versoin1.1.9 (#594)

[bytom/vapor.git] / vendor / github.com / golang / protobuf / proto / all_test.go

// Go support for Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
//
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors.  All rights reserved.
// https://github.com/golang/protobuf
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

package proto_test

import (
        "bytes"
        "encoding/json"
        "errors"
        "fmt"
        "math"
        "math/rand"
        "reflect"
        "runtime/debug"
        "strings"
        "testing"
        "time"

        . "github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
        . "github.com/golang/protobuf/proto/testdata"
)

var globalO *Buffer

func old() *Buffer {
        if globalO == nil {
                globalO = NewBuffer(nil)
        }
        globalO.Reset()
        return globalO
}

func equalbytes(b1, b2 []byte, t *testing.T) {
        if len(b1) != len(b2) {
                t.Errorf("wrong lengths: 2*%d != %d", len(b1), len(b2))
                return
        }
        for i := 0; i < len(b1); i++ {
                if b1[i] != b2[i] {
                        t.Errorf("bad byte[%d]:%x %x: %s %s", i, b1[i], b2[i], b1, b2)
                }
        }
}

func initGoTestField() *GoTestField {
        f := new(GoTestField)
        f.Label = String("label")
        f.Type = String("type")
        return f
}

// These are all structurally equivalent but the tag numbers differ.
// (It's remarkable that required, optional, and repeated all have
// 8 letters.)
func initGoTest_RequiredGroup() *GoTest_RequiredGroup {
        return &GoTest_RequiredGroup{
                RequiredField: String("required"),
        }
}

func initGoTest_OptionalGroup() *GoTest_OptionalGroup {
        return &GoTest_OptionalGroup{
                RequiredField: String("optional"),
        }
}

func initGoTest_RepeatedGroup() *GoTest_RepeatedGroup {
        return &GoTest_RepeatedGroup{
                RequiredField: String("repeated"),
        }
}

func initGoTest(setdefaults bool) *GoTest {
        pb := new(GoTest)
        if setdefaults {
                pb.F_BoolDefaulted = Bool(Default_GoTest_F_BoolDefaulted)
                pb.F_Int32Defaulted = Int32(Default_GoTest_F_Int32Defaulted)
                pb.F_Int64Defaulted = Int64(Default_GoTest_F_Int64Defaulted)
                pb.F_Fixed32Defaulted = Uint32(Default_GoTest_F_Fixed32Defaulted)
                pb.F_Fixed64Defaulted = Uint64(Default_GoTest_F_Fixed64Defaulted)
                pb.F_Uint32Defaulted = Uint32(Default_GoTest_F_Uint32Defaulted)
                pb.F_Uint64Defaulted = Uint64(Default_GoTest_F_Uint64Defaulted)
                pb.F_FloatDefaulted = Float32(Default_GoTest_F_FloatDefaulted)
                pb.F_DoubleDefaulted = Float64(Default_GoTest_F_DoubleDefaulted)
                pb.F_StringDefaulted = String(Default_GoTest_F_StringDefaulted)
                pb.F_BytesDefaulted = Default_GoTest_F_BytesDefaulted
                pb.F_Sint32Defaulted = Int32(Default_GoTest_F_Sint32Defaulted)
                pb.F_Sint64Defaulted = Int64(Default_GoTest_F_Sint64Defaulted)
        }

        pb.Kind = GoTest_TIME.Enum()
        pb.RequiredField = initGoTestField()
        pb.F_BoolRequired = Bool(true)
        pb.F_Int32Required = Int32(3)
        pb.F_Int64Required = Int64(6)
        pb.F_Fixed32Required = Uint32(32)
        pb.F_Fixed64Required = Uint64(64)
        pb.F_Uint32Required = Uint32(3232)
        pb.F_Uint64Required = Uint64(6464)
        pb.F_FloatRequired = Float32(3232)
        pb.F_DoubleRequired = Float64(6464)
        pb.F_StringRequired = String("string")
        pb.F_BytesRequired = []byte("bytes")
        pb.F_Sint32Required = Int32(-32)
        pb.F_Sint64Required = Int64(-64)
        pb.Requiredgroup = initGoTest_RequiredGroup()

        return pb
}

func fail(msg string, b *bytes.Buffer, s string, t *testing.T) {
        data := b.Bytes()
        ld := len(data)
        ls := len(s) / 2

        fmt.Printf("fail %s ld=%d ls=%d\n", msg, ld, ls)

        // find the interesting spot - n
        n := ls
        if ld < ls {
                n = ld
        }
        j := 0
        for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
                bs := hex(s[j])*16 + hex(s[j+1])
                j += 2
                if data[i] == bs {
                        continue
                }
                n = i
                break
        }
        l := n - 10
        if l < 0 {
                l = 0
        }
        h := n + 10

        // find the interesting spot - n
        fmt.Printf("is[%d]:", l)
        for i := l; i < h; i++ {
                if i >= ld {
                        fmt.Printf(" --")
                        continue
                }
                fmt.Printf(" %.2x", data[i])
        }
        fmt.Printf("\n")

        fmt.Printf("sb[%d]:", l)
        for i := l; i < h; i++ {
                if i >= ls {
                        fmt.Printf(" --")
                        continue
                }
                bs := hex(s[j])*16 + hex(s[j+1])
                j += 2
                fmt.Printf(" %.2x", bs)
        }
        fmt.Printf("\n")

        t.Fail()

        //      t.Errorf("%s: \ngood: %s\nbad: %x", msg, s, b.Bytes())
        // Print the output in a partially-decoded format; can
        // be helpful when updating the test.  It produces the output
        // that is pasted, with minor edits, into the argument to verify().
        //      data := b.Bytes()
        //      nesting := 0
        //      for b.Len() > 0 {
        //              start := len(data) - b.Len()
        //              var u uint64
        //              u, err := DecodeVarint(b)
        //              if err != nil {
        //                      fmt.Printf("decode error on varint:", err)
        //                      return
        //              }
        //              wire := u & 0x7
        //              tag := u >> 3
        //              switch wire {
        //              case WireVarint:
        //                      v, err := DecodeVarint(b)
        //                      if err != nil {
        //                              fmt.Printf("decode error on varint:", err)
        //                              return
        //                      }
        //                      fmt.Printf("\t\t\"%x\"  // field %d, encoding %d, value %d\n",
        //                              data[start:len(data)-b.Len()], tag, wire, v)
        //              case WireFixed32:
        //                      v, err := DecodeFixed32(b)
        //                      if err != nil {
        //                              fmt.Printf("decode error on fixed32:", err)
        //                              return
        //                      }
        //                      fmt.Printf("\t\t\"%x\"  // field %d, encoding %d, value %d\n",
        //                              data[start:len(data)-b.Len()], tag, wire, v)
        //              case WireFixed64:
        //                      v, err := DecodeFixed64(b)
        //                      if err != nil {
        //                              fmt.Printf("decode error on fixed64:", err)
        //                              return
        //                      }
        //                      fmt.Printf("\t\t\"%x\"  // field %d, encoding %d, value %d\n",
        //                              data[start:len(data)-b.Len()], tag, wire, v)
        //              case WireBytes:
        //                      nb, err := DecodeVarint(b)
        //                      if err != nil {
        //                              fmt.Printf("decode error on bytes:", err)
        //                              return
        //                      }
        //                      after_tag := len(data) - b.Len()
        //                      str := make([]byte, nb)
        //                      _, err = b.Read(str)
        //                      if err != nil {
        //                              fmt.Printf("decode error on bytes:", err)
        //                              return
        //                      }
        //                      fmt.Printf("\t\t\"%x\" \"%x\"  // field %d, encoding %d (FIELD)\n",
        //                              data[start:after_tag], str, tag, wire)
        //              case WireStartGroup:
        //                      nesting++
        //                      fmt.Printf("\t\t\"%x\"\t\t// start group field %d level %d\n",
        //                              data[start:len(data)-b.Len()], tag, nesting)
        //              case WireEndGroup:
        //                      fmt.Printf("\t\t\"%x\"\t\t// end group field %d level %d\n",
        //                              data[start:len(data)-b.Len()], tag, nesting)
        //                      nesting--
        //              default:
        //                      fmt.Printf("unrecognized wire type %d\n", wire)
        //                      return
        //              }
        //      }
}

