> was specified. (This is the original BSD behavior, "
6762 "and occurs on many other implementations.)"
6766 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:211
6768 "B<flock>(1), B<close>(2), B<dup>(2), B<execve>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<fork>(2), "
6769 "B<open>(2), B<lockf>(3)"
6773 #: build/C/man2/flock.2:216
6775 "I<Documentation/filesystems/locks.txt> in the Linux kernel source tree "
6776 "(I<Documentation/locks.txt> in older kernels)"
6780 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:39
6786 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:39 build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41 build/C/man2/swapon.2:37
6792 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:42
6793 msgid "fork - create a child process"
6797 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:46
6798 msgid "B<pid_t fork(void);>"
6802 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:52
6804 "B<fork>() creates a new process by duplicating the calling process. The "
6805 "new process, referred to as the I<child>, is an exact duplicate of the "
6806 "calling process, referred to as the I<parent>, except for the following "
6811 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:56
6813 "The child has its own unique process ID, and this PID does not match the ID "
6814 "of any existing process group (B<setpgid>(2))."
6818 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:58
6819 msgid "The child's parent process ID is the same as the parent's process ID."
6823 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:62
6825 "The child does not inherit its parent's memory locks (B<mlock>(2), "
6830 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:68
6832 "Process resource utilizations (B<getrusage>(2)) and CPU time counters "
6833 "(B<times>(2)) are reset to zero in the child."
6837 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:71
6838 msgid "The child's set of pending signals is initially empty (B<sigpending>(2))."
6842 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:74
6844 "The child does not inherit semaphore adjustments from its parent "
6849 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:77
6850 msgid "The child does not inherit record locks from its parent (B<fcntl>(2))."
6854 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:82
6856 "The child does not inherit timers from its parent (B<setitimer>(2), "
6857 "B<alarm>(2), B<timer_create>(2))."
6861 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:89
6863 "The child does not inherit outstanding asynchronous I/O operations from its "
6864 "parent (B<aio_read>(3), B<aio_write>(3)), nor does it inherit any "
6865 "asynchronous I/O contexts from its parent (see B<io_setup>(2))."
6869 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:94
6871 "The process attributes in the preceding list are all specified in "
6872 "POSIX.1-2001. The parent and child also differ with respect to the "
6873 "following Linux-specific process attributes:"
6877 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:101
6879 "The child does not inherit directory change notifications (dnotify) from "
6880 "its parent (see the description of B<F_NOTIFY> in B<fcntl>(2))."
6884 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:107
6886 "The B<prctl>(2) B<PR_SET_PDEATHSIG> setting is reset so that the child does "
6887 "not receive a signal when its parent terminates."
6891 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:114
6893 "The default timer slack value is set to the parent's current timer slack "
6894 "value. See the description of B<PR_SET_TIMERSLACK> in B<prctl>(2)."
6898 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:120
6900 "Memory mappings that have been marked with the B<madvise>(2) "
6901 "B<MADV_DONTFORK> flag are not inherited across a B<fork>()."
6905 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:125
6906 msgid "The termination signal of the child is always B<SIGCHLD> (see B<clone>(2))."
6910 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:131
6912 "The port access permission bits set by B<ioperm>(2) are not inherited by "
6913 "the child; the child must turn on any bits that it requires using "
6918 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:142
6920 "The child process is created with a single thread\\(emthe one that called "
6921 "B<fork>(). The entire virtual address space of the parent is replicated in "
6922 "the child, including the states of mutexes, condition variables, and other "
6923 "pthreads objects; the use of B<pthread_atfork>(3) may be helpful for "
6924 "dealing with problems that this can cause."
6928 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:156
6930 "The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open file descriptors. "
6931 "Each file descriptor in the child refers to the same open file description "
6932 "(see B<open>(2)) as the corresponding file descriptor in the parent. This "
6933 "means that the two descriptors share open file status flags, current file "
6934 "offset, and signal-driven I/O attributes (see the description of B<F_SETOWN> "
6935 "and B<F_SETSIG> in B<fcntl>(2))."
6939 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:165
6941 "The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open message queue "
6942 "descriptors (see B<mq_overview>(7)). Each descriptor in the child refers to "
6943 "the same open message queue description as the corresponding descriptor in "
6944 "the parent. This means that the two descriptors share the same flags "
6949 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:173
6951 "The child inherits copies of the parent's set of open directory streams (see "
6952 "B<opendir>(3)). POSIX.1-2001 says that the corresponding directory streams "
6953 "in the parent and child I<may> share the directory stream positioning; on "
6954 "Linux/glibc they do not."
6958 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:180
6960 "On success, the PID of the child process is returned in the parent, and 0 is "
6961 "returned in the child. On failure, -1 is returned in the parent, no child "
6962 "process is created, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
6966 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:186
6968 "B<fork>() cannot allocate sufficient memory to copy the parent's page "
6969 "tables and allocate a task structure for the child."
6972 #. NOTE! The following should match the description in pthread_create(3)
6974 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:204
6976 "A system-imposed limit on the number of threads was encountered. There are "
6977 "a number of limits that may trigger this error: the B<RLIMIT_NPROC> soft "
6978 "resource limit (set via B<setrlimit>(2)), which limits the number of "
6979 "processes and threads for a real user ID, was reached; the kernel's "
6980 "system-wide limit on the number of processes and threads, "
6981 "I</proc/sys/kernel/threads-max>, was reached (see B<proc>(5)); or the "
6982 "maximum number of PIDs, I</proc/sys/kernel/pid_max>, was reached (see "
6987 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:211
6989 "The caller is operating under the B<SCHED_DEADLINE> scheduling policy and "
6990 "does not have the reset-on-fork flag set. See B<sched>(7)."
6994 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:215
6996 "B<fork>() failed to allocate the necessary kernel structures because memory "
7000 #. e.g., arm (optionally), blackfin, c6x, frv, h8300, microblaze, xtensa
7002 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:221
7004 "B<fork>() is not supported on this platform (for example, hardware without "
7005 "a Memory-Management Unit)."
7009 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:230
7011 "Under Linux, B<fork>() is implemented using copy-on-write pages, so the "
7012 "only penalty that it incurs is the time and memory required to duplicate the "
7013 "parent's page tables, and to create a unique task structure for the child."
7016 #. nptl/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/fork.c
7017 #. and does some magic to ensure that getpid(2) returns the right value.
7019 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:254
7021 "Since version 2.3.3, rather than invoking the kernel's B<fork>() system "
7022 "call, the glibc B<fork>() wrapper that is provided as part of the NPTL "
7023 "threading implementation invokes B<clone>(2) with flags that provide the "
7024 "same effect as the traditional system call. (A call to B<fork>() is "
7025 "equivalent to a call to B<clone>(2) specifying I<flags> as just "
7026 "B<SIGCHLD>.) The glibc wrapper invokes any fork handlers that have been "
7027 "established using B<pthread_atfork>(3)."
7031 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:259
7032 msgid "See B<pipe>(2) and B<wait>(2)."
7036 #: build/C/man2/fork.2:270
7038 "B<clone>(2), B<execve>(2), B<exit>(2), B<setrlimit>(2), B<unshare>(2), "
7039 "B<vfork>(2), B<wait>(2), B<daemon>(3), B<capabilities>(7), B<credentials>(7)"
7043 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:41
7049 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:44
7050 msgid "fpathconf, pathconf - get configuration values for files"
7054 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:49
7056 msgid "B<long fpathconf(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<name>B<);>\n"
7060 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:51
7062 msgid "B<long pathconf(const char *>I<path>B<, int >I<name>B<);>\n"
7066 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:58
7068 "B<fpathconf>() gets a value for the configuration option I<name> for the "
7069 "open file descriptor I<fd>."
7073 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:64
7075 "B<pathconf>() gets a value for configuration option I<name> for the "
7080 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:73
7082 "The corresponding macros defined in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> are minimum "
7083 "values; if an application wants to take advantage of values which may "
7084 "change, a call to B<fpathconf>() or B<pathconf>() can be made, which may "
7085 "yield more liberal results."
7089 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:78
7091 "Setting I<name> equal to one of the following constants returns the "
7092 "following configuration options:"
7096 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:78
7098 msgid "B<_PC_LINK_MAX>"
7102 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:88
7104 "returns the maximum number of links to the file. If I<fd> or I<path> refer "
7105 "to a directory, then the value applies to the whole directory. The "
7106 "corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_LINK_MAX>."
7110 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:88
7112 msgid "B<_PC_MAX_CANON>"
7116 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:97
7118 "returns the maximum length of a formatted input line, where I<fd> or I<path> "
7119 "must refer to a terminal. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_MAX_CANON>."
7123 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:97
7125 msgid "B<_PC_MAX_INPUT>"
7129 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:106
7131 "returns the maximum length of an input line, where I<fd> or I<path> must "
7132 "refer to a terminal. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_MAX_INPUT>."
7136 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:106
7138 msgid "B<_PC_NAME_MAX>"
7142 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:115
7144 "returns the maximum length of a filename in the directory I<path> or I<fd> "
7145 "that the process is allowed to create. The corresponding macro is "
7146 "B<_POSIX_NAME_MAX>."
7150 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:115
7152 msgid "B<_PC_PATH_MAX>"
7156 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:124
7158 "returns the maximum length of a relative pathname when I<path> or I<fd> is "
7159 "the current working directory. The corresponding macro is "
7160 "B<_POSIX_PATH_MAX>."
7164 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:124
7166 msgid "B<_PC_PIPE_BUF>"
7170 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:133
7172 "returns the size of the pipe buffer, where I<fd> must refer to a pipe or "
7173 "FIFO and I<path> must refer to a FIFO. The corresponding macro is "
7174 "B<_POSIX_PIPE_BUF>."
7178 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:133
7180 msgid "B<_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED>"
7184 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:146
7186 "returns nonzero if the B<chown>(2) call may not be used on this file. If "
7187 "I<fd> or I<path> refer to a directory, then this applies to all files in "
7188 "that directory. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED>."
7192 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:146
7194 msgid "B<_PC_NO_TRUNC>"
7198 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:153
7200 "returns nonzero if accessing filenames longer than B<_POSIX_NAME_MAX> "
7201 "generates an error. The corresponding macro is B<_POSIX_NO_TRUNC>."
7205 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:153
7207 msgid "B<_PC_VDISABLE>"
7211 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:160
7213 "returns nonzero if special character processing can be disabled, where I<fd> "
7214 "or I<path> must refer to a terminal."
7218 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:169
7220 "The limit is returned, if one exists. If the system does not have a limit "
7221 "for the requested resource, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is unchanged. If "
7222 "there is an error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set to reflect the nature "
7227 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:177
7229 "Files with name lengths longer than the value returned for I<name> equal to "
7230 "B<_PC_NAME_MAX> may exist in the given directory."
7234 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:180 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:335
7236 "Some returned values may be huge; they are not suitable for allocating "
7241 #: build/C/man3/fpathconf.3:186
7242 msgid "B<getconf>(1), B<open>(2), B<statfs>(2), B<confstr>(3), B<sysconf>(3)"
7246 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:38
7252 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:38
7258 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:41
7259 msgid "fsync, fdatasync - synchronize a file's in-core state with storage device"
7263 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:45
7264 msgid "B<int fsync(int >I<fd>B<);>"
7268 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:47
7269 msgid "B<int fdatasync(int >I<fd>B<);>"
7273 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:55
7274 msgid "B<fsync>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
7277 #. _POSIX_C_SOURCE\ >=\ 200112L only since glibc 2.8
7279 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:58
7281 msgid " || /* since glibc 2.8: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L\n"
7285 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:61
7287 "B<fdatasync>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 199309L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ "
7292 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:74
7294 "B<fsync>() transfers (\"flushes\") all modified in-core data of (i.e., "
7295 "modified buffer cache pages for) the file referred to by the file descriptor "
7296 "I<fd> to the disk device (or other permanent storage device) so that all "
7297 "changed information can be retrieved even after the system crashed or was "
7298 "rebooted. This includes writing through or flushing a disk cache if "
7299 "present. The call blocks until the device reports that the transfer has "
7300 "completed. It also flushes metadata information associated with the file "
7305 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:82
7307 "Calling B<fsync>() does not necessarily ensure that the entry in the "
7308 "directory containing the file has also reached disk. For that an explicit "
7309 "B<fsync>() on a file descriptor for the directory is also needed."
7313 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:103
7315 "B<fdatasync>() is similar to B<fsync>(), but does not flush modified "
7316 "metadata unless that metadata is needed in order to allow a subsequent data "
7317 "retrieval to be correctly handled. For example, changes to I<st_atime> or "
7318 "I<st_mtime> (respectively, time of last access and time of last "
7319 "modification; see B<stat>(2)) do not require flushing because they are not "
7320 "necessary for a subsequent data read to be handled correctly. On the other "
7321 "hand, a change to the file size (I<st_size>, as made by say "
7322 "B<ftruncate>(2)), would require a metadata flush."
7326 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:108
7328 "The aim of B<fdatasync>() is to reduce disk activity for applications that "
7329 "do not require all metadata to be synchronized with the disk."
7333 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:113
7335 "On success, these system calls return zero. On error, -1 is returned, and "
7336 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
7340 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:118
7341 msgid "I<fd> is not a valid open file descriptor."
7345 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:121
7346 msgid "An error occurred during synchronization."
7350 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:121
7352 msgid "B<EROFS>, B<EINVAL>"
7356 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:125
7357 msgid "I<fd> is bound to a special file which does not support synchronization."
7361 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:127
7362 msgid "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
7366 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:127
7368 msgid "AVAILABILITY"
7371 #. POSIX.1-2001: It shall be defined to -1 or 0 or 200112L.
7372 #. -1: unavailable, 0: ask using sysconf().
7373 #. glibc defines them to 1.
7375 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:140
7377 "On POSIX systems on which B<fdatasync>() is available, "
7378 "B<_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO> is defined in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> to a value "
7379 "greater than 0. (See also B<sysconf>(3).)"
7383 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:146
7385 "On some UNIX systems (but not Linux), I<fd> must be a I<writable> file "
7390 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:152
7392 "In Linux 2.2 and earlier, B<fdatasync>() is equivalent to B<fsync>(), and "
7393 "so has no performance advantage."
7397 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:162
7399 "The B<fsync>() implementations in older kernels and lesser used filesystems "
7400 "does not know how to flush disk caches. In these cases disk caches need to "
7401 "be disabled using B<hdparm>(8) or B<sdparm>(8) to guarantee safe "
7406 #: build/C/man2/fsync.2:170
7408 "B<bdflush>(2), B<open>(2), B<sync>(2), B<sync_file_range>(2), B<hdparm>(8), "
7409 "B<mount>(8), B<sync>(8)"
7413 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26
7419 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:26
7425 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:29
7426 msgid "get_nprocs, get_nprocs_conf - get number of processors"
7430 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:31 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:19
7431 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/sysinfo.hE<gt>>"
7435 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:33
7436 msgid "B<int get_nprocs(void);>"
7440 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:35
7441 msgid "B<int get_nprocs_conf(void);>"
7445 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:39
7447 "The function B<get_nprocs_conf>() returns the number of processors "
7448 "configured by the operating system."
7452 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:46
7454 "The function B<get_nprocs>() returns the number of processors currently "
7455 "available in the system. This may be less than the number returned by "
7456 "B<get_nprocs_conf>() because processors may be offline (e.g., on "
7457 "hotpluggable systems)."
7461 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:48
7462 msgid "As given in DESCRIPTION."
7466 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:50 build/C/man3/getopt.3:350
7467 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions."
7472 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:57
7474 "The current implementation of these functions is rather expensive, since "
7475 "they open and parse files in the I</sys> filesystem each time they are "
7480 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:62
7482 "The following B<sysconf>(3) calls make use of the functions documented on "
7483 "this page to return the same information."
7487 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:66
7490 " np = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF); /* processors configured */\n"
7491 " np = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN); /* processors available */\n"
7495 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:73
7497 "The following example shows how B<get_nprocs>() and B<get_nprocs_conf>() "
7502 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:77
7505 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
7506 "#include E<lt>sys/sysinfo.hE<gt>\n"
7510 #: build/C/man3/get_nprocs_conf.3:86
7514 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
7516 " printf(\"This system has %d processors configured and \"\n"
7517 " \"%d processors available.\\en\",\n"
7518 " get_nprocs_conf(), get_nprocs());\n"
7524 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8
7526 msgid "GET_THREAD_AREA"
7530 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:8 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8
7536 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:11
7537 msgid "get_thread_area - get a thread-local storage (TLS) area"
7541 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:15 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:15
7542 msgid "B<#include E<lt>asm/ldt.hE<gt>>"
7546 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:17
7547 msgid "B<int get_thread_area(struct user_desc *>I<u_info>B<);>"
7551 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man2/gettid.2:38 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:20 build/C/man2/sysctl.2:44
7552 msgid "I<Note>: There is no glibc wrapper for this system call; see NOTES."
7556 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:29
7558 "B<get_thread_area>() returns an entry in the current thread's thread-local "
7559 "storage (TLS) array. The index of the entry corresponds to the value of "
7560 "I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number>, passed in by the user. If the value is in "
7561 "bounds, B<get_thread_area>() copies the corresponding TLS entry into the "
7562 "area pointed to by I<u_info>."
7566 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:35
7568 "B<get_thread_area>() returns 0 on success. Otherwise, it returns -1 and "
7569 "sets I<errno> appropriately."
7573 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:39 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:56
7574 msgid "I<u_info> is an invalid pointer."
7578 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:42 build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:53
7579 msgid "I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number> is out of bounds."
7583 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:46
7584 msgid "A version of B<get_thread_area>() first appeared in Linux 2.5.32."
7588 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:50
7590 "B<get_thread_area>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs "
7591 "that are intended to be portable."
7595 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:55
7597 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call, since it is generally "
7598 "intended for use only by threading libraries. In the unlikely event that "
7599 "you want to call it directly, use B<syscall>(2)."
7603 #: build/C/man2/get_thread_area.2:58
7604 msgid "B<modify_ldt>(2), B<set_thread_area>(2)"
7608 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:32
7614 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:35
7615 msgid "getcwd, getwd, get_current_dir_name - get current working directory"
7619 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:40
7621 msgid "B<char *getcwd(char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
7625 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:42
7627 msgid "B<char *getwd(char *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
7631 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:44
7633 msgid "B<char *get_current_dir_name(void);>\n"
7637 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:52
7638 msgid "B<get_current_dir_name>():"
7642 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:57
7647 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:67 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:50 build/C/man3/usleep.3:59 build/C/man2/vfork.2:54
7651 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
7652 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
7653 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700)\n"
7657 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:72 build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:54 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:52 build/C/man3/ualarm.3:55 build/C/man3/usleep.3:64 build/C/man2/vfork.2:59
7659 "Before glibc 2.12: _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
7660 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
7664 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:82
7666 "These functions return a null-terminated string containing an absolute "
7667 "pathname that is the current working directory of the calling process. The "
7668 "pathname is returned as the function result and via the argument I<buf>, if "
7673 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:90
7675 "The B<getcwd>() function copies an absolute pathname of the current working "
7676 "directory to the array pointed to by I<buf>, which is of length I<size>."
7680 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:100
7682 "If the length of the absolute pathname of the current working directory, "
7683 "including the terminating null byte, exceeds I<size> bytes, NULL is "
7684 "returned, and I<errno> is set to B<ERANGE>; an application should check for "
7685 "this error, and allocate a larger buffer if necessary."
7689 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:118
7691 "As an extension to the POSIX.1-2001 standard, Linux (libc4, libc5, glibc) "
7692 "B<getcwd>() allocates the buffer dynamically using B<malloc>(3) if I<buf> "
7693 "is NULL. In this case, the allocated buffer has the length I<size> unless "
7694 "I<size> is zero, when I<buf> is allocated as big as necessary. The caller "
7695 "should B<free>(3) the returned buffer."
7699 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:131
7701 "B<get_current_dir_name>() will B<malloc>(3) an array big enough to hold "
7702 "the absolute pathname of the current working directory. If the environment "
7703 "variable B<PWD> is set, and its value is correct, then that value will be "
7704 "returned. The caller should B<free>(3) the returned buffer."
7708 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:156
7710 "B<getwd>() does not B<malloc>(3) any memory. The I<buf> argument should "
7711 "be a pointer to an array at least B<PATH_MAX> bytes long. If the length of "
7712 "the absolute pathname of the current working directory, including the "
7713 "terminating null byte, exceeds B<PATH_MAX> bytes, NULL is returned, and "
7714 "I<errno> is set to B<ENAMETOOLONG>. (Note that on some systems, B<PATH_MAX> "
7715 "may not be a compile-time constant; furthermore, its value may depend on the "
7716 "filesystem, see B<pathconf>(3).) For portability and security reasons, use "
7717 "of B<getwd>() is deprecated."
7721 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:165
7723 "On success, these functions return a pointer to a string containing the "
7724 "pathname of the current working directory. In the case B<getcwd>() and "
7725 "B<getwd>() this is the same value as I<buf>."
7729 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:172
7731 "On failure, these functions return NULL, and I<errno> is set to indicate the "
7732 "error. The contents of the array pointed to by I<buf> are undefined on "
7737 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:176
7738 msgid "Permission to read or search a component of the filename was denied."
7742 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:180
7743 msgid "I<buf> points to a bad address."
7747 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:187
7748 msgid "The I<size> argument is zero and I<buf> is not a null pointer."
7752 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:187
7758 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:192
7759 msgid "B<getwd>(): I<buf> is NULL."
7763 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:192
7765 msgid "ENAMETOOLONG"
7769 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:198
7771 "B<getwd>(): The size of the null-terminated absolute pathname string exceeds "
7772 "B<PATH_MAX> bytes."
7776 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:201
7777 msgid "The current working directory has been unlinked."
7781 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:201 build/C/man3/getlogin.3:114
7787 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:208
7789 "The I<size> argument is less than the length of the absolute pathname of the "
7790 "working directory, including the terminating null byte. You need to "
7791 "allocate a bigger array and try again."
7795 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:216
7797 "B<getcwd>() conforms to POSIX.1-2001. Note however that POSIX.1-2001 "
7798 "leaves the behavior of B<getcwd>() unspecified if I<buf> is NULL."
7802 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:227
7804 "B<getwd>() is present in POSIX.1-2001, but marked LEGACY. POSIX.1-2008 "
7805 "removes the specification of B<getwd>(). Use B<getcwd>() instead. "
7806 "POSIX.1-2001 does not define any errors for B<getwd>()."
7810 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:230
7811 msgid "B<get_current_dir_name>() is a GNU extension."
7815 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:241
7817 "Under Linux, the function B<getcwd>() is a system call (since 2.1.92). On "
7818 "older systems it would query I</proc/self/cwd>. If both system call and "
7819 "proc filesystem are missing, a generic implementation is called. Only in "
7820 "that case can these calls fail under Linux with B<EACCES>."
7824 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:249
7826 "These functions are often used to save the location of the current working "
7827 "directory for the purpose of returning to it later. Opening the current "
7828 "directory (\".\") and calling B<fchdir>(2) to return is usually a faster "
7829 "and more reliable alternative when sufficiently many file descriptors are "
7830 "available, especially on platforms other than Linux."
7834 #: build/C/man3/getcwd.3:256
7836 "B<chdir>(2), B<fchdir>(2), B<open>(2), B<unlink>(2), B<free>(3), "
7841 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29
7843 msgid "GETDOMAINNAME"
7847 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:29
7853 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:32
7854 msgid "getdomainname, setdomainname - get/set NIS domain name"
7858 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:36
7859 msgid "B<int getdomainname(char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
7863 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:38
7864 msgid "B<int setdomainname(const char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
7868 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:47
7869 msgid "B<getdomainname>(), B<setdomainname>():"
7873 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:49 build/C/man3/gethostid.3:54 build/C/man2/gethostname.2:60 build/C/man3/getusershell.3:55
7874 msgid "_BSD_SOURCE || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<lt>\\ 500)"
7878 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:54
7880 "These functions are used to access or to change the NIS domain name of the "
7885 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:65
7887 "B<setdomainname>() sets the domain name to the value given in the character "
7888 "array I<name>. The I<len> argument specifies the number of bytes in "
7889 "I<name>. (Thus, I<name> does not require a terminating null byte.)"
7893 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:75
7895 "B<getdomainname>() returns the null-terminated domain name in the character "
7896 "array I<name>, which has a length of I<len> bytes. If the null-terminated "
7897 "domain name requires more than I<len> bytes, B<getdomainname>() returns the "
7898 "first I<len> bytes (glibc) or gives an error (libc)."
7902 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:83
7903 msgid "B<setdomainname>() can fail with the following errors:"
7907 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:87
7908 msgid "I<name> pointed outside of user address space."
7912 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:91
7913 msgid "I<len> was negative or too large."
7917 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:96
7919 "the caller is unprivileged (Linux: does not have the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> "
7924 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:99
7925 msgid "B<getdomainname>() can fail with the following errors:"
7929 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:110
7931 "For B<getdomainname>() under libc: I<name> is NULL or I<name> is longer "
7932 "than I<len> bytes."
7935 #. But they appear on most systems...
7937 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:113
7938 msgid "POSIX does not specify these calls."
7942 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:117
7944 "Since Linux 1.0, the limit on the length of a domain name, including the "
7945 "terminating null byte, is 64 bytes. In older kernels, it was 8 bytes."
7949 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:127
7951 "On most Linux architectures (including x86), there is no B<getdomainname>() "
7952 "system call; instead, glibc implements B<getdomainname>() as a library "
7953 "function that returns a copy of the I<domainname> field returned from a call "
7958 #: build/C/man2/getdomainname.2:131
7959 msgid "B<gethostname>(2), B<sethostname>(2), B<uname>(2)"
7963 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27
7965 msgid "GETDTABLESIZE"
7969 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:27
7975 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:30
7976 msgid "getdtablesize - get descriptor table size"
7980 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:34
7981 msgid "B<int getdtablesize(void);>"
7985 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:41
7986 msgid "B<getdtablesize>():"
7990 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:49 build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:47
7994 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
7998 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:61
8000 "B<getdtablesize>() returns the maximum number of files a process can have "
8001 "open, one more than the largest possible value for a file descriptor."
8005 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:63
8006 msgid "The current limit on the number of open files per process."
8010 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:69
8012 "On Linux, B<getdtablesize>() can return any of the errors described for "
8013 "B<getrlimit>(2); see NOTES below."
8017 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:77
8019 "SVr4, 4.4BSD (the B<getdtablesize>() function first appeared in 4.2BSD). "
8020 "It is not specified in POSIX.1-2001; portable applications should employ "
8021 "I<sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX)> instead of this call."
8025 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:90
8027 "B<getdtablesize>() is implemented as a libc library function. The glibc "
8028 "version calls B<getrlimit>(2) and returns the current B<RLIMIT_NOFILE> "
8029 "limit, or B<OPEN_MAX> when that fails. The libc4 and libc5 versions return "
8030 "B<OPEN_MAX> (set to 256 since Linux 0.98.4)."
8034 #: build/C/man3/getdtablesize.3:95
8035 msgid "B<close>(2), B<dup>(2), B<getrlimit>(2), B<open>(2)"
8039 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:29
8045 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:32
8046 msgid "gethostid, sethostid - get or set the unique identifier of the current host"
8050 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:36
8051 msgid "B<long gethostid(void);>"
8055 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:38
8056 msgid "B<int sethostid(long >I<hostid>B<);>"
8060 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:47
8061 msgid "B<gethostid>():"
8065 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:52
8066 msgid "B<sethostid>():"
8070 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:67
8072 "B<gethostid>() and B<sethostid>() respectively get or set a unique 32-bit "
8073 "identifier for the current machine. The 32-bit identifier is intended to be "
8074 "unique among all UNIX systems in existence. This normally resembles the "
8075 "Internet address for the local machine, as returned by B<gethostbyname>(3), "
8076 "and thus usually never needs to be set."
8080 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:71
8081 msgid "The B<sethostid>() call is restricted to the superuser."
8085 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:75
8087 "B<gethostid>() returns the 32-bit identifier for the current host as set by "
8092 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:81
8094 "On success, B<sethostid>() returns 0; on error, -1 is returned, and "
8095 "I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
8099 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:84
8100 msgid "B<sethostid>() can fail with the following errors:"
8104 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:88
8106 "The caller did not have permission to write to the file used to store the "
8111 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:92
8113 "The calling process's effective user or group ID is not the same as its "
8114 "corresponding real ID."
8118 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:102
8120 "4.2BSD; these functions were dropped in 4.4BSD. SVr4 includes "
8121 "B<gethostid>() but not B<sethostid>(). POSIX.1-2001 specifies "
8122 "B<gethostid>() but not B<sethostid>()."
8125 #. libc5 used /etc/hostid; libc4 didn't have these functions
8127 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:111
8129 "In the glibc implementation, the I<hostid> is stored in the file "
8130 "I</etc/hostid>. (In glibc versions before 2.2, the file I</var/adm/hostid> "
8135 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:122
8137 "In the glibc implementation, if B<gethostid>() cannot open the file "
8138 "containing the host ID, then it obtains the hostname using "
8139 "B<gethostname>(2), passes that hostname to B<gethostbyname_r>(3) in order "
8140 "to obtain the host's IPv4 address, and returns a value obtained by "
8141 "bit-twiddling the IPv4 address. (This value may not be unique.)"
8145 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:124
8146 msgid "It is impossible to ensure that the identifier is globally unique."
8150 #: build/C/man3/gethostid.3:127
8151 msgid "B<hostid>(1), B<gethostbyname>(3)"
8155 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32
8161 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:32
8167 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:35
8168 msgid "gethostname, sethostname - get/set hostname"
8172 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:39
8173 msgid "B<int gethostname(char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
8177 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:41
8178 msgid "B<int sethostname(const char *>I<name>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>"
8182 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:50
8183 msgid "B<gethostname>():"
8187 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:53
8188 msgid "Since glibc 2.12: _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500"
8192 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:55
8193 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L"
8197 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:58
8198 msgid "B<sethostname>():"
8202 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:66
8204 "These system calls are used to access or to change the hostname of the "
8205 "current processor."
8209 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:77
8211 "B<sethostname>() sets the hostname to the value given in the character "
8212 "array I<name>. The I<len> argument specifies the number of bytes in "
8213 "I<name>. (Thus, I<name> does not require a terminating null byte.)"
8217 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:89
8219 "B<gethostname>() returns the null-terminated hostname in the character "
8220 "array I<name>, which has a length of I<len> bytes. If the null-terminated "
8221 "hostname is too large to fit, then the name is truncated, and no error is "
8222 "returned (but see NOTES below). POSIX.1-2001 says that if such truncation "
8223 "occurs, then it is unspecified whether the returned buffer includes a "
8224 "terminating null byte."
8228 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:99
8229 msgid "I<name> is an invalid address."
8232 #. Can't occur for gethostbyname() wrapper, since 'len' has an
8233 #. unsigned type; can occur for the underlying system call.
8235 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:109
8237 "I<len> is negative or, for B<sethostname>(), I<len> is larger than the "
8238 "maximum allowed size."
8242 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:117
8244 "(glibc B<gethostname>()) I<len> is smaller than the actual size. (Before "
8245 "version 2.1, glibc uses B<EINVAL> for this case.)"
8249 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:124
8251 "For B<sethostname>(), the caller did not have the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> "
8256 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:130
8258 "SVr4, 4.4BSD (these interfaces first appeared in 4.2BSD). POSIX.1-2001 "
8259 "specifies B<gethostname>() but not B<sethostname>()."
8263 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:140
8265 "SUSv2 guarantees that \"Host names are limited to 255 bytes\". POSIX.1-2001 "
8266 "guarantees that \"Host names (not including the terminating null byte) are "
8267 "limited to B<HOST_NAME_MAX> bytes\". On Linux, B<HOST_NAME_MAX> is defined "
8268 "with the value 64, which has been the limit since Linux 1.0 (earlier kernels "
8269 "imposed a limit of 8 bytes)."
8273 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:163
8275 "The GNU C library does not employ the B<gethostname>() system call; "
8276 "instead, it implements B<gethostname>() as a library function that calls "
8277 "B<uname>(2) and copies up to I<len> bytes from the returned I<nodename> "
8278 "field into I<name>. Having performed the copy, the function then checks if "
8279 "the length of the I<nodename> was greater than or equal to I<len>, and if it "
8280 "is, then the function returns -1 with I<errno> set to B<ENAMETOOLONG>; in "
8281 "this case, a terminating null byte is not included in the returned I<name>."