func hex(c uint8) uint8 {
        if '0' <= c && c <= '9' {
                return c - '0'
        }
        if 'a' <= c && c <= 'f' {
                return 10 + c - 'a'
        }
        if 'A' <= c && c <= 'F' {
                return 10 + c - 'A'
        }
        return 0
}

func equal(b []byte, s string, t *testing.T) bool {
        if 2*len(b) != len(s) {
                //              fail(fmt.Sprintf("wrong lengths: 2*%d != %d", len(b), len(s)), b, s, t)
                fmt.Printf("wrong lengths: 2*%d != %d\n", len(b), len(s))
                return false
        }
        for i, j := 0, 0; i < len(b); i, j = i+1, j+2 {
                x := hex(s[j])*16 + hex(s[j+1])
                if b[i] != x {
                        //                      fail(fmt.Sprintf("bad byte[%d]:%x %x", i, b[i], x), b, s, t)
                        fmt.Printf("bad byte[%d]:%x %x", i, b[i], x)
                        return false
                }
        }
        return true
}

func overify(t *testing.T, pb *GoTest, expected string) {
        o := old()
        err := o.Marshal(pb)
        if err != nil {
                fmt.Printf("overify marshal-1 err = %v", err)
                o.DebugPrint("", o.Bytes())
                t.Fatalf("expected = %s", expected)
        }
        if !equal(o.Bytes(), expected, t) {
                o.DebugPrint("overify neq 1", o.Bytes())
                t.Fatalf("expected = %s", expected)
        }

        // Now test Unmarshal by recreating the original buffer.
        pbd := new(GoTest)
        err = o.Unmarshal(pbd)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("overify unmarshal err = %v", err)
                o.DebugPrint("", o.Bytes())
                t.Fatalf("string = %s", expected)
        }
        o.Reset()
        err = o.Marshal(pbd)
        if err != nil {
                t.Errorf("overify marshal-2 err = %v", err)
                o.DebugPrint("", o.Bytes())
                t.Fatalf("string = %s", expected)
        }
        if !equal(o.Bytes(), expected, t) {
                o.DebugPrint("overify neq 2", o.Bytes())
                t.Fatalf("string = %s", expected)
        }
}

// Simple tests for numeric encode/decode primitives (varint, etc.)
func TestNumericPrimitives(t *testing.T) {
        for i := uint64(0); i < 1e6; i += 111 {
                o := old()
                if o.EncodeVarint(i) != nil {
                        t.Error("EncodeVarint")
                        break
                }
                x, e := o.DecodeVarint()
                if e != nil {
                        t.Fatal("DecodeVarint")
                }
                if x != i {
                        t.Fatal("varint decode fail:", i, x)
                }

                o = old()
                if o.EncodeFixed32(i) != nil {
                        t.Fatal("encFixed32")
                }
                x, e = o.DecodeFixed32()
                if e != nil {
                        t.Fatal("decFixed32")
                }
                if x != i {
                        t.Fatal("fixed32 decode fail:", i, x)
                }

                o = old()
                if o.EncodeFixed64(i*1234567) != nil {
                        t.Error("encFixed64")
                        break
                }
                x, e = o.DecodeFixed64()
                if e != nil {
                        t.Error("decFixed64")
                        break
                }
                if x != i*1234567 {
                        t.Error("fixed64 decode fail:", i*1234567, x)
                        break
                }

                o = old()
                i32 := int32(i - 12345)
                if o.EncodeZigzag32(uint64(i32)) != nil {
                        t.Fatal("EncodeZigzag32")
                }
                x, e = o.DecodeZigzag32()
                if e != nil {
                        t.Fatal("DecodeZigzag32")
                }
                if x != uint64(uint32(i32)) {
                        t.Fatal("zigzag32 decode fail:", i32, x)
                }

                o = old()
                i64 := int64(i - 12345)
                if o.EncodeZigzag64(uint64(i64)) != nil {
                        t.Fatal("EncodeZigzag64")
                }
                x, e = o.DecodeZigzag64()
                if e != nil {
                        t.Fatal("DecodeZigzag64")
                }
                if x != uint64(i64) {
                        t.Fatal("zigzag64 decode fail:", i64, x)
                }
        }
}

// fakeMarshaler is a simple struct implementing Marshaler and Message interfaces.
type fakeMarshaler struct {
        b   []byte
        err error
}

func (f *fakeMarshaler) Marshal() ([]byte, error) { return f.b, f.err }
func (f *fakeMarshaler) String() string           { return fmt.Sprintf("Bytes: %v Error: %v", f.b, f.err) }
func (f *fakeMarshaler) ProtoMessage()            {}
func (f *fakeMarshaler) Reset()                   {}

type msgWithFakeMarshaler struct {
        M *fakeMarshaler `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=fake"`
}

func (m *msgWithFakeMarshaler) String() string { return CompactTextString(m) }
func (m *msgWithFakeMarshaler) ProtoMessage()  {}
func (m *msgWithFakeMarshaler) Reset()         {}

// Simple tests for proto messages that implement the Marshaler interface.
func TestMarshalerEncoding(t *testing.T) {
        tests := []struct {
                name    string
                m       Message
                want    []byte
                errType reflect.Type
        }{
                {
                        name: "Marshaler that fails",
                        m: &fakeMarshaler{
                                err: errors.New("some marshal err"),
                                b:   []byte{5, 6, 7},
                        },
                        // Since the Marshal method returned bytes, they should be written to the
                        // buffer.  (For efficiency, we assume that Marshal implementations are
                        // always correct w.r.t. RequiredNotSetError and output.)
                        want:    []byte{5, 6, 7},
                        errType: reflect.TypeOf(errors.New("some marshal err")),
                },
                {
                        name: "Marshaler that fails with RequiredNotSetError",
                        m: &msgWithFakeMarshaler{
                                M: &fakeMarshaler{
                                        err: &RequiredNotSetError{},
                                        b:   []byte{5, 6, 7},
                                },
                        },
                        // Since there's an error that can be continued after,
                        // the buffer should be written.
                        want: []byte{
                                10, 3, // for &msgWithFakeMarshaler
                                5, 6, 7, // for &fakeMarshaler
                        },
                        errType: reflect.TypeOf(&RequiredNotSetError{}),
                },
                {
                        name: "Marshaler that succeeds",
                        m: &fakeMarshaler{
                                b: []byte{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 127, 255},
                        },
                        want: []byte{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 127, 255},
                },
        }
        for _, test := range tests {
                b := NewBuffer(nil)
                err := b.Marshal(test.m)
                if reflect.TypeOf(err) != test.errType {
                        t.Errorf("%s: got err %T(%v) wanted %T", test.name, err, err, test.errType)
                }
                if !reflect.DeepEqual(test.want, b.Bytes()) {
                        t.Errorf("%s: got bytes %v wanted %v", test.name, b.Bytes(), test.want)
                }
                if size := Size(test.m); size != len(b.Bytes()) {
                        t.Errorf("%s: Size(_) = %v, but marshaled to %v bytes", test.name, size, len(b.Bytes()))
                }

                m, mErr := Marshal(test.m)
                if !bytes.Equal(b.Bytes(), m) {
                        t.Errorf("%s: Marshal returned %v, but (*Buffer).Marshal wrote %v", test.name, m, b.Bytes())
                }
                if !reflect.DeepEqual(err, mErr) {
                        t.Errorf("%s: Marshal err = %q, but (*Buffer).Marshal returned %q",
                                test.name, fmt.Sprint(mErr), fmt.Sprint(err))
                }
        }
}