8284 #. At least glibc 2.0 and 2.1, older versions not checked
8286 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:176
8288 "Versions of glibc before 2.2 handle the case where the length of the "
8289 "I<nodename> was greater than or equal to I<len> differently: nothing is "
8290 "copied into I<name> and the function returns -1 with I<errno> set to "
8295 #: build/C/man2/gethostname.2:180
8296 msgid "B<getdomainname>(2), B<setdomainname>(2), B<uname>(2)"
8300 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28
8306 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:28
8312 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:31
8313 msgid "getlogin, getlogin_r, cuserid - get username"
8317 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:35
8318 msgid "B<char *getlogin(void);>"
8322 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:37
8323 msgid "B<int getlogin_r(char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<bufsize>B<);>"
8327 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:39
8328 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>"
8332 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:41
8333 msgid "B<char *cuserid(char *>I<string>B<);>"
8337 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:49
8338 msgid "B<getlogin_r>(): _REENTRANT || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 199506L"
8342 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:52
8343 msgid "B<cuserid>(): _XOPEN_SOURCE"
8347 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:61
8349 "B<getlogin>() returns a pointer to a string containing the name of the user "
8350 "logged in on the controlling terminal of the process, or a null pointer if "
8351 "this information cannot be determined. The string is statically allocated "
8352 "and might be overwritten on subsequent calls to this function or to "
8357 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:67
8359 "B<getlogin_r>() returns this same username in the array I<buf> of size "
8364 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:79
8366 "B<cuserid>() returns a pointer to a string containing a username associated "
8367 "with the effective user ID of the process. If I<string> is not a null "
8368 "pointer, it should be an array that can hold at least B<L_cuserid> "
8369 "characters; the string is returned in this array. Otherwise, a pointer to a "
8370 "string in a static area is returned. This string is statically allocated "
8371 "and might be overwritten on subsequent calls to this function or to "
8376 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:83
8378 "The macro B<L_cuserid> is an integer constant that indicates how long an "
8379 "array you might need to store a username. B<L_cuserid> is declared in "
8380 "I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>."
8384 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:90
8386 "These functions let your program identify positively the user who is running "
8387 "(B<cuserid>()) or the user who logged in this session (B<getlogin>()). "
8388 "(These can differ when set-user-ID programs are involved.)"
8392 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:95
8394 "For most purposes, it is more useful to use the environment variable "
8395 "B<LOGNAME> to find out who the user is. This is more flexible precisely "
8396 "because the user can set B<LOGNAME> arbitrarily."
8400 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:103
8402 "B<getlogin>() returns a pointer to the username when successful, and NULL "
8403 "on failure, with I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error. "
8404 "B<getlogin_r>() returns 0 when successful, and nonzero on failure."
8408 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:105
8409 msgid "POSIX specifies"
8413 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:108
8414 msgid "The calling process already has the maximum allowed number of open files."
8418 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:111
8419 msgid "The system already has the maximum allowed number of open files."
8423 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:111
8429 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:114
8430 msgid "The calling process has no controlling terminal."
8434 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:120
8436 "(getlogin_r) The length of the username, including the terminating null "
8437 "byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), is larger than I<bufsize>."
8441 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:122
8442 msgid "Linux/glibc also has"
8446 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:125
8447 msgid "There was no corresponding entry in the utmp-file."
8451 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:128
8452 msgid "Insufficient memory to allocate passwd structure."
8456 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:128 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:109 build/C/man2/ioctl.2:113 build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:95
8462 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:132
8463 msgid "Standard input didn't refer to a terminal. (See BUGS.)"
8467 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:133
8469 msgid "I</etc/passwd>"
8473 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:136
8474 msgid "password database file"
8478 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:136
8480 msgid "I</var/run/utmp>"
8484 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:140
8485 msgid "(traditionally I</etc/utmp>; some libc versions used I</var/adm/utmp>)"
8489 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:145
8490 msgid "The B<getlogin>() function is not thread-safe."
8494 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:149
8495 msgid "The B<getlogin_r>() function is thread-safe."
8499 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:154
8501 "The B<cuserid>() function is thread-safe with exceptions. It is not "
8502 "thread-safe if called with a NULL parameter."
8506 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:159
8507 msgid "B<getlogin>() and B<getlogin_r>() specified in POSIX.1-2001."
8511 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:170
8513 "System V has a B<cuserid>() function which uses the real user ID rather "
8514 "than the effective user ID. The B<cuserid>() function was included in the "
8515 "1988 version of POSIX, but removed from the 1990 version. It was present in "
8516 "SUSv2, but removed in POSIX.1-2001."
8520 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:177
8522 "OpenBSD has B<getlogin>() and B<setlogin>(), and a username associated with "
8523 "a session, even if it has no controlling terminal."
8527 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:189
8529 "Unfortunately, it is often rather easy to fool B<getlogin>(). Sometimes it "
8530 "does not work at all, because some program messed up the utmp file. Often, "
8531 "it gives only the first 8 characters of the login name. The user currently "
8532 "logged in on the controlling terminal of our program need not be the user "
8533 "who started it. Avoid B<getlogin>() for security-related purposes."
8537 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:199
8539 "Note that glibc does not follow the POSIX specification and uses I<stdin> "
8540 "instead of I</dev/tty>. A bug. (Other recent systems, like SunOS 5.8 and "
8541 "HP-UX 11.11 and FreeBSD 4.8 all return the login name also when I<stdin> is "
8546 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:209
8548 "Nobody knows precisely what B<cuserid>() does; avoid it in portable "
8549 "programs. Or avoid it altogether: use I<getpwuid(geteuid())> instead, if "
8550 "that is what you meant. B<Do not use> B<cuserid>()."
8554 #: build/C/man3/getlogin.3:213
8555 msgid "B<geteuid>(2), B<getuid>(2), B<utmp>(5)"
8559 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:41
8565 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:41
8571 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:45
8573 "getopt, getopt_long, getopt_long_only, optarg, optind, opterr, optopt - "
8574 "Parse command-line options"
8578 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:51
8581 "B<int getopt(int >I<argc>B<, char * const >I<argv[]>B<,>\n"
8582 "B< const char *>I<optstring>B<);>\n"
8586 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:54
8589 "B<extern char *>I<optarg>B<;>\n"
8590 "B<extern int >I<optind>B<, >I<opterr>B<, >I<optopt>B<;>\n"
8594 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:56
8596 msgid "B<#include E<lt>getopt.hE<gt>>\n"
8600 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:60
8603 "B<int getopt_long(int >I<argc>B<, char * const >I<argv[]>B<,>\n"
8604 "B< const char *>I<optstring>B<,>\n"
8605 "B< const struct option *>I<longopts>B<, int *>I<longindex>B<);>\n"
8609 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:64
8612 "B<int getopt_long_only(int >I<argc>B<, char * const >I<argv[]>B<,>\n"
8613 "B< const char *>I<optstring>B<,>\n"
8614 "B< const struct option *>I<longopts>B<, int *>I<longindex>B<);>\n"
8618 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:74
8619 msgid "B<getopt>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 2 || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
8623 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:78
8624 msgid "B<getopt_long>(), B<getopt_long_only>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
8628 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:99
8630 "The B<getopt>() function parses the command-line arguments. Its arguments "
8631 "I<argc> and I<argv> are the argument count and array as passed to the "
8632 "I<main>() function on program invocation. An element of I<argv> that "
8633 "starts with \\(aq-\\(aq (and is not exactly \"-\" or \"--\") is an option "
8634 "element. The characters of this element (aside from the initial "
8635 "\\(aq-\\(aq) are option characters. If B<getopt>() is called repeatedly, "
8636 "it returns successively each of the option characters from each of the "
8641 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:108
8643 "The variable I<optind> is the index of the next element to be processed in "
8644 "I<argv>. The system initializes this value to 1. The caller can reset it "
8645 "to 1 to restart scanning of the same I<argv>, or when scanning a new "
8650 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:118
8652 "If B<getopt>() finds another option character, it returns that character, "
8653 "updating the external variable I<optind> and a static variable I<nextchar> "
8654 "so that the next call to B<getopt>() can resume the scan with the following "
8655 "option character or I<argv>-element."
8659 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:124
8661 "If there are no more option characters, B<getopt>() returns -1. Then "
8662 "I<optind> is the index in I<argv> of the first I<argv>-element that is not "
8667 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:151
8669 "I<optstring> is a string containing the legitimate option characters. If "
8670 "such a character is followed by a colon, the option requires an argument, so "
8671 "B<getopt>() places a pointer to the following text in the same "
8672 "I<argv>-element, or the text of the following I<argv>-element, in "
8673 "I<optarg>. Two colons mean an option takes an optional arg; if there is "
8674 "text in the current I<argv>-element (i.e., in the same word as the option "
8675 "name itself, for example, \"-oarg\"), then it is returned in I<optarg>, "
8676 "otherwise I<optarg> is set to zero. This is a GNU extension. If "
8677 "I<optstring> contains B<W> followed by a semicolon, then B<-W foo> is "
8678 "treated as the long option B<--foo>. (The B<-W> option is reserved by "
8679 "POSIX.2 for implementation extensions.) This behavior is a GNU extension, "
8680 "not available with libraries before glibc 2."
8684 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:169
8686 "By default, B<getopt>() permutes the contents of I<argv> as it scans, so "
8687 "that eventually all the nonoptions are at the end. Two other modes are also "
8688 "implemented. If the first character of I<optstring> is \\(aq+\\(aq or the "
8689 "environment variable B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> is set, then option processing stops "
8690 "as soon as a nonoption argument is encountered. If the first character of "
8691 "I<optstring> is \\(aq-\\(aq, then each nonoption I<argv>-element is handled "
8692 "as if it were the argument of an option with character code 1. (This is "
8693 "used by programs that were written to expect options and other "
8694 "I<argv>-elements in any order and that care about the ordering of the two.) "
8695 "The special argument \"--\" forces an end of option-scanning regardless of "
8696 "the scanning mode."
8700 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:177
8702 "If B<getopt>() does not recognize an option character, it prints an error "
8703 "message to I<stderr>, stores the character in I<optopt>, and returns "
8704 "\\(aq?\\(aq. The calling program may prevent the error message by setting "
8709 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:196
8711 "If B<getopt>() finds an option character in I<argv> that was not included "
8712 "in I<optstring>, or if it detects a missing option argument, it returns "
8713 "\\(aq?\\(aq and sets the external variable I<optopt> to the actual option "
8714 "character. If the first character (following any optional \\(aq+\\(aq or "
8715 "\\(aq-\\(aq described above) of I<optstring> is a colon (\\(aq:\\(aq), then "
8716 "B<getopt>() returns \\(aq:\\(aq instead of \\(aq?\\(aq to indicate a "
8717 "missing option argument. If an error was detected, and the first character "
8718 "of I<optstring> is not a colon, and the external variable I<opterr> is "
8719 "nonzero (which is the default), B<getopt>() prints an error message."
8723 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:196
8725 msgid "getopt_long() and getopt_long_only()"
8729 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:212
8731 "The B<getopt_long>() function works like B<getopt>() except that it also "
8732 "accepts long options, started with two dashes. (If the program accepts only "
8733 "long options, then I<optstring> should be specified as an empty string "
8734 "(\"\"), not NULL.) Long option names may be abbreviated if the abbreviation "
8735 "is unique or is an exact match for some defined option. A long option may "
8736 "take a parameter, of the form B<--arg=param> or B<--arg param>."
8740 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:219
8742 "I<longopts> is a pointer to the first element of an array of I<struct "
8743 "option> declared in I<E<lt>getopt.hE<gt>> as"
8747 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:228
8751 " const char *name;\n"
8759 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:232
8760 msgid "The meanings of the different fields are:"
8764 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:232
8770 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:235
8771 msgid "is the name of the long option."
8775 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:235
8781 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:241
8783 "is: B<no_argument> (or 0) if the option does not take an argument; "
8784 "B<required_argument> (or 1) if the option requires an argument; or "
8785 "B<optional_argument> (or 2) if the option takes an optional argument."
8789 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:241
8795 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:255
8797 "specifies how results are returned for a long option. If I<flag> is NULL, "
8798 "then B<getopt_long>() returns I<val>. (For example, the calling program "
8799 "may set I<val> to the equivalent short option character.) Otherwise, "
8800 "B<getopt_long>() returns 0, and I<flag> points to a variable which is set "
8801 "to I<val> if the option is found, but left unchanged if the option is not "
8806 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:255
8812 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:259
8813 msgid "is the value to return, or to load into the variable pointed to by I<flag>."
8817 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:261
8818 msgid "The last element of the array has to be filled with zeros."
8822 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:265
8824 "If I<longindex> is not NULL, it points to a variable which is set to the "
8825 "index of the long option relative to I<longopts>."
8829 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:274
8831 "B<getopt_long_only>() is like B<getopt_long>(), but \\(aq-\\(aq as well as "
8832 "\"--\" can indicate a long option. If an option that starts with "
8833 "\\(aq-\\(aq (not \"--\") doesn't match a long option, but does match a short "
8834 "option, it is parsed as a short option instead."
8838 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:292
8840 "If an option was successfully found, then B<getopt>() returns the option "
8841 "character. If all command-line options have been parsed, then B<getopt>() "
8842 "returns -1. If B<getopt>() encounters an option character that was not in "
8843 "I<optstring>, then \\(aq?\\(aq is returned. If B<getopt>() encounters an "
8844 "option with a missing argument, then the return value depends on the first "
8845 "character in I<optstring>: if it is \\(aq:\\(aq, then \\(aq:\\(aq is "
8846 "returned; otherwise \\(aq?\\(aq is returned."
8850 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:304
8852 "B<getopt_long>() and B<getopt_long_only>() also return the option "
8853 "character when a short option is recognized. For a long option, they return "
8854 "I<val> if I<flag> is NULL, and 0 otherwise. Error and -1 returns are the "
8855 "same as for B<getopt>(), plus \\(aq?\\(aq for an ambiguous match or an "
8856 "extraneous parameter."
8860 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:304
8866 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:305
8868 msgid "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT>"
8872 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:309
8874 "If this is set, then option processing stops as soon as a nonoption argument "
8879 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:309
8881 msgid "B<_E<lt>PIDE<gt>_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_>"
8885 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:318
8887 "This variable was used by B<bash>(1) 2.0 to communicate to glibc which "
8888 "arguments are the results of wildcard expansion and so should not be "
8889 "considered as options. This behavior was removed in B<bash>(1) version "
8890 "2.01, but the support remains in glibc."
8894 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:319
8896 msgid "B<getopt>():"
8900 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:329
8902 "POSIX.2 and POSIX.1-2001, provided the environment variable "
8903 "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> is set. Otherwise, the elements of I<argv> aren't really "
8904 "const, because we permute them. We pretend they're const in the prototype "
8905 "to be compatible with other systems."
8909 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:333
8910 msgid "The use of \\(aq+\\(aq and \\(aq-\\(aq in I<optstring> is a GNU extension."
8914 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:347
8916 "On some older implementations, B<getopt>() was declared in "
8917 "I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>. SUSv1 permitted the declaration to appear in either "
8918 "I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> or I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>. POSIX.1-2001 marked the use "
8919 "of I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>> for this purpose as LEGACY. POSIX.1-2001 does not "
8920 "allow the declaration to appear in I<E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>>."
8924 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:347
8926 msgid "B<getopt_long>() and B<getopt_long_only>():"
8930 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:369
8932 "A program that scans multiple argument vectors, or rescans the same vector "
8933 "more than once, and wants to make use of GNU extensions such as \\(aq+\\(aq "
8934 "and \\(aq-\\(aq at the start of I<optstring>, or changes the value of "
8935 "B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> between scans, must reinitialize B<getopt>() by "
8936 "resetting I<optind> to 0, rather than the traditional value of 1. "
8937 "(Resetting to 0 forces the invocation of an internal initialization routine "
8938 "that rechecks B<POSIXLY_CORRECT> and checks for GNU extensions in "
8943 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:376
8945 "The POSIX.2 specification of B<getopt>() has a technical error described in "
8946 "POSIX.2 Interpretation 150. The GNU implementation (and probably all other "
8947 "implementations) implements the correct behavior rather than that specified."
8951 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:377
8957 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:385
8959 "The following trivial example program uses B<getopt>() to handle two "
8960 "program options: I<-n>, with no associated value; and I<-t val>, which "
8961 "expects an associated value."
8965 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:390
8968 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
8969 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
8970 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
8974 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:396
8978 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
8980 " int flags, opt;\n"
8981 " int nsecs, tfnd;\n"
8985 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:415
8991 " while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, \"nt:\")) != -1) {\n"
8993 " case \\(aqn\\(aq:\n"
8996 " case \\(aqt\\(aq:\n"
8997 " nsecs = atoi(optarg);\n"
9000 " default: /* \\(aq?\\(aq */\n"
9001 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s [-t nsecs] [-n] name\\en\",\n"
9003 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
9009 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:417
9011 msgid " printf(\"flags=%d; tfnd=%d; optind=%d\\en\", flags, tfnd, optind);\n"
9015 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:422
9018 " if (optind E<gt>= argc) {\n"
9019 " fprintf(stderr, \"Expected argument after options\\en\");\n"
9020 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
9025 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:424
9027 msgid " printf(\"name argument = %s\\en\", argv[optind]);\n"
9031 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:426
9033 msgid " /* Other code omitted */\n"
9037 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:430
9039 msgid "getopt_long()"
9043 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:434
9045 "The following example program illustrates the use of B<getopt_long>() with "
9046 "most of its features."
9050 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:439
9053 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt> /* for printf */\n"
9054 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt> /* for exit */\n"
9055 "#include E<lt>getopt.hE<gt>\n"
9059 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:445
9063 "main(int argc, char **argv)\n"
9066 " int digit_optind = 0;\n"
9070 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:458
9074 " int this_option_optind = optind ? optind : 1;\n"
9075 " int option_index = 0;\n"
9076 " static struct option long_options[] = {\n"
9077 " {\"add\", required_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
9078 " {\"append\", no_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
9079 " {\"delete\", required_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
9080 " {\"verbose\", no_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
9081 " {\"create\", required_argument, 0, \\(aqc\\(aq},\n"
9082 " {\"file\", required_argument, 0, 0 },\n"
9088 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:463
9091 " c = getopt_long(argc, argv, \"abc:d:012\",\n"
9092 " long_options, &option_index);\n"
9098 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:471
9103 " printf(\"option %s\", long_options[option_index].name);\n"
9105 " printf(\" with arg %s\", optarg);\n"
9106 " printf(\"\\en\");\n"
9111 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:480
9114 " case \\(aq0\\(aq:\n"
9115 " case \\(aq1\\(aq:\n"
9116 " case \\(aq2\\(aq:\n"
9117 " if (digit_optind != 0 && digit_optind != this_option_optind)\n"
9118 " printf(\"digits occur in two different "
9119 "argv-elements.\\en\");\n"
9120 " digit_optind = this_option_optind;\n"
9121 " printf(\"option %c\\en\", c);\n"
9126 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:484
9129 " case \\(aqa\\(aq:\n"
9130 " printf(\"option a\\en\");\n"
9135 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:488
9138 " case \\(aqb\\(aq:\n"
9139 " printf(\"option b\\en\");\n"
9144 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:492
9147 " case \\(aqc\\(aq:\n"
9148 " printf(\"option c with value \\(aq%s\\(aq\\en\", optarg);\n"
9153 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:496
9156 " case \\(aqd\\(aq:\n"
9157 " printf(\"option d with value \\(aq%s\\(aq\\en\", optarg);\n"
9162 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:499
9165 " case \\(aq?\\(aq:\n"
9170 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:504
9174 " printf(\"?? getopt returned character code 0%o ??\\en\", c);\n"
9180 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:511
9183 " if (optind E<lt> argc) {\n"
9184 " printf(\"non-option ARGV-elements: \");\n"
9185 " while (optind E<lt> argc)\n"
9186 " printf(\"%s \", argv[optind++]);\n"
9187 " printf(\"\\en\");\n"
9192 #: build/C/man3/getopt.3:517
9193 msgid "B<getsubopt>(3)"
9197 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25
9203 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:25
9209 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:28
9210 msgid "getpagesize - get memory page size"
9214 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:32
9215 msgid "B<int getpagesize(void);>"
9219 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:39
9220 msgid "B<getpagesize>():"
9224 #. This call first appeared in 4.2BSD.
9226 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:64
9228 "The function B<getpagesize>() returns the number of bytes in a memory page, "
9229 "where \"page\" is a fixed-length block, the unit for memory allocation and "
9230 "file mapping performed by B<mmap>(2)."
9234 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:71
9236 "SVr4, 4.4BSD, SUSv2. In SUSv2 the B<getpagesize>() call is labeled LEGACY, "
9237 "and in POSIX.1-2001 it has been dropped; HP-UX does not have this call."
9241 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:76
9243 "Portable applications should employ I<sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)> instead of "
9248 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:81
9251 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
9252 "long sz = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);\n"
9256 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:88
9257 msgid "(Most systems allow the synonym B<_SC_PAGE_SIZE> for B<_SC_PAGESIZE>.)"
9261 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:108
9263 "Whether B<getpagesize>() is present as a Linux system call depends on the "
9264 "architecture. If it is, it returns the kernel symbol B<PAGE_SIZE>, whose "
9265 "value depends on the architecture and machine model. Generally, one uses "
9266 "binaries that are dependent on the architecture but not on the machine "
9267 "model, in order to have a single binary distribution per architecture. This "
9268 "means that a user program should not find B<PAGE_SIZE> at compile time from "
9269 "a header file, but use an actual system call, at least for those "
9270 "architectures (like sun4) where this dependency exists. Here libc4, libc5, "
9271 "glibc 2.0 fail because their B<getpagesize>() returns a statically derived "
9272 "value, and does not use a system call. Things are OK in glibc 2.1."
9276 #: build/C/man2/getpagesize.2:111
9277 msgid "B<mmap>(2), B<sysconf>(3)"
9281 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:26
9287 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:26 build/C/man3/lockf.3:28
9293 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:29
9294 msgid "gettid - get thread identification"
9298 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:32
9300 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
9304 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:34
9306 msgid "B<pid_t gettid(void);>\n"
9310 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:50
9312 "B<gettid>() returns the caller's thread ID (TID). In a single-threaded "
9313 "process, the thread ID is equal to the process ID (PID, as returned by "
9314 "B<getpid>(2)). In a multithreaded process, all threads have the same PID, "
9315 "but each one has a unique TID. For further details, see the discussion of "
9316 "B<CLONE_THREAD> in B<clone>(2)."
9320 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:52
9321 msgid "On success, returns the thread ID of the calling process."
9325 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:54
9326 msgid "This call is always successful."
9330 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:58
9331 msgid "The B<gettid>() system call first appeared on Linux in kernel 2.4.11."
9335 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:62
9337 "B<gettid>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs that are "
9338 "intended to be portable."
9341 #. FIXME See http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=6399
9342 #. "gettid() should have a wrapper"
9344 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:67
9346 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using "
9351 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:71
9353 "The thread ID returned by this call is not the same thing as a POSIX thread "
9354 "ID (i.e., the opaque value returned by B<pthread_self>(3))."
9358 #. .BR move_pages (2),
9359 #. .BR migrate_pages (2),
9360 #. .BR process_vm_readv (2),
9363 #: build/C/man2/gettid.2:90
9365 "B<capget>(2), B<clone>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<fork>(2), B<get_robust_list>(2), "
9366 "B<getpid>(2), B<ioprio_set>(2), B<perf_event_open>(2), "
9367 "B<sched_setaffinity>(2), B<sched_setparam>(2), B<sched_setscheduler>(2), "
9368 "B<tgkill>(2), B<timer_create>(2)"
9372 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:28
9378 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:28
9384 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:31
9385 msgid "getumask - get file creation mask"
9389 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:35 build/C/man2/truncate.2:50 build/C/man2/umask.2:39 build/C/man2/vfork.2:33
9390 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>"
9394 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:37 build/C/man2/umask.2:41
9395 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>"
9399 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:39
9400 msgid "B<mode_t getumask(void);>"
9404 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:42
9405 msgid "This function returns the current file creation mask. It is equivalent to"
9409 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:51
9412 "mode_t getumask(void)\n"
9414 " mode_t mask = umask( 0 );\n"
9421 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:58
9423 "except that it is documented to be thread-safe (that is, shares a lock with "
9424 "the B<umask>(2) library call)."
9428 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:60
9429 msgid "This is a vaporware GNU extension."
9433 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:63
9435 "This function is documented but not implemented yet in glibc, as at version "
9440 #: build/C/man3/getumask.3:65
9445 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30
9447 msgid "GETUSERSHELL"
9451 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:30 build/C/man2/pread.2:25
9457 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:33
9458 msgid "getusershell, setusershell, endusershell - get permitted user shells"
9462 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:38
9464 msgid "B<char *getusershell(void);>\n"
9468 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:40
9470 msgid "B<void setusershell(void);>\n"
9474 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:42
9476 msgid "B<void endusershell(void);>\n"
9480 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:53
9481 msgid "B<getusershell>(), B<setusershell>(), B<endusershell>():"
9485 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:75
9487 "The B<getusershell>() function returns the next line from the file "
9488 "I</etc/shells>, opening the file if necessary. The line should contain the "
9489 "pathname of a valid user shell. If I</etc/shells> does not exist or is "
9490 "unreadable, B<getusershell>() behaves as if I</bin/sh> and I</bin/csh> were "
9491 "listed in the file."
9495 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:80
9496 msgid "The B<setusershell>() function rewinds I</etc/shells>."
9500 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:85
9501 msgid "The B<endusershell>() function closes I</etc/shells>."
9505 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:89
9506 msgid "The B<getusershell>() function returns NULL on end-of-file."
9510 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:92
9512 msgid "/etc/shells\n"
9516 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:101
9518 "The B<getusershell>(), B<setusershell>() and B<endusershell>() functions "
9519 "are not thread-safe."
9523 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:103
9528 #: build/C/man3/getusershell.3:105
9529 msgid "B<shells>(5)"
9533 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:32
9539 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:32 build/C/man5/shells.5:28
9545 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:35
9546 msgid "idle - make process 0 idle"
9550 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:39
9551 msgid "B<int idle(void);>"
9555 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:46
9557 "B<idle>() is an internal system call used during bootstrap. It marks the "
9558 "process's pages as swappable, lowers its priority, and enters the main "
9559 "scheduling loop. B<idle>() never returns."
9563 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:52
9565 "Only process 0 may call B<idle>(). Any user process, even a process with "
9566 "superuser permission, will receive B<EPERM>."
9570 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:55
9572 "B<idle>() never returns for process 0, and always returns -1 for a user "
9577 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:59 build/C/man2/setup.2:60
9578 msgid "Always, for a user process."
9582 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:61
9583 msgid "Since Linux 2.3.13, this system call does not exist anymore."
9587 #: build/C/man2/idle.2:64 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:86
9589 "This function is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended "
9594 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41
9600 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:41
9606 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:44
9607 msgid "ioctl - control device"
9611 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:46
9612 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/ioctl.hE<gt>>"
9615 #. POSIX says 'request' is int, but glibc has the above
9616 #. See https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=42705
9618 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:50
9619 msgid "B<int ioctl(int >I<d>B<, unsigned long >I<request>B<, ...);>"
9623 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:61
9625 "The B<ioctl>() function manipulates the underlying device parameters of "
9626 "special files. In particular, many operating characteristics of character "
9627 "special files (e.g., terminals) may be controlled with B<ioctl>() "
9628 "requests. The argument I<d> must be an open file descriptor."
9632 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:69
9634 "The second argument is a device-dependent request code. The third argument "
9635 "is an untyped pointer to memory. It's traditionally B<char *>I<argp> (from "
9636 "the days before B<void *> was valid C), and will be so named for this "
9641 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:85
9643 "An B<ioctl>() I<request> has encoded in it whether the argument is an I<in> "
9644 "parameter or I<out> parameter, and the size of the argument I<argp> in "
9645 "bytes. Macros and defines used in specifying an B<ioctl>() I<request> are "
9646 "located in the file I<E<lt>sys/ioctl.hE<gt>>."
9650 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:94
9652 "Usually, on success zero is returned. A few B<ioctl>() requests use the "
9653 "return value as an output parameter and return a nonnegative value on "
9654 "success. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
9658 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:99
9659 msgid "I<d> is not a valid descriptor."
9663 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:103
9664 msgid "I<argp> references an inaccessible memory area."
9668 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:109
9669 msgid "I<request> or I<argp> is not valid."
9673 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:113
9674 msgid "I<d> is not associated with a character special device."
9678 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:119
9680 "The specified request does not apply to the kind of object that the "
9681 "descriptor I<d> references."
9685 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:134
9687 "No single standard. Arguments, returns, and semantics of B<ioctl>() vary "
9688 "according to the device driver in question (the call is used as a catch-all "
9689 "for operations that don't cleanly fit the UNIX stream I/O model). See "
9690 "B<ioctl_list>(2) for a list of many of the known B<ioctl>() calls. The "
9691 "B<ioctl>() function call appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX."
9695 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:142
9697 "In order to use this call, one needs an open file descriptor. Often the "
9698 "B<open>(2) call has unwanted side effects, that can be avoided under Linux "
9699 "by giving it the B<O_NONBLOCK> flag."
9704 #: build/C/man2/ioctl.2:150
9705 msgid "B<execve>(2), B<fcntl>(2), B<ioctl_list>(2), B<open>(2), B<sd>(4), B<tty>(4)"
9709 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30
9715 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:30
9721 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:33
9722 msgid "ioctl_list - list of ioctl calls in Linux/i386 kernel"
9726 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:40
9728 "This is Ioctl List 1.3.27, a list of ioctl calls in Linux/i386 kernel "
9729 "1.3.27. It contains 421 ioctls from "
9730 "I<E<lt>/usr/include/{asm,linux}/*.hE<gt>>. For each ioctl, its numerical "
9731 "value, its name, and its argument type are given."
9735 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:48
9737 "An argument type of I<const struct foo\\ *> means the argument is input to "
9738 "the kernel. I<struct foo\\ *> means the kernel outputs the argument. If "
9739 "the kernel uses the argument for both input and output, this is marked with "
9744 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:53
9746 "Some ioctls take more arguments or return more values than a single "
9747 "structure. These are marked I<//\\ MORE> and documented further in a "
9752 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:55
9753 msgid "This list is very incomplete."
9757 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:55
9759 msgid "ioctl structure"
9762 #. added two sections - aeb
9764 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:60
9766 "Ioctl command values are 32-bit constants. In principle these constants are "
9767 "completely arbitrary, but people have tried to build some structure into "
9772 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:79
9774 "The old Linux situation was that of mostly 16-bit constants, where the last "
9775 "byte is a serial number, and the preceding byte(s) give a type indicating "
9776 "the driver. Sometimes the major number was used: 0x03 for the B<HDIO_*> "
9777 "ioctls, 0x06 for the B<LP*> ioctls. And sometimes one or more ASCII letters "
9778 "were used. For example, B<TCGETS> has value 0x00005401, with 0x54 = "
9779 "\\(aqT\\(aq indicating the terminal driver, and B<CYGETTIMEOUT> has value "
9780 "0x00435906, with 0x43 0x59 = \\(aqC\\(aq \\(aqY\\(aq indicating the cyclades "
9785 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:87
9787 "Later (0.98p5) some more information was built into the number. One has 2 "
9788 "direction bits (00: none, 01: write, 10: read, 11: read/write) followed by "
9789 "14 size bits (giving the size of the argument), followed by an 8-bit type "
9790 "(collecting the ioctls in groups for a common purpose or a common driver), "
9791 "and an 8-bit serial number."
9795 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:98
9797 "The macros describing this structure live in I<E<lt>asm/ioctl.hE<gt>> and "
9798 "are B<_IO(type,nr)> and B<{_IOR,_IOW,_IOWR}(type,nr,size)>. They use "
9799 "I<sizeof(size)> so that size is a misnomer here: this third argument is a "
9804 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:103
9806 "Note that the size bits are very unreliable: in lots of cases they are "
9807 "wrong, either because of buggy macros using I<sizeof(sizeof(struct))>, or "
9808 "because of legacy values."
9812 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:107
9814 "Thus, it seems that the new structure only gave disadvantages: it does not "
9815 "help in checking, but it causes varying values for the various "
9820 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:113
9822 "Decent ioctls return 0 on success and -1 on error, while any output value is "
9823 "stored via the argument. However, quite a few ioctls in fact return an "
9824 "output value. This is not yet indicated below."
9828 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:115
9829 msgid "// Main table."