// Simple tests for bytes
func TestBytesPrimitives(t *testing.T) {
        o := old()
        bytes := []byte{'n', 'o', 'w', ' ', 'i', 's', ' ', 't', 'h', 'e', ' ', 't', 'i', 'm', 'e'}
        if o.EncodeRawBytes(bytes) != nil {
                t.Error("EncodeRawBytes")
        }
        decb, e := o.DecodeRawBytes(false)
        if e != nil {
                t.Error("DecodeRawBytes")
        }
        equalbytes(bytes, decb, t)
}

// Simple tests for strings
func TestStringPrimitives(t *testing.T) {
        o := old()
        s := "now is the time"
        if o.EncodeStringBytes(s) != nil {
                t.Error("enc_string")
        }
        decs, e := o.DecodeStringBytes()
        if e != nil {
                t.Error("dec_string")
        }
        if s != decs {
                t.Error("string encode/decode fail:", s, decs)
        }
}

// Do we catch the "required bit not set" case?
func TestRequiredBit(t *testing.T) {
        o := old()
        pb := new(GoTest)
        err := o.Marshal(pb)
        if err == nil {
                t.Error("did not catch missing required fields")
        } else if strings.Index(err.Error(), "Kind") < 0 {
                t.Error("wrong error type:", err)
        }
}

// Check that all fields are nil.
// Clearly silly, and a residue from a more interesting test with an earlier,
// different initialization property, but it once caught a compiler bug so
// it lives.
func checkInitialized(pb *GoTest, t *testing.T) {
        if pb.F_BoolDefaulted != nil {
                t.Error("New or Reset did not set boolean:", *pb.F_BoolDefaulted)
        }
        if pb.F_Int32Defaulted != nil {
                t.Error("New or Reset did not set int32:", *pb.F_Int32Defaulted)
        }
        if pb.F_Int64Defaulted != nil {
                t.Error("New or Reset did not set int64:", *pb.F_Int64Defaulted)
        }
        if pb.F_Fixed32Defaulted != nil {
                t.Error("New or Reset did not set fixed32:", *pb.F_Fixed32Defaulted)
        }
        if pb.F_Fixed64Defaulted != nil {
                t.Error("New or Reset did not set fixed64:", *pb.F_Fixed64Defaulted)
        }
        if pb.F_Uint32Defaulted != nil {
                t.Error("New or Reset did not set uint32:", *pb.F_Uint32Defaulted)
        }
        if pb.F_Uint64Defaulted != nil {
                t.Error("New or Reset did not set uint64:", *pb.F_Uint64Defaulted)
        }
        if pb.F_FloatDefaulted != nil {
                t.Error("New or Reset did not set float:", *pb.F_FloatDefaulted)
        }
        if pb.F_DoubleDefaulted != nil {
                t.Error("New or Reset did not set double:", *pb.F_DoubleDefaulted)
        }
        if pb.F_StringDefaulted != nil {
                t.Error("New or Reset did not set string:", *pb.F_StringDefaulted)
        }
        if pb.F_BytesDefaulted != nil {
                t.Error("New or Reset did not set bytes:", string(pb.F_BytesDefaulted))
        }
        if pb.F_Sint32Defaulted != nil {
                t.Error("New or Reset did not set int32:", *pb.F_Sint32Defaulted)
        }
        if pb.F_Sint64Defaulted != nil {
                t.Error("New or Reset did not set int64:", *pb.F_Sint64Defaulted)
        }
}

// Does Reset() reset?
func TestReset(t *testing.T) {
        pb := initGoTest(true)
        // muck with some values
        pb.F_BoolDefaulted = Bool(false)
        pb.F_Int32Defaulted = Int32(237)
        pb.F_Int64Defaulted = Int64(12346)
        pb.F_Fixed32Defaulted = Uint32(32000)
        pb.F_Fixed64Defaulted = Uint64(666)
        pb.F_Uint32Defaulted = Uint32(323232)
        pb.F_Uint64Defaulted = nil
        pb.F_FloatDefaulted = nil
        pb.F_DoubleDefaulted = Float64(0)
        pb.F_StringDefaulted = String("gotcha")
        pb.F_BytesDefaulted = []byte("asdfasdf")
        pb.F_Sint32Defaulted = Int32(123)
        pb.F_Sint64Defaulted = Int64(789)
        pb.Reset()
        checkInitialized(pb, t)
}

// All required fields set, no defaults provided.
func TestEncodeDecode1(t *testing.T) {
        pb := initGoTest(false)
        overify(t, pb,
                "0807"+ // field 1, encoding 0, value 7
                        "220d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 4, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
                        "5001"+ // field 10, encoding 0, value 1
                        "5803"+ // field 11, encoding 0, value 3
                        "6006"+ // field 12, encoding 0, value 6
                        "6d20000000"+ // field 13, encoding 5, value 0x20
                        "714000000000000000"+ // field 14, encoding 1, value 0x40
                        "78a019"+ // field 15, encoding 0, value 0xca0 = 3232
                        "8001c032"+ // field 16, encoding 0, value 0x1940 = 6464
                        "8d0100004a45"+ // field 17, encoding 5, value 3232.0
                        "9101000000000040b940"+ // field 18, encoding 1, value 6464.0
                        "9a0106"+"737472696e67"+ // field 19, encoding 2, string "string"
                        "b304"+ // field 70, encoding 3, start group
                        "ba0408"+"7265717569726564"+ // field 71, encoding 2, string "required"
                        "b404"+ // field 70, encoding 4, end group
                        "aa0605"+"6279746573"+ // field 101, encoding 2, string "bytes"
                        "b0063f"+ // field 102, encoding 0, 0x3f zigzag32
                        "b8067f") // field 103, encoding 0, 0x7f zigzag64
}