9833 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:117
9834 msgid "// E<lt>include/asm-i386/socket.hE<gt>"
9838 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:119
9840 msgid "0x00008901\tFIOSETOWN\tconst int *\n"
9844 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:120
9846 msgid "0x00008902\tSIOCSPGRP\tconst int *\n"
9850 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:121
9852 msgid "0x00008903\tFIOGETOWN\tint *\n"
9856 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:122
9858 msgid "0x00008904\tSIOCGPGRP\tint *\n"
9862 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:123
9864 msgid "0x00008905\tSIOCATMAR\tint *\n"
9868 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:124
9870 msgid "0x00008906\tSIOCGSTAMP\ttimeval *\n"
9874 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:128
9875 msgid "// E<lt>include/asm-i386/termios.hE<gt>"
9879 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:130
9881 msgid "0x00005401\tTCGETS\tstruct termios *\n"
9885 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:131
9887 msgid "0x00005402\tTCSETS\tconst struct termios *\n"
9891 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:132
9893 msgid "0x00005403\tTCSETSW\tconst struct termios *\n"
9897 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:133
9899 msgid "0x00005404\tTCSETSF\tconst struct termios *\n"
9903 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:134
9905 msgid "0x00005405\tTCGETA\tstruct termio *\n"
9909 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:135
9911 msgid "0x00005406\tTCSETA\tconst struct termio *\n"
9915 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:136
9917 msgid "0x00005407\tTCSETAW\tconst struct termio *\n"
9921 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:137
9923 msgid "0x00005408\tTCSETAF\tconst struct termio *\n"
9927 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:138
9929 msgid "0x00005409\tTCSBRK\tint\n"
9933 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:139
9935 msgid "0x0000540A\tTCXONC\tint\n"
9939 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:140
9941 msgid "0x0000540B\tTCFLSH\tint\n"
9945 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:141
9947 msgid "0x0000540C\tTIOCEXCL\tvoid\n"
9951 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:142
9953 msgid "0x0000540D\tTIOCNXCL\tvoid\n"
9957 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:143
9959 msgid "0x0000540E\tTIOCSCTTY\tint\n"
9963 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:144
9965 msgid "0x0000540F\tTIOCGPGRP\tpid_t *\n"
9969 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:145
9971 msgid "0x00005410\tTIOCSPGRP\tconst pid_t *\n"
9975 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:146
9977 msgid "0x00005411\tTIOCOUTQ\tint *\n"
9981 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:147
9983 msgid "0x00005412\tTIOCSTI\tconst char *\n"
9987 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:148
9989 msgid "0x00005413\tTIOCGWINSZ\tstruct winsize *\n"
9993 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:149
9995 msgid "0x00005414\tTIOCSWINSZ\tconst struct winsize *\n"
9999 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:150
10001 msgid "0x00005415\tTIOCMGET\tint *\n"
10005 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:151
10007 msgid "0x00005416\tTIOCMBIS\tconst int *\n"
10011 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:152
10013 msgid "0x00005417\tTIOCMBIC\tconst int *\n"
10017 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:153
10019 msgid "0x00005418\tTIOCMSET\tconst int *\n"
10023 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:154
10025 msgid "0x00005419\tTIOCGSOFTCAR\tint *\n"
10029 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:155
10031 msgid "0x0000541A\tTIOCSSOFTCAR\tconst int *\n"
10035 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:156
10037 msgid "0x0000541B\tFIONREAD\tint *\n"
10041 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:157
10043 msgid "0x0000541B\tTIOCINQ\tint *\n"
10047 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:158
10049 msgid "0x0000541C\tTIOCLINUX\tconst char *\t// MORE\n"
10053 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:159
10055 msgid "0x0000541D\tTIOCCONS\tvoid\n"
10059 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:160
10061 msgid "0x0000541E\tTIOCGSERIAL\tstruct serial_struct *\n"
10065 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:161
10067 msgid "0x0000541F\tTIOCSSERIAL\tconst struct serial_struct *\n"
10071 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:162
10073 msgid "0x00005420\tTIOCPKT\tconst int *\n"
10077 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:163
10079 msgid "0x00005421\tFIONBIO\tconst int *\n"
10083 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:164
10085 msgid "0x00005422\tTIOCNOTTY\tvoid\n"
10089 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:165
10091 msgid "0x00005423\tTIOCSETD\tconst int *\n"
10095 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:166
10097 msgid "0x00005424\tTIOCGETD\tint *\n"
10101 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:167
10103 msgid "0x00005425\tTCSBRKP\tint\n"
10107 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:168
10109 msgid "0x00005426\tTIOCTTYGSTRUCT\tstruct tty_struct *\n"
10113 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:169
10115 msgid "0x00005450\tFIONCLEX\tvoid\n"
10119 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:170
10121 msgid "0x00005451\tFIOCLEX\tvoid\n"
10125 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:171
10127 msgid "0x00005452\tFIOASYNC\tconst int *\n"
10131 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:172
10133 msgid "0x00005453\tTIOCSERCONFIG\tvoid\n"
10137 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:173
10139 msgid "0x00005454\tTIOCSERGWILD\tint *\n"
10143 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:174
10145 msgid "0x00005455\tTIOCSERSWILD\tconst int *\n"
10149 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:175
10151 msgid "0x00005456\tTIOCGLCKTRMIOS\tstruct termios *\n"
10155 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:176
10157 msgid "0x00005457\tTIOCSLCKTRMIOS\tconst struct termios *\n"
10161 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:177
10163 msgid "0x00005458\tTIOCSERGSTRUCT\tstruct async_struct *\n"
10167 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:178
10169 msgid "0x00005459\tTIOCSERGETLSR\tint *\n"
10173 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:185
10175 msgid "0x0000545A\tTIOCSERGETMULTI\tstruct serial_multiport_struct *\n"
10179 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:186
10181 msgid "0x0000545B\tTIOCSERSETMULTI\tconst struct serial_multiport_struct *\n"
10184 #. type: Plain text
10185 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:190
10186 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/ax25.hE<gt>"
10190 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:192
10192 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCAX25GETUID\tconst struct sockaddr_ax25 *\n"
10196 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:193
10198 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCAX25ADDUID\tconst struct sockaddr_ax25 *\n"
10202 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:194
10204 msgid "0x000089E2\tSIOCAX25DELUID\tconst struct sockaddr_ax25 *\n"
10208 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:195
10210 msgid "0x000089E3\tSIOCAX25NOUID\tconst int *\n"
10214 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:196
10216 msgid "0x000089E4\tSIOCAX25DIGCTL\tconst int *\n"
10220 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:197
10222 msgid "0x000089E5\tSIOCAX25GETPARMS\tstruct ax25_parms_struct *\t// I-O\n"
10226 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:201
10228 msgid "0x000089E6\tSIOCAX25SETPARMS\tconst struct ax25_parms_struct *\n"
10231 #. type: Plain text
10232 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:205
10233 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cdk.hE<gt>"
10237 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:207
10239 msgid "0x00007314\tSTL_BINTR\tvoid\n"
10243 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:208
10245 msgid "0x00007315\tSTL_BSTART\tvoid\n"
10249 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:209
10251 msgid "0x00007316\tSTL_BSTOP\tvoid\n"
10255 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:210
10257 msgid "0x00007317\tSTL_BRESET\tvoid\n"
10260 #. type: Plain text
10261 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:214
10262 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cdrom.hE<gt>"
10266 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:216
10268 msgid "0x00005301\tCDROMPAUSE\tvoid\n"
10272 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:217
10274 msgid "0x00005302\tCDROMRESUME\tvoid\n"
10278 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:218
10280 msgid "0x00005303\tCDROMPLAYMSF\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\n"
10284 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:219
10286 msgid "0x00005304\tCDROMPLAYTRKIND\tconst struct cdrom_ti *\n"
10290 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:220
10292 msgid "0x00005305\tCDROMREADTOCHDR\tstruct cdrom_tochdr *\n"
10296 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:224
10298 msgid "0x00005306\tCDROMREADTOCENTRY\tstruct cdrom_tocentry *\t// I-O\n"
10302 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:228
10304 msgid "0x00005307\tCDROMSTOP\tvoid\n"
10308 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:229
10310 msgid "0x00005308\tCDROMSTART\tvoid\n"
10314 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:230
10316 msgid "0x00005309\tCDROMEJECT\tvoid\n"
10320 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:231
10322 msgid "0x0000530A\tCDROMVOLCTRL\tconst struct cdrom_volctrl *\n"
10326 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:232
10328 msgid "0x0000530B\tCDROMSUBCHNL\tstruct cdrom_subchnl *\t// I-O\n"
10332 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:233
10334 msgid "0x0000530C\tCDROMREADMODE2\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
10338 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:234
10340 msgid "0x0000530D\tCDROMREADMODE1\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
10344 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:235
10346 msgid "0x0000530E\tCDROMREADAUDIO\tconst struct cdrom_read_audio *\t// MORE\n"
10350 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:236
10352 msgid "0x0000530F\tCDROMEJECT_SW\tint\n"
10356 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:240
10358 msgid "0x00005310\tCDROMMULTISESSION\tstruct cdrom_multisession *\t// I-O\n"
10362 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:244
10364 msgid "0x00005311\tCDROM_GET_UPC\tstruct { char [8]; } *\n"
10368 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:245
10370 msgid "0x00005312\tCDROMRESET\tvoid\n"
10374 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:246
10376 msgid "0x00005313\tCDROMVOLREAD\tstruct cdrom_volctrl *\n"
10380 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:247
10382 msgid "0x00005314\tCDROMREADRAW\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
10386 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:248
10388 msgid "0x00005315\tCDROMREADCOOKED\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\t// MORE\n"
10392 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:249
10394 msgid "0x00005316\tCDROMSEEK\tconst struct cdrom_msf *\n"
10397 #. type: Plain text
10398 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:253
10399 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cm206.hE<gt>"
10403 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:255
10405 msgid "0x00002000\tCM206CTL_GET_STAT\tint\n"
10409 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:256
10411 msgid "0x00002001\tCM206CTL_GET_LAST_STAT\tint\n"
10414 #. type: Plain text
10415 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:260
10416 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/cyclades.hE<gt>"
10420 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:262
10422 msgid "0x00435901\tCYGETMON\tstruct cyclades_monitor *\n"
10426 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:263
10428 msgid "0x00435902\tCYGETTHRESH\tint *\n"
10432 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:264
10434 msgid "0x00435903\tCYSETTHRESH\tint\n"
10438 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:265
10440 msgid "0x00435904\tCYGETDEFTHRESH\tint *\n"
10444 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:266
10446 msgid "0x00435905\tCYSETDEFTHRESH\tint\n"
10450 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:267
10452 msgid "0x00435906\tCYGETTIMEOUT\tint *\n"
10456 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:268
10458 msgid "0x00435907\tCYSETTIMEOUT\tint\n"
10462 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:269
10464 msgid "0x00435908\tCYGETDEFTIMEOUT\tint *\n"
10468 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:270
10470 msgid "0x00435909\tCYSETDEFTIMEOUT\tint\n"
10473 #. type: Plain text
10474 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:274
10475 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/ext2_fs.hE<gt>"
10479 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:276
10481 msgid "0x80046601\tEXT2_IOC_GETFLAGS\tint *\n"
10485 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:277
10487 msgid "0x40046602\tEXT2_IOC_SETFLAGS\tconst int *\n"
10491 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:278
10493 msgid "0x80047601\tEXT2_IOC_GETVERSION\tint *\n"
10497 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:279
10499 msgid "0x40047602\tEXT2_IOC_SETVERSION\tconst int *\n"
10502 #. type: Plain text
10503 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:283
10504 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/fd.hE<gt>"
10508 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:285
10510 msgid "0x00000000\tFDCLRPRM\tvoid\n"
10514 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:286
10516 msgid "0x00000001\tFDSETPRM\tconst struct floppy_struct *\n"
10520 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:287
10522 msgid "0x00000002\tFDDEFPRM\tconst struct floppy_struct *\n"
10526 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:288
10528 msgid "0x00000003\tFDGETPRM\tstruct floppy_struct *\n"
10532 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:289
10534 msgid "0x00000004\tFDMSGON\tvoid\n"
10538 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:290
10540 msgid "0x00000005\tFDMSGOFF\tvoid\n"
10544 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:291
10546 msgid "0x00000006\tFDFMTBEG\tvoid\n"
10550 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:292
10552 msgid "0x00000007\tFDFMTTRK\tconst struct format_descr *\n"
10556 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:293
10558 msgid "0x00000008\tFDFMTEND\tvoid\n"
10562 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:294
10564 msgid "0x0000000A\tFDSETEMSGTRESH\tint\n"
10568 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:295
10570 msgid "0x0000000B\tFDFLUSH\tvoid\n"
10574 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:296
10576 msgid "0x0000000C\tFDSETMAXERRS\tconst struct floppy_max_errors *\n"
10580 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:297
10582 msgid "0x0000000E\tFDGETMAXERRS\tstruct floppy_max_errors *\n"
10586 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:298
10588 msgid "0x00000010\tFDGETDRVTYP\tstruct { char [16]; } *\n"
10592 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:299
10594 msgid "0x00000014\tFDSETDRVPRM\tconst struct floppy_drive_params *\n"
10598 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:300
10600 msgid "0x00000015\tFDGETDRVPRM\tstruct floppy_drive_params *\n"
10604 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:301
10606 msgid "0x00000016\tFDGETDRVSTAT\tstruct floppy_drive_struct *\n"
10610 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:302
10612 msgid "0x00000017\tFDPOLLDRVSTAT\tstruct floppy_drive_struct *\n"
10616 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:303
10618 msgid "0x00000018\tFDRESET\tint\n"
10622 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:304
10624 msgid "0x00000019\tFDGETFDCSTAT\tstruct floppy_fdc_state *\n"
10628 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:305
10630 msgid "0x0000001B\tFDWERRORCLR\tvoid\n"
10634 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:306
10636 msgid "0x0000001C\tFDWERRORGET\tstruct floppy_write_errors *\n"
10640 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:310
10642 msgid "0x0000001E\tFDRAWCMD\tstruct floppy_raw_cmd *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10646 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:311
10648 msgid "0x00000028\tFDTWADDLE\tvoid\n"
10651 #. type: Plain text
10652 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:315
10653 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/fs.hE<gt>"
10657 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:317
10659 msgid "0x0000125D\tBLKROSET\tconst int *\n"
10663 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:318
10665 msgid "0x0000125E\tBLKROGET\tint *\n"
10669 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:319
10671 msgid "0x0000125F\tBLKRRPART\tvoid\n"
10675 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:320
10677 msgid "0x00001260\tBLKGETSIZE\tunsigned long *\n"
10681 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:321
10683 msgid "0x00001261\tBLKFLSBUF\tvoid\n"
10687 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:322
10689 msgid "0x00001262\tBLKRASET\tint\n"
10693 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:323
10695 msgid "0x00001263\tBLKRAGET\tint *\n"
10699 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:324
10701 msgid "0x00000001\tFIBMAP\tint *\t// I-O\n"
10705 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:325
10707 msgid "0x00000002\tFIGETBSZ\tint *\n"
10710 #. type: Plain text
10711 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:329
10712 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/hdreg.hE<gt>"
10716 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:331
10718 msgid "0x00000301\tHDIO_GETGEO\tstruct hd_geometry *\n"
10722 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:332
10724 msgid "0x00000302\tHDIO_GET_UNMASKINTR\tint *\n"
10728 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:333
10730 msgid "0x00000304\tHDIO_GET_MULTCOUNT\tint *\n"
10734 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:334
10736 msgid "0x00000307\tHDIO_GET_IDENTITY\tstruct hd_driveid *\n"
10740 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:335
10742 msgid "0x00000308\tHDIO_GET_KEEPSETTINGS\tint *\n"
10746 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:336
10748 msgid "0x00000309\tHDIO_GET_CHIPSET\tint *\n"
10752 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:337
10754 msgid "0x0000030A\tHDIO_GET_NOWERR\tint *\n"
10758 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:338
10760 msgid "0x0000030B\tHDIO_GET_DMA\tint *\n"
10764 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:339
10766 msgid "0x0000031F\tHDIO_DRIVE_CMD\tint *\t// I-O\n"
10770 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:340
10772 msgid "0x00000321\tHDIO_SET_MULTCOUNT\tint\n"
10776 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:341
10778 msgid "0x00000322\tHDIO_SET_UNMASKINTR\tint\n"
10782 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:342
10784 msgid "0x00000323\tHDIO_SET_KEEPSETTINGS\tint\n"
10788 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:343
10790 msgid "0x00000324\tHDIO_SET_CHIPSET\tint\n"
10794 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:344
10796 msgid "0x00000325\tHDIO_SET_NOWERR\tint\n"
10800 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:345
10802 msgid "0x00000326\tHDIO_SET_DMA\tint\n"
10805 #. type: Plain text
10806 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:349
10807 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/if_eql.hE<gt>"
10811 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:351
10813 msgid "0x000089F0\tEQL_ENSLAVE\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10817 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:352
10819 msgid "0x000089F1\tEQL_EMANCIPATE\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10823 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:353
10825 msgid "0x000089F2\tEQL_GETSLAVECFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10829 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:354
10831 msgid "0x000089F3\tEQL_SETSLAVECFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10835 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:355
10837 msgid "0x000089F4\tEQL_GETMASTRCFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10841 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:356
10843 msgid "0x000089F5\tEQL_SETMASTRCFG\tstruct ifreq *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10846 #. type: Plain text
10847 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:360
10848 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/if_plip.hE<gt>"
10852 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:362
10854 msgid "0x000089F0\tSIOCDEVPLIP\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
10857 #. type: Plain text
10858 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:366
10859 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/if_ppp.hE<gt>"
10863 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:368
10865 msgid "0x00005490\tPPPIOCGFLAGS\tint *\n"
10869 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:369
10871 msgid "0x00005491\tPPPIOCSFLAGS\tconst int *\n"
10875 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:370
10877 msgid "0x00005492\tPPPIOCGASYNCMAP\tint *\n"
10881 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:371
10883 msgid "0x00005493\tPPPIOCSASYNCMAP\tconst int *\n"
10887 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:372
10889 msgid "0x00005494\tPPPIOCGUNIT\tint *\n"
10893 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:373
10895 msgid "0x00005495\tPPPIOCSINPSIG\tconst int *\n"
10899 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:374
10901 msgid "0x00005497\tPPPIOCSDEBUG\tconst int *\n"
10905 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:375
10907 msgid "0x00005498\tPPPIOCGDEBUG\tint *\n"
10911 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:376
10913 msgid "0x00005499\tPPPIOCGSTAT\tstruct ppp_stats *\n"
10917 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:377
10919 msgid "0x0000549A\tPPPIOCGTIME\tstruct ppp_ddinfo *\n"
10923 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:378
10925 msgid "0x0000549B\tPPPIOCGXASYNCMAP\tstruct { int [8]; } *\n"
10929 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:379
10931 msgid "0x0000549C\tPPPIOCSXASYNCMAP\tconst struct { int [8]; } *\n"
10935 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:380
10937 msgid "0x0000549D\tPPPIOCSMRU\tconst int *\n"
10941 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:381
10943 msgid "0x0000549E\tPPPIOCRASYNCMAP\tconst int *\n"
10947 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:382
10949 msgid "0x0000549F\tPPPIOCSMAXCID\tconst int *\n"
10952 #. type: Plain text
10953 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:386
10954 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/ipx.hE<gt>"
10958 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:388
10960 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCAIPXITFCRT\tconst char *\n"
10964 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:389
10966 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCAIPXPRISLT\tconst char *\n"
10970 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:390
10972 msgid "0x000089E2\tSIOCIPXCFGDATA\tstruct ipx_config_data *\n"
10975 #. type: Plain text
10976 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:394
10977 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/kd.hE<gt>"
10981 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:396
10983 msgid "0x00004B60\tGIO_FONT\tstruct { char [8192]; } *\n"
10987 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:397
10989 msgid "0x00004B61\tPIO_FONT\tconst struct { char [8192]; } *\n"
10993 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:401
10995 msgid "0x00004B6B\tGIO_FONTX\tstruct console_font_desc *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
10999 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:402
11001 msgid "0x00004B6C\tPIO_FONTX\tconst struct console_font_desc *\t//MORE\n"
11005 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:406
11007 msgid "0x00004B70\tGIO_CMAP\tstruct { char [48]; } *\n"
11011 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:407
11013 msgid "0x00004B71\tPIO_CMAP\tconst struct { char [48]; }\n"
11017 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:411
11019 msgid "0x00004B2F\tKIOCSOUND\tint\n"
11023 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:412
11025 msgid "0x00004B30\tKDMKTONE\tint\n"
11029 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:413
11031 msgid "0x00004B31\tKDGETLED\tchar *\n"
11035 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:414
11037 msgid "0x00004B32\tKDSETLED\tint\n"
11041 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:415
11043 msgid "0x00004B33\tKDGKBTYPE\tchar *\n"
11047 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:416
11049 msgid "0x00004B34\tKDADDIO\tint\t// MORE\n"
11053 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:417
11055 msgid "0x00004B35\tKDDELIO\tint\t// MORE\n"
11059 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:418
11061 msgid "0x00004B36\tKDENABIO\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
11065 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:419
11067 msgid "0x00004B37\tKDDISABIO\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
11071 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:420
11073 msgid "0x00004B3A\tKDSETMODE\tint\n"
11077 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:421
11079 msgid "0x00004B3B\tKDGETMODE\tint *\n"
11083 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:422
11085 msgid "0x00004B3C\tKDMAPDISP\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
11089 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:423
11091 msgid "0x00004B3D\tKDUNMAPDISP\tvoid\t// MORE\n"
11095 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:424
11097 msgid "0x00004B40\tGIO_SCRNMAP\tstruct { char [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
11101 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:428
11103 msgid "0x00004B41\tPIO_SCRNMAP\tconst struct { char [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
11107 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:429
11109 msgid "0x00004B69\tGIO_UNISCRNMAP\tstruct { short [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
11113 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:430
11115 msgid "0x00004B6A\tPIO_UNISCRNMAP\tconst struct { short [E_TABSZ]; } *\n"
11119 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:434
11121 msgid "0x00004B66\tGIO_UNIMAP\tstruct unimapdesc *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
11125 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:435
11127 msgid "0x00004B67\tPIO_UNIMAP\tconst struct unimapdesc *\t// MORE\n"
11131 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:436
11133 msgid "0x00004B68\tPIO_UNIMAPCLR\tconst struct unimapinit *\n"
11137 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:437
11139 msgid "0x00004B44\tKDGKBMODE\tint *\n"
11143 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:438
11145 msgid "0x00004B45\tKDSKBMODE\tint\n"
11149 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:439
11151 msgid "0x00004B62\tKDGKBMETA\tint *\n"
11155 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:440
11157 msgid "0x00004B63\tKDSKBMETA\tint\n"
11161 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:441
11163 msgid "0x00004B64\tKDGKBLED\tint *\n"
11167 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:442
11169 msgid "0x00004B65\tKDSKBLED\tint\n"
11173 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:443
11175 msgid "0x00004B46\tKDGKBENT\tstruct kbentry *\t// I-O\n"
11179 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:444
11181 msgid "0x00004B47\tKDSKBENT\tconst struct kbentry *\n"
11185 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:445
11187 msgid "0x00004B48\tKDGKBSENT\tstruct kbsentry *\t// I-O\n"
11191 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:446
11193 msgid "0x00004B49\tKDSKBSENT\tconst struct kbsentry *\n"
11197 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:447
11199 msgid "0x00004B4A\tKDGKBDIACR\tstruct kbdiacrs *\n"
11203 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:448
11205 msgid "0x00004B4B\tKDSKBDIACR\tconst struct kbdiacrs *\n"
11209 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:449
11211 msgid "0x00004B4C\tKDGETKEYCODE\tstruct kbkeycode *\t// I-O\n"
11215 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:450
11217 msgid "0x00004B4D\tKDSETKEYCODE\tconst struct kbkeycode *\n"
11221 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:451
11223 msgid "0x00004B4E\tKDSIGACCEPT\tint\n"
11226 #. type: Plain text
11227 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:455
11228 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/lp.hE<gt>"
11232 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:457
11234 msgid "0x00000601\tLPCHAR\tint\n"
11238 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:458
11240 msgid "0x00000602\tLPTIME\tint\n"
11244 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:459
11246 msgid "0x00000604\tLPABORT\tint\n"
11250 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:460
11252 msgid "0x00000605\tLPSETIRQ\tint\n"
11256 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:461
11258 msgid "0x00000606\tLPGETIRQ\tint *\n"
11262 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:462
11264 msgid "0x00000608\tLPWAIT\tint\n"
11268 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:463
11270 msgid "0x00000609\tLPCAREFUL\tint\n"
11274 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:464
11276 msgid "0x0000060A\tLPABORTOPEN\tint\n"
11280 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:465
11282 msgid "0x0000060B\tLPGETSTATUS\tint *\n"
11286 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:466
11288 msgid "0x0000060C\tLPRESET\tvoid\n"
11292 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:467
11294 msgid "0x0000060D\tLPGETSTATS\tstruct lp_stats *\n"
11297 #. type: Plain text
11298 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:471
11299 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/mroute.hE<gt>"
11303 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:473
11305 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCGETVIFCNT\tstruct sioc_vif_req *\t// I-O\n"
11309 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:474
11311 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCGETSGCNT\tstruct sioc_sg_req *\t// I-O\n"
11314 #. type: Plain text
11315 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:478
11316 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/msdos_fs.hE<gt>"
11320 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:480
11322 msgid "0x82307201\tVFAT_IOCTL_READDIR_BOTH\tstruct dirent [2]\n"
11326 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:481
11328 msgid "0x82307202\tVFAT_IOCTL_READDIR_SHORT\tstruct dirent [2]\n"
11332 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:482
11334 msgid "0x80047210\tFAT_IOCTL_GET_ATTRIBUTES\t__u32 *\n"
11338 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:483
11340 msgid "0x40047211\tFAT_IOCTL_SET_ATTRIBUTES\tconst __u32 *\n"
11343 #. type: Plain text
11344 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:487
11345 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/mtio.hE<gt>"
11349 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:489
11351 msgid "0x40086D01\tMTIOCTOP\tconst struct mtop *\n"
11355 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:490
11357 msgid "0x801C6D02\tMTIOCGET\tstruct mtget *\n"
11361 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:491
11363 msgid "0x80046D03\tMTIOCPOS\tstruct mtpos *\n"
11367 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:492
11369 msgid "0x80206D04\tMTIOCGETCONFIG\tstruct mtconfiginfo *\n"
11373 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:493
11375 msgid "0x40206D05\tMTIOCSETCONFIG\tconst struct mtconfiginfo *\n"
11378 #. type: Plain text
11379 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:497
11380 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/netrom.hE<gt>"
11384 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:499
11386 msgid "0x000089E0\tSIOCNRGETPARMS\tstruct nr_parms_struct *\t// I-O\n"
11390 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:500
11392 msgid "0x000089E1\tSIOCNRSETPARMS\tconst struct nr_parms_struct *\n"
11396 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:501
11398 msgid "0x000089E2\tSIOCNRDECOBS\tvoid\n"
11402 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:502
11404 msgid "0x000089E3\tSIOCNRRTCTL\tconst int *\n"
11407 #. type: Plain text
11408 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:506
11409 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/sbpcd.hE<gt>"
11413 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:508
11415 msgid "0x00009000\tDDIOCSDBG\tconst int *\n"
11419 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:509
11421 msgid "0x00005382\tCDROMAUDIOBUFSIZ\tint\n"
11424 #. type: Plain text
11425 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:513
11426 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/scc.hE<gt>"
11430 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:515
11432 msgid "0x00005470\tTIOCSCCINI\tvoid\n"
11436 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:516
11438 msgid "0x00005471\tTIOCCHANINI\tconst struct scc_modem *\n"
11442 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:517
11444 msgid "0x00005472\tTIOCGKISS\tstruct ioctl_command *\t// I-O\n"
11448 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:518
11450 msgid "0x00005473\tTIOCSKISS\tconst struct ioctl_command *\n"
11454 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:519
11456 msgid "0x00005474\tTIOCSCCSTAT\tstruct scc_stat *\n"
11459 #. type: Plain text
11460 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:523
11461 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/scsi.hE<gt>"
11465 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:525
11467 msgid "0x00005382\tSCSI_IOCTL_GET_IDLUN\tstruct { int [2]; } *\n"
11471 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:526
11473 msgid "0x00005383\tSCSI_IOCTL_TAGGED_ENABLE\tvoid\n"
11477 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:527
11479 msgid "0x00005384\tSCSI_IOCTL_TAGGED_DISABLE\tvoid\n"
11483 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:531
11485 msgid "0x00005385\tSCSI_IOCTL_PROBE_HOST\tconst int *\t// MORE\n"
11488 #. type: Plain text
11489 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:535
11490 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/smb_fs.hE<gt>"
11494 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:537
11496 msgid "0x80027501\tSMB_IOC_GETMOUNTUID\tuid_t *\n"
11499 #. type: Plain text
11500 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:541
11501 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/sockios.hE<gt>"
11505 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:543
11507 msgid "0x0000890B\tSIOCADDRT\tconst struct rtentry *\t// MORE\n"
11511 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:544
11513 msgid "0x0000890C\tSIOCDELRT\tconst struct rtentry *\t// MORE\n"
11517 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:545
11519 msgid "0x00008910\tSIOCGIFNAME\tchar []\n"
11523 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:546
11525 msgid "0x00008911\tSIOCSIFLINK\tvoid\n"
11529 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:547
11531 msgid "0x00008912\tSIOCGIFCONF\tstruct ifconf *\t// MORE // I-O\n"
11535 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:548
11537 msgid "0x00008913\tSIOCGIFFLAGS\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11541 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:549
11543 msgid "0x00008914\tSIOCSIFFLAGS\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11547 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:550
11549 msgid "0x00008915\tSIOCGIFADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11553 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:551
11555 msgid "0x00008916\tSIOCSIFADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11559 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:552
11561 msgid "0x00008917\tSIOCGIFDSTADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11565 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:553
11567 msgid "0x00008918\tSIOCSIFDSTADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11571 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:554
11573 msgid "0x00008919\tSIOCGIFBRDADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11577 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:555
11579 msgid "0x0000891A\tSIOCSIFBRDADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11583 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:556
11585 msgid "0x0000891B\tSIOCGIFNETMASK\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11589 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:557
11591 msgid "0x0000891C\tSIOCSIFNETMASK\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11595 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:558
11597 msgid "0x0000891D\tSIOCGIFMETRIC\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11601 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:559
11603 msgid "0x0000891E\tSIOCSIFMETRIC\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11607 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:560
11609 msgid "0x0000891F\tSIOCGIFMEM\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11613 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:561
11615 msgid "0x00008920\tSIOCSIFMEM\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11619 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:562
11621 msgid "0x00008921\tSIOCGIFMTU\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11625 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:563
11627 msgid "0x00008922\tSIOCSIFMTU\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11631 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:567
11633 msgid "0x00008923\tOLD_SIOCGIFHWADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11637 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:568
11639 msgid "0x00008924\tSIOCSIFHWADDR\tconst struct ifreq *\t// MORE\n"
11643 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:569
11645 msgid "0x00008925\tSIOCGIFENCAP\tint *\n"
11649 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:570
11651 msgid "0x00008926\tSIOCSIFENCAP\tconst int *\n"
11655 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:571
11657 msgid "0x00008927\tSIOCGIFHWADDR\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11661 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:572
11663 msgid "0x00008929\tSIOCGIFSLAVE\tvoid\n"
11667 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:573
11669 msgid "0x00008930\tSIOCSIFSLAVE\tvoid\n"
11673 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:574
11675 msgid "0x00008931\tSIOCADDMULTI\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11679 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:575
11681 msgid "0x00008932\tSIOCDELMULTI\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11685 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:576
11687 msgid "0x00008940\tSIOCADDRTOLD\tvoid\n"
11691 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:577
11693 msgid "0x00008941\tSIOCDELRTOLD\tvoid\n"
11697 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:578
11699 msgid "0x00008950\tSIOCDARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
11703 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:579
11705 msgid "0x00008951\tSIOCGARP\tstruct arpreq *\t// I-O\n"
11709 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:580
11711 msgid "0x00008952\tSIOCSARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
11715 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:581
11717 msgid "0x00008960\tSIOCDRARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
11721 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:582
11723 msgid "0x00008961\tSIOCGRARP\tstruct arpreq *\t// I-O\n"
11727 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:583
11729 msgid "0x00008962\tSIOCSRARP\tconst struct arpreq *\n"
11733 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:584
11735 msgid "0x00008970\tSIOCGIFMAP\tstruct ifreq *\t// I-O\n"
11739 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:585
11741 msgid "0x00008971\tSIOCSIFMAP\tconst struct ifreq *\n"
11744 #. type: Plain text
11745 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:589
11746 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/soundcard.hE<gt>"
11750 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:591
11752 msgid "0x00005100\tSNDCTL_SEQ_RESET\tvoid\n"
11756 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:592
11758 msgid "0x00005101\tSNDCTL_SEQ_SYNC\tvoid\n"