// All required fields set, defaults provided.
func TestEncodeDecode2(t *testing.T) {
        pb := initGoTest(true)
        overify(t, pb,
                "0807"+ // field 1, encoding 0, value 7
                        "220d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 4, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
                        "5001"+ // field 10, encoding 0, value 1
                        "5803"+ // field 11, encoding 0, value 3
                        "6006"+ // field 12, encoding 0, value 6
                        "6d20000000"+ // field 13, encoding 5, value 32
                        "714000000000000000"+ // field 14, encoding 1, value 64
                        "78a019"+ // field 15, encoding 0, value 3232
                        "8001c032"+ // field 16, encoding 0, value 6464
                        "8d0100004a45"+ // field 17, encoding 5, value 3232.0
                        "9101000000000040b940"+ // field 18, encoding 1, value 6464.0
                        "9a0106"+"737472696e67"+ // field 19, encoding 2 string "string"
                        "c00201"+ // field 40, encoding 0, value 1
                        "c80220"+ // field 41, encoding 0, value 32
                        "d00240"+ // field 42, encoding 0, value 64
                        "dd0240010000"+ // field 43, encoding 5, value 320
                        "e1028002000000000000"+ // field 44, encoding 1, value 640
                        "e8028019"+ // field 45, encoding 0, value 3200
                        "f0028032"+ // field 46, encoding 0, value 6400
                        "fd02e0659948"+ // field 47, encoding 5, value 314159.0
                        "81030000000050971041"+ // field 48, encoding 1, value 271828.0
                        "8a0310"+"68656c6c6f2c2022776f726c6421220a"+ // field 49, encoding 2 string "hello, \"world!\"\n"
                        "b304"+ // start group field 70 level 1
                        "ba0408"+"7265717569726564"+ // field 71, encoding 2, string "required"
                        "b404"+ // end group field 70 level 1
                        "aa0605"+"6279746573"+ // field 101, encoding 2 string "bytes"
                        "b0063f"+ // field 102, encoding 0, 0x3f zigzag32
                        "b8067f"+ // field 103, encoding 0, 0x7f zigzag64
                        "8a1907"+"4269676e6f7365"+ // field 401, encoding 2, string "Bignose"
                        "90193f"+ // field 402, encoding 0, value 63
                        "98197f") // field 403, encoding 0, value 127

}

// All default fields set to their default value by hand
func TestEncodeDecode3(t *testing.T) {
        pb := initGoTest(false)
        pb.F_BoolDefaulted = Bool(true)
        pb.F_Int32Defaulted = Int32(32)
        pb.F_Int64Defaulted = Int64(64)
        pb.F_Fixed32Defaulted = Uint32(320)
        pb.F_Fixed64Defaulted = Uint64(640)
        pb.F_Uint32Defaulted = Uint32(3200)
        pb.F_Uint64Defaulted = Uint64(6400)
        pb.F_FloatDefaulted = Float32(314159)
        pb.F_DoubleDefaulted = Float64(271828)
        pb.F_StringDefaulted = String("hello, \"world!\"\n")
        pb.F_BytesDefaulted = []byte("Bignose")
        pb.F_Sint32Defaulted = Int32(-32)
        pb.F_Sint64Defaulted = Int64(-64)

        overify(t, pb,
                "0807"+ // field 1, encoding 0, value 7
                        "220d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 4, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
                        "5001"+ // field 10, encoding 0, value 1
                        "5803"+ // field 11, encoding 0, value 3
                        "6006"+ // field 12, encoding 0, value 6
                        "6d20000000"+ // field 13, encoding 5, value 32
                        "714000000000000000"+ // field 14, encoding 1, value 64
                        "78a019"+ // field 15, encoding 0, value 3232
                        "8001c032"+ // field 16, encoding 0, value 6464
                        "8d0100004a45"+ // field 17, encoding 5, value 3232.0
                        "9101000000000040b940"+ // field 18, encoding 1, value 6464.0
                        "9a0106"+"737472696e67"+ // field 19, encoding 2 string "string"
                        "c00201"+ // field 40, encoding 0, value 1
                        "c80220"+ // field 41, encoding 0, value 32
                        "d00240"+ // field 42, encoding 0, value 64
                        "dd0240010000"+ // field 43, encoding 5, value 320
                        "e1028002000000000000"+ // field 44, encoding 1, value 640
                        "e8028019"+ // field 45, encoding 0, value 3200
                        "f0028032"+ // field 46, encoding 0, value 6400
                        "fd02e0659948"+ // field 47, encoding 5, value 314159.0
                        "81030000000050971041"+ // field 48, encoding 1, value 271828.0
                        "8a0310"+"68656c6c6f2c2022776f726c6421220a"+ // field 49, encoding 2 string "hello, \"world!\"\n"
                        "b304"+ // start group field 70 level 1
                        "ba0408"+"7265717569726564"+ // field 71, encoding 2, string "required"
                        "b404"+ // end group field 70 level 1
                        "aa0605"+"6279746573"+ // field 101, encoding 2 string "bytes"
                        "b0063f"+ // field 102, encoding 0, 0x3f zigzag32
                        "b8067f"+ // field 103, encoding 0, 0x7f zigzag64
                        "8a1907"+"4269676e6f7365"+ // field 401, encoding 2, string "Bignose"
                        "90193f"+ // field 402, encoding 0, value 63
                        "98197f") // field 403, encoding 0, value 127

}

// All required fields set, defaults provided, all non-defaulted optional fields have values.
func TestEncodeDecode4(t *testing.T) {
        pb := initGoTest(true)
        pb.Table = String("hello")
        pb.Param = Int32(7)
        pb.OptionalField = initGoTestField()
        pb.F_BoolOptional = Bool(true)
        pb.F_Int32Optional = Int32(32)
        pb.F_Int64Optional = Int64(64)
        pb.F_Fixed32Optional = Uint32(3232)
        pb.F_Fixed64Optional = Uint64(6464)
        pb.F_Uint32Optional = Uint32(323232)
        pb.F_Uint64Optional = Uint64(646464)
        pb.F_FloatOptional = Float32(32.)
        pb.F_DoubleOptional = Float64(64.)
        pb.F_StringOptional = String("hello")
        pb.F_BytesOptional = []byte("Bignose")
        pb.F_Sint32Optional = Int32(-32)
        pb.F_Sint64Optional = Int64(-64)
        pb.Optionalgroup = initGoTest_OptionalGroup()