11762 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:596
11764 msgid "0xC08C5102\tSNDCTL_SYNTH_INFO\tstruct synth_info *\t// I-O\n"
11768 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:597
11770 msgid "0xC0045103\tSNDCTL_SEQ_CTRLRATE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11774 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:598
11776 msgid "0x80045104\tSNDCTL_SEQ_GETOUTCOUNT\tint *\n"
11780 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:599
11782 msgid "0x80045105\tSNDCTL_SEQ_GETINCOUNT\tint *\n"
11786 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:600
11788 msgid "0x40045106\tSNDCTL_SEQ_PERCMODE\tvoid\n"
11792 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:604
11794 msgid "0x40285107\tSNDCTL_FM_LOAD_INSTR\tconst struct sbi_instrument *\n"
11798 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:608
11800 msgid "0x40045108\tSNDCTL_SEQ_TESTMIDI\tconst int *\n"
11804 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:609
11806 msgid "0x40045109\tSNDCTL_SEQ_RESETSAMPLES\tconst int *\n"
11810 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:610
11812 msgid "0x8004510A\tSNDCTL_SEQ_NRSYNTHS\tint *\n"
11816 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:611
11818 msgid "0x8004510B\tSNDCTL_SEQ_NRMIDIS\tint *\n"
11822 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:612
11824 msgid "0xC074510C\tSNDCTL_MIDI_INFO\tstruct midi_info *\t// I-O\n"
11828 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:613
11830 msgid "0x4004510D\tSNDCTL_SEQ_THRESHOLD\tconst int *\n"
11834 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:614
11836 msgid "0xC004510E\tSNDCTL_SYNTH_MEMAVL\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11840 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:615
11842 msgid "0x4004510F\tSNDCTL_FM_4OP_ENABLE\tconst int *\n"
11846 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:616
11848 msgid "0xCFB85110\tSNDCTL_PMGR_ACCESS\tstruct patmgr_info *\t// I-O\n"
11852 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:617
11854 msgid "0x00005111\tSNDCTL_SEQ_PANIC\tvoid\n"
11858 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:621
11860 msgid "0x40085112\tSNDCTL_SEQ_OUTOFBAND\tconst struct seq_event_rec *\n"
11864 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:625
11866 msgid "0xC0045401\tSNDCTL_TMR_TIMEBASE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11870 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:626
11872 msgid "0x00005402\tSNDCTL_TMR_START\tvoid\n"
11876 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:627
11878 msgid "0x00005403\tSNDCTL_TMR_STOP\tvoid\n"
11882 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:628
11884 msgid "0x00005404\tSNDCTL_TMR_CONTINUE\tvoid\n"
11888 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:629
11890 msgid "0xC0045405\tSNDCTL_TMR_TEMPO\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11894 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:630
11896 msgid "0xC0045406\tSNDCTL_TMR_SOURCE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11900 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:631
11902 msgid "0x40045407\tSNDCTL_TMR_METRONOME\tconst int *\n"
11906 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:632
11908 msgid "0x40045408\tSNDCTL_TMR_SELECT\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11912 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:633
11914 msgid "0xCFB85001\tSNDCTL_PMGR_IFACE\tstruct patmgr_info *\t// I-O\n"
11918 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:634
11920 msgid "0xC0046D00\tSNDCTL_MIDI_PRETIME\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11924 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:635
11926 msgid "0xC0046D01\tSNDCTL_MIDI_MPUMODE\tconst int *\n"
11930 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:639
11932 msgid "0xC0216D02\tSNDCTL_MIDI_MPUCMD\tstruct mpu_command_rec *\t// I-O\n"
11936 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:643
11938 msgid "0x00005000\tSNDCTL_DSP_RESET\tvoid\n"
11942 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:644
11944 msgid "0x00005001\tSNDCTL_DSP_SYNC\tvoid\n"
11948 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:645
11950 msgid "0xC0045002\tSNDCTL_DSP_SPEED\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11954 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:646
11956 msgid "0xC0045003\tSNDCTL_DSP_STEREO\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11960 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:647
11962 msgid "0xC0045004\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETBLKSIZE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11966 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:648
11968 msgid "0xC0045006\tSOUND_PCM_WRITE_CHANNELS\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11972 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:649
11974 msgid "0xC0045007\tSOUND_PCM_WRITE_FILTER\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11978 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:650
11980 msgid "0x00005008\tSNDCTL_DSP_POST\tvoid\n"
11984 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:651
11986 msgid "0xC0045009\tSNDCTL_DSP_SUBDIVIDE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11990 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:652
11992 msgid "0xC004500A\tSNDCTL_DSP_SETFRAGMENT\tint *\t// I-O\n"
11996 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:653
11998 msgid "0x8004500B\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETFMTS\tint *\n"
12002 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:654
12004 msgid "0xC0045005\tSNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12008 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:658
12010 msgid "0x800C500C\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETOSPACE\tstruct audio_buf_info *\n"
12014 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:659
12016 msgid "0x800C500D\tSNDCTL_DSP_GETISPACE\tstruct audio_buf_info *\n"
12020 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:660
12022 msgid "0x0000500E\tSNDCTL_DSP_NONBLOCK\tvoid\n"
12026 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:661
12028 msgid "0x80045002\tSOUND_PCM_READ_RATE\tint *\n"
12032 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:662
12034 msgid "0x80045006\tSOUND_PCM_READ_CHANNELS\tint *\n"
12038 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:663
12040 msgid "0x80045005\tSOUND_PCM_READ_BITS\tint *\n"
12044 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:664
12046 msgid "0x80045007\tSOUND_PCM_READ_FILTER\tint *\n"
12050 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:665
12052 msgid "0x00004300\tSNDCTL_COPR_RESET\tvoid\n"
12056 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:666
12058 msgid "0xCFB04301\tSNDCTL_COPR_LOAD\tconst struct copr_buffer *\n"
12062 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:670
12064 msgid "0xC0144302\tSNDCTL_COPR_RDATA\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
12068 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:671
12070 msgid "0xC0144303\tSNDCTL_COPR_RCODE\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
12074 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:675
12076 msgid "0x40144304\tSNDCTL_COPR_WDATA\tconst struct copr_debug_buf *\n"
12080 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:676
12082 msgid "0x40144305\tSNDCTL_COPR_WCODE\tconst struct copr_debug_buf *\n"
12086 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:680
12088 msgid "0xC0144306\tSNDCTL_COPR_RUN\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
12092 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:681
12094 msgid "0xC0144307\tSNDCTL_COPR_HALT\tstruct copr_debug_buf *\t// I-O\n"
12098 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:685
12100 msgid "0x4FA44308\tSNDCTL_COPR_SENDMSG\tconst struct copr_msg *\n"
12104 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:686
12106 msgid "0x8FA44309\tSNDCTL_COPR_RCVMSG\tstruct copr_msg *\n"
12110 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:687
12112 msgid "0x80044D00\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_VOLUME\tint *\n"
12116 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:688
12118 msgid "0x80044D01\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_BASS\tint *\n"
12122 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:689
12124 msgid "0x80044D02\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_TREBLE\tint *\n"
12128 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:690
12130 msgid "0x80044D03\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_SYNTH\tint *\n"
12134 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:691
12136 msgid "0x80044D04\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_PCM\tint *\n"
12140 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:692
12142 msgid "0x80044D05\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_SPEAKER\tint *\n"
12146 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:693
12148 msgid "0x80044D06\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE\tint *\n"
12152 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:694
12154 msgid "0x80044D07\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_MIC\tint *\n"
12158 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:695
12160 msgid "0x80044D08\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_CD\tint *\n"
12164 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:696
12166 msgid "0x80044D09\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_IMIX\tint *\n"
12170 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:697
12172 msgid "0x80044D0A\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_ALTPCM\tint *\n"
12176 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:698
12178 msgid "0x80044D0B\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_RECLEV\tint *\n"
12182 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:699
12184 msgid "0x80044D0C\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_IGAIN\tint *\n"
12188 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:700
12190 msgid "0x80044D0D\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_OGAIN\tint *\n"
12194 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:701
12196 msgid "0x80044D0E\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE1\tint *\n"
12200 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:702
12202 msgid "0x80044D0F\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE2\tint *\n"
12206 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:703
12208 msgid "0x80044D10\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LINE3\tint *\n"
12212 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:704
12214 msgid "0x80044D1C\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_MUTE\tint *\n"
12218 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:705
12220 msgid "0x80044D1D\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_ENHANCE\tint *\n"
12224 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:706
12226 msgid "0x80044D1E\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_LOUD\tint *\n"
12230 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:707
12232 msgid "0x80044DFF\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_RECSRC\tint *\n"
12236 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:708
12238 msgid "0x80044DFE\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_DEVMASK\tint *\n"
12242 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:709
12244 msgid "0x80044DFD\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_RECMASK\tint *\n"
12248 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:710
12250 msgid "0x80044DFB\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_STEREODEVS\tint *\n"
12254 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:711
12256 msgid "0x80044DFC\tSOUND_MIXER_READ_CAPS\tint *\n"
12260 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:715
12262 msgid "0xC0044D00\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_VOLUME\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12266 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:716
12268 msgid "0xC0044D01\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_BASS\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12272 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:717
12274 msgid "0xC0044D02\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_TREBLE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12278 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:718
12280 msgid "0xC0044D03\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_SYNTH\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12284 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:719
12286 msgid "0xC0044D04\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_PCM\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12290 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:720
12292 msgid "0xC0044D05\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_SPEAKER\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12296 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:721
12298 msgid "0xC0044D06\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12302 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:722
12304 msgid "0xC0044D07\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_MIC\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12308 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:723
12310 msgid "0xC0044D08\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_CD\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12314 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:724
12316 msgid "0xC0044D09\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_IMIX\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12320 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:725
12322 msgid "0xC0044D0A\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_ALTPCM\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12326 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:726
12328 msgid "0xC0044D0B\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_RECLEV\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12332 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:727
12334 msgid "0xC0044D0C\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_IGAIN\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12338 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:728
12340 msgid "0xC0044D0D\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_OGAIN\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12344 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:729
12346 msgid "0xC0044D0E\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE1\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12350 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:730
12352 msgid "0xC0044D0F\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE2\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12356 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:731
12358 msgid "0xC0044D10\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LINE3\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12362 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:732
12364 msgid "0xC0044D1C\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_MUTE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12368 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:733
12370 msgid "0xC0044D1D\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_ENHANCE\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12374 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:734
12376 msgid "0xC0044D1E\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_LOUD\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12380 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:735
12382 msgid "0xC0044DFF\tSOUND_MIXER_WRITE_RECSRC\tint *\t// I-O\n"
12385 #. type: Plain text
12386 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:739
12387 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/umsdos_fs.hE<gt>"
12391 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:741
12393 msgid "0x000004D2\tUMSDOS_READDIR_DOS\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\t// I-O\n"
12397 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:742
12399 msgid "0x000004D3\tUMSDOS_UNLINK_DOS\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
12403 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:743
12405 msgid "0x000004D4\tUMSDOS_RMDIR_DOS\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
12409 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:744
12411 msgid "0x000004D5\tUMSDOS_STAT_DOS\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\t// I-O\n"
12415 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:745
12417 msgid "0x000004D6\tUMSDOS_CREAT_EMD\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
12421 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:746
12423 msgid "0x000004D7\tUMSDOS_UNLINK_EMD\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
12427 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:747
12429 msgid "0x000004D8\tUMSDOS_READDIR_EMD\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\t// I-O\n"
12433 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:748
12435 msgid "0x000004D9\tUMSDOS_GETVERSION\tstruct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
12439 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:749
12441 msgid "0x000004DA\tUMSDOS_INIT_EMD\tvoid\n"
12445 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:750
12447 msgid "0x000004DB\tUMSDOS_DOS_SETUP\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
12451 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:751
12453 msgid "0x000004DC\tUMSDOS_RENAME_DOS\tconst struct umsdos_ioctl *\n"
12456 #. type: Plain text
12457 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:755
12458 msgid "// E<lt>include/linux/vt.hE<gt>"
12462 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:757
12464 msgid "0x00005600\tVT_OPENQRY\tint *\n"
12468 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:758
12470 msgid "0x00005601\tVT_GETMODE\tstruct vt_mode *\n"
12474 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:759
12476 msgid "0x00005602\tVT_SETMODE\tconst struct vt_mode *\n"
12480 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:760
12482 msgid "0x00005603\tVT_GETSTATE\tstruct vt_stat *\n"
12486 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:761
12488 msgid "0x00005604\tVT_SENDSIG\tvoid\n"
12492 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:762
12494 msgid "0x00005605\tVT_RELDISP\tint\n"
12498 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:763
12500 msgid "0x00005606\tVT_ACTIVATE\tint\n"
12504 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:764
12506 msgid "0x00005607\tVT_WAITACTIVE\tint\n"
12510 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:765
12512 msgid "0x00005608\tVT_DISALLOCATE\tint\n"
12516 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:766
12518 msgid "0x00005609\tVT_RESIZE\tconst struct vt_sizes *\n"
12522 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:767
12524 msgid "0x0000560A\tVT_RESIZEX\tconst struct vt_consize *\n"
12527 #. type: Plain text
12528 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:774
12530 "// More arguments. Some ioctl's take a pointer to a structure which "
12531 "contains additional pointers. These are documented here in alphabetical "
12535 #. type: Plain text
12536 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:782
12538 "B<CDROMREADAUDIO> takes an input pointer I<const struct cdrom_read_audio\\ "
12539 "*>. The I<buf> field points to an output buffer of length I<nframes\\ * "
12540 "CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW>."
12543 #. type: Plain text
12544 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:798
12546 "B<CDROMREADCOOKED>, B<CDROMREADMODE1>, B<CDROMREADMODE2>, and "
12547 "B<CDROMREADRAW> take an input pointer I<const struct cdrom_msf\\ *>. They "
12548 "use the same pointer as an output pointer to I<char []>. The length varies "
12549 "by request. For B<CDROMREADMODE1>, most drivers use CD_FRAMESIZE, but the "
12550 "Optics Storage driver uses OPT_BLOCKSIZE instead (both have the numerical "
12554 #. type: Plain text
12555 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:804
12558 " CDROMREADCOOKED char [CD_FRAMESIZE]\n"
12559 " CDROMREADMODE1 char [CD_FRAMESIZE or OPT_BLOCKSIZE]\n"
12560 " CDROMREADMODE2 char [CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW0]\n"
12561 " CDROMREADRAW char [CD_FRAMESIZE_RAW]\n"
12564 #. type: Plain text
12565 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:818
12567 "B<EQL_ENSLAVE>, B<EQL_EMANCIPATE>, B<EQL_GETSLAVECFG>, B<EQL_SETSLAVECFG>, "
12568 "B<EQL_GETMASTERCFG>, and B<EQL_SETMASTERCFG> take a I<struct ifreq\\ *>. "
12569 "The I<ifr_data> field is a pointer to another structure as follows:"
12572 #. type: Plain text
12573 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:826
12576 " EQL_ENSLAVE const struct slaving_request *\n"
12577 " EQL_EMANCIPATE const struct slaving_request *\n"
12578 " EQL_GETSLAVECFG struct slave_config * // I-O\n"
12579 " EQL_SETSLAVECFG const struct slave_config *\n"
12580 " EQL_GETMASTERCFG struct master_config *\n"
12581 " EQL_SETMASTERCFG const struct master_config *\n"
12584 #. type: Plain text
12585 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:843
12587 "B<FDRAWCMD> takes a I<struct floppy raw_cmd\\ *>. If I<flags & "
12588 "FD_RAW_WRITE> is nonzero, then I<data> points to an input buffer of length "
12589 "I<length>. If I<flags & FD_RAW_READ> is nonzero, then I<data> points to an "
12590 "output buffer of length I<length>."
12593 #. type: Plain text
12594 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:859
12596 "B<GIO_FONTX> and B<PIO_FONTX> take a I<struct console_font_desc\\ *> or a "
12597 "I<const struct console_font_desc\\ *>, respectively. I<chardata> points to "
12598 "a buffer of I<char [charcount]>. This is an output buffer for B<GIO_FONTX> "
12599 "and an input buffer for B<PIO_FONTX>."
12602 #. type: Plain text
12603 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:875
12605 "B<GIO_UNIMAP> and B<PIO_UNIMAP> take a I<struct unimapdesc\\ *> or a I<const "
12606 "struct unimapdesc\\ *>, respectively. I<entries> points to a buffer of "
12607 "I<struct unipair [entry_ct]>. This is an output buffer for B<GIO_UNIMAP> "
12608 "and an input buffer for B<PIO_UNIMAP>."
12611 #. type: Plain text
12612 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:879
12614 "KDADDIO, KDDELIO, KDDISABIO, and KDENABIO enable or disable access to I/O "
12615 "ports. They are essentially alternate interfaces to 'ioperm'."
12618 #. type: Plain text
12619 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:885
12621 "B<KDMAPDISP> and B<KDUNMAPDISP> enable or disable memory mappings or I/O "
12622 "port access. They are not implemented in the kernel."
12625 #. type: Plain text
12626 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:893
12628 "B<SCSI_IOCTL_PROBE_HOST> takes an input pointer I<const int\\ *>, which is a "
12629 "length. It uses the same pointer as an output pointer to a I<char []> "
12630 "buffer of this length."
12633 #. type: Plain text
12634 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:899
12636 "B<SIOCADDRT> and B<SIOCDELRT> take an input pointer whose type depends on "
12640 #. type: Plain text
12641 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:904
12644 " Most protocols const struct rtentry *\n"
12645 " AX.25 const struct ax25_route *\n"
12646 " NET/ROM const struct nr_route_struct *\n"
12649 #. type: Plain text
12650 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:915
12652 "B<SIOCGIFCONF> takes a I<struct ifconf\\ *>. The I<ifc_buf> field points to "
12653 "a buffer of length I<ifc_len> bytes, into which the kernel writes a list of "
12654 "type I<struct ifreq []>."
12657 #. type: Plain text
12658 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:918
12659 msgid "B<SIOCSIFHWADDR> takes an input pointer whose type depends on the protocol:"
12662 #. type: Plain text
12663 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:922
12666 " Most protocols const struct ifreq *\n"
12667 " AX.25 const char [AX25_ADDR_LEN]\n"
12670 #. type: Plain text
12671 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:937
12673 "B<TIOCLINUX> takes a I<const char\\ *>. It uses this to distinguish several "
12674 "independent subcases. In the table below, I<N + foo> means I<foo> after an "
12675 "N-byte pad. I<struct selection> is implicitly defined in "
12676 "I<drivers/char/selection.c>"
12679 #. type: Plain text
12680 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:946
12683 " TIOCLINUX-2 1 + const struct selection *\n"
12684 " TIOCLINUX-3 void\n"
12685 " TIOCLINUX-4 void\n"
12686 " TIOCLINUX-5 4 + const struct { long [8]; } *\n"
12687 " TIOCLINUX-6 char *\n"
12688 " TIOCLINUX-7 char *\n"
12689 " TIOCLINUX-10 1 + const char *\n"
12692 #. type: Plain text
12693 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:949
12694 msgid "// Duplicate ioctls"
12697 #. type: Plain text
12698 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:954
12700 "This list does not include ioctls in the range B<SIOCDEVPRIVATE> and "
12701 "B<SIOCPROTOPRIVATE>."
12705 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:956
12707 msgid "0x00000001\tFDSETPRM\tFIBMAP\n"
12711 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:957
12713 msgid "0x00000002\tFDDEFPRM\tFIGETBSZ\n"
12717 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:958
12719 msgid "0x00005382\tCDROMAUDIOBUFSIZ\tSCSI_IOCTL_GET_IDLUN\n"
12723 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:959
12725 msgid "0x00005402\tSNDCTL_TMR_START\tTCSETS\n"
12729 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:960
12731 msgid "0x00005403\tSNDCTL_TMR_STOP\tTCSETSW\n"
12735 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:961
12737 msgid "0x00005404\tSNDCTL_TMR_CONTINUE\tTCSETSF\n"
12740 #. type: Plain text
12741 #: build/C/man2/ioctl_list.2:965
12742 msgid "B<ioctl>(2)"
12746 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34
12752 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:34
12757 #. type: Plain text
12758 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:37
12759 msgid "ioperm - set port input/output permissions"
12762 #. type: Plain text
12763 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:40
12764 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> /* for libc5 */"
12767 #. type: Plain text
12768 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:43
12769 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/io.hE<gt>> /* for glibc */"
12772 #. type: Plain text
12773 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:45
12775 "B<int ioperm(unsigned long >I<from>B<, unsigned long >I<num>B<, int "
12779 #. type: Plain text
12780 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:59
12782 "B<ioperm>() sets the port access permission bits for the calling thread for "
12783 "I<num> bits starting from port address I<from>. If I<turn_on> is nonzero, "
12784 "then permission for the specified bits is enabled; otherwise it is "
12785 "disabled. If I<turn_on> is nonzero, the calling thread must be privileged "
12786 "(B<CAP_SYS_RAWIO>)."
12789 #. type: Plain text
12790 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:68
12792 "Before Linux 2.6.8, only the first 0x3ff I/O ports could be specified in "
12793 "this manner. For more ports, the B<iopl>(2) system call had to be used "
12794 "(with a I<level> argument of 3). Since Linux 2.6.8, 65,536 I/O ports can be "
12798 #. type: Plain text
12799 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:78
12801 "Permissions are not inherited by the child created by B<fork>(2); following "
12802 "a B<fork>(2) the child must turn on those permissions that it needs. "
12803 "Permissions are preserved across B<execve>(2); this is useful for giving "
12804 "port access permissions to unprivileged programs."
12807 #. type: Plain text
12808 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:82
12810 "This call is mostly for the i386 architecture. On many other architectures "
12811 "it does not exist or will always return an error."
12814 #. type: Plain text
12815 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:94
12816 msgid "Invalid values for I<from> or I<num>."
12819 #. type: Plain text
12820 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:97
12821 msgid "(on PowerPC) This call is not supported."
12824 #. Could not allocate I/O bitmap.
12825 #. type: Plain text
12826 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:101
12827 msgid "Out of memory."
12830 #. type: Plain text
12831 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:104
12832 msgid "The calling thread has insufficient privilege."
12835 #. type: Plain text
12836 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:108
12838 "B<ioperm>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs intended "
12842 #. type: Plain text
12843 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:112
12845 "The I</proc/ioports> file shows the I/O ports that are currently allocated "
12849 #. type: Plain text
12850 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:121
12852 "Libc5 treats it as a system call and has a prototype in "
12853 "I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>. Glibc1 does not have a prototype. Glibc2 has a "
12854 "prototype both in I<E<lt>sys/io.hE<gt>> and in I<E<lt>sys/perm.hE<gt>>. "
12855 "Avoid the latter, it is available on i386 only."
12858 #. type: Plain text
12859 #: build/C/man2/ioperm.2:125
12860 msgid "B<iopl>(2), B<outb>(2), B<capabilities>(7)"
12864 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:28
12869 #. type: Plain text
12870 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:31
12871 msgid "lockf - apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on an open file"
12874 #. type: Plain text
12875 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:35
12876 msgid "B<int lockf(int >I<fd>B<, int >I<cmd>B<, off_t >I<len>B<);>"
12879 #. type: Plain text
12880 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:42
12881 msgid "B<lockf>():"
12884 #. type: Plain text
12885 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:46
12887 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
12888 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
12891 #. type: Plain text
12892 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:69
12894 "Apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on a section of an open file. The file "
12895 "is specified by I<fd>, a file descriptor open for writing, the action by "
12896 "I<cmd>, and the section consists of byte positions I<pos>..I<pos>+I<len>-1 "
12897 "if I<len> is positive, and I<pos>-I<len>..I<pos>-1 if I<len> is negative, "
12898 "where I<pos> is the current file position, and if I<len> is zero, the "
12899 "section extends from the current file position to infinity, encompassing the "
12900 "present and future end-of-file positions. In all cases, the section may "
12901 "extend past current end-of-file."
12904 #. type: Plain text
12905 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:84
12907 "On Linux, B<lockf>() is just an interface on top of B<fcntl>(2) locking. "
12908 "Many other systems implement B<lockf>() in this way, but note that "
12909 "POSIX.1-2001 leaves the relationship between B<lockf>() and B<fcntl>(2) "
12910 "locks unspecified. A portable application should probably avoid mixing "
12911 "calls to these interfaces."
12914 #. type: Plain text
12915 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:86
12916 msgid "Valid operations are given below:"
12920 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:86
12925 #. type: Plain text
12926 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:96
12928 "Set an exclusive lock on the specified section of the file. If (part of) "
12929 "this section is already locked, the call blocks until the previous lock is "
12930 "released. If this section overlaps an earlier locked section, both are "
12931 "merged. File locks are released as soon as the process holding the locks "
12932 "closes some file descriptor for the file. A child process does not inherit "
12937 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:96
12942 #. type: Plain text
12943 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:102
12945 "Same as B<F_LOCK> but the call never blocks and returns an error instead if "
12946 "the file is already locked."
12950 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:102
12955 #. type: Plain text
12956 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:106
12958 "Unlock the indicated section of the file. This may cause a locked section "
12959 "to be split into two locked sections."
12963 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:106
12968 #. type: Plain text
12969 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:116
12971 "Test the lock: return 0 if the specified section is unlocked or locked by "
12972 "this process; return -1, set I<errno> to B<EAGAIN> (B<EACCES> on some other "
12973 "systems), if another process holds a lock."
12976 #. type: Plain text
12977 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:130
12979 "The file is locked and B<F_TLOCK> or B<F_TEST> was specified, or the "
12980 "operation is prohibited because the file has been memory-mapped by another "
12984 #. type: Plain text
12985 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:142
12987 "I<fd> is not an open file descriptor; or I<cmd> is B<F_LOCK> or B<F_TLOCK> "
12988 "and I<fd> is not a writable file descriptor."
12991 #. type: Plain text
12992 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:147
12993 msgid "The command was B<F_LOCK> and this lock operation would cause a deadlock."
12996 #. type: Plain text
12997 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:151
12998 msgid "An invalid operation was specified in I<cmd>."
13001 #. type: Plain text
13002 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:154
13003 msgid "Too many segment locks open, lock table is full."
13006 #. type: Plain text
13007 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:156
13008 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001."
13011 #. type: Plain text
13012 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:159
13013 msgid "B<fcntl>(2), B<flock>(2)"
13016 #. type: Plain text
13017 #: build/C/man3/lockf.3:171
13019 "I<locks.txt> and I<mandatory-locking.txt> in the Linux kernel source "
13020 "directory I<Documentation/filesystems> (on older kernels, these files are "
13021 "directly under the I<Documentation> directory, and I<mandatory-locking.txt> "
13022 "is called I<mandatory.txt>)"
13026 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:34
13032 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:34
13037 #. type: Plain text
13038 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:37
13039 msgid "mincore - determine whether pages are resident in memory"
13042 #. type: Plain text
13043 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:41
13044 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/mman.hE<gt>>"
13047 #. type: Plain text
13048 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:43
13050 "B<int mincore(void *>I<addr>B<, size_t >I<length>B<, unsigned char "
13054 #. type: Plain text
13055 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:51
13056 msgid "B<mincore>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
13059 #. type: Plain text
13060 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:62
13062 "B<mincore>() returns a vector that indicates whether pages of the calling "
13063 "process's virtual memory are resident in core (RAM), and so will not cause a "
13064 "disk access (page fault) if referenced. The kernel returns residency "
13065 "information about the pages starting at the address I<addr>, and continuing "
13066 "for I<length> bytes."
13069 #. type: Plain text
13070 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:76
13072 "The I<addr> argument must be a multiple of the system page size. The "
13073 "I<length> argument need not be a multiple of the page size, but since "
13074 "residency information is returned for whole pages, I<length> is effectively "
13075 "rounded up to the next multiple of the page size. One may obtain the page "
13076 "size (B<PAGE_SIZE>) using I<sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)>."
13079 #. type: Plain text
13080 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:94
13082 "The I<vec> argument must point to an array containing at least "
13083 "I<(length+PAGE_SIZE-1) / PAGE_SIZE> bytes. On return, the least significant "
13084 "bit of each byte will be set if the corresponding page is currently resident "
13085 "in memory, and be clear otherwise. (The settings of the other bits in each "
13086 "byte are undefined; these bits are reserved for possible later use.) Of "
13087 "course the information returned in I<vec> is only a snapshot: pages that are "
13088 "not locked in memory can come and go at any moment, and the contents of "
13089 "I<vec> may already be stale by the time this call returns."
13092 #. type: Plain text
13093 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:101
13095 "On success, B<mincore>() returns zero. On error, -1 is returned, and "
13096 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
13099 #. type: Plain text
13100 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:104
13101 msgid "B<EAGAIN> kernel is temporarily out of resources."
13104 #. type: Plain text
13105 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:108
13106 msgid "I<vec> points to an invalid address."
13109 #. type: Plain text
13110 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:112
13111 msgid "I<addr> is not a multiple of the page size."
13114 #. type: Plain text
13115 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:124
13117 "I<length> is greater than (I<TASK_SIZE> - I<addr>). (This could occur if a "
13118 "negative value is specified for I<length>, since that value will be "
13119 "interpreted as a large unsigned integer.) In Linux 2.6.11 and earlier, the "
13120 "error B<EINVAL> was returned for this condition."
13123 #. type: Plain text
13124 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:132
13125 msgid "I<addr> to I<addr> + I<length> contained unmapped memory."
13128 #. type: Plain text
13129 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:134
13130 msgid "Available since Linux 2.3.99pre1 and glibc 2.2."
13133 #. It is on at least NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris 8,
13134 #. AIX 5.1, SunOS 4.1
13138 #. function first appeared in 4.4BSD.
13139 #. type: Plain text
13140 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:144
13142 "B<mincore>() is not specified in POSIX.1-2001, and it is not available on "
13143 "all UNIX implementations."
13146 #. Linux (up to now, 2.6.5),
13148 #. does not return correct information for MAP_PRIVATE mappings:
13149 #. for a MAP_PRIVATE file mapping,
13151 #. returns the residency of the file pages, rather than any
13152 #. modified process-private pages that have been copied on write;
13153 #. for a MAP_PRIVATE mapping of
13156 #. always reports pages as nonresident;
13157 #. and for a MAP_PRIVATE, MAP_ANONYMOUS mapping,
13159 #. always fails with the error
13161 #. type: Plain text
13162 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:166
13164 "Before kernel 2.6.21, B<mincore>() did not return correct information for "
13165 "B<MAP_PRIVATE> mappings, or for nonlinear mappings (established using "
13166 "B<remap_file_pages>(2))."
13169 #. type: Plain text
13170 #: build/C/man2/mincore.2:169
13171 msgid "B<mlock>(2), B<mmap>(2)"
13175 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:11
13180 #. type: Plain text
13181 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:14
13182 msgid "mkdir, mkdirat - create a directory"
13185 #. .B #include <unistd.h>
13186 #. type: Plain text
13187 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:19
13190 "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
13191 "B<#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>>\n"
13194 #. type: Plain text
13195 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:21
13197 msgid "B<int mkdir(const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t >I<mode>B<);>\n"
13200 #. type: Plain text
13201 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:24
13204 "B<#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt> >/* Definition of AT_* constants */\n"
13205 "B<#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>>\n"
13208 #. type: Plain text
13209 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:26
13212 "B<int mkdirat(int >I<dirfd>B<, const char *>I<pathname>B<, mode_t "
13216 #. type: Plain text
13217 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:34
13218 msgid "B<mkdirat>():"
13221 #. type: Plain text
13222 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:51
13223 msgid "B<mkdir>() attempts to create a directory named I<pathname>."
13226 #. type: Plain text
13227 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:61
13229 "The argument I<mode> specifies the permissions to use. It is modified by "
13230 "the process's I<umask> in the usual way: the permissions of the created "
13231 "directory are (I<mode> & ~I<umask> & 0777). Other mode bits of the created "
13232 "directory depend on the operating system. For Linux, see below."