        overify(t, pb,
                "0807"+ // field 1, encoding 0, value 7
                        "1205"+"68656c6c6f"+ // field 2, encoding 2, string "hello"
                        "1807"+ // field 3, encoding 0, value 7
                        "220d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 4, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
                        "320d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 6, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
                        "5001"+ // field 10, encoding 0, value 1
                        "5803"+ // field 11, encoding 0, value 3
                        "6006"+ // field 12, encoding 0, value 6
                        "6d20000000"+ // field 13, encoding 5, value 32
                        "714000000000000000"+ // field 14, encoding 1, value 64
                        "78a019"+ // field 15, encoding 0, value 3232
                        "8001c032"+ // field 16, encoding 0, value 6464
                        "8d0100004a45"+ // field 17, encoding 5, value 3232.0
                        "9101000000000040b940"+ // field 18, encoding 1, value 6464.0
                        "9a0106"+"737472696e67"+ // field 19, encoding 2 string "string"
                        "f00101"+ // field 30, encoding 0, value 1
                        "f80120"+ // field 31, encoding 0, value 32
                        "800240"+ // field 32, encoding 0, value 64
                        "8d02a00c0000"+ // field 33, encoding 5, value 3232
                        "91024019000000000000"+ // field 34, encoding 1, value 6464
                        "9802a0dd13"+ // field 35, encoding 0, value 323232
                        "a002c0ba27"+ // field 36, encoding 0, value 646464
                        "ad0200000042"+ // field 37, encoding 5, value 32.0
                        "b1020000000000005040"+ // field 38, encoding 1, value 64.0
                        "ba0205"+"68656c6c6f"+ // field 39, encoding 2, string "hello"
                        "c00201"+ // field 40, encoding 0, value 1
                        "c80220"+ // field 41, encoding 0, value 32
                        "d00240"+ // field 42, encoding 0, value 64
                        "dd0240010000"+ // field 43, encoding 5, value 320
                        "e1028002000000000000"+ // field 44, encoding 1, value 640
                        "e8028019"+ // field 45, encoding 0, value 3200
                        "f0028032"+ // field 46, encoding 0, value 6400
                        "fd02e0659948"+ // field 47, encoding 5, value 314159.0
                        "81030000000050971041"+ // field 48, encoding 1, value 271828.0
                        "8a0310"+"68656c6c6f2c2022776f726c6421220a"+ // field 49, encoding 2 string "hello, \"world!\"\n"
                        "b304"+ // start group field 70 level 1
                        "ba0408"+"7265717569726564"+ // field 71, encoding 2, string "required"
                        "b404"+ // end group field 70 level 1
                        "d305"+ // start group field 90 level 1
                        "da0508"+"6f7074696f6e616c"+ // field 91, encoding 2, string "optional"
                        "d405"+ // end group field 90 level 1
                        "aa0605"+"6279746573"+ // field 101, encoding 2 string "bytes"
                        "b0063f"+ // field 102, encoding 0, 0x3f zigzag32
                        "b8067f"+ // field 103, encoding 0, 0x7f zigzag64
                        "ea1207"+"4269676e6f7365"+ // field 301, encoding 2, string "Bignose"
                        "f0123f"+ // field 302, encoding 0, value 63
                        "f8127f"+ // field 303, encoding 0, value 127
                        "8a1907"+"4269676e6f7365"+ // field 401, encoding 2, string "Bignose"
                        "90193f"+ // field 402, encoding 0, value 63
                        "98197f") // field 403, encoding 0, value 127

}

// All required fields set, defaults provided, all repeated fields given two values.
func TestEncodeDecode5(t *testing.T) {
        pb := initGoTest(true)
        pb.RepeatedField = []*GoTestField{initGoTestField(), initGoTestField()}
        pb.F_BoolRepeated = []bool{false, true}
        pb.F_Int32Repeated = []int32{32, 33}
        pb.F_Int64Repeated = []int64{64, 65}
        pb.F_Fixed32Repeated = []uint32{3232, 3333}
        pb.F_Fixed64Repeated = []uint64{6464, 6565}
        pb.F_Uint32Repeated = []uint32{323232, 333333}
        pb.F_Uint64Repeated = []uint64{646464, 656565}
        pb.F_FloatRepeated = []float32{32., 33.}
        pb.F_DoubleRepeated = []float64{64., 65.}
        pb.F_StringRepeated = []string{"hello", "sailor"}
        pb.F_BytesRepeated = [][]byte{[]byte("big"), []byte("nose")}
        pb.F_Sint32Repeated = []int32{32, -32}
        pb.F_Sint64Repeated = []int64{64, -64}
        pb.Repeatedgroup = []*GoTest_RepeatedGroup{initGoTest_RepeatedGroup(), initGoTest_RepeatedGroup()}

        overify(t, pb,
                "0807"+ // field 1, encoding 0, value 7
                        "220d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 4, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
                        "2a0d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 5, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
                        "2a0d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 5, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
                        "5001"+ // field 10, encoding 0, value 1
                        "5803"+ // field 11, encoding 0, value 3
                        "6006"+ // field 12, encoding 0, value 6
                        "6d20000000"+ // field 13, encoding 5, value 32
                        "714000000000000000"+ // field 14, encoding 1, value 64
                        "78a019"+ // field 15, encoding 0, value 3232
                        "8001c032"+ // field 16, encoding 0, value 6464
                        "8d0100004a45"+ // field 17, encoding 5, value 3232.0
                        "9101000000000040b940"+ // field 18, encoding 1, value 6464.0
                        "9a0106"+"737472696e67"+ // field 19, encoding 2 string "string"
                        "a00100"+ // field 20, encoding 0, value 0
                        "a00101"+ // field 20, encoding 0, value 1
                        "a80120"+ // field 21, encoding 0, value 32
                        "a80121"+ // field 21, encoding 0, value 33
                        "b00140"+ // field 22, encoding 0, value 64
                        "b00141"+ // field 22, encoding 0, value 65
                        "bd01a00c0000"+ // field 23, encoding 5, value 3232
                        "bd01050d0000"+ // field 23, encoding 5, value 3333
                        "c1014019000000000000"+ // field 24, encoding 1, value 6464
                        "c101a519000000000000"+ // field 24, encoding 1, value 6565
                        "c801a0dd13"+ // field 25, encoding 0, value 323232
                        "c80195ac14"+ // field 25, encoding 0, value 333333
                        "d001c0ba27"+ // field 26, encoding 0, value 646464
                        "d001b58928"+ // field 26, encoding 0, value 656565
                        "dd0100000042"+ // field 27, encoding 5, value 32.0
                        "dd0100000442"+ // field 27, encoding 5, value 33.0
                        "e1010000000000005040"+ // field 28, encoding 1, value 64.0
                        "e1010000000000405040"+ // field 28, encoding 1, value 65.0
                        "ea0105"+"68656c6c6f"+ // field 29, encoding 2, string "hello"
                        "ea0106"+"7361696c6f72"+ // field 29, encoding 2, string "sailor"
                        "c00201"+ // field 40, encoding 0, value 1
                        "c80220"+ // field 41, encoding 0, value 32
                        "d00240"+ // field 42, encoding 0, value 64
                        "dd0240010000"+ // field 43, encoding 5, value 320
                        "e1028002000000000000"+ // field 44, encoding 1, value 640
                        "e8028019"+ // field 45, encoding 0, value 3200
                        "f0028032"+ // field 46, encoding 0, value 6400
                        "fd02e0659948"+ // field 47, encoding 5, value 314159.0
                        "81030000000050971041"+ // field 48, encoding 1, value 271828.0
                        "8a0310"+"68656c6c6f2c2022776f726c6421220a"+ // field 49, encoding 2 string "hello, \"world!\"\n"
                        "b304"+ // start group field 70 level 1
                        "ba0408"+"7265717569726564"+ // field 71, encoding 2, string "required"
                        "b404"+ // end group field 70 level 1
                        "8305"+ // start group field 80 level 1
                        "8a0508"+"7265706561746564"+ // field 81, encoding 2, string "repeated"
                        "8405"+ // end group field 80 level 1
                        "8305"+ // start group field 80 level 1
                        "8a0508"+"7265706561746564"+ // field 81, encoding 2, string "repeated"
                        "8405"+ // end group field 80 level 1
                        "aa0605"+"6279746573"+ // field 101, encoding 2 string "bytes"
                        "b0063f"+ // field 102, encoding 0, 0x3f zigzag32
                        "b8067f"+ // field 103, encoding 0, 0x7f zigzag64
                        "ca0c03"+"626967"+ // field 201, encoding 2, string "big"
                        "ca0c04"+"6e6f7365"+ // field 201, encoding 2, string "nose"
                        "d00c40"+ // field 202, encoding 0, value 32
                        "d00c3f"+ // field 202, encoding 0, value -32
                        "d80c8001"+ // field 203, encoding 0, value 64
                        "d80c7f"+ // field 203, encoding 0, value -64
                        "8a1907"+"4269676e6f7365"+ // field 401, encoding 2, string "Bignose"
                        "90193f"+ // field 402, encoding 0, value 63
                        "98197f") // field 403, encoding 0, value 127

}

// All required fields set, all packed repeated fields given two values.
func TestEncodeDecode6(t *testing.T) {
        pb := initGoTest(false)
        pb.F_BoolRepeatedPacked = []bool{false, true}
        pb.F_Int32RepeatedPacked = []int32{32, 33}
        pb.F_Int64RepeatedPacked = []int64{64, 65}
        pb.F_Fixed32RepeatedPacked = []uint32{3232, 3333}
        pb.F_Fixed64RepeatedPacked = []uint64{6464, 6565}
        pb.F_Uint32RepeatedPacked = []uint32{323232, 333333}
        pb.F_Uint64RepeatedPacked = []uint64{646464, 656565}
        pb.F_FloatRepeatedPacked = []float32{32., 33.}
        pb.F_DoubleRepeatedPacked = []float64{64., 65.}
        pb.F_Sint32RepeatedPacked = []int32{32, -32}
        pb.F_Sint64RepeatedPacked = []int64{64, -64}

        overify(t, pb,
                "0807"+ // field 1, encoding 0, value 7
                        "220d"+"0a056c6162656c120474797065"+ // field 4, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
                        "5001"+ // field 10, encoding 0, value 1
                        "5803"+ // field 11, encoding 0, value 3
                        "6006"+ // field 12, encoding 0, value 6
                        "6d20000000"+ // field 13, encoding 5, value 32
                        "714000000000000000"+ // field 14, encoding 1, value 64
                        "78a019"+ // field 15, encoding 0, value 3232
                        "8001c032"+ // field 16, encoding 0, value 6464
                        "8d0100004a45"+ // field 17, encoding 5, value 3232.0
                        "9101000000000040b940"+ // field 18, encoding 1, value 6464.0
                        "9a0106"+"737472696e67"+ // field 19, encoding 2 string "string"
                        "9203020001"+ // field 50, encoding 2, 2 bytes, value 0, value 1
                        "9a03022021"+ // field 51, encoding 2, 2 bytes, value 32, value 33
                        "a203024041"+ // field 52, encoding 2, 2 bytes, value 64, value 65
                        "aa0308"+ // field 53, encoding 2, 8 bytes
                        "a00c0000050d0000"+ // value 3232, value 3333
                        "b20310"+ // field 54, encoding 2, 16 bytes
                        "4019000000000000a519000000000000"+ // value 6464, value 6565
                        "ba0306"+ // field 55, encoding 2, 6 bytes
                        "a0dd1395ac14"+ // value 323232, value 333333
                        "c20306"+ // field 56, encoding 2, 6 bytes
                        "c0ba27b58928"+ // value 646464, value 656565
                        "ca0308"+ // field 57, encoding 2, 8 bytes
                        "0000004200000442"+ // value 32.0, value 33.0
                        "d20310"+ // field 58, encoding 2, 16 bytes
                        "00000000000050400000000000405040"+ // value 64.0, value 65.0
                        "b304"+ // start group field 70 level 1
                        "ba0408"+"7265717569726564"+ // field 71, encoding 2, string "required"
                        "b404"+ // end group field 70 level 1
                        "aa0605"+"6279746573"+ // field 101, encoding 2 string "bytes"
                        "b0063f"+ // field 102, encoding 0, 0x3f zigzag32
                        "b8067f"+ // field 103, encoding 0, 0x7f zigzag64
                        "b21f02"+ // field 502, encoding 2, 2 bytes
                        "403f"+ // value 32, value -32
                        "ba1f03"+ // field 503, encoding 2, 3 bytes
                        "80017f") // value 64, value -64
}

// Test that we can encode empty bytes fields.
func TestEncodeDecodeBytes1(t *testing.T) {
        pb := initGoTest(false)

        // Create our bytes
        pb.F_BytesRequired = []byte{}
        pb.F_BytesRepeated = [][]byte{{}}
        pb.F_BytesOptional = []byte{}

        d, err := Marshal(pb)
        if err != nil {
                t.Error(err)
        }

        pbd := new(GoTest)
        if err := Unmarshal(d, pbd); err != nil {
                t.Error(err)
        }

        if pbd.F_BytesRequired == nil || len(pbd.F_BytesRequired) != 0 {
                t.Error("required empty bytes field is incorrect")
        }
        if pbd.F_BytesRepeated == nil || len(pbd.F_BytesRepeated) == 1 && pbd.F_BytesRepeated[0] == nil {
                t.Error("repeated empty bytes field is incorrect")
        }
        if pbd.F_BytesOptional == nil || len(pbd.F_BytesOptional) != 0 {
                t.Error("optional empty bytes field is incorrect")
        }
}

// Test that we encode nil-valued fields of a repeated bytes field correctly.
// Since entries in a repeated field cannot be nil, nil must mean empty value.
func TestEncodeDecodeBytes2(t *testing.T) {
        pb := initGoTest(false)

        // Create our bytes
        pb.F_BytesRepeated = [][]byte{nil}

        d, err := Marshal(pb)
        if err != nil {
                t.Error(err)
        }

        pbd := new(GoTest)
        if err := Unmarshal(d, pbd); err != nil {
                t.Error(err)
        }

        if len(pbd.F_BytesRepeated) != 1 || pbd.F_BytesRepeated[0] == nil {
                t.Error("Unexpected value for repeated bytes field")
        }
}

// All required fields set, defaults provided, all repeated fields given two values.
func TestSkippingUnrecognizedFields(t *testing.T) {
        o := old()
        pb := initGoTestField()

        // Marshal it normally.
        o.Marshal(pb)

        // Now new a GoSkipTest record.
        skip := &GoSkipTest{
                SkipInt32:   Int32(32),
                SkipFixed32: Uint32(3232),
                SkipFixed64: Uint64(6464),
                SkipString:  String("skipper"),
                Skipgroup: &GoSkipTest_SkipGroup{
                        GroupInt32:  Int32(75),
                        GroupString: String("wxyz"),
                },
        }

        // Marshal it into same buffer.
        o.Marshal(skip)

        pbd := new(GoTestField)
        o.Unmarshal(pbd)

        // The __unrecognized field should be a marshaling of GoSkipTest
        skipd := new(GoSkipTest)

        o.SetBuf(pbd.XXX_unrecognized)
        o.Unmarshal(skipd)

        if *skipd.SkipInt32 != *skip.SkipInt32 {
                t.Error("skip int32", skipd.SkipInt32)
        }
        if *skipd.SkipFixed32 != *skip.SkipFixed32 {
                t.Error("skip fixed32", skipd.SkipFixed32)
        }
        if *skipd.SkipFixed64 != *skip.SkipFixed64 {
                t.Error("skip fixed64", skipd.SkipFixed64)
        }
        if *skipd.SkipString != *skip.SkipString {
                t.Error("skip string", *skipd.SkipString)
        }
        if *skipd.Skipgroup.GroupInt32 != *skip.Skipgroup.GroupInt32 {
                t.Error("skip group int32", skipd.Skipgroup.GroupInt32)
        }
        if *skipd.Skipgroup.GroupString != *skip.Skipgroup.GroupString {
                t.Error("skip group string", *skipd.Skipgroup.GroupString)
        }
}