13235 #. type: Plain text
13236 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:71
13238 "The newly created directory will be owned by the effective user ID of the "
13239 "process. If the directory containing the file has the set-group-ID bit set, "
13240 "or if the filesystem is mounted with BSD group semantics (I<mount -o "
13241 "bsdgroups> or, synonymously I<mount -o grpid>), the new directory will "
13242 "inherit the group ownership from its parent; otherwise it will be owned by "
13243 "the effective group ID of the process."
13246 #. type: Plain text
13247 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:76
13249 "If the parent directory has the set-group-ID bit set, then so will the newly "
13250 "created directory."
13254 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:76
13259 #. type: Plain text
13260 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:82
13262 "The B<mkdirat>() system call operates in exactly the same way as "
13263 "B<mkdir>(), except for the differences described here."
13266 #. type: Plain text
13267 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:92
13269 "If the pathname given in I<pathname> is relative, then it is interpreted "
13270 "relative to the directory referred to by the file descriptor I<dirfd> "
13271 "(rather than relative to the current working directory of the calling "
13272 "process, as is done by B<mkdir>() for a relative pathname)."
13275 #. type: Plain text
13276 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:104
13278 "If I<pathname> is relative and I<dirfd> is the special value B<AT_FDCWD>, "
13279 "then I<pathname> is interpreted relative to the current working directory of "
13280 "the calling process (like B<mkdir>())."
13283 #. type: Plain text
13284 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:115
13285 msgid "See B<openat>(2) for an explanation of the need for B<mkdirat>()."
13288 #. type: Plain text
13289 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:122
13291 "B<mkdir>() and B<mkdirat>() return zero on success, or -1 if an error "
13292 "occurred (in which case, I<errno> is set appropriately)."
13295 #. type: Plain text
13296 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:131
13298 "The parent directory does not allow write permission to the process, or one "
13299 "of the directories in I<pathname> did not allow search permission. (See "
13300 "also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
13304 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:131
13309 #. type: Plain text
13310 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:135
13312 "The user's quota of disk blocks or inodes on the filesystem has been "
13317 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:135
13322 #. type: Plain text
13323 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:142
13325 "I<pathname> already exists (not necessarily as a directory). This includes "
13326 "the case where I<pathname> is a symbolic link, dangling or not."
13330 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:149
13335 #. type: Plain text
13336 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:153
13337 msgid "The number of links to the parent directory would exceed B<LINK_MAX>."
13340 #. type: Plain text
13341 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:156
13342 msgid "I<pathname> was too long."
13345 #. type: Plain text
13346 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:161
13348 "A directory component in I<pathname> does not exist or is a dangling "
13353 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:164 build/C/man2/mkdir.2:169
13358 #. type: Plain text
13359 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:169
13360 msgid "The device containing I<pathname> has no room for the new directory."
13363 #. type: Plain text
13364 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:173
13366 "The new directory cannot be created because the user's disk quota is "
13370 #. type: Plain text
13371 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:183
13373 "The filesystem containing I<pathname> does not support the creation of "
13377 #. type: Plain text
13378 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:187
13379 msgid "I<pathname> refers to a file on a read-only filesystem."
13382 #. type: Plain text
13383 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:190
13384 msgid "The following additional errors can occur for B<mkdirat>():"
13387 #. type: Plain text
13388 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:204
13390 "B<mkdirat>() was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16; library support was added "
13391 "to glibc in version 2.4."
13394 #. SVr4 documents additional EIO, EMULTIHOP
13395 #. type: Plain text
13396 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:208
13397 msgid "B<mkdir>(): SVr4, BSD, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008."
13400 #. type: Plain text
13401 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:211
13402 msgid "B<mkdirat>(): POSIX.1-2008."
13405 #. type: Plain text
13406 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:219
13408 "Under Linux apart from the permission bits, only the B<S_ISVTX> mode bit is "
13409 "honored. That is, under Linux the created directory actually gets mode "
13410 "(I<mode> & ~I<umask> & 01777). See also B<stat>(2)."
13413 #. type: Plain text
13414 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:223
13416 "There are many infelicities in the protocol underlying NFS. Some of these "
13417 "affect B<mkdir>()."
13420 #. type: Plain text
13421 #: build/C/man2/mkdir.2:234
13423 "B<mkdir>(1), B<chmod>(2), B<chown>(2), B<mknod>(2), B<mount>(2), "
13424 "B<rmdir>(2), B<stat>(2), B<umask>(2), B<unlink>(2), B<path_resolution>(7)"
13428 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:31
13434 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:31
13439 #. type: Plain text
13440 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:34
13441 msgid "nice - change process priority"
13444 #. type: Plain text
13445 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:38
13446 msgid "B<int nice(int >I<inc>B<);>"
13449 #. type: Plain text
13450 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:46
13451 msgid "B<nice>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
13454 #. type: Plain text
13455 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:56
13457 "B<nice>() adds I<inc> to the nice value for the calling process. (A higher "
13458 "nice value means a low priority.) Only the super\\%user may specify a "
13459 "negative increment, or priority increase. The range for nice values is "
13460 "described in B<getpriority>(2)."
13463 #. type: Plain text
13464 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:61
13466 "On success, the new nice value is returned (but see NOTES below). On error, "
13467 "-1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
13470 #. type: Plain text
13471 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:75
13473 "The calling process attempted to increase its priority by supplying a "
13474 "negative I<inc> but has insufficient privileges. Under Linux the "
13475 "B<CAP_SYS_NICE> capability is required. (But see the discussion of the "
13476 "B<RLIMIT_NICE> resource limit in B<setrlimit>(2).)"
13479 #. type: Plain text
13480 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:82
13482 "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. However, the Linux and (g)libc (earlier than "
13483 "glibc 2.2.4) return value is nonstandard, see below. SVr4 documents an "
13484 "additional B<EINVAL> error code."
13487 #. type: Plain text
13488 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:92
13490 "SUSv2 and POSIX.1-2001 specify that B<nice>() should return the new nice "
13491 "value. However, the Linux syscall and the B<nice>() library function "
13492 "provided in older versions of (g)libc (earlier than glibc 2.2.4) return 0 on "
13493 "success. The new nice value can be found using B<getpriority>(2)."
13496 #. type: Plain text
13497 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:105
13499 "Since glibc 2.2.4, B<nice>() is implemented as a library function that "
13500 "calls B<getpriority>(2) to obtain the new nice value to be returned to the "
13501 "caller. With this implementation, a successful call can legitimately return "
13502 "-1. To reliably detect an error, set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and "
13503 "check its value when B<nice>() returns -1."
13506 #. type: Plain text
13507 #: build/C/man2/nice.2:113
13509 "B<nice>(1), B<renice>(1), B<fork>(2), B<getpriority>(2), B<setpriority>(2), "
13510 "B<capabilities>(7), B<sched>(7)"
13514 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:25
13519 #. type: Plain text
13520 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:28
13521 msgid "pread, pwrite - read from or write to a file descriptor at a given offset"
13524 #. type: Plain text
13525 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:33
13527 "B<ssize_t pread(int >I<fd>B<, void *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<count>B<, off_t "
13531 #. type: Plain text
13532 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:36
13534 "B<ssize_t pwrite(int >I<fd>B<, const void *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<count>B<, "
13535 "off_t >I<offset>B<);>"
13538 #. type: Plain text
13539 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:46
13540 msgid "B<pread>(), B<pwrite>():"
13543 #. type: Plain text
13544 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:48
13545 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500"
13548 #. type: Plain text
13549 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:64
13551 "B<pread>() reads up to I<count> bytes from file descriptor I<fd> at offset "
13552 "I<offset> (from the start of the file) into the buffer starting at I<buf>. "
13553 "The file offset is not changed."
13556 #. type: Plain text
13557 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:75
13559 "B<pwrite>() writes up to I<count> bytes from the buffer starting at I<buf> "
13560 "to the file descriptor I<fd> at offset I<offset>. The file offset is not "
13564 #. type: Plain text
13565 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:79
13566 msgid "The file referenced by I<fd> must be capable of seeking."
13569 #. type: Plain text
13570 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:89
13572 "On success, the number of bytes read or written is returned (zero indicates "
13573 "that nothing was written, in the case of B<pwrite>(), or end of file, in the "
13574 "case of B<pread>()), or -1 on error, in which case I<errno> is set to "
13575 "indicate the error."
13578 #. type: Plain text
13579 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:104
13581 "B<pread>() can fail and set I<errno> to any error specified for B<read>(2) "
13582 "or B<lseek>(2). B<pwrite>() can fail and set I<errno> to any error "
13583 "specified for B<write>(2) or B<lseek>(2)."
13586 #. type: Plain text
13587 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:115
13589 "The B<pread>() and B<pwrite>() system calls were added to Linux in version "
13590 "2.1.60; the entries in the i386 system call table were added in 2.1.69. C "
13591 "library support (including emulation using B<lseek>(2) on older kernels "
13592 "without the system calls) was added in glibc 2.1."
13595 #. type: Plain text
13596 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:125
13598 "The B<pread>() and B<pwrite>() system calls are especially useful in "
13599 "multithreaded applications. They allow multiple threads to perform I/O on "
13600 "the same file descriptor without being affected by changes to the file "
13601 "offset by other threads."
13604 #. type: Plain text
13605 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:141
13607 "On Linux, the underlying system calls were renamed in kernel 2.6: B<pread>() "
13608 "became B<pread64>(), and B<pwrite>() became B<pwrite64>(). The system call "
13609 "numbers remained the same. The glibc B<pread>() and B<pwrite>() wrapper "
13610 "functions transparently deal with the change."
13613 #. type: Plain text
13614 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:146 build/C/man2/truncate.2:248
13616 "On some 32-bit architectures, the calling signature for these system calls "
13617 "differ, for the reasons described in B<syscall>(2)."
13620 #. FIXME https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=43178
13621 #. type: Plain text
13622 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:158
13624 "POSIX requires that opening a file with the B<O_APPEND> flag should have no "
13625 "affect on the location at which B<pwrite>() writes data. However, on "
13626 "Linux, if a file is opened with B<O_APPEND>, B<pwrite>() appends data to "
13627 "the end of the file, regardless of the value of I<offset>."
13630 #. type: Plain text
13631 #: build/C/man2/pread.2:163
13632 msgid "B<lseek>(2), B<read>(2), B<readv>(2), B<write>(2)"
13636 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:8
13638 msgid "SET_THREAD_AREA"
13641 #. type: Plain text
13642 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:11
13643 msgid "set_thread_area - set a thread local storage (TLS) area"
13646 #. type: Plain text
13647 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:17
13648 msgid "B<int set_thread_area(struct user_desc *>I<u_info>B<);>"
13651 #. type: Plain text
13652 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:33
13654 "B<set_thread_area>() sets an entry in the current thread's thread-local "
13655 "storage (TLS) array. The TLS array entry set by B<set_thread_area>() "
13656 "corresponds to the value of I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number> passed in by the "
13657 "user. If this value is in bounds, B<set_thread_area>() copies the TLS "
13658 "descriptor pointed to by I<u_info> into the thread's TLS array."
13661 #. type: Plain text
13662 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:44
13664 "When B<set_thread_area>() is passed an I<entry_number> of -1, it uses a "
13665 "free TLS entry. If B<set_thread_area>() finds a free TLS entry, the value "
13666 "of I<u_info-E<gt>entry_number> is set upon return to show which entry was "
13670 #. type: Plain text
13671 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:49
13673 "B<set_thread_area>() returns 0 on success, and -1 on failure, with I<errno> "
13674 "set appropriately."
13678 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:56
13683 #. type: Plain text
13684 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:59
13685 msgid "A free TLS entry could not be located."
13688 #. type: Plain text
13689 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:63
13690 msgid "A version of B<set_thread_area>() first appeared in Linux 2.5.29."
13693 #. type: Plain text
13694 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:67
13696 "B<set_thread_area>() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs "
13697 "that are intended to be portable."
13700 #. type: Plain text
13701 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:72
13703 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call, since it is generally "
13704 "intended only for use by threading libraries. In the unlikely event that "
13705 "you want to call it directly, use B<syscall>(2)."
13708 #. type: Plain text
13709 #: build/C/man2/set_thread_area.2:74
13710 msgid "B<get_thread_area>(2)"
13714 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:34
13720 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:34 build/C/man2/uname.2:27
13725 #. type: Plain text
13726 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:37
13727 msgid "setup - setup devices and filesystems, mount root filesystem"
13730 #. type: Plain text
13731 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:41
13732 msgid "B<int setup(void);>"
13735 #. type: Plain text
13736 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:47
13738 "B<setup>() is called once from within I<linux/init/main.c>. It calls "
13739 "initialization functions for devices and filesystems configured into the "
13740 "kernel and then mounts the root filesystem."
13743 #. type: Plain text
13744 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:53
13746 "No user process may call B<setup>(). Any user process, even a process with "
13747 "superuser permission, will receive B<EPERM>."
13750 #. type: Plain text
13751 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:56
13752 msgid "B<setup>() always returns -1 for a user process."
13755 #. type: Plain text
13756 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:62
13757 msgid "Since Linux 2.1.121, no such function exists anymore."
13760 #. type: Plain text
13761 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:65
13763 "This function is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended "
13764 "to be portable, or indeed in any programs at all."
13767 #. type: Plain text
13768 #: build/C/man2/setup.2:72
13770 "The calling sequence varied: at some times I<setup ()> has had a single "
13771 "argument I<void\\ *BIOS> and at other times a single argument I<int magic>."
13775 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:28
13780 #. type: Plain text
13781 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:31
13782 msgid "shells - pathnames of valid login shells"
13785 #. type: Plain text
13786 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:37
13788 "I</etc/shells> is a text file which contains the full pathnames of valid "
13789 "login shells. This file is consulted by B<chsh>(1) and available to be "
13790 "queried by other programs."
13793 #. type: Plain text
13794 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:43
13796 "Be aware that there are programs which consult this file to find out if a "
13797 "user is a normal user; for example, FTP daemons traditionally disallow "
13798 "access to users with shells not included in this file."
13801 #. type: Plain text
13802 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:45
13803 msgid "I</etc/shells>"
13806 #. type: Plain text
13807 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:48
13808 msgid "I</etc/shells> may contain the following paths:"
13811 #. type: Plain text
13812 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:51
13816 #. type: Plain text
13817 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:53
13818 msgid "I</bin/bash>"
13821 #. type: Plain text
13822 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:55
13823 msgid "I</bin/csh>"
13826 #. type: Plain text
13827 #: build/C/man5/shells.5:59
13828 msgid "B<chsh>(1), B<getusershell>(3)"
13832 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:26
13838 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:26
13843 #. type: Plain text
13844 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:29
13845 msgid "sleep - sleep for the specified number of seconds"
13848 #. type: Plain text
13849 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:34
13851 msgid "B<unsigned int sleep(unsigned int >I<seconds>B<);>\n"
13854 #. type: Plain text
13855 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:40
13857 "B<sleep>() makes the calling thread sleep until I<seconds> seconds have "
13858 "elapsed or a signal arrives which is not ignored."
13861 #. type: Plain text
13862 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:44
13864 "Zero if the requested time has elapsed, or the number of seconds left to "
13865 "sleep, if the call was interrupted by a signal handler."
13868 #. type: Plain text
13869 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:55
13871 "B<sleep>() may be implemented using B<SIGALRM>; mixing calls to B<alarm>(2) "
13872 "and B<sleep>() is a bad idea."
13875 #. type: Plain text
13876 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:61
13878 "Using B<longjmp>(3) from a signal handler or modifying the handling of "
13879 "B<SIGALRM> while sleeping will cause undefined results."
13882 #. type: Plain text
13883 #: build/C/man3/sleep.3:66
13884 msgid "B<alarm>(2), B<nanosleep>(2), B<signal>(2), B<signal>(7)"
13888 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:31
13894 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:31
13899 #. type: Plain text
13900 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:34
13901 msgid "swab - swap adjacent bytes"
13904 #. type: Plain text
13905 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:38
13908 "B<#define _XOPEN_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
13909 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
13912 #. type: Plain text
13913 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:40
13915 msgid "B<void swab(const void *>I<from>B<, void *>I<to>B<, ssize_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
13918 #. type: Plain text
13919 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:55
13921 "The B<swab>() function copies I<n> bytes from the array pointed to by "
13922 "I<from> to the array pointed to by I<to>, exchanging adjacent even and odd "
13923 "bytes. This function is used to exchange data between machines that have "
13924 "different low/high byte ordering."
13927 #. type: Plain text
13928 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:68
13930 "This function does nothing when I<n> is negative. When I<n> is positive and "
13931 "odd, it handles I<n-1> bytes as above, and does something unspecified with "
13932 "the last byte. (In other words, I<n> should be even.)"
13935 #. type: Plain text
13936 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:72
13937 msgid "The B<swab>() function returns no value."
13940 #. type: Plain text
13941 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:77
13942 msgid "The B<swab>() function is thread-safe."
13945 #. type: Plain text
13946 #: build/C/man3/swab.3:81
13947 msgid "B<bstring>(3)"
13951 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:37
13956 #. type: Plain text
13957 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:40
13958 msgid "swapon, swapoff - start/stop swapping to file/device"
13961 #. type: Plain text
13962 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:44
13963 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/swap.hE<gt>>"
13966 #. type: Plain text
13967 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:46
13968 msgid "B<int swapon(const char *>I<path>B<, int >I<swapflags>B<);>"
13971 #. type: Plain text
13972 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:48
13973 msgid "B<int swapoff(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
13976 #. type: Plain text
13977 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:55
13979 "B<swapon>() sets the swap area to the file or block device specified by "
13980 "I<path>. B<swapoff>() stops swapping to the file or block device specified "
13984 #. type: Plain text
13985 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:65
13987 "If the B<SWAP_FLAG_PREFER> flag is specified in the B<swapon>() "
13988 "I<swapflags> argument, the new swap area will have a higher priority than "
13989 "default. The priority is encoded within I<swapflags> as:"
13992 #. type: Plain text
13993 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:68
13994 msgid "I<(prio E<lt>E<lt> SWAP_FLAG_PRIO_SHIFT) & SWAP_FLAG_PRIO_MASK>"
13997 #. type: Plain text
13998 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:80
14000 "If the B<SWAP_FLAG_DISCARD> flag is specified in the B<swapon>() "
14001 "I<swapflags> argument, freed swap pages will be discarded before they are "
14002 "reused, if the swap device supports the discard or trim operation. (This "
14003 "may improve performance on some Solid State Devices, but often it does not.) "
14007 #. type: Plain text
14008 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:84
14010 "These functions may be used only by a privileged process (one having the "
14011 "B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability)."
14015 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:84
14020 #. type: Plain text
14021 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:89
14023 "Each swap area has a priority, either high or low. The default priority is "
14024 "low. Within the low-priority areas, newer areas are even lower priority "
14025 "than older areas."
14028 #. type: Plain text
14029 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:95
14031 "All priorities set with I<swapflags> are high-priority, higher than "
14032 "default. They may have any nonnegative value chosen by the caller. Higher "
14033 "numbers mean higher priority."
14036 #. type: Plain text
14037 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:103
14039 "Swap pages are allocated from areas in priority order, highest priority "
14040 "first. For areas with different priorities, a higher-priority area is "
14041 "exhausted before using a lower-priority area. If two or more areas have the "
14042 "same priority, and it is the highest priority available, pages are allocated "
14043 "on a round-robin basis between them."
14046 #. type: Plain text
14047 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:106
14049 "As of Linux 1.3.6, the kernel usually follows these rules, but there are "
14053 #. type: Plain text
14054 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:119
14056 "(for B<swapon>()) The specified I<path> is already being used as a swap "
14060 #. type: Plain text
14061 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:124
14063 "The file I<path> exists, but refers neither to a regular file nor to a block "
14067 #. type: Plain text
14068 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:129
14070 "(B<swapon>()) The indicated path does not contain a valid swap signature or "
14071 "resides on an in-memory filesystem such as tmpfs."
14075 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:129
14077 msgid "B<EINVAL> (since Linux 3.4)"
14080 #. type: Plain text
14081 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:134
14082 msgid "(B<swapon>()) An invalid flag value was specified in I<flags>."
14085 #. type: Plain text
14086 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:139
14087 msgid "(B<swapoff>()) I<path> is not currently a swap area."
14090 #. type: Plain text
14091 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:147
14092 msgid "The file I<path> does not exist."
14095 #. type: Plain text
14096 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:150
14097 msgid "The system has insufficient memory to start swapping."
14100 #. type: Plain text
14101 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:157
14103 "The caller does not have the B<CAP_SYS_ADMIN> capability. Alternatively, "
14104 "the maximum number of swap files are already in use; see NOTES below."
14107 #. type: Plain text
14108 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:163
14110 "These functions are Linux-specific and should not be used in programs "
14111 "intended to be portable. The second I<swapflags> argument was introduced in "
14115 #. type: Plain text
14116 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:166
14117 msgid "The partition or path must be prepared with B<mkswap>(8)."
14120 #. type: Plain text
14121 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:186
14123 "There is an upper limit on the number of swap files that may be used, "
14124 "defined by the kernel constant B<MAX_SWAPFILES>. Before kernel 2.4.10, "
14125 "B<MAX_SWAPFILES> has the value 8; since kernel 2.4.10, it has the value 32. "
14126 "Since kernel 2.6.18, the limit is decreased by 2 (thus: 30) if the kernel "
14127 "is built with the B<CONFIG_MIGRATION> option (which reserves two swap table "
14128 "entries for the page migration features of B<mbind>(2) and "
14129 "B<migrate_pages>(2)). Since kernel 2.6.32, the limit is further decreased "
14130 "by 1 if the kernel is built with the B<CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE> option."
14133 #. To be precise: 2.6.35.5
14134 #. type: Plain text
14135 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:197
14137 "Discard of swap pages was introduced in kernel 2.6.29, then made conditional "
14138 "on the B<SWAP_FLAG_DISCARD> flag in kernel 2.6.36, which still discards the "
14139 "entire swap area when B<swapon>() is called, even if that flag bit is not "
14143 #. type: Plain text
14144 #: build/C/man2/swapon.2:201
14145 msgid "B<mkswap>(8), B<swapoff>(8), B<swapon>(8)"
14149 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:40
14154 #. type: Plain text
14155 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:43
14156 msgid "syscall - indirect system call"
14159 #. type: Plain text
14160 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:48
14163 "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
14164 "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>\n"
14165 "B<#include E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt> >/* For SYS_xxx definitions */\n"
14168 #. type: Plain text
14169 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:50
14171 msgid "B<long syscall(long >I<number>B<, ...);>\n"
14174 #. type: Plain text
14175 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:62
14177 "B<syscall>() is a small library function that invokes the system call whose "
14178 "assembly language interface has the specified I<number> with the specified "
14179 "arguments. Employing B<syscall>() is useful, for example, when invoking a "
14180 "system call that has no wrapper function in the C library."
14183 #. type: Plain text
14184 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:69
14186 "B<syscall>() saves CPU registers before making the system call, restores "
14187 "the registers upon return from the system call, and stores any error code "
14188 "returned by the system call in B<errno>(3) if an error occurs."
14191 #. type: Plain text
14192 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:72
14194 "Symbolic constants for system call numbers can be found in the header file "
14195 "I<E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt>>."
14198 #. type: Plain text
14199 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:78
14201 "The return value is defined by the system call being invoked. In general, a "
14202 "0 return value indicates success. A -1 return value indicates an error, and "
14203 "an error code is stored in I<errno>."
14206 #. type: Plain text
14207 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:82
14208 msgid "B<syscall>() first appeared in 4BSD."
14212 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:82
14214 msgid "Architecture-specific requirements"
14217 #. type: Plain text
14218 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:93
14220 "Each architecture ABI has its own requirements on how system call arguments "
14221 "are passed to the kernel. For system calls that have a glibc wrapper (e.g., "
14222 "most system calls), glibc handles the details of copying arguments to the "
14223 "right registers in a manner suitable for the architecture. However, when "
14224 "using B<syscall>() to make a system call, the caller might need to handle "
14225 "architecture-dependent details; this requirement is most commonly "
14226 "encountered on certain 32-bit architectures."
14229 #. type: Plain text
14230 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:104
14232 "For example, on the ARM architecture Embedded ABI (EABI), a 64-bit value "
14233 "(e.g., I<long long>) must be aligned to an even register pair. Thus, using "
14234 "B<syscall>() instead of the wrapper provided by glibc, the B<readahead>() "
14235 "system call would be invoked as follows on the ARM architecture with the "
14239 #. type: Plain text
14240 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:111
14243 "syscall(SYS_readahead, fd, 0,\n"
14244 " (unsigned int) (offset E<gt>E<gt> 32),\n"
14245 " (unsigned int) (offset & 0xFFFFFFFF),\n"
14249 #. type: Plain text
14250 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:125
14252 "Since the offset argument is 64 bits, and the first argument (I<fd>) is "
14253 "passed in I<r0>, the caller must manually split and align the 64-bit value "
14254 "so that it is passed in the I<r2>/I<r3> register pair. That means inserting "
14255 "a dummy value into I<r1> (the second argument of 0)."
14258 #. Mike Frysinger: this issue ends up forcing MIPS
14259 #. O32 to take 7 arguments to syscall()
14260 #. type: Plain text
14261 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:130
14263 "Similar issues can occur on MIPS with the O32 ABI, on PowerPC with the "
14264 "32-bit ABI, and on Xtensa."
14267 #. type: Plain text
14268 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:141
14270 "The affected system calls are B<fadvise64_64>(2), B<ftruncate64>(2), "
14271 "B<posix_fadvise>(2), B<pread64>(2), B<pwrite64>(2), B<readahead>(2), "
14272 "B<sync_file_range>(2), and B<truncate64>(2)."
14276 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:141
14278 msgid "Architecture calling conventions"
14281 #. type: Plain text
14282 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:145
14284 "Every architecture has its own way of invoking and passing arguments to the "
14285 "kernel. The details for various architectures are listed in the two tables "
14289 #. type: Plain text
14290 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:152
14292 "The first table lists the instruction used to transition to kernel mode, "
14293 "(which might not be the fastest or best way to transition to the kernel, so "
14294 "you might have to refer to B<vdso>(7)), the register used to indicate the "
14295 "system call number, and the register used to return the system call result."
14299 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:157
14301 msgid "arch/ABI\tinstruction\tsyscall #\tretval\tNotes\n"
14305 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:159
14307 msgid "arm/OABI\tswi NR\t-\ta1\tNR is syscall #\n"
14311 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:160
14313 msgid "arm/EABI\tswi 0x0\tr7\tr0\n"
14317 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:161
14319 msgid "blackfin\texcpt 0x0\tP0\tR0\n"
14323 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:162
14325 msgid "i386\tint $0x80\teax\teax\n"
14329 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:163
14331 msgid "ia64\tbreak 0x100000\tr15\tr10/r8\tT{\n"
14335 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:164
14337 msgid "bool error/\n"
14341 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:165 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:172 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:184 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:316 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:388 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:404 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:416
14347 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:166
14349 msgid "errno value\n"
14353 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:167 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:174 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:186 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:318 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:390 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:406 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:418 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:549 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:596
14359 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:168
14361 msgid "parisc\tble 0x100(%sr2, %r0)\tr20\tr28\n"
14365 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:169
14367 msgid "s390\tsvc 0\tr1\tr2\tSee below\n"
14371 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:170
14373 msgid "s390x\tsvc 0\tr1\tr2\tSee below\n"
14377 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:171
14379 msgid "sparc/32\tt 0x10\tg1\to0\n"
14383 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:172
14385 msgid "sparc/64\tt 0x6d\tg1\to0\n"
14389 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:173
14391 msgid "x86_64\tsyscall\trax\trax\n"
14394 #. type: Plain text
14395 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:178
14397 "For s390 and s390x, NR (the system call number) may be passed directly with "
14398 "\"svc NR\" if it is less than 256."
14401 #. type: Plain text
14402 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:184
14403 msgid "The second table shows the registers used to pass the system call arguments."
14407 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:189
14409 msgid "arch/ABI\targ1\targ2\targ3\targ4\targ5\targ6\targ7\n"
14413 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:191
14415 msgid "arm/OABI\ta1\ta2\ta3\ta4\tv1\tv2\tv3\n"
14419 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:192
14421 msgid "arm/EABI\tr0\tr1\tr2\tr3\tr4\tr5\tr6\n"
14425 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:193
14427 msgid "blackfin\tR0\tR1\tR2\tR3\tR4\tR5\t-\n"
14431 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:194
14433 msgid "i386\tebx\tecx\tedx\tesi\tedi\tebp\t-\n"
14437 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:195
14439 msgid "ia64\tout0\tout1\tout2\tout3\tout4\tout5\t-\n"
14443 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:196
14445 msgid "parisc\tr26\tr25\tr24\tr23\tr22\tr21\t-\n"
14449 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:197
14451 msgid "s390\tr2\tr3\tr4\tr5\tr6\tr7\t-\n"
14455 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:198
14457 msgid "s390x\tr2\tr3\tr4\tr5\tr6\tr7\t-\n"
14461 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:199
14463 msgid "sparc/32\to0\to1\to2\to3\to4\to5\t-\n"
14467 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:200
14469 msgid "sparc/64\to0\to1\to2\to3\to4\to5\t-\n"
14473 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:201
14475 msgid "x86_64\trdi\trsi\trdx\tr10\tr8\tr9\t-\n"
14478 #. type: Plain text
14479 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:210
14481 "Note that these tables don't cover the entire calling convention\\(emsome "
14482 "architectures may indiscriminately clobber other registers not listed here."
14485 #. type: Plain text
14486 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:217
14489 "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n"
14490 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
14491 "#include E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt>\n"
14492 "#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>\n"
14493 "#include E<lt>signal.hE<gt>\n"
14496 #. type: Plain text
14497 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:222
14501 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
14506 #. type: Plain text
14507 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:226
14510 " tid = syscall(SYS_gettid);\n"
14511 " tid = syscall(SYS_tgkill, getpid(), tid, SIGHUP);\n"
14515 #. type: Plain text
14516 #: build/C/man2/syscall.2:232
14517 msgid "B<_syscall>(2), B<intro>(2), B<syscalls>(2), B<vdso>(7)"
14521 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31
14527 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:31
14532 #. type: Plain text
14533 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:34
14534 msgid "syscalls - Linux system calls"
14537 #. type: Plain text
14538 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:36
14539 msgid "Linux system calls."
14542 #. type: Plain text
14543 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:39
14545 "The system call is the fundamental interface between an application and the "
14550 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:39
14552 msgid "System calls and library wrapper functions"
14555 #. type: Plain text
14556 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:49
14558 "System calls are generally not invoked directly, but rather via wrapper "
14559 "functions in glibc (or perhaps some other library). For details of direct "
14560 "invocation of a system call, see B<intro>(2). Often, but not always, the "
14561 "name of the wrapper function is the same as the name of the system call that "
14562 "it invokes. For example, glibc contains a function B<truncate>() which "
14563 "invokes the underlying \"truncate\" system call."
14566 #. type: Plain text
14567 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:67
14569 "Often the glibc wrapper function is quite thin, doing little work other than "
14570 "copying arguments to the right registers before invoking the system call, "
14571 "and then setting I<errno> appropriately after the system call has returned. "
14572 "(These are the same steps that are performed by B<syscall>(2), which can be "
14573 "used to invoke system calls for which no wrapper function is provided.) "
14574 "Note: system calls indicate a failure by returning a negative error number "
14575 "to the caller; when this happens, the wrapper function negates the returned "
14576 "error number (to make it positive), copies it to I<errno>, and returns -1 to "
14577 "the caller of the wrapper."
14580 #. type: Plain text
14581 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:79
14583 "Sometimes, however, the wrapper function does some extra work before "
14584 "invoking the system call. For example, nowadays there are (for reasons "
14585 "described below) two related system calls, B<truncate>(2) and "
14586 "B<truncate64>(2), and the glibc B<truncate>() wrapper function checks which "
14587 "of those system calls are provided by the kernel and determines which should "
14592 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:79
14594 msgid "System call list"
14597 #. type: Plain text
14598 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:87
14600 "Below is a list of the Linux system calls. In the list, the I<Kernel> "
14601 "column indicates the kernel version for those system calls that were new in "
14602 "Linux 2.2, or have appeared since that kernel version. Note the following "
14606 #. type: Plain text
14607 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:90
14609 "Where no kernel version is indicated, the system call appeared in kernel 1.0 "
14613 #. type: Plain text
14614 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:96
14616 "Where a system call is marked \"1.2\" this means the system call probably "
14617 "appeared in a 1.1.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
14618 "with 1.2. (Development of the 1.2 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
14619 "kernel 1.0.6 via the 1.1.x unstable kernel series.)"
14622 #. Was kernel 2.0 started from a branch of 1.2.10?