// Check that unrecognized fields of a submessage are preserved.
func TestSubmessageUnrecognizedFields(t *testing.T) {
        nm := &NewMessage{
                Nested: &NewMessage_Nested{
                        Name:      String("Nigel"),
                        FoodGroup: String("carbs"),
                },
        }
        b, err := Marshal(nm)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Marshal of NewMessage: %v", err)
        }

        // Unmarshal into an OldMessage.
        om := new(OldMessage)
        if err := Unmarshal(b, om); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Unmarshal to OldMessage: %v", err)
        }
        exp := &OldMessage{
                Nested: &OldMessage_Nested{
                        Name: String("Nigel"),
                        // normal protocol buffer users should not do this
                        XXX_unrecognized: []byte("\x12\x05carbs"),
                },
        }
        if !Equal(om, exp) {
                t.Errorf("om = %v, want %v", om, exp)
        }

        // Clone the OldMessage.
        om = Clone(om).(*OldMessage)
        if !Equal(om, exp) {
                t.Errorf("Clone(om) = %v, want %v", om, exp)
        }

        // Marshal the OldMessage, then unmarshal it into an empty NewMessage.
        if b, err = Marshal(om); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Marshal of OldMessage: %v", err)
        }
        t.Logf("Marshal(%v) -> %q", om, b)
        nm2 := new(NewMessage)
        if err := Unmarshal(b, nm2); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Unmarshal to NewMessage: %v", err)
        }
        if !Equal(nm, nm2) {
                t.Errorf("NewMessage round-trip: %v => %v", nm, nm2)
        }
}

// Check that an int32 field can be upgraded to an int64 field.
func TestNegativeInt32(t *testing.T) {
        om := &OldMessage{
                Num: Int32(-1),
        }
        b, err := Marshal(om)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Marshal of OldMessage: %v", err)
        }

        // Check the size. It should be 11 bytes;
        // 1 for the field/wire type, and 10 for the negative number.
        if len(b) != 11 {
                t.Errorf("%v marshaled as %q, wanted 11 bytes", om, b)
        }

        // Unmarshal into a NewMessage.
        nm := new(NewMessage)
        if err := Unmarshal(b, nm); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Unmarshal to NewMessage: %v", err)
        }
        want := &NewMessage{
                Num: Int64(-1),
        }
        if !Equal(nm, want) {
                t.Errorf("nm = %v, want %v", nm, want)
        }
}

// Check that we can grow an array (repeated field) to have many elements.
// This test doesn't depend only on our encoding; for variety, it makes sure
// we create, encode, and decode the correct contents explicitly.  It's therefore
// a bit messier.
// This test also uses (and hence tests) the Marshal/Unmarshal functions
// instead of the methods.
func TestBigRepeated(t *testing.T) {
        pb := initGoTest(true)

        // Create the arrays
        const N = 50 // Internally the library starts much smaller.
        pb.Repeatedgroup = make([]*GoTest_RepeatedGroup, N)
        pb.F_Sint64Repeated = make([]int64, N)
        pb.F_Sint32Repeated = make([]int32, N)
        pb.F_BytesRepeated = make([][]byte, N)
        pb.F_StringRepeated = make([]string, N)
        pb.F_DoubleRepeated = make([]float64, N)
        pb.F_FloatRepeated = make([]float32, N)
        pb.F_Uint64Repeated = make([]uint64, N)
        pb.F_Uint32Repeated = make([]uint32, N)
        pb.F_Fixed64Repeated = make([]uint64, N)
        pb.F_Fixed32Repeated = make([]uint32, N)
        pb.F_Int64Repeated = make([]int64, N)
        pb.F_Int32Repeated = make([]int32, N)
        pb.F_BoolRepeated = make([]bool, N)
        pb.RepeatedField = make([]*GoTestField, N)

        // Fill in the arrays with checkable values.
        igtf := initGoTestField()
        igtrg := initGoTest_RepeatedGroup()
        for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
                pb.Repeatedgroup[i] = igtrg
                pb.F_Sint64Repeated[i] = int64(i)
                pb.F_Sint32Repeated[i] = int32(i)
                s := fmt.Sprint(i)
                pb.F_BytesRepeated[i] = []byte(s)
                pb.F_StringRepeated[i] = s
                pb.F_DoubleRepeated[i] = float64(i)
                pb.F_FloatRepeated[i] = float32(i)
                pb.F_Uint64Repeated[i] = uint64(i)
                pb.F_Uint32Repeated[i] = uint32(i)
                pb.F_Fixed64Repeated[i] = uint64(i)
                pb.F_Fixed32Repeated[i] = uint32(i)
                pb.F_Int64Repeated[i] = int64(i)
                pb.F_Int32Repeated[i] = int32(i)
                pb.F_BoolRepeated[i] = i%2 == 0
                pb.RepeatedField[i] = igtf
        }

        // Marshal.
        buf, _ := Marshal(pb)

        // Now test Unmarshal by recreating the original buffer.
        pbd := new(GoTest)
        Unmarshal(buf, pbd)

        // Check the checkable values
        for i := uint64(0); i < N; i++ {
                if pbd.Repeatedgroup[i] == nil { // TODO: more checking?
                        t.Error("pbd.Repeatedgroup bad")
                }
                var x uint64
                x = uint64(pbd.F_Sint64Repeated[i])
                if x != i {
                        t.Error("pbd.F_Sint64Repeated bad", x, i)
                }
                x = uint64(pbd.F_Sint32Repeated[i])
                if x != i {
                        t.Error("pbd.F_Sint32Repeated bad", x, i)
                }
                s := fmt.Sprint(i)
                equalbytes(pbd.F_BytesRepeated[i], []byte(s), t)
                if pbd.F_StringRepeated[i] != s {
                        t.Error("pbd.F_Sint32Repeated bad", pbd.F_StringRepeated[i], i)
                }
                x = uint64(pbd.F_DoubleRepeated[i])
                if x != i {
                        t.Error("pbd.F_DoubleRepeated bad", x, i)
                }
                x = uint64(pbd.F_FloatRepeated[i])
                if x != i {
                        t.Error("pbd.F_FloatRepeated bad", x, i)
                }
                x = pbd.F_Uint64Repeated[i]
                if x != i {
                        t.Error("pbd.F_Uint64Repeated bad", x, i)
                }
                x = uint64(pbd.F_Uint32Repeated[i])
                if x != i {
                        t.Error("pbd.F_Uint32Repeated bad", x, i)
                }
                x = pbd.F_Fixed64Repeated[i]
                if x != i {
                        t.Error("pbd.F_Fixed64Repeated bad", x, i)
                }
                x = uint64(pbd.F_Fixed32Repeated[i])
                if x != i {
                        t.Error("pbd.F_Fixed32Repeated bad", x, i)
                }
                x = uint64(pbd.F_Int64Repeated[i])
                if x != i {
                        t.Error("pbd.F_Int64Repeated bad", x, i)
                }
                x = uint64(pbd.F_Int32Repeated[i])
                if x != i {
                        t.Error("pbd.F_Int32Repeated bad", x, i)
                }
                if pbd.F_BoolRepeated[i] != (i%2 == 0) {
                        t.Error("pbd.F_BoolRepeated bad", x, i)
                }
                if pbd.RepeatedField[i] == nil { // TODO: more checking?
                        t.Error("pbd.RepeatedField bad")
                }
        }
}

// Verify we give a useful message when decoding to the wrong structure type.
func TestTypeMismatch(t *testing.T) {
        pb1 := initGoTest(true)

        // Marshal
        o := old()
        o.Marshal(pb1)

        // Now Unmarshal it to the wrong type.
        pb2 := initGoTestField()
        err := o.Unmarshal(pb2)
        if err == nil {
                t.Error("expected error, got no error")
        } else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "bad wiretype") {
                t.Error("expected bad wiretype error, got", err)
        }
}

func encodeDecode(t *testing.T, in, out Message, msg string) {
        buf, err := Marshal(in)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("failed marshaling %v: %v", msg, err)
        }
        if err := Unmarshal(buf, out); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("failed unmarshaling %v: %v", msg, err)
        }
}

func TestPackedNonPackedDecoderSwitching(t *testing.T) {
        np, p := new(NonPackedTest), new(PackedTest)

        // non-packed -> packed
        np.A = []int32{0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5}
        encodeDecode(t, np, p, "non-packed -> packed")
        if !reflect.DeepEqual(np.A, p.B) {
                t.Errorf("failed non-packed -> packed; np.A=%+v, p.B=%+v", np.A, p.B)
        }

        // packed -> non-packed
        np.Reset()
        p.B = []int32{3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9}
        encodeDecode(t, p, np, "packed -> non-packed")
        if !reflect.DeepEqual(p.B, np.A) {
                t.Errorf("failed packed -> non-packed; p.B=%+v, np.A=%+v", p.B, np.A)
        }
}

func TestProto1RepeatedGroup(t *testing.T) {
        pb := &MessageList{
                Message: []*MessageList_Message{
                        {
                                Name:  String("blah"),
                                Count: Int32(7),
                        },
                        // NOTE: pb.Message[1] is a nil
                        nil,
                },
        }

        o := old()
        err := o.Marshal(pb)
        if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "repeated field Message has nil") {
                t.Fatalf("unexpected or no error when marshaling: %v", err)
        }
}

// Test that enums work.  Checks for a bug introduced by making enums
// named types instead of int32: newInt32FromUint64 would crash with
// a type mismatch in reflect.PointTo.
func TestEnum(t *testing.T) {
        pb := new(GoEnum)
        pb.Foo = FOO_FOO1.Enum()
        o := old()
        if err := o.Marshal(pb); err != nil {
                t.Fatal("error encoding enum:", err)
        }
        pb1 := new(GoEnum)
        if err := o.Unmarshal(pb1); err != nil {
                t.Fatal("error decoding enum:", err)
        }
        if *pb1.Foo != FOO_FOO1 {
                t.Error("expected 7 but got ", *pb1.Foo)
        }
}

// Enum types have String methods. Check that enum fields can be printed.
// We don't care what the value actually is, just as long as it doesn't crash.
func TestPrintingNilEnumFields(t *testing.T) {
        pb := new(GoEnum)
        _ = fmt.Sprintf("%+v", pb)
}

// Verify that absent required fields cause Marshal/Unmarshal to return errors.
func TestRequiredFieldEnforcement(t *testing.T) {
        pb := new(GoTestField)
        _, err := Marshal(pb)
        if err == nil {
                t.Error("marshal: expected error, got nil")
        } else if _, ok := err.(*RequiredNotSetError); !ok || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Label") {
                t.Errorf("marshal: bad error type: %v", err)
        }

        // A slightly sneaky, yet valid, proto. It encodes the same required field twice,
        // so simply counting the required fields is insufficient.
        // field 1, encoding 2, value "hi"
        buf := []byte("\x0A\x02hi\x0A\x02hi")
        err = Unmarshal(buf, pb)
        if err == nil {
                t.Error("unmarshal: expected error, got nil")
        } else if _, ok := err.(*RequiredNotSetError); !ok || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "{Unknown}") {
                t.Errorf("unmarshal: bad error type: %v", err)
        }
}

// Verify that absent required fields in groups cause Marshal/Unmarshal to return errors.
func TestRequiredFieldEnforcementGroups(t *testing.T) {
        pb := &GoTestRequiredGroupField{Group: &GoTestRequiredGroupField_Group{}}
        if _, err := Marshal(pb); err == nil {
                t.Error("marshal: expected error, got nil")
        } else if _, ok := err.(*RequiredNotSetError); !ok || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Group.Field") {
                t.Errorf("marshal: bad error type: %v", err)
        }

        buf := []byte{11, 12}
        if err := Unmarshal(buf, pb); err == nil {
                t.Error("unmarshal: expected error, got nil")
        } else if _, ok := err.(*RequiredNotSetError); !ok || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Group.{Unknown}") {
                t.Errorf("unmarshal: bad error type: %v", err)
        }
}

func TestTypedNilMarshal(t *testing.T) {
        // A typed nil should return ErrNil and not crash.
        {
                var m *GoEnum
                if _, err := Marshal(m); err != ErrNil {
                        t.Errorf("Marshal(%#v): got %v, want ErrNil", m, err)
                }
        }

        {
                m := &Communique{Union: &Communique_Msg{nil}}
                if _, err := Marshal(m); err == nil || err == ErrNil {
                        t.Errorf("Marshal(%#v): got %v, want errOneofHasNil", m, err)
                }
        }
}

// A type that implements the Marshaler interface, but is not nillable.
type nonNillableInt uint64

func (nni nonNillableInt) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
        return EncodeVarint(uint64(nni)), nil
}

type NNIMessage struct {
        nni nonNillableInt
}

func (*NNIMessage) Reset()         {}
func (*NNIMessage) String() string { return "" }
func (*NNIMessage) ProtoMessage()  {}

// A type that implements the Marshaler interface and is nillable.
type nillableMessage struct {
        x uint64
}

func (nm *nillableMessage) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
        return EncodeVarint(nm.x), nil
}

type NMMessage struct {
        nm *nillableMessage
}

func (*NMMessage) Reset()         {}
func (*NMMessage) String() string { return "" }
func (*NMMessage) ProtoMessage()  {}

// Verify a type that uses the Marshaler interface, but has a nil pointer.
func TestNilMarshaler(t *testing.T) {
        // Try a struct with a Marshaler field that is nil.
        // It should be directly marshable.
        nmm := new(NMMessage)
        if _, err := Marshal(nmm); err != nil {
                t.Error("unexpected error marshaling nmm: ", err)
        }

        // Try a struct with a Marshaler field that is not nillable.
        nnim := new(NNIMessage)
        nnim.nni = 7
        var _ Marshaler = nnim.nni // verify it is truly a Marshaler
        if _, err := Marshal(nnim); err != nil {
                t.Error("unexpected error marshaling nnim: ", err)
        }
}

func TestAllSetDefaults(t *testing.T) {
        // Exercise SetDefaults with all scalar field types.
        m := &Defaults{
                // NaN != NaN, so override that here.
                F_Nan: Float32(1.7),
        }
        expected := &Defaults{
                F_Bool:    Bool(true),
                F_Int32:   Int32(32),
                F_Int64:   Int64(64),
                F_Fixed32: Uint32(320),
                F_Fixed64: Uint64(640),
                F_Uint32:  Uint32(3200),
                F_Uint64:  Uint64(6400),
                F_Float:   Float32(314159),
                F_Double:  Float64(271828),
                F_String:  String(`hello, "world!"` + "\n"),
                F_Bytes:   []byte("Bignose"),
                F_Sint32:  Int32(-32),
                F_Sint64:  