14623 #. At least from the timestamps of the tarballs of
14624 #. of 1.2.10 and 1.3.0, that's how it looks, but in
14625 #. fact the diff doesn't seem very clear, the
14626 #. 1.3.0 .tar.bz is much bigger (2.0 MB) than the
14627 #. 1.2.10 .tar.bz2 (1.8 MB), and AEB points out the
14628 #. timestamps of some files in 1.3.0 seem to be older
14629 #. than those in 1.2.10. All of this suggests
14630 #. that there might not have been a clean branch point.
14631 #. type: Plain text
14632 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:112
14634 "Where a system call is marked \"2.0\" this means the system call probably "
14635 "appeared in a 1.3.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
14636 "with 2.0. (Development of the 2.0 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
14637 "kernel 1.2.x, somewhere around 1.2.10, via the 1.3.x unstable kernel "
14641 #. type: Plain text
14642 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:118
14644 "Where a system call is marked \"2.2\" this means the system call probably "
14645 "appeared in a 2.1.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
14646 "with 2.2.0. (Development of the 2.2 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
14647 "kernel 2.0.21 via the 2.1.x unstable kernel series.)"
14650 #. type: Plain text
14651 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:124
14653 "Where a system call is marked \"2.4\" this means the system call probably "
14654 "appeared in a 2.3.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
14655 "with 2.4.0. (Development of the 2.4 kernel was initiated from a branch of "
14656 "kernel 2.2.8 via the 2.3.x unstable kernel series.)"
14659 #. type: Plain text
14660 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:130
14662 "Where a system call is marked \"2.6\" this means the system call probably "
14663 "appeared in a 2.5.x kernel version, and first appeared in a stable kernel "
14664 "with 2.6.0. (Development of kernel 2.6 was initiated from a branch of "
14665 "kernel 2.4.15 via the 2.5.x unstable kernel series.)"
14668 #. type: Plain text
14669 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:137
14671 "Starting with kernel 2.6.0, the development model changed, and new system "
14672 "calls may appear in each 2.6.x release. In this case, the exact version "
14673 "number where the system call appeared is shown. This convention continues "
14674 "with the 3.x kernel series, which followed on from kernel 2.6.39."
14677 #. type: Plain text
14678 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:145
14680 "In some cases, a system call was added to a stable kernel series after it "
14681 "branched from the previous stable kernel series, and then backported into "
14682 "the earlier stable kernel series. For example some system calls that "
14683 "appeared in 2.6.x were also backported into a 2.4.x release after 2.4.15. "
14684 "When this is so, the version where the system call appeared in both of the "
14685 "major kernel series is listed."
14689 #. Looking at scripts/checksyscalls.sh in the kernel source is
14690 #. instructive about x86 specifics.
14691 #. type: Plain text
14692 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:152
14694 "The list of system calls that are available as at kernel 3.15 (or in a few "
14695 "cases only on older kernels) is as follows:"
14699 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:157
14701 msgid "B<System call>\tB<Kernel>\tB<Notes>\n"
14705 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:159
14707 msgid "B<_llseek>(2)\t1.2\n"
14711 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:160
14713 msgid "B<_newselect>(2)\t2.0\n"
14717 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:161
14719 msgid "B<_sysctl>(2)\t2.0\n"
14723 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:162
14725 msgid "B<accept>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
14729 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:163
14731 msgid "B<accept4>(2)\t2.6.28\n"
14735 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:164
14737 msgid "B<access>(2)\t1.0\n"
14741 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:165
14743 msgid "B<acct>(2)\t1.0\n"
14747 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:166
14749 msgid "B<add_key>(2)\t2.6.11\n"
14753 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:167
14755 msgid "B<adjtimex>(2)\t1.0\n"
14759 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:168
14761 msgid "B<alarm>(2)\t1.0\n"
14765 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:169
14767 msgid "B<alloc_hugepages>(2)\t2.5.36\tRemoved in 2.5.44\n"
14771 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:170
14773 msgid "B<bdflush>(2)\t1.2\tT{\n"
14777 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:171
14779 msgid "Deprecated (does nothing)\n"
14783 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:173
14785 msgid "since 2.6\n"
14789 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:175
14791 msgid "B<bind>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
14795 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:176
14797 msgid "B<brk>(2)\t1.0\n"
14801 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:177
14803 msgid "B<cacheflush>(2)\t1.2\tNot on x86\n"
14807 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:178
14809 msgid "B<capget>(2)\t2.2\n"
14813 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:179
14815 msgid "B<capset>(2)\t2.2\n"
14819 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:180
14821 msgid "B<chdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
14825 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:181
14827 msgid "B<chmod>(2)\t1.0\n"
14831 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:182
14833 msgid "B<chown>(2)\t2.2\tT{\n"
14837 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:183 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:315
14839 msgid "See B<chown>(2) for\n"
14843 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:185 build/C/man2/syscalls.2:317
14845 msgid "version details\n"
14849 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:187
14851 msgid "B<chown32>(2)\t2.4\n"
14855 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:188
14857 msgid "B<chroot>(2)\t1.0\n"
14861 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:189
14863 msgid "B<clock_adjtime>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
14867 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:190
14869 msgid "B<clock_getres>(2)\t2.6\n"
14873 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:191
14875 msgid "B<clock_gettime>(2)\t2.6\n"
14879 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:192
14881 msgid "B<clock_nanosleep>(2)\t2.6\n"
14885 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:193
14887 msgid "B<clock_settime>(2)\t2.6\n"
14891 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:194
14893 msgid "B<clone>(2)\t1.0\n"
14897 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:195
14899 msgid "B<close>(2)\t1.0\n"
14903 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:196
14905 msgid "B<connect>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
14909 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:197
14911 msgid "B<creat>(2)\t1.0\n"
14915 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:198
14917 msgid "B<create_module>(2)\t\tRemoved in 2.6\n"
14921 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:199
14923 msgid "B<delete_module>(2)\t1.0\n"
14927 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:200
14929 msgid "B<dup>(2)\t1.0\n"
14933 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:201
14935 msgid "B<dup2>(2)\t1.0\n"
14939 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:202
14941 msgid "B<dup3>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
14945 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:203
14947 msgid "B<epoll_create>(2)\t2.6\n"
14951 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:204
14953 msgid "B<epoll_create1>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
14957 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:205
14959 msgid "B<epoll_ctl>(2)\t2.6\n"
14963 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:206
14965 msgid "B<epoll_pwait>(2)\t2.6.19\n"
14969 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:207
14971 msgid "B<epoll_wait>(2)\t2.6\n"
14975 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:208
14977 msgid "B<eventfd>(2)\t2.6.22\n"
14981 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:209
14983 msgid "B<eventfd2>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
14987 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:210
14989 msgid "B<execve>(2)\t1.0\n"
14993 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:211
14995 msgid "B<exit>(2)\t1.0\n"
14999 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:212
15001 msgid "B<exit_group>(2)\t2.6\n"
15005 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:213
15007 msgid "B<faccessat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15011 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:214
15013 msgid "B<fadvise64>(2)\t2.6\n"
15016 #. Implements \fBposix_fadvise\fP(2)
15018 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:216
15020 msgid "B<fadvise64_64>(2)\t2.6\n"
15024 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:217
15026 msgid "B<fallocate>(2)\t2.6.23\n"
15030 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:218
15032 msgid "B<fanotify_init>(2)\t2.6.37\n"
15036 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:219
15038 msgid "B<fanotify_mark>(2)\t2.6.37\n"
15041 #. The fanotify calls were added in Linux 2.6.36,
15042 #. but disabled while the API was finalized.
15044 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:222
15046 msgid "B<fchdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
15050 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:223
15052 msgid "B<fchmod>(2)\t1.0\n"
15056 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:224
15058 msgid "B<fchmodat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15062 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:225
15064 msgid "B<fchown>(2)\t1.0\n"
15068 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:226
15070 msgid "B<fchown32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15074 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:227
15076 msgid "B<fchownat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15080 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:228
15082 msgid "B<fcntl>(2)\t1.0\n"
15086 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:229
15088 msgid "B<fcntl64>(2)\t2.4\n"
15092 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:230
15094 msgid "B<fdatasync>(2)\t2.0\n"
15098 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:231
15100 msgid "B<fgetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15104 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:232
15106 msgid "B<finit_module>(2)\t3.8\n"
15110 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:233
15112 msgid "B<flistxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15116 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:234
15118 msgid "B<flock>(2)\t2.0\n"
15122 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:235
15124 msgid "B<fork>(2)\t1.0\n"
15128 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:236
15130 msgid "B<free_hugepages>(2)\t2.5.36\tRemoved in 2.5.44\n"
15134 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:237
15136 msgid "B<fremovexattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15140 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:238
15142 msgid "B<fsetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15146 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:239
15148 msgid "B<fstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
15152 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:240
15154 msgid "B<fstat64>(2)\t2.4\n"
15158 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:241
15160 msgid "B<fstatat64>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15164 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:242
15166 msgid "B<fstatfs>(2)\t1.0\n"
15170 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:243
15172 msgid "B<fstatfs64>(2)\t2.6\n"
15176 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:244
15178 msgid "B<fsync>(2)\t1.0\t1.0\n"
15182 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:245
15184 msgid "B<ftruncate>(2)\t1.0\n"
15188 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:246
15190 msgid "B<ftruncate64>(2)\t2.4\n"
15194 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:247
15196 msgid "B<futex>(2)\t2.6\n"
15200 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:248
15202 msgid "B<futimesat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15206 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:249
15208 msgid "B<get_kernel_syms>(2)\t\tRemoved in 2.6\n"
15212 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:250
15214 msgid "B<get_mempolicy>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15218 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:251
15220 msgid "B<get_robust_list>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
15224 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:252
15226 msgid "B<get_thread_area>(2)\t2.6\n"
15230 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:253
15232 msgid "B<getcpu>(2)\t2.6.19\n"
15236 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:254
15238 msgid "B<getcwd>(2)\t2.2\n"
15242 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:255
15244 msgid "B<getdents>(2)\t2.0\n"
15248 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:256
15250 msgid "B<getdents64>(2)\t2.4\n"
15254 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:257
15256 msgid "B<getegid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15260 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:258
15262 msgid "B<getegid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15266 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:259
15268 msgid "B<geteuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15272 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:260
15274 msgid "B<geteuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15278 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:261
15280 msgid "B<getgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15284 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:262
15286 msgid "B<getgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15290 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:263
15292 msgid "B<getgroups>(2)\t1.0\n"
15296 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:264
15298 msgid "B<getgroups32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15302 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:265
15304 msgid "B<getitimer>(2)\t1.0\n"
15308 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:266
15310 msgid "B<getpeername>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15314 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:267
15316 msgid "B<getpagesize>(2)\t2.0\tNot on x86\n"
15320 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:268
15322 msgid "B<getpgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15326 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:269
15328 msgid "B<getpgrp>(2)\t1.0\n"
15332 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:270
15334 msgid "B<getpid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15338 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:271
15340 msgid "B<getppid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15344 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:272
15346 msgid "B<getpriority>(2)\t1.0\n"
15350 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:273
15352 msgid "B<getresgid>(2)\t2.2\n"
15356 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:274
15358 msgid "B<getresgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15362 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:275
15364 msgid "B<getresuid>(2)\t2.2\n"
15368 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:276
15370 msgid "B<getresuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15374 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:277
15376 msgid "B<getrlimit>(2)\t1.0\n"
15380 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:278
15382 msgid "B<getrusage>(2)\t1.0\n"
15386 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:279
15388 msgid "B<getsid>(2)\t2.0\n"
15392 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:280
15394 msgid "B<getsockname>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15398 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:281
15400 msgid "B<getsockopt>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15404 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:282
15406 msgid "B<gettid>(2)\t2.4.11\n"
15410 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:283
15412 msgid "B<gettimeofday>(2)\t1.0\n"
15416 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:284
15418 msgid "B<getuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
15422 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:285
15424 msgid "B<getuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15427 #. \fBgetunwind\fP(2) 2.4.8 ia64; DEPRECATED
15429 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:287
15431 msgid "B<getxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15435 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:288
15437 msgid "B<init_module>(2)\t1.0\n"
15441 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:289
15443 msgid "B<inotify_add_watch>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
15447 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:290
15449 msgid "B<inotify_init>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
15453 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:291
15455 msgid "B<inotify_init1>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
15459 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:292
15461 msgid "B<inotify_rm_watch>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
15465 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:293
15467 msgid "B<io_cancel>(2)\t2.6\n"
15471 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:294
15473 msgid "B<io_destroy>(2)\t2.6\n"
15477 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:295
15479 msgid "B<io_getevents>(2)\t2.6\n"
15483 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:296
15485 msgid "B<io_setup>(2)\t2.6\n"
15489 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:297
15491 msgid "B<io_submit>(2)\t2.6\n"
15495 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:298
15497 msgid "B<ioctl>(2)\t1.0\n"
15501 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:299
15503 msgid "B<ioperm>(2)\t1.0\n"
15507 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:300
15509 msgid "B<iopl>(2)\t1.0\n"
15513 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:301
15515 msgid "B<ioprio_get>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
15519 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:302
15521 msgid "B<ioprio_set>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
15525 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:303
15527 msgid "B<ipc>(2)\t1.0\n"
15530 #. Implements System V IPC calls
15532 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:305
15534 msgid "B<kcmp>(2)\t3.5\n"
15538 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:306
15540 msgid "B<kern_features>(2)\t3.7\tSparc64\n"
15543 #. FIXME: document kern_features():
15544 #. commit 517ffce4e1a03aea979fe3a18a3dd1761a24fafb
15546 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:309
15548 msgid "B<kexec_load>(2)\t2.6.13\n"
15551 #. The entry in the syscall table was reserved starting in 2.6.7
15552 #. Was named sys_kexec_load() from 2.6.7 to 2.6.16
15554 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:312
15556 msgid "B<keyctl>(2)\t2.6.11\n"
15560 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:313
15562 msgid "B<kill>(2)\t1.0\n"
15566 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:314
15568 msgid "B<lchown>(2)\t1.0\tT{\n"
15572 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:319
15574 msgid "B<lchown32>(2)\t2.4\n"
15578 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:320
15580 msgid "B<lgetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15584 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:321
15586 msgid "B<link>(2)\t1.0\n"
15590 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:322
15592 msgid "B<linkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15596 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:323
15598 msgid "B<listen>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
15602 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:324
15604 msgid "B<listxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15608 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:325
15610 msgid "B<llistxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15614 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:326
15616 msgid "B<lookup_dcookie>(2)\t2.6\n"
15620 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:327
15622 msgid "B<lremovexattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15626 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:328
15628 msgid "B<lseek>(2)\t1.0\n"
15632 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:329
15634 msgid "B<lsetxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
15638 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:330
15640 msgid "B<lstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
15644 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:331
15646 msgid "B<lstat64>(2)\t2.4\n"
15650 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:332
15652 msgid "B<madvise>(2)\t2.4\n"
15656 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:333
15658 msgid "B<mbind>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15661 #. \fBmemory_ordering\fP(2) ??? Sparc64
15663 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:335
15665 msgid "B<migrate_pages>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15669 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:336
15671 msgid "B<mincore>(2)\t2.4\n"
15675 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:337
15677 msgid "B<mkdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
15681 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:338
15683 msgid "B<mkdirat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15687 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:339
15689 msgid "B<mknod>(2)\t1.0\n"
15693 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:340
15695 msgid "B<mknodat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15699 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:341
15701 msgid "B<mlock>(2)\t2.0\n"
15705 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:342
15707 msgid "B<mlockall>(2)\t2.0\n"
15711 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:343
15713 msgid "B<mmap>(2)\t1.0\n"
15717 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:344
15719 msgid "B<mmap2>(2)\t2.4\n"
15723 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:345
15725 msgid "B<modify_ldt>(2)\t1.0\n"
15729 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:346
15731 msgid "B<mount>(2)\t1.0\n"
15735 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:347
15737 msgid "B<move_pages>(2)\t2.6.18\n"
15741 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:348
15743 msgid "B<mprotect>(2)\t1.0\n"
15747 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:349
15749 msgid "B<mq_getsetattr>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15752 #. Implements \fBmq_getattr\fP(3) and \fBmq_setattr\fP(3)
15754 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:351
15756 msgid "B<mq_notify>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15760 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:352
15762 msgid "B<mq_open>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15766 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:353
15768 msgid "B<mq_timedreceive>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15772 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:354
15774 msgid "B<mq_timedsend>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15778 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:355
15780 msgid "B<mq_unlink>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
15784 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:356
15786 msgid "B<mremap>(2)\t2.0\n"
15790 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:357
15792 msgid "B<msgctl>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
15796 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:358
15798 msgid "B<msgget>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
15802 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:359
15804 msgid "B<msgrcv>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
15808 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:360
15810 msgid "B<msgsnd>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
15814 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:361
15816 msgid "B<msync>(2)\t2.0\n"
15819 #. \fBmultiplexer\fP(2) ?? __NR_multiplexer reserved on
15820 #. PowerPC, but unimplemented?
15822 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:364
15824 msgid "B<munlock>(2)\t2.0\n"
15828 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:365
15830 msgid "B<munlockall>(2)\t2.0\n"
15834 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:366
15836 msgid "B<munmap>(2)\t1.0\n"
15840 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:367
15842 msgid "B<name_to_handle_at>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
15846 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:368
15848 msgid "B<nanosleep>(2)\t2.0\n"
15852 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:369
15854 msgid "B<nfsservctl>(2)\t2.2\tRemoved in 3.1\n"
15858 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:370
15860 msgid "B<nice>(2)\t1.0\n"
15864 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:371
15866 msgid "B<oldfstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
15870 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:372
15872 msgid "B<oldlstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
15876 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:373
15878 msgid "B<oldolduname>(2)\t1.0\n"
15882 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:374
15884 msgid "B<oldstat>(2)\t1.0\n"
15888 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:375
15890 msgid "B<olduname>(2)\t1.0\n"
15894 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:376
15896 msgid "B<open>(2)\t1.0\n"
15900 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:377
15902 msgid "B<open_by_handle_at>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
15906 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:378
15908 msgid "B<openat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
15912 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:379
15914 msgid "B<pause>(2)\t1.0\n"
15918 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:380
15920 msgid "B<pciconfig_iobase>(2)\t2.2.15; 2.4\tNot on x86\n"
15923 #. Alpha, PowerPC, ARM; not x86
15925 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:382
15927 msgid "B<pciconfig_read>(2)\t2.0.26; 2.2\tNot on x86\n"
15930 #. , PowerPC, ARM; not x86
15932 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:384
15934 msgid "B<pciconfig_write>(2)\t2.0.26; 2.2\tNot on x86\n"
15937 #. , PowerPC, ARM; not x86
15939 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:386
15941 msgid "B<perf_event_open>(2)\t2.6.31\tT{\n"
15945 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:387
15947 msgid "Was called perf_counter_open()\n"
15951 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:389
15953 msgid "in 2.6.31; renamed in 2.6.32\n"
15957 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:391
15959 msgid "B<personality>(2)\t1.2\n"
15963 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:392
15965 msgid "B<perfctr>(2)\t2.2\tSparc; removed in 2.6.34\n"
15968 #. commit c7d5a0050773e98d1094eaa9f2a1a793fafac300 removed perfctr()
15970 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:394
15972 msgid "B<perfmonctl>(2)\t2.4\tia64\n"
15976 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:395
15978 msgid "B<pipe>(2)\t1.0\n"
15982 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:396
15984 msgid "B<pipe2>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
15988 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:397
15990 msgid "B<pivot_root>(2)\t2.4\n"
15994 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:398
15996 msgid "B<poll>(2)\t2.0.36; 2.2\n"
16000 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:399
16002 msgid "B<ppc_rtas>(2)\t\tPowerPC only\n"
16006 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:400
16008 msgid "B<ppoll>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16012 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:401
16014 msgid "B<prctl>(2)\t2.2\n"
16018 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:402
16020 msgid "B<pread64>(2)\t\tT{\n"
16024 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:403
16026 msgid "Added as \"pread\" in 2.2;\n"
16030 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:405
16032 msgid "renamed \"pread64\" in 2.6\n"
16036 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:407
16038 msgid "B<preadv>(2)\t2.6.30\n"
16042 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:408
16044 msgid "B<prlimit>(2)\t2.6.36\n"
16048 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:409
16050 msgid "B<process_vm_readv>(2)\t3.2\n"
16054 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:410
16056 msgid "B<process_vm_writev>(2)\t3.2\n"
16060 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:411
16062 msgid "B<pselect6>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16065 #. Implements \fBpselect\fP(2)
16067 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:413
16069 msgid "B<ptrace>(2)\t1.0\n"
16073 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:414
16075 msgid "B<pwrite64>(2)\t\tT{\n"
16079 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:415
16081 msgid "Added as \"pwrite\" in 2.2;\n"
16085 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:417
16087 msgid "renamed \"pwrite64\" in 2.6\n"
16091 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:419
16093 msgid "B<pwritev>(2)\t2.6.30\n"
16097 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:420
16099 msgid "B<query_module>(2)\t2.2\tRemoved in 2.6\n"
16103 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:421
16105 msgid "B<quotactl>(2)\t1.0\n"
16109 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:422
16111 msgid "B<read>(2)\t1.0\n"
16115 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:423
16117 msgid "B<readahead>(2)\t2.4.13\n"
16121 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:424
16123 msgid "B<readdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
16126 #. Supersedes \fBgetdents\fP(2)
16128 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:426
16130 msgid "B<readlink>(2)\t1.0\n"
16134 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:427
16136 msgid "B<readlinkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16140 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:428
16142 msgid "B<readv>(2)\t2.0\n"
16146 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:429
16148 msgid "B<reboot>(2)\t1.0\n"
16152 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:430
16154 msgid "B<recv>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16158 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:431
16160 msgid "B<recvfrom>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16164 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:432
16166 msgid "B<recvmsg>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16170 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:433
16172 msgid "B<recvmmsg>(2)\t2.6.33\n"
16176 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:434
16178 msgid "B<remap_file_pages>(2)\t2.6\n"
16182 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:435
16184 msgid "B<removexattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
16188 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:436
16190 msgid "B<rename>(2)\t1.0\n"
16194 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:437
16196 msgid "B<renameat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16200 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:438
16202 msgid "B<renameat2>(2)\t3.15\n"
16206 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:439
16208 msgid "B<request_key>(2)\t2.6.11\n"
16212 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:440
16214 msgid "B<restart_syscall>(2)\t2.6\n"
16218 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:441
16220 msgid "B<rmdir>(2)\t1.0\n"
16224 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:442
16226 msgid "B<rt_sigaction>(2)\t2.2\n"
16230 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:443
16232 msgid "B<rt_sigpending>(2)\t2.2\n"
16236 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:444
16238 msgid "B<rt_sigprocmask>(2)\t2.2\n"
16242 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:445
16244 msgid "B<rt_sigqueueinfo>(2)\t2.2\n"
16248 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:446
16250 msgid "B<rt_sigreturn>(2)\t2.2\n"
16254 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:447
16256 msgid "B<rt_sigsuspend>(2)\t2.2\n"
16260 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:448
16262 msgid "B<rt_sigtimedwait>(2)\t2.2\n"
16266 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:449
16268 msgid "B<rt_tgsigqueueinfo>(2)\t2.6.31\n"
16272 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:450
16274 msgid "B<s390_runtime_instr>(2)\t3.7\ts390 only\n"
16278 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:451
16280 msgid "B<sched_get_priority_max>(2)\t2.0\n"
16284 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:452
16286 msgid "B<sched_get_priority_min>(2)\t2.0\n"
16290 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:453
16292 msgid "B<sched_getaffinity>(2)\t2.6\n"
16296 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:454
16298 msgid "B<sched_getattr>(2)\t3.14\n"
16302 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:455
16304 msgid "B<sched_getparam>(2)\t2.0\n"
16308 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:456
16310 msgid "B<sched_getscheduler>(2)\t2.0\n"
16314 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:457
16316 msgid "B<sched_rr_get_interval>(2)\t2.0\n"
16320 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:458
16322 msgid "B<sched_setaffinity>(2)\t2.6\n"
16326 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:459
16328 msgid "B<sched_setattr>(2)\t3.14\n"
16332 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:460
16334 msgid "B<sched_setparam>(2)\t2.0\n"
16338 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:461
16340 msgid "B<sched_setscheduler>(2)\t2.0\n"
16344 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:462
16346 msgid "B<sched_yield>(2)\t2.0\n"
16350 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:463
16352 msgid "B<select>(2)\t1.0\n"
16356 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:464
16358 msgid "B<semctl>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16362 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:465
16364 msgid "B<semget>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16368 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:466
16370 msgid "B<semop>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16374 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:467
16376 msgid "B<semtimedop>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.22\n"
16380 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:468
16382 msgid "B<send>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16386 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:469
16388 msgid "B<sendfile>(2)\t2.2\n"
16392 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:470
16394 msgid "B<sendfile64>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.19\n"
16398 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:471
16400 msgid "B<sendmmsg>(2)\t3.0\n"
16404 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:472
16406 msgid "B<sendmsg>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16410 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:473
16412 msgid "B<sendto>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16416 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:474
16418 msgid "B<set_mempolicy>(2)\t2.6.6\n"
16422 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:475
16424 msgid "B<set_robust_list>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
16428 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:476
16430 msgid "B<set_thread_area>(2)\t2.6\n"
16434 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:477
16436 msgid "B<set_tid_address>(2)\t2.6\n"
16439 #. See http://lkml.org/lkml/2005/8/1/83
16440 #. "[PATCH] remove sys_set_zone_reclaim()"
16442 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:480
16444 msgid "B<setdomainname>(2)\t1.0\n"
16448 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:481
16450 msgid "B<setfsgid>(2)\t1.2\n"
16454 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:482
16456 msgid "B<setfsgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16460 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:483
16462 msgid "B<setfsuid>(2)\t1.2\n"
16466 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:484
16468 msgid "B<setfsuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16472 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:485
16474 msgid "B<setgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16478 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:486
16480 msgid "B<setgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16484 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:487
16486 msgid "B<setgroups>(2)\t1.0\n"
16490 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:488
16492 msgid "B<setgroups32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16496 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:489
16498 msgid "B<sethostname>(2)\t1.0\n"
16502 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:490
16504 msgid "B<setitimer>(2)\t1.0\n"
16508 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:491
16510 msgid "B<setns>(2)\t3.0\n"
16514 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:492
16516 msgid "B<setpgid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16520 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:493
16522 msgid "B<setpriority>(2)\t1.0\n"
16526 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:494
16528 msgid "B<setregid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16532 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:495
16534 msgid "B<setregid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16538 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:496
16540 msgid "B<setresgid>(2)\t2.2\n"
16544 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:497
16546 msgid "B<setresgid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16550 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:498
16552 msgid "B<setresuid>(2)\t2.2\n"
16556 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:499
16558 msgid "B<setresuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16562 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:500
16564 msgid "B<setreuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16568 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:501
16570 msgid "B<setreuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16574 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:502
16576 msgid "B<setrlimit>(2)\t1.0\n"
16580 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:503
16582 msgid "B<setsid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16586 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:504
16588 msgid "B<setsockopt>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16592 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:505
16594 msgid "B<settimeofday>(2)\t1.0\n"
16598 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:506
16600 msgid "B<setuid>(2)\t1.0\n"
16604 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:507
16606 msgid "B<setuid32>(2)\t2.4\n"
16610 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:508
16612 msgid "B<setup>(2)\t\tRemoved in 2.2\n"
16616 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:509
16618 msgid "B<setxattr>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.18\n"
16622 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:510
16624 msgid "B<sgetmask>(2)\t1.0\n"
16628 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:511
16630 msgid "B<shmat>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16634 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:512
16636 msgid "B<shmctl>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16640 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:513
16642 msgid "B<shmdt>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16646 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:514
16648 msgid "B<shmget>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<ipc>(2)\n"
16652 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:515
16654 msgid "B<shutdown>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16658 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:516
16660 msgid "B<sigaction>(2)\t1.0\n"
16664 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:517
16666 msgid "B<sigaltstack>(2)\t2.2\n"
16670 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:518
16672 msgid "B<signal>(2)\t1.0\n"
16676 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:519
16678 msgid "B<signalfd>(2)\t2.6.22\n"
16682 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:520
16684 msgid "B<signalfd4>(2)\t2.6.27\n"
16688 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:521
16690 msgid "B<sigpending>(2)\t1.0\n"
16694 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:522
16696 msgid "B<sigprocmask>(2)\t1.0\n"
16700 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:523
16702 msgid "B<sigreturn>(2)\t1.0\n"
16706 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:524
16708 msgid "B<sigsuspend>(2)\t1.0\n"
16712 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:525
16714 msgid "B<socket>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16718 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:526
16720 msgid "B<socketcall>(2)\t1.0\n"
16723 #. Implements BSD socket calls
16725 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:528
16727 msgid "B<socketpair>(2)\t2.0\tSee notes on B<socketcall>(2)\n"
16731 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:529
16733 msgid "B<splice>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
16737 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:530
16739 msgid "B<spu_create>(2)\t2.6.16\tPowerPC only\n"
16743 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:531
16745 msgid "B<spu_run>(2)\t2.6.16\tPowerPC only\n"
16749 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:532
16751 msgid "B<ssetmask>(2)\t1.0\n"
16755 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:533
16757 msgid "B<stat>(2)\t1.0\n"
16761 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:534
16763 msgid "B<stat64>(2)\t2.4\n"
16767 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:535
16769 msgid "B<statfs>(2)\t1.0\n"
16773 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:536
16775 msgid "B<statfs64>(2)\t2.6\n"
16779 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:537
16781 msgid "B<stime>(2)\t1.0\n"
16785 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:538
16787 msgid "B<subpage_prot>(2)\t2.6.25\tPowerPC if\n"
16791 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:539
16793 msgid "\t\tCONFIG_PPC_64K_PAGES\n"
16797 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:540
16799 msgid "B<swapoff>(2)\t1.0\n"
16803 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:541
16805 msgid "B<swapon>(2)\t1.0\n"
16809 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:542
16811 msgid "B<symlink>(2)\t1.0\n"
16815 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:543
16817 msgid "B<symlinkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
16821 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:544
16823 msgid "B<sync>(2)\t1.0\n"
16827 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:545
16829 msgid "B<sync_file_range>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
16833 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:546
16835 msgid "B<sync_file_range2>(2)\t2.6.22\tT{\n"
16839 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:547
16841 msgid "Architecture-specific\n"
16845 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:548
16847 msgid "variant of B<sync_file_range>(2)\n"
16850 #. PowerPC, ARM, tile
16851 #. First appeared on ARM, as arm_sync_file_range(), but later renamed
16852 #. \fBsys_debug_setcontext\fP(2) ??? PowerPC if CONFIG_PPC32
16854 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:553
16856 msgid "B<syncfs>(2)\t2.6.39\n"
16860 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:554
16862 msgid "B<sysfs>(2)\t1.2\n"
16866 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:555
16868 msgid "B<sysinfo>(2)\t1.0\n"
16872 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:556
16874 msgid "B<syslog>(2)\t1.0\n"
16877 #. glibc interface is \fBklogctl\fP(3)
16879 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:558
16881 msgid "B<tee>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
16885 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:559
16887 msgid "B<tgkill>(2)\t2.6\n"
16891 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:560
16893 msgid "B<time>(2)\t1.0\n"
16897 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:561
16899 msgid "B<timer_create>(2)\t2.6\n"
16903 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:562
16905 msgid "B<timer_delete>(2)\t2.6\n"
16909 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:563
16911 msgid "B<timer_getoverrun>(2)\t2.6\n"
16915 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:564
16917 msgid "B<timer_gettime>(2)\t2.6\n"
16921 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:565
16923 msgid "B<timer_settime>(2)\t2.6\n"
16927 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:566
16929 msgid "B<timerfd_create>(2)\t2.6.25\n"
16933 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:567
16935 msgid "B<timerfd_gettime>(2)\t2.6.25\n"
16939 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:568
16941 msgid "B<timerfd_settime>(2)\t2.6.25\n"
16945 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:569
16947 msgid "B<times>(2)\t1.0\n"
16951 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:570
16953 msgid "B<tkill>(2)\t2.6; 2.4.22\n"
16957 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:571
16959 msgid "B<truncate>(2)\t1.0\n"
16963 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:572
16965 msgid "B<truncate64>(2)\t2.4\n"
16969 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:573
16971 msgid "B<ugetrlimit>(2)\t2.4\n"
16975 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:574
16977 msgid "B<umask>(2)\t1.0\n"
16981 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:575
16983 msgid "B<umount>(2)\t1.0\n"
16986 #. sys_oldumount() -- __NR_umount
16988 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:577
16990 msgid "B<umount2>(2)\t2.2\n"
16993 #. sys_umount() -- __NR_umount2
16995 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:579
16997 msgid "B<uname>(2)\t1.0\n"
17001 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:580
17003 msgid "B<unlink>(2)\t1.0\n"
17007 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:581
17009 msgid "B<unlinkat>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
17013 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:582
17015 msgid "B<unshare>(2)\t2.6.16\n"
17019 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:583
17021 msgid "B<uselib>(2)\t1.0\n"
17025 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:584
17027 msgid "B<ustat>(2)\t1.0\n"
17031 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:585
17033 msgid "B<utime>(2)\t1.0\n"
17037 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:586
17039 msgid "B<utimensat>(2)\t2.6.22\n"
17043 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:587
17045 msgid "B<utimes>(2)\t2.2\n"
17049 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:588
17051 msgid "B<utrap_install>(2)\t2.2\tSparc\n"
17054 #. FIXME: document utrap_install()
17055 #. There's a man page for Solaris 5.11
17057 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:591
17059 msgid "B<vfork>(2)\t2.2\n"
17063 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:592
17065 msgid "B<vhangup>(2)\t1.0\n"
17069 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:593
17071 msgid "B<vm86old>(2)\t1.0\tT{\n"
17075 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:594
17077 msgid "Was \"vm86\"; renamed in\n"
17081 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:595
17083 msgid "2.0.28/2.2\n"
17087 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:597
17089 msgid "B<vm86>(2)\t2.0.28; 2.2\n"
17093 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:598
17095 msgid "B<vmsplice>(2)\t2.6.17\n"
17099 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:599
17101 msgid "B<wait4>(2)\t1.0\n"
17105 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:600
17107 msgid "B<waitid>(2)\t2.6.10\n"
17111 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:601
17113 msgid "B<waitpid>(2)\t1.0\n"
17117 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:602
17119 msgid "B<write>(2)\t1.0\n"
17123 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:603
17125 msgid "B<writev>(2)\t2.0\n"
17128 #. type: Plain text
17129 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:612
17131 "On many platforms, including x86-32, socket calls are all multiplexed (via "
17132 "glibc wrapper functions) through B<socketcall>(2) and similarly System\\ V "
17133 "IPC calls are multiplexed through B<ipc>(2)."
17136 #. __NR_afs_syscall is 53 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17137 #. __NR_break is 17 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17138 #. __NR_ftime is 35 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17139 #. __NR_getpmsg is 188 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17140 #. __NR_gtty is 32 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17141 #. __NR_idle is 112 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17142 #. __NR_lock is 53 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17143 #. __NR_madvise1 is 219 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17144 #. __NR_mpx is 66 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17145 #. Slot has been reused
17146 #. __NR_prof is 44 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17147 #. __NR_profil is 98 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17148 #. __NR_putpmsg is 189 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17149 #. __NR_security is 223 on Linux 2.4/i386
17150 #. __NR_security is 223 on Linux 2.4/i386; absent on 2.6/i386, present
17151 #. on a couple of 2.6 architectures
17152 #. __NR_stty is 31 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17153 #. The security call is for future use.
17154 #. __NR_tuxcall is 184 on x86_64, also on PPC and alpha
17155 #. __NR_ulimit is 58 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17156 #. __NR_vserver is 273 on Linux 2.6.22/i386
17157 #. type: Plain text
17158 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:657
17160 "Although slots are reserved for them in the system call table, the following "
17161 "system calls are not implemented in the standard kernel: B<afs_syscall>(2), "
17162 "B<break>(2), B<ftime>(2), B<getpmsg>(2), B<gtty>(2), B<idle>(2), B<lock>(2), "
17163 "B<madvise1>(2), B<mpx>(2), B<phys>(2), B<prof>(2), B<profil>(2), "
17164 "B<putpmsg>(2), B<security>(2), B<stty>(2), B<tuxcall>(2), B<ulimit>(2), and "
17165 "B<vserver>(2) (see also B<unimplemented>(2)). However, B<ftime>(3), "
17166 "B<profil>(3) and B<ulimit>(3) exist as library routines. The slot for "
17167 "B<phys>(2) is in use since kernel 2.1.116 for B<umount>(2); B<phys>(2) "
17168 "will never be implemented. The B<getpmsg>(2) and B<putpmsg>(2) calls are "
17169 "for kernels patched to support STREAMS, and may never be in the standard "
17173 #. type: Plain text
17174 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:662
17176 "There was briefly B<set_zone_reclaim>(2), added in Linux 2.6.13, and removed "
17177 "in 2.6.16; this system call was never available to user space."
17180 #. type: Plain text
17181 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:679
17183 "Roughly speaking, the code belonging to the system call with number __NR_xxx "
17184 "defined in I</usr/include/asm/unistd.h> can be found in the Linux kernel "
17185 "source in the routine I<sys_xxx>(). (The dispatch table for i386 can be "
17186 "found in I</usr/src/linux/arch/i386/kernel/entry.S>.) There are many "
17187 "exceptions, however, mostly because older system calls were superseded by "
17188 "newer ones, and this has been treated somewhat unsystematically. On "
17189 "platforms with proprietary operating-system emulation, such as parisc, "
17190 "sparc, sparc64, and alpha, there are many additional system calls; mips64 "
17191 "also contains a full set of 32-bit system calls."
17194 #. type: Plain text
17195 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:698
17197 "Over time, changes to the interfaces of some system calls have been "
17198 "necessary. One reason for such changes was the need to increase the size of "
17199 "structures or scalar values passed to the system call. Because of these "
17200 "changes, there are now various groups of related system calls (e.g., "
17201 "B<truncate>(2) and B<truncate64>(2)) which perform similar tasks, but "
17202 "which vary in details such as the size of their arguments. (As noted "
17203 "earlier, applications are generally unaware of this: the glibc wrapper "
17204 "functions do some work to ensure that the right system call is invoked, and "
17205 "that ABI compatibility is preserved for old binaries.) Examples of systems "
17206 "calls that exist in multiple versions are the following:"
17209 #. e.g., on 2.6.22/i386: __NR_oldstat 18, __NR_stat 106, __NR_stat64 195
17210 #. The stat system calls deal with three different data structures,
17211 #. defined in include/asm-i386/stat.h: __old_kernel_stat, stat, stat64
17212 #. type: Plain text
17213 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:719
17215 "By now there are three different versions of B<stat>(2): I<sys_stat>() "
17216 "(slot I<__NR_oldstat>), I<sys_newstat>() (slot I<__NR_stat>), and "
17217 "I<sys_stat64>() (slot I<__NR_stat64>), with the last being the most "
17218 "current. A similar story applies for B<lstat>(2) and B<fstat>(2)."
17221 #. type: Plain text
17222 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:730
17224 "Similarly, the defines I<__NR_oldolduname>, I<__NR_olduname>, and "
17225 "I<__NR_uname> refer to the routines I<sys_olduname>(), I<sys_uname>() and "
17226 "I<sys_newuname>()."
17229 #. type: Plain text
17230 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:737
17232 "In Linux 2.0, a new version of B<vm86>(2) appeared, with the old and the "
17233 "new kernel routines being named I<sys_vm86old>() and I<sys_vm86>()."
17236 #. type: Plain text
17237 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:748
17239 "In Linux 2.4, a new version of B<getrlimit>(2) appeared, with the old and "
17240 "the new kernel routines being named I<sys_old_getrlimit>() (slot "
17241 "I<__NR_getrlimit>) and I<sys_getrlimit>() (slot I<__NR_ugetrlimit>)."
17244 #. 64-bit off_t changes: ftruncate64, *stat64,
17245 #. fcntl64 (because of the flock structure), getdents64, *statfs64
17246 #. type: Plain text
17247 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:760
17249 "Linux 2.4 increased the size of user and group IDs from 16 to 32 bits. To "
17250 "support this change, a range of system calls were added (e.g., "
17251 "B<chown32>(2), B<getuid32>(2), B<getgroups32>(2), B<setresuid32>(2)), "
17252 "superseding earlier calls of the same name without the \"32\" suffix."
17255 #. type: Plain text
17256 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:777
17258 "Linux 2.4 added support for applications on 32-bit architectures to access "
17259 "large files (i.e., files for which the sizes and file offsets can't be "
17260 "represented in 32 bits.) To support this change, replacements were required "
17261 "for system calls that deal with file offsets and sizes. Thus the following "
17262 "system calls were added: B<fcntl64>(2), B<ftruncate64>(2), B<getdents64>(2), "
17263 "B<stat64>(2), B<statfs64>(2), and their analogs that work with file "
17264 "descriptors or symbolic links. These system calls supersede the older "
17265 "system calls which, except in the case of the \"stat\" calls, have the same "
17266 "name without the \"64\" suffix."
17269 #. type: Plain text
17270 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:781
17272 "On newer platforms that only have 64-bit file access and 32-bit uids (e.g., "
17273 "alpha, ia64, s390x) there are no *64 or *32 calls. Where the *64 and *32 "
17274 "calls exist, the other versions are obsolete."
17277 #. type: Plain text
17278 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:789
17280 "The I<rt_sig*> calls were added in kernel 2.2 to support the addition of "
17281 "real-time signals (see B<signal>(7)). These system calls supersede the "
17282 "older system calls of the same name without the \"rt_\" prefix."
17285 #. (used by libc 6)
17287 #. Two system call numbers,
17288 #. .IR __NR__llseek
17290 #. .IR __NR__sysctl
17291 #. have an additional underscore absent in
17292 #. .IR sys_llseek ()
17294 #. .IR sys_sysctl ().
17296 #. In kernel 2.1.81,
17300 #. were swapped; that is,
17302 #. was added with the semantics that were then current for
17304 #. and the semantics of the latter call were changed to what
17306 #. type: Plain text
17307 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:839
17309 "The B<select>(2) and B<mmap>(2) system calls use five or more arguments, "
17310 "which caused problems in the way argument passing on the i386 used to be set "
17311 "up. Thus, while other architectures have I<sys_select>() and I<sys_mmap>() "
17312 "corresponding to I<__NR_select> and I<__NR_mmap>, on i386 one finds "
17313 "I<old_select>() and I<old_mmap>() (routines that use a pointer to a "
17314 "argument block) instead. These days passing five arguments is not a problem "
17315 "any more, and there is a I<__NR__newselect> that corresponds directly to "
17316 "I<sys_select>() and similarly I<__NR_mmap2>."
17319 #. type: Plain text
17320 #: build/C/man2/syscalls.2:845
17321 msgid "B<intro>(2), B<syscall>(2), B<unimplemented>(2), B<libc>(7), B<vdso>(7)"
17325 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:27
17330 #. type: Plain text
17331 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:30
17332 msgid "sysconf - get configuration information at run time"
17335 #. type: Plain text
17336 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:35
17338 msgid "B<long sysconf(int >I<name>B<);>\n"
17341 #. type: Plain text
17342 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:40
17344 "POSIX allows an application to test at compile or run time whether certain "
17345 "options are supported, or what the value is of certain configurable "
17346 "constants or limits."
17349 #. type: Plain text
17350 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:46
17352 "At compile time this is done by including I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> and/or "
17353 "I<E<lt>limits.hE<gt>> and testing the value of certain macros."
17356 #. type: Plain text
17357 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:56
17359 "At run time, one can ask for numerical values using the present function "
17360 "B<sysconf>(). One can ask for numerical values that may depend on the "
17361 "filesystem a file is in using the calls B<fpathconf>(3) and "
17362 "B<pathconf>(3). One can ask for string values using B<confstr>(3)."
17365 #. except that sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX) may change answer after a call
17366 #. to setrlimit( ) which changes the RLIMIT_NOFILE soft limit
17367 #. type: Plain text
17368 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:61
17370 "The values obtained from these functions are system configuration "
17371 "constants. They do not change during the lifetime of a process."
17374 #. and 999 to indicate support for options no longer present in the latest
17376 #. type: Plain text
17377 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:84
17379 "For options, typically, there is a constant B<_POSIX_FOO> that may be "
17380 "defined in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>. If it is undefined, one should ask at run "
17381 "time. If it is defined to -1, then the option is not supported. If it is "
17382 "defined to 0, then relevant functions and headers exist, but one has to ask "
17383 "at run time what degree of support is available. If it is defined to a "
17384 "value other than -1 or 0, then the option is supported. Usually the value "
17385 "(such as 200112L) indicates the year and month of the POSIX revision "
17386 "describing the option. Glibc uses the value 1 to indicate support as long "
17387 "as the POSIX revision has not been published yet. The B<sysconf>() "
17388 "argument will be B<_SC_FOO>. For a list of options, see B<posixoptions>(7)."
17391 #. type: Plain text
17392 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:104
17394 "For variables or limits, typically, there is a constant B<_FOO>, maybe "
17395 "defined in I<E<lt>limits.hE<gt>>, or B<_POSIX_FOO>, maybe defined in "
17396 "I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>. The constant will not be defined if the limit is "
17397 "unspecified. If the constant is defined, it gives a guaranteed value, and a "
17398 "greater value might actually be supported. If an application wants to take "
17399 "advantage of values which may change between systems, a call to B<sysconf>() "
17400 "can be made. The B<sysconf>() argument will be B<_SC_FOO>."
17404 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:104
17406 msgid "POSIX.1 variables"
17409 #. type: Plain text
17410 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:109
17412 "We give the name of the variable, the name of the B<sysconf>() argument "
17413 "used to inquire about its value, and a short description."
17416 #. [for the moment: only the things that are unconditionally present]
17418 #. .BR AIO_LISTIO_MAX " - " _SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX
17419 #. (if _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO)
17420 #. Maximum number of I/O operations in a single list I/O call.
17421 #. Must not be less than _POSIX_AIO_LISTIO_MAX.
17423 #. .BR AIO_MAX " - " _SC_AIO_MAX
17424 #. (if _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO)
17425 #. Maximum number of outstanding asynchronous I/O operations.
17426 #. Must not be less than _POSIX_AIO_MAX.
17428 #. .BR AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX " - " _SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX
17429 #. (if _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO)
17430 #. The maximum amount by which a process can decrease its
17431 #. asynchronous I/O priority level from its own scheduling priority.
17432 #. Must be nonnegative.
17433 #. type: Plain text
17434 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:128
17435 msgid "First, the POSIX.1 compatible values."
17439 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:128
17441 msgid "B<ARG_MAX> - B<_SC_ARG_MAX>"
17444 #. type: Plain text
17445 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:136
17447 "The maximum length of the arguments to the B<exec>(3) family of functions. "
17448 "Must not be less than B<_POSIX_ARG_MAX> (4096)."
17452 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:136
17454 msgid "B<CHILD_MAX> - B<_SC_CHILD_MAX>"
17457 #. type: Plain text
17458 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:142
17460 "The maximum number of simultaneous processes per user ID. Must not be less "
17461 "than B<_POSIX_CHILD_MAX> (25)."
17465 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:142
17467 msgid "B<HOST_NAME_MAX> - B<_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX>"
17470 #. type: Plain text
17471 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:150
17473 "Maximum length of a hostname, not including the terminating null byte, as "
17474 "returned by B<gethostname>(2). Must not be less than "
17475 "B<_POSIX_HOST_NAME_MAX> (255)."
17479 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:150
17481 msgid "B<LOGIN_NAME_MAX> - B<_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX>"
17484 #. type: Plain text
17485 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:156
17487 "Maximum length of a login name, including the terminating null byte. Must "
17488 "not be less than B<_POSIX_LOGIN_NAME_MAX> (9)."
17492 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:156
17494 msgid "clock ticks - B<_SC_CLK_TCK>"
17497 #. type: Plain text
17498 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:165
17500 "The number of clock ticks per second. The corresponding variable is "
17501 "obsolete. It was of course called B<CLK_TCK>. (Note: the macro "
17502 "B<CLOCKS_PER_SEC> does not give information: it must equal 1000000.)"
17506 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:165
17508 msgid "B<OPEN_MAX> - B<_SC_OPEN_MAX>"
17511 #. type: Plain text
17512 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:171
17514 "The maximum number of files that a process can have open at any time. Must "
17515 "not be less than B<_POSIX_OPEN_MAX> (20)."
17519 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:171
17521 msgid "B<PAGESIZE> - B<_SC_PAGESIZE>"
17524 #. type: Plain text
17525 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:176
17527 "Size of a page in bytes. Must not be less than 1. (Some systems use "
17528 "PAGE_SIZE instead.)"
17532 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:176 build/C/man3/sysconf.3:263
17534 msgid "B<RE_DUP_MAX> - B<_SC_RE_DUP_MAX>"
17537 #. type: Plain text
17538 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:185
17540 "The number of repeated occurrences of a BRE permitted by B<regexec>(3) and "
17541 "B<regcomp>(3). Must not be less than B<_POSIX2_RE_DUP_MAX> (255)."
17545 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:185
17547 msgid "B<STREAM_MAX> - B<_SC_STREAM_MAX>"
17550 #. type: Plain text
17551 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:194
17553 "The maximum number of streams that a process can have open at any time. If "
17554 "defined, it has the same value as the standard C macro B<FOPEN_MAX>. Must "
17555 "not be less than B<_POSIX_STREAM_MAX> (8)."
17559 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:194
17561 msgid "B<SYMLOOP_MAX> - B<_SC_SYMLOOP_MAX>"
17564 #. type: Plain text
17565 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:202
17567 "The maximum number of symbolic links seen in a pathname before resolution "
17568 "returns B<ELOOP>. Must not be less than B<_POSIX_SYMLOOP_MAX> (8)."
17572 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:202
17574 msgid "B<TTY_NAME_MAX> - B<_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX>"
17577 #. type: Plain text
17578 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:209
17580 "The maximum length of terminal device name, including the terminating null "
17581 "byte. Must not be less than B<_POSIX_TTY_NAME_MAX> (9)."
17585 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:209
17587 msgid "B<TZNAME_MAX> - B<_SC_TZNAME_MAX>"
17590 #. type: Plain text
17591 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:215
17593 "The maximum number of bytes in a timezone name. Must not be less than "
17594 "B<_POSIX_TZNAME_MAX> (6)."
17598 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:215
17600 msgid "B<_POSIX_VERSION> - B<_SC_VERSION>"
17603 #. type: Plain text
17604 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:223
17606 "indicates the year and month the POSIX.1 standard was approved in the format "
17607 "B<YYYYMML>; the value B<199009L> indicates the Sept. 1990 revision."
17611 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:223
17613 msgid "POSIX.2 variables"
17616 #. type: Plain text
17617 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:225
17618 msgid "Next, the POSIX.2 values, giving limits for utilities."
17622 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:225
17624 msgid "B<BC_BASE_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_BASE_MAX>"
17627 #. type: Plain text
17628 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:232
17629 msgid "indicates the maximum I<obase> value accepted by the B<bc>(1) utility."
17633 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:232
17635 msgid "B<BC_DIM_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_DIM_MAX>"
17638 #. type: Plain text
17639 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:236
17640 msgid "indicates the maximum value of elements permitted in an array by B<bc>(1)."
17644 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:236
17646 msgid "B<BC_SCALE_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_SCALE_MAX>"
17649 #. type: Plain text
17650 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:242
17651 msgid "indicates the maximum I<scale> value allowed by B<bc>(1)."
17655 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:242
17657 msgid "B<BC_STRING_MAX> - B<_SC_BC_STRING_MAX>"
17660 #. type: Plain text
17661 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:246
17662 msgid "indicates the maximum length of a string accepted by B<bc>(1)."
17666 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:246
17668 msgid "B<COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX> - B<_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX>"
17671 #. type: Plain text
17672 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:252
17674 "indicates the maximum numbers of weights that can be assigned to an entry of "
17675 "the B<LC_COLLATE order> keyword in the locale definition file,"
17679 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:252
17681 msgid "B<EXPR_NEST_MAX> - B<_SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX>"
17684 #. type: Plain text
17685 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:257
17687 "is the maximum number of expressions which can be nested within parentheses "
17692 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:257
17694 msgid "B<LINE_MAX> - B<_SC_LINE_MAX>"
17697 #. type: Plain text
17698 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:263
17700 "The maximum length of a utility's input line, either from standard input or "
17701 "from a file. This includes space for a trailing newline."
17704 #. type: Plain text
17705 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:269
17707 "The maximum number of repeated occurrences of a regular expression when the "
17708 "interval notation B<\\e{m,n\\e}> is used."
17712 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:269
17714 msgid "B<POSIX2_VERSION> - B<_SC_2_VERSION>"
17717 #. type: Plain text
17718 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:273
17719 msgid "indicates the version of the POSIX.2 standard in the format of YYYYMML."
17723 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:273
17725 msgid "B<POSIX2_C_DEV> - B<_SC_2_C_DEV>"
17728 #. type: Plain text
17729 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:277
17731 "indicates whether the POSIX.2 C language development facilities are "
17736 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:277
17738 msgid "B<POSIX2_FORT_DEV> - B<_SC_2_FORT_DEV>"
17741 #. type: Plain text
17742 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:281
17743 msgid "indicates whether the POSIX.2 FORTRAN development utilities are supported."
17747 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:281
17749 msgid "B<POSIX2_FORT_RUN> - B<_SC_2_FORT_RUN>"
17752 #. type: Plain text
17753 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:284
17754 msgid "indicates whether the POSIX.2 FORTRAN run-time utilities are supported."
17758 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:284
17760 msgid "B<_POSIX2_LOCALEDEF> - B<_SC_2_LOCALEDEF>"
17763 #. type: Plain text
17764 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:289
17766 "indicates whether the POSIX.2 creation of locates via B<localedef>(1) is "
17771 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:289
17773 msgid "B<POSIX2_SW_DEV> - B<_SC_2_SW_DEV>"
17776 #. type: Plain text
17777 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:293
17779 "indicates whether the POSIX.2 software development utilities option is "
17783 #. type: Plain text
17784 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:295
17785 msgid "These values also exist, but may not be standard."
17789 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:295
17791 msgid " - B<_SC_PHYS_PAGES>"
17794 #. type: Plain text
17795 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:302
17797 "The number of pages of physical memory. Note that it is possible for the "
17798 "product of this value and the value of B<_SC_PAGESIZE> to overflow."
17802 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:302
17804 msgid " - B<_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES>"
17807 #. type: Plain text
17808 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:305
17809 msgid "The number of currently available pages of physical memory."
17813 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:305
17815 msgid " - B<_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF>"
17818 #. type: Plain text
17819 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:308
17820 msgid "The number of processors configured."
17824 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:308
17826 msgid " - B<_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN>"
17829 #. type: Plain text
17830 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:311
17831 msgid "The number of processors currently online (available)."
17834 #. type: Plain text
17835 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:324
17837 "If I<name> is invalid, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set to B<EINVAL>. "
17838 "Otherwise, the value returned is the value of the system resource and "
17839 "I<errno> is not changed. In the case of options, a positive value is "
17840 "returned if a queried option is available, and -1 if it is not. In the case "
17841 "of limits, -1 means that there is no definite limit."
17844 #. type: Plain text
17845 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:332
17847 "It is difficult to use B<ARG_MAX> because it is not specified how much of "
17848 "the argument space for B<exec>(3) is consumed by the user's environment "
17852 #. type: Plain text
17853 #: build/C/man3/sysconf.3:344
17855 "B<bc>(1), B<expr>(1), B<getconf>(1), B<locale>(1), B<confstr>(3), "
17856 "B<fpathconf>(3), B<pathconf>(3), B<posixoptions>(7)"
17860 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30
17866 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:30
17871 #. type: Plain text
17872 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:33
17873 msgid "sysctl - read/write system parameters"
17876 #. type: Plain text
17877 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:38
17879 msgid "B<#include E<lt>linux/sysctl.hE<gt>>\n"
17882 #. type: Plain text
17883 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:40
17885 msgid "B<int _sysctl(struct __sysctl_args *>I<args>B<);>\n"
17888 #. type: Plain text
17889 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:47
17890 msgid "B<Do not use this system call!> See NOTES."
17893 #. type: Plain text
17894 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:54
17896 "The B<_sysctl>() call reads and/or writes kernel parameters. For example, "
17897 "the hostname, or the maximum number of open files. The argument has the "
17901 #. type: Plain text
17902 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:66
17905 "struct __sysctl_args {\n"
17906 " int *name; /* integer vector describing variable */\n"
17907 " int nlen; /* length of this vector */\n"
17908 " void *oldval; /* 0 or address where to store old value */\n"
17909 " size_t *oldlenp; /* available room for old value,\n"
17910 " overwritten by actual size of old value */\n"
17911 " void *newval; /* 0 or address of new value */\n"
17912 " size_t newlen; /* size of new value */\n"
17916 #. type: Plain text
17917 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:74
17919 "This call does a search in a tree structure, possibly resembling a directory "
17920 "tree under I</proc/sys>, and if the requested item is found calls some "
17921 "appropriate routine to read or modify the value."
17924 #. type: Plain text
17925 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:81
17927 "Upon successful completion, B<_sysctl>() returns 0. Otherwise, a value of "
17928 "-1 is returned and I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
17931 #. type: Plain text
17932 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:88
17934 "The invocation asked for the previous value by setting I<oldval> non-NULL, "
17935 "but allowed zero room in I<oldlenp>."
17938 #. type: Plain text
17939 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:92
17940 msgid "I<name> was not found."
17944 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:92
17946 msgid "B<EACCES>, B<EPERM>"
17949 #. type: Plain text
17950 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:100
17952 "No search permission for one of the encountered \"directories\", or no read "
17953 "permission where I<oldval> was nonzero, or no write permission where "
17954 "I<newval> was nonzero."
17957 #. type: Plain text
17958 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:114
17960 "This call is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended to "
17961 "be portable. A B<sysctl>() call has been present in Linux since version "
17962 "1.3.57. It originated in 4.4BSD. Only Linux has the I</proc/sys> mirror, "
17963 "and the object naming schemes differ between Linux and 4.4BSD, but the "
17964 "declaration of the B<sysctl>() function is the same in both."
17967 #. See http://lwn.net/Articles/247243/
17968 #. Though comments in suggest that it is needed by old glibc binaries,
17969 #. so maybe it's not going away.
17970 #. type: Plain text
17971 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:131
17973 "Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using "
17974 "B<syscall>(2). Or rather... I<don't> call it: use of this system call has "
17975 "long been discouraged, and it is so unloved that B<it is likely to disappear "
17976 "in a future kernel version>. Since Linux 2.6.24, uses of this system call "
17977 "result in warnings in the kernel log. Remove it from your programs now; use "
17978 "the I</proc/sys> interface instead."
17981 #. type: Plain text
17982 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:135
17984 "This system call is available only if the kernel was configured with the "
17985 "B<CONFIG_SYSCTL_SYSCALL> option."
17988 #. type: Plain text
17989 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:138
17991 "The object names vary between kernel versions, making this system call "
17992 "worthless for applications."
17995 #. type: Plain text
17996 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:140
17997 msgid "Not all available objects are properly documented."
18000 #. type: Plain text
18001 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:143
18003 "It is not yet possible to change operating system by writing to "
18004 "I</proc/sys/kernel/ostype>."
18007 #. type: Plain text
18008 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:152
18011 "#define _GNU_SOURCE\n"
18012 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
18013 "#include E<lt>sys/syscall.hE<gt>\n"
18014 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
18015 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
18016 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
18017 "#include E<lt>linux/sysctl.hE<gt>\n"
18020 #. type: Plain text
18021 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:154
18023 msgid "int _sysctl(struct __sysctl_args *args );\n"
18026 #. type: Plain text
18027 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:156
18029 msgid "#define OSNAMESZ 100\n"
18032 #. type: Plain text
18033 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:164
18039 " struct __sysctl_args args;\n"
18040 " char osname[OSNAMESZ];\n"
18041 " size_t osnamelth;\n"
18042 " int name[] = { CTL_KERN, KERN_OSTYPE };\n"
18045 #. type: Plain text
18046 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:170
18049 " memset(&args, 0, sizeof(struct __sysctl_args));\n"
18050 " args.name = name;\n"
18051 " args.nlen = sizeof(name)/sizeof(name[0]);\n"
18052 " args.oldval = osname;\n"
18053 " args.oldlenp = &osnamelth;\n"
18056 #. type: Plain text
18057 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:172
18059 msgid " osnamelth = sizeof(osname);\n"
18062 #. type: Plain text
18063 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:180
18066 " if (syscall(SYS__sysctl, &args) == -1) {\n"
18067 " perror(\"_sysctl\");\n"
18068 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
18070 " printf(\"This machine is running %*s\\en\", osnamelth, osname);\n"
18071 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
18075 #. type: Plain text
18076 #: build/C/man2/sysctl.2:183 build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:96
18081 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14
18087 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:14
18092 #. type: Plain text
18093 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:17
18094 msgid "sysinfo - returns information on overall system statistics"
18097 #. type: Plain text
18098 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:21
18099 msgid "B<int sysinfo(struct sysinfo *>I<info>B<);>"
18102 #. type: Plain text
18103 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:25
18105 "Until Linux 2.3.16, B<sysinfo>() used to return information in the "
18106 "following structure:"
18109 #. type: Plain text
18110 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:40
18113 "struct sysinfo {\n"
18114 " long uptime; /* Seconds since boot */\n"
18115 " unsigned long loads[3]; /* 1, 5, and 15 minute load averages */\n"
18116 " unsigned long totalram; /* Total usable main memory size */\n"
18117 " unsigned long freeram; /* Available memory size */\n"
18118 " unsigned long sharedram; /* Amount of shared memory */\n"
18119 " unsigned long bufferram; /* Memory used by buffers */\n"
18120 " unsigned long totalswap; /* Total swap space size */\n"
18121 " unsigned long freeswap; /* swap space still available */\n"
18122 " unsigned short procs; /* Number of current processes */\n"
18123 " char _f[22]; /* Pads structure to 64 bytes */\n"
18127 #. type: Plain text
18128 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:44
18129 msgid "and the sizes were given in bytes."
18132 #. type: Plain text
18133 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:47
18134 msgid "Since Linux 2.3.23 (i386), 2.3.48 (all architectures) the structure is:"
18137 #. type: Plain text
18138 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:65
18141 "struct sysinfo {\n"
18142 " long uptime; /* Seconds since boot */\n"
18143 " unsigned long loads[3]; /* 1, 5, and 15 minute load averages */\n"
18144 " unsigned long totalram; /* Total usable main memory size */\n"
18145 " unsigned long freeram; /* Available memory size */\n"
18146 " unsigned long sharedram; /* Amount of shared memory */\n"
18147 " unsigned long bufferram; /* Memory used by buffers */\n"
18148 " unsigned long totalswap; /* Total swap space size */\n"
18149 " unsigned long freeswap; /* swap space still available */\n"
18150 " unsigned short procs; /* Number of current processes */\n"
18151 " unsigned long totalhigh; /* Total high memory size */\n"
18152 " unsigned long freehigh; /* Available high memory size */\n"
18153 " unsigned int mem_unit; /* Memory unit size in bytes */\n"
18154 " char _f[20-2*sizeof(long)-sizeof(int)]; /* Padding to 64 bytes */\n"
18158 #. type: Plain text
18159 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:69
18160 msgid "and the sizes are given as multiples of I<mem_unit> bytes."
18163 #. type: Plain text
18164 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:74
18166 "B<sysinfo>() provides a simple way of getting overall system statistics. "
18167 "This is more portable than reading I</dev/kmem>."
18170 #. type: Plain text
18171 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:83
18172 msgid "pointer to I<struct\\ sysinfo> is invalid"
18175 #. type: Plain text
18176 #: build/C/man2/sysinfo.2:94
18178 "The Linux kernel has a B<sysinfo>() system call since 0.98.pl6. Linux libc "
18179 "contains a B<sysinfo>() routine since 5.3.5, and glibc has one since 1.90."
18183 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25
18189 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:25
18194 #. type: Plain text
18195 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:28
18196 msgid "tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp - get and set terminal foreground process group"
18199 #. type: Plain text
18200 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:32
18201 msgid "B<pid_t tcgetpgrp(int >I<fd>B<);>"
18204 #. type: Plain text
18205 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:34
18206 msgid "B<int tcsetpgrp(int >I<fd>B<, pid_t >I<pgrp>B<);>"
18209 #. The process itself may be a background process.
18210 #. type: Plain text
18211 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:42
18213 "The function B<tcgetpgrp>() returns the process group ID of the foreground "
18214 "process group on the terminal associated to I<fd>, which must be the "
18215 "controlling terminal of the calling process."
18218 #. type: Plain text
18219 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:55
18221 "The function B<tcsetpgrp>() makes the process group with process group ID "
18222 "I<pgrp> the foreground process group on the terminal associated to I<fd>, "
18223 "which must be the controlling terminal of the calling process, and still be "
18224 "associated with its session. Moreover, I<pgrp> must be a (nonempty) process "
18225 "group belonging to the same session as the calling process."
18228 #. type: Plain text
18229 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:64
18231 "If B<tcsetpgrp>() is called by a member of a background process group in "
18232 "its session, and the calling process is not blocking or ignoring B<SIGTTOU>, "
18233 "a B<SIGTTOU> signal is sent to all members of this background process group."
18236 #. type: Plain text
18237 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:79
18239 "When I<fd> refers to the controlling terminal of the calling process, the "
18240 "function B<tcgetpgrp>() will return the foreground process group ID of that "
18241 "terminal if there is one, and some value larger than 1 that is not presently "
18242 "a process group ID otherwise. When I<fd> does not refer to the controlling "
18243 "terminal of the calling process, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set "
18247 #. type: Plain text
18248 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:86
18250 "When successful, B<tcsetpgrp>() returns 0. Otherwise, it returns -1, and "
18251 "I<errno> is set appropriately."
18254 #. type: Plain text
18255 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:95
18256 msgid "I<pgrp> has an unsupported value."
18259 #. type: Plain text
18260 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:104
18262 "The calling process does not have a controlling terminal, or it has one but "
18263 "it is not described by I<fd>, or, for B<tcsetpgrp>(), this controlling "
18264 "terminal is no longer associated with the session of the calling process."
18267 #. type: Plain text
18268 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:109
18270 "I<pgrp> has a supported value, but is not the process group ID of a process "
18271 "in the same session as the calling process."
18274 #. type: Plain text
18275 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:116
18276 msgid "The B<tcgetpgrp>() and B<tcsetpgrp>() functions are thread-safe."
18279 #. type: Plain text
18280 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:124
18282 "These functions are implemented via the B<TIOCGPGRP> and B<TIOCSPGRP> "
18287 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:124 build/C/man2/vfork.2:234
18292 #. type: Plain text
18293 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:127
18294 msgid "The ioctls appeared in 4.2BSD. The functions are POSIX inventions."
18297 #. type: Plain text
18298 #: build/C/man3/tcgetpgrp.3:131
18299 msgid "B<setpgid>(2), B<setsid>(2), B<credentials>(7)"
18303 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:43
18309 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:43
18314 #. type: Plain text
18315 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:46
18316 msgid "truncate, ftruncate - truncate a file to a specified length"
18319 #. type: Plain text
18320 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:52
18321 msgid "B<int truncate(const char *>I<path>B<, off_t >I<length>B<);>"
18324 #. type: Plain text
18325 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:54
18326 msgid "B<int ftruncate(int >I<fd>B<, off_t >I<length>B<);>"
18329 #. type: Plain text
18330 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:63
18331 msgid "B<truncate>():"
18334 #. type: Plain text
18335 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:71
18336 msgid "B<ftruncate>():"
18339 #. type: Plain text
18340 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:76
18341 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.3.5: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L"
18344 #. type: Plain text
18345 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:91
18347 "The B<truncate>() and B<ftruncate>() functions cause the regular file "
18348 "named by I<path> or referenced by I<fd> to be truncated to a size of "
18349 "precisely I<length> bytes."
18352 #. type: Plain text
18353 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:95
18355 "If the file previously was larger than this size, the extra data is lost. "
18356 "If the file previously was shorter, it is extended, and the extended part "
18357 "reads as null bytes (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq)."
18360 #. type: Plain text
18361 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:97
18362 msgid "The file offset is not changed."
18365 #. type: Plain text
18366 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:104
18368 "If the size changed, then the st_ctime and st_mtime fields (respectively, "
18369 "time of last status change and time of last modification; see B<stat>(2)) "
18370 "for the file are updated, and the set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission "
18371 "bits may be cleared."
18374 #. type: Plain text
18375 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:110
18377 "With B<ftruncate>(), the file must be open for writing; with B<truncate>(), "
18378 "the file must be writable."
18381 #. type: Plain text
18382 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:118
18383 msgid "For B<truncate>():"
18386 #. type: Plain text
18387 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:124
18389 "Search permission is denied for a component of the path prefix, or the named "
18390 "file is not writable by the user. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
18393 #. type: Plain text
18394 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:128
18395 msgid "I<Path> points outside the process's allocated address space."
18399 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:128
18404 #. type: Plain text
18405 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:133
18406 msgid "The argument I<length> is larger than the maximum file size. (XSI)"
18409 #. type: Plain text
18410 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:140
18412 "While blocked waiting to complete, the call was interrupted by a signal "
18413 "handler; see B<fcntl>(2) and B<signal>(7)."
18416 #. type: Plain text
18417 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:145
18418 msgid "The argument I<length> is negative or larger than the maximum file size."
18421 #. type: Plain text
18422 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:148
18423 msgid "An I/O error occurred updating the inode."
18426 #. type: Plain text
18427 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:151
18428 msgid "The named file is a directory."
18431 #. type: Plain text
18432 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:154
18433 msgid "Too many symbolic links were encountered in translating the pathname."
18436 #. type: Plain text
18437 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:158
18439 "A component of a pathname exceeded 255 characters, or an entire pathname "
18440 "exceeded 1023 characters."
18443 #. type: Plain text
18444 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:161
18445 msgid "The named file does not exist."
18448 #. This happens for at least MSDOS and VFAT filesystems
18449 #. on kernel 2.6.13
18450 #. type: Plain text
18451 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:170
18453 "The underlying filesystem does not support extending a file beyond its "
18457 #. type: Plain text
18458 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:176
18459 msgid "The file is a pure procedure (shared text) file that is being executed."
18462 #. type: Plain text
18463 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:183
18465 "For B<ftruncate>() the same errors apply, but instead of things that can be "
18466 "wrong with I<path>, we now have things that can be wrong with the file "
18467 "descriptor, I<fd>:"
18470 #. type: Plain text
18471 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:187
18472 msgid "I<fd> is not a valid descriptor."
18476 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:187
18478 msgid "B<EBADF> or B<EINVAL>"
18481 #. type: Plain text
18482 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:191
18483 msgid "I<fd> is not open for writing."
18486 #. type: Plain text
18487 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:195
18488 msgid "I<fd> does not reference a regular file."
18491 #. POSIX.1-1996 has
18492 #. .BR ftruncate ().
18493 #. POSIX.1-2001 also has
18494 #. .BR truncate (),
18495 #. as an XSI extension.
18497 #. SVr4 documents additional
18499 #. error conditions EMFILE, EMULTIHP, ENFILE, ENOLINK. SVr4 documents for
18500 #. .BR ftruncate ()
18501 #. an additional EAGAIN error condition.
18502 #. type: Plain text
18503 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:208
18504 msgid "4.4BSD, SVr4, POSIX.1-2001 (these calls first appeared in 4.2BSD)."
18507 #. At the very least: OSF/1, Solaris 7, and FreeBSD conform, mtk, Jan 2002
18508 #. type: Plain text
18509 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:229
18511 "The details in DESCRIPTION are for XSI-compliant systems. For "
18512 "non-XSI-compliant systems, the POSIX standard allows two behaviors for "
18513 "B<ftruncate>() when I<length> exceeds the file length (note that "
18514 "B<truncate>() is not specified at all in such an environment): either "
18515 "returning an error, or extending the file. Like most UNIX implementations, "
18516 "Linux follows the XSI requirement when dealing with native filesystems. "
18517 "However, some nonnative filesystems do not permit B<truncate>() and "
18518 "B<ftruncate>() to be used to extend a file beyond its current length: a "
18519 "notable example on Linux is VFAT."
18522 #. type: Plain text
18523 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:243
18525 "The original Linux B<truncate>() and B<ftruncate>() system calls were not "
18526 "designed to handle large file offsets. Consequently, Linux 2.4 added "
18527 "B<truncate64>() and B<ftruncate64>() system calls that handle large "
18528 "files. However, these details can be ignored by applications using glibc, "
18529 "whose wrapper functions transparently employ the more recent system calls "
18530 "where they are available."
18533 #. http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12037
18534 #. type: Plain text
18535 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:256
18537 "A header file bug in glibc 2.12 meant that the minimum value of "
18538 "B<_POSIX_C_SOURCE> required to expose the declaration of B<ftruncate>() was "
18539 "200809L instead of 200112L. This has been fixed in later glibc versions."
18542 #. type: Plain text
18543 #: build/C/man2/truncate.2:260
18544 msgid "B<open>(2), B<stat>(2), B<path_resolution>(7)"
18548 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:24
18554 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:24
18559 #. type: Plain text
18560 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:27
18561 msgid "ualarm - schedule signal after given number of microseconds"
18564 #. type: Plain text
18565 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:32
18567 msgid "B<useconds_t ualarm(useconds_t >I<usecs>B<, useconds_t >I<interval>B<);>\n"
18570 #. type: Plain text
18571 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:40
18572 msgid "B<ualarm>():"
18575 #. type: Plain text
18576 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:69
18578 "The B<ualarm>() function causes the signal B<SIGALRM> to be sent to the "
18579 "invoking process after (not less than) I<usecs> microseconds. The delay "
18580 "may be lengthened slightly by any system activity or by the time spent "
18581 "processing the call or by the granularity of system timers."
18584 #. type: Plain text
18585 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:73
18586 msgid "Unless caught or ignored, the B<SIGALRM> signal will terminate the process."
18589 #. type: Plain text
18590 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:81
18592 "If the I<interval> argument is nonzero, further B<SIGALRM> signals will be "
18593 "sent every I<interval> microseconds after the first."
18596 #. type: Plain text
18597 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:84
18599 "This function returns the number of microseconds remaining for any alarm "
18600 "that was previously set, or 0 if no alarm was pending."
18603 #. type: Plain text
18604 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:88
18605 msgid "Interrupted by a signal."
18608 #. type: Plain text
18609 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:92
18611 "I<usecs> or I<interval> is not smaller than 1000000. (On systems where that "
18612 "is considered an error.)"
18615 #. type: Plain text
18616 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:97
18617 msgid "The B<ualarm>() function is thread-safe."
18620 #. type: Plain text
18621 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:105
18623 "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2001 marks B<ualarm>() as obsolete. "
18624 "POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of B<ualarm>(). 4.3BSD, SUSv2, and "
18625 "POSIX do not define any errors."
18628 #. This case is not documented in HP-US, Solar, FreeBSD, NetBSD, or OpenBSD!
18629 #. type: Plain text
18630 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:112
18632 "POSIX.1-2001 does not specify what happens if the I<usecs> argument is 0. "
18633 "On Linux (and probably most other systems), the effect is to cancel any "
18637 #. type: Plain text
18638 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:125
18640 "The type I<useconds_t> is an unsigned integer type capable of holding "
18641 "integers in the range [0,1000000]. On the original BSD implementation, and "
18642 "in glibc before version 2.1, the arguments to B<ualarm>() were instead "
18643 "typed as I<unsigned int>. Programs will be more portable if they never "
18644 "mention I<useconds_t> explicitly."
18647 #. type: Plain text
18648 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:139
18650 "The interaction of this function with other timer functions such as "
18651 "B<alarm>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<nanosleep>(2), B<setitimer>(2), "
18652 "B<timer_create>(2), B<timer_delete>(2), B<timer_getoverrun>(2), "
18653 "B<timer_gettime>(2), B<timer_settime>(2), B<usleep>(3) is unspecified."
18656 #. type: Plain text
18657 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:147
18659 "This function is obsolete. Use B<setitimer>(2) or POSIX interval timers "
18660 "(B<timer_create>(2), etc.) instead."
18663 #. type: Plain text
18664 #: build/C/man3/ualarm.3:155
18666 "B<alarm>(2), B<getitimer>(2), B<nanosleep>(2), B<select>(2), "
18667 "B<setitimer>(2), B<usleep>(3), B<time>(7)"
18671 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:34
18677 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:34
18682 #. type: Plain text
18683 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:37
18684 msgid "umask - set file mode creation mask"
18687 #. type: Plain text
18688 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:43
18689 msgid "B<mode_t umask(mode_t >I<mask>B<);>"
18692 #. type: Plain text
18693 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:50
18695 "B<umask>() sets the calling process's file mode creation mask (umask) to "
18696 "I<mask> & 0777 (i.e., only the file permission bits of I<mask> are used), "
18697 "and returns the previous value of the mask."
18700 #. e.g., mkfifo(), creat(), mknod(), sem_open(), mq_open(), shm_open()
18701 #. but NOT the System V IPC *get() calls
18702 #. type: Plain text
18703 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:65
18705 "The umask is used by B<open>(2), B<mkdir>(2), and other system calls that "
18706 "create files to modify the permissions placed on newly created files or "
18707 "directories. Specifically, permissions in the umask are turned off from the "
18708 "I<mode> argument to B<open>(2) and B<mkdir>(2)."
18711 #. type: Plain text
18712 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:70
18714 "The constants that should be used to specify I<mask> are described under "
18718 #. type: Plain text
18719 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:79
18721 "The typical default value for the process umask is I<S_IWGRP\\ |\\ S_IWOTH> "
18722 "(octal 022). In the usual case where the I<mode> argument to B<open>(2) is "
18726 #. type: Plain text
18727 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:82
18729 msgid " S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH\n"
18732 #. type: Plain text
18733 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:86
18735 "(octal 0666) when creating a new file, the permissions on the resulting file "
18739 #. type: Plain text
18740 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:89
18742 msgid " S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH\n"
18745 #. type: Plain text
18746 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:92
18747 msgid "(because 0666 & ~022 = 0644; i.e., rw-r--r--)."
18750 #. type: Plain text
18751 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:95
18753 "This system call always succeeds and the previous value of the mask is "
18757 #. type: Plain text
18758 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:103
18760 "A child process created via B<fork>(2) inherits its parent's umask. The "
18761 "umask is left unchanged by B<execve>(2)."
18764 #. type: Plain text
18765 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:118
18767 "The umask setting also affects the permissions assigned to POSIX IPC objects "
18768 "(B<mq_open>(3), B<sem_open>(3), B<shm_open>(3)), FIFOs (B<mkfifo>(3)), and "
18769 "UNIX domain sockets (B<unix>(7)) created by the process. The umask does "
18770 "not affect the permissions assigned to System\\ V IPC objects created by the "
18771 "process (using B<msgget>(2), B<semget>(2), B<shmget>(2))."
18774 #. type: Plain text
18775 #: build/C/man2/umask.2:124
18776 msgid "B<chmod>(2), B<mkdir>(2), B<open>(2), B<stat>(2), B<acl>(5)"
18780 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:27
18785 #. type: Plain text
18786 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:30
18787 msgid "uname - get name and information about current kernel"
18790 #. type: Plain text
18791 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:32
18792 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/utsname.hE<gt>>"
18795 #. type: Plain text
18796 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:34
18797 msgid "B<int uname(struct utsname *>I<buf>B<);>"
18800 #. type: Plain text
18801 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:42
18803 "B<uname>() returns system information in the structure pointed to by "
18804 "I<buf>. The I<utsname> struct is defined in I<E<lt>sys/utsname.hE<gt>>:"
18807 #. type: Plain text
18808 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:56
18811 "struct utsname {\n"
18812 " char sysname[]; /* Operating system name (e.g., \"Linux\") */\n"
18813 " char nodename[]; /* Name within \"some implementation-defined\n"
18815 " char release[]; /* Operating system release (e.g., \"2.6.28\") */\n"
18816 " char version[]; /* Operating system version */\n"
18817 " char machine[]; /* Hardware identifier */\n"
18818 "#ifdef _GNU_SOURCE\n"
18819 " char domainname[]; /* NIS or YP domain name */\n"
18824 #. type: Plain text
18825 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:63
18827 "The length of the arrays in a I<struct utsname> is unspecified (see NOTES); "
18828 "the fields are terminated by a null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq)."
18831 #. type: Plain text
18832 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:73
18833 msgid "I<buf> is not valid."
18836 #. type: Plain text
18837 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:78
18838 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001. There is no B<uname>() call in 4.3BSD."
18841 #. type: Plain text
18842 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:82
18843 msgid "The I<domainname> member (the NIS or YP domain name) is a GNU extension."
18846 #. type: Plain text
18847 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:98
18849 "This is a system call, and the operating system presumably knows its name, "
18850 "release and version. It also knows what hardware it runs on. So, four of "
18851 "the fields of the struct are meaningful. On the other hand, the field "
18852 "I<nodename> is meaningless: it gives the name of the present machine in some "
18853 "undefined network, but typically machines are in more than one network and "
18854 "have several names. Moreover, the kernel has no way of knowing about such "
18855 "things, so it has to be told what to answer here. The same holds for the "
18856 "additional I<domainname> field."
18859 #. type: Plain text
18860 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:116
18862 "To this end, Linux uses the system calls B<sethostname>(2) and "
18863 "B<setdomainname>(2). Note that there is no standard that says that the "
18864 "hostname set by B<sethostname>(2) is the same string as the I<nodename> "
18865 "field of the struct returned by B<uname>() (indeed, some systems allow a "
18866 "256-byte hostname and an 8-byte nodename), but this is true on Linux. The "
18867 "same holds for B<setdomainname>(2) and the I<domainname> field."
18870 #. type: Plain text
18871 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:131
18873 "The length of the fields in the struct varies. Some operating systems or "
18874 "libraries use a hardcoded 9 or 33 or 65 or 257. Other systems use "
18875 "B<SYS_NMLN> or B<_SYS_NMLN> or B<UTSLEN> or B<_UTSNAME_LENGTH>. Clearly, it "
18876 "is a bad idea to use any of these constants; just use sizeof(...). Often "
18877 "257 is chosen in order to have room for an internet hostname."
18880 #. type: Plain text
18881 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:138
18883 "Part of the utsname information is also accessible via "
18884 "I</proc/sys/kernel/>{I<ostype>, I<hostname>, I<osrelease>, I<version>, "
18889 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:138
18891 msgid "Underlying kernel interface"
18894 #. That was back before Linux 1.0
18895 #. That was also back before Linux 1.0
18896 #. type: Plain text
18897 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:167
18899 "Over time, increases in the size of the I<utsname> structure have led to "
18900 "three successive versions of B<uname>(): I<sys_olduname>() (slot "
18901 "I<__NR_oldolduname>), I<sys_uname>() (slot I<__NR_olduname>), and "
18902 "I<sys_newuname>() (slot I<__NR_uname)>. The first one used length 9 for "
18903 "all fields; the second used 65; the third also uses 65 but adds the "
18904 "I<domainname> field. The glibc B<uname>() wrapper function hides these "
18905 "details from applications, invoking the most recent version of the system "
18906 "call provided by the kernel."
18909 #. type: Plain text
18910 #: build/C/man2/uname.2:171
18911 msgid "B<uname>(1), B<getdomainname>(2), B<gethostname>(2)"
18915 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:31
18921 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:31
18926 #. type: Plain text
18927 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:34
18928 msgid "uselib - load shared library"
18931 #. type: Plain text
18932 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:38
18933 msgid "B<int uselib(const char *>I<library>B<);>"
18936 #. type: Plain text
18937 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:48
18939 "The system call B<uselib>() serves to load a shared library to be used by "
18940 "the calling process. It is given a pathname. The address where to load is "
18941 "found in the library itself. The library can have any recognized binary "
18945 #. type: Plain text
18946 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:59
18948 "In addition to all of the error codes returned by B<open>(2) and "
18949 "B<mmap>(2), the following may also be returned:"
18952 #. type: Plain text
18953 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:67
18955 "The library specified by I<library> does not have read or execute "
18956 "permission, or the caller does not have search permission for one of the "
18957 "directories in the path prefix. (See also B<path_resolution>(7).)"
18960 #. type: Plain text
18961 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:76
18963 "The file specified by I<library> is not an executable of a known type; for "
18964 "example, it does not have the correct magic numbers."
18967 #. type: Plain text
18968 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:80
18970 "B<uselib>() is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended "
18974 #. type: Plain text
18975 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:85
18977 "B<uselib>() was used by early libc startup code to load the shared "
18978 "libraries with names found in an array of names in the binary."
18981 #. libc 4.3.1f - changelog 1993-03-02
18982 #. libc 4.3.4 - changelog 1993-04-21
18983 #. type: Plain text
18984 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:95
18986 "Since libc 4.3.2, startup code tries to prefix these names with "
18987 "\"/usr/lib\", \"/lib\" and \"\" before giving up. In libc 4.3.4 and later "
18988 "these names are looked for in the directories found in B<LD_LIBRARY_PATH>, "
18989 "and if not found there, prefixes \"/usr/lib\", \"/lib\" and \"/\" are tried."
18992 #. type: Plain text
18993 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:100
18995 "From libc 4.4.4 on only the library \"/lib/ld.so\" is loaded, so that this "
18996 "dynamic library can load the remaining libraries needed (again using this "
18997 "call). This is also the state of affairs in libc5."
19000 #. type: Plain text
19001 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:102
19002 msgid "glibc2 does not use this call."
19005 #. type: Plain text
19006 #: build/C/man2/uselib.2:112
19008 "B<ar>(1), B<gcc>(1), B<ld>(1), B<ldd>(1), B<mmap>(2), B<open>(2), "
19009 "B<dlopen>(3), B<capabilities>(7), B<ld.so>(8)"
19013 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:33
19019 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:33
19024 #. type: Plain text
19025 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:36
19026 msgid "usleep - suspend execution for microsecond intervals"
19029 #. type: Plain text
19030 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:41
19032 msgid "B<int usleep(useconds_t >I<usec>B<);>\n"
19035 #. type: Plain text
19036 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:49
19037 msgid "B<usleep>():"
19040 #. type: Plain text
19041 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:75
19043 "The B<usleep>() function suspends execution of the calling thread for (at "
19044 "least) I<usec> microseconds. The sleep may be lengthened slightly by any "
19045 "system activity or by the time spent processing the call or by the "
19046 "granularity of system timers."
19049 #. type: Plain text
19050 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:82
19052 "The B<usleep>() function returns 0 on success. On error, -1 is returned, "
19053 "with I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
19056 #. type: Plain text
19057 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:87
19058 msgid "Interrupted by a signal; see B<signal>(7)."
19061 #. type: Plain text
19062 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:91
19064 "I<usec> is not smaller than 1000000. (On systems where that is considered "
19068 #. type: Plain text
19069 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:96
19070 msgid "The B<usleep>() function is thread-safe."
19073 #. type: Plain text
19074 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:103
19076 "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2001 declares this function obsolete; use "
19077 "B<nanosleep>(2) instead. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
19081 #. type: Plain text
19082 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:110
19084 "On the original BSD implementation, and in glibc before version 2.2.2, the "
19085 "return type of this function is I<void>. The POSIX version returns I<int>, "
19086 "and this is also the prototype used since glibc 2.2.2."
19089 #. type: Plain text
19090 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:114
19091 msgid "Only the B<EINVAL> error return is documented by SUSv2 and POSIX.1-2001."
19094 #. type: Plain text
19095 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:122
19097 "The type I<useconds_t> is an unsigned integer type capable of holding "
19098 "integers in the range [0,1000000]. Programs will be more portable if they "
19099 "never mention this type explicitly. Use"
19102 #. type: Plain text
19103 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:130
19106 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
19108 " unsigned int usecs;\n"
19110 " usleep(usecs);\n"
19113 #. type: Plain text
19114 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:147
19116 "The interaction of this function with the B<SIGALRM> signal, and with other "
19117 "timer functions such as B<alarm>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<nanosleep>(2), "
19118 "B<setitimer>(2), B<timer_create>(2), B<timer_delete>(2), "
19119 "B<timer_getoverrun>(2), B<timer_gettime>(2), B<timer_settime>(2), "
19120 "B<ualarm>(3) is unspecified."
19123 #. type: Plain text
19124 #: build/C/man3/usleep.3:156
19126 "B<alarm>(2), B<getitimer>(2), B<nanosleep>(2), B<select>(2), "
19127 "B<setitimer>(2), B<sleep>(3), B<ualarm>(3), B<time>(7)"
19131 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:28
19137 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:28
19142 #. type: Plain text
19143 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:31
19144 msgid "vfork - create a child process and block parent"
19147 #. type: Plain text
19148 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:37
19149 msgid "B<pid_t vfork(void);>"
19152 #. type: Plain text
19153 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:44
19154 msgid "B<vfork>():"
19158 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:63
19160 msgid "Standard description"
19163 #. type: Plain text
19164 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:82
19166 "(From POSIX.1) The B<vfork>() function has the same effect as B<fork>(2), "
19167 "except that the behavior is undefined if the process created by B<vfork>() "
19168 "either modifies any data other than a variable of type I<pid_t> used to "
19169 "store the return value from B<vfork>(), or returns from the function in "
19170 "which B<vfork>() was called, or calls any other function before "
19171 "successfully calling B<_exit>(2) or one of the B<exec>(3) family of "
19176 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:82
19178 msgid "Linux description"
19181 #. type: Plain text
19182 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:89
19184 "B<vfork>(), just like B<fork>(2), creates a child process of the calling "
19185 "process. For details and return value and errors, see B<fork>(2)."
19188 #. type: Plain text
19189 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:98
19191 "B<vfork>() is a special case of B<clone>(2). It is used to create new "
19192 "processes without copying the page tables of the parent process. It may be "
19193 "useful in performance-sensitive applications where a child is created which "
19194 "then immediately issues an B<execve>(2)."
19197 #. type: Plain text
19198 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:115
19200 "B<vfork>() differs from B<fork>(2) in that the calling thread is suspended "
19201 "until the child terminates (either normally, by calling B<_exit>(2), or "
19202 "abnormally, after delivery of a fatal signal), or it makes a call to "
19203 "B<execve>(2). Until that point, the child shares all memory with its "
19204 "parent, including the stack. The child must not return from the current "
19205 "function or call B<exit>(3), but may call B<_exit>(2)."
19208 #. type: Plain text
19209 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:126
19211 "As with B<fork>(2), the child process created by B<vfork>() inherits copies "
19212 "of various of the caller's process attributes (e.g., file descriptors, "
19213 "signal dispositions, and current working directory); the B<vfork>() call "
19214 "differs only in the treatment of the virtual address space, as described "
19218 #. type: Plain text
19219 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:132
19221 "Signals sent to the parent arrive after the child releases the parent's "
19222 "memory (i.e., after the child terminates or calls B<execve>(2))."
19226 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:132
19228 msgid "Historic description"
19231 #. type: Plain text
19232 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:159
19234 "Under Linux, B<fork>(2) is implemented using copy-on-write pages, so the "
19235 "only penalty incurred by B<fork>(2) is the time and memory required to "
19236 "duplicate the parent's page tables, and to create a unique task structure "
19237 "for the child. However, in the bad old days a B<fork>(2) would require "
19238 "making a complete copy of the caller's data space, often needlessly, since "
19239 "usually immediately afterward an B<exec>(3) is done. Thus, for greater "
19240 "efficiency, BSD introduced the B<vfork>() system call, which did not fully "
19241 "copy the address space of the parent process, but borrowed the parent's "
19242 "memory and thread of control until a call to B<execve>(2) or an exit "
19243 "occurred. The parent process was suspended while the child was using its "
19244 "resources. The use of B<vfork>() was tricky: for example, not modifying "
19245 "data in the parent process depended on knowing which variables were held in "
19249 #. type: Plain text
19250 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:163
19252 "4.3BSD; POSIX.1-2001 (but marked OBSOLETE). POSIX.1-2008 removes the "
19253 "specification of B<vfork>()."
19256 #. In AIXv3.1 vfork is equivalent to fork.
19257 #. type: Plain text
19258 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:174
19260 "The requirements put on B<vfork>() by the standards are weaker than those "
19261 "put on B<fork>(2), so an implementation where the two are synonymous is "
19262 "compliant. In particular, the programmer cannot rely on the parent "
19263 "remaining blocked until the child either terminates or calls B<execve>(2), "
19264 "and cannot rely on any specific behavior with respect to shared memory."
19267 #. type: Plain text
19268 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:193
19270 "Some consider the semantics of B<vfork>() to be an architectural blemish, "
19271 "and the 4.2BSD man page stated: \"This system call will be eliminated when "
19272 "proper system sharing mechanisms are implemented. Users should not depend "
19273 "on the memory sharing semantics of B<vfork>() as it will, in that case, be "
19274 "made synonymous to B<fork>(2).\" However, even though modern memory "
19275 "management hardware has decreased the performance difference between "
19276 "B<fork>(2) and B<vfork>(), there are various reasons why Linux and other "
19277 "systems have retained B<vfork>():"
19280 #. type: Plain text
19281 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:197
19283 "Some performance-critical applications require the small performance "
19284 "advantage conferred by B<vfork>()."
19287 #. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4259629/what-is-the-difference-between-fork-and-vfork
19288 #. http://developers.sun.com/solaris/articles/subprocess/subprocess.html
19289 #. http://mailman.uclinux.org/pipermail/uclinux-dev/2009-April/000684.html
19290 #. type: Plain text
19291 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:213
19293 "B<vfork>() can be implemented on systems that lack a memory-management unit "
19294 "(MMU), but B<fork>(2) can't be implemented on such systems. (POSIX.1-2008 "
19295 "removed B<vfork>() from the standard; the POSIX rationale for the "
19296 "B<posix_spawn>(3) function notes that that function, which provides "
19297 "functionality equivalent to B<fork>(2)+B<exec>(3), is designed to be "
19298 "implementable on systems that lack an MMU.)"
19301 #. type: Plain text
19302 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:224
19304 "Fork handlers established using B<pthread_atfork>(3) are not called when a "
19305 "multithreaded program employing the NPTL threading library calls "
19306 "B<vfork>(). Fork handlers are called in this case in a program using the "
19307 "LinuxThreads threading library. (See B<pthreads>(7) for a description of "
19308 "Linux threading libraries.)"
19311 #. type: Plain text
19312 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:232
19314 "A call to B<vfork>() is equivalent to calling B<clone>(2) with I<flags> "
19318 #. type: Plain text
19319 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:234
19321 msgid " CLONE_VM | CLONE_VFORK | SIGCHLD\n"
19324 #. In the release notes for 4.2BSD Sam Leffler wrote: `vfork: Is still
19325 #. present, but definitely on its way out'.
19326 #. type: Plain text
19327 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:252
19329 "The B<vfork>() system call appeared in 3.0BSD. In 4.4BSD it was made "
19330 "synonymous to B<fork>(2) but NetBSD introduced it again, cf. E<.UR "
19331 "http://www.netbsd.org\\:/Documentation\\:/kernel\\:/vfork.html> E<.UE .> In "
19332 "Linux, it has been equivalent to B<fork>(2) until 2.2.0-pre6 or so. Since "
19333 "2.2.0-pre9 (on i386, somewhat later on other architectures) it is an "
19334 "independent system call. Support was added in glibc 2.0.112."
19338 #. As far as I can tell, the following is not true in 2.6.19:
19339 #. Currently (Linux 2.3.25),
19343 #. and requires a kernel patch.
19344 #. type: Plain text
19345 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:273
19347 "Details of the signal handling are obscure and differ between systems. The "
19348 "BSD man page states: \"To avoid a possible deadlock situation, processes "
19349 "that are children in the middle of a B<vfork>() are never sent B<SIGTTOU> "
19350 "or B<SIGTTIN> signals; rather, output or I<ioctl>s are allowed and input "
19351 "attempts result in an end-of-file indication.\""
19354 #. type: Plain text
19355 #: build/C/man2/vfork.2:279
19356 msgid "B<clone>(2), B<execve>(2), B<fork>(2), B<unshare>(2), B<wait>(2)"
19360 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28
19366 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:28
19371 #. type: Plain text
19372 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:31
19373 msgid "vhangup - virtually hangup the current terminal"
19376 #. type: Plain text
19377 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:35
19378 msgid "B<int vhangup(void);>"
19381 #. type: Plain text
19382 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:44
19383 msgid "B<vhangup>(): _BSD_SOURCE || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<lt>\\ 500)"
19386 #. type: Plain text
19387 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:50
19389 "B<vhangup>() simulates a hangup on the current terminal. This call "
19390 "arranges for other users to have a ``clean'' terminal at login time."
19393 #. type: Plain text
19394 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:63
19396 "The calling process has insufficient privilege to call B<vhangup>(); the "
19397 "B<CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG> capability is required."
19400 #. type: Plain text
19401 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:66
19403 "This call is Linux-specific, and should not be used in programs intended to "
19407 #. type: Plain text
19408 #: build/C/man2/vhangup.2:69
19409 msgid "B<capabilities>(7), B<init>(8)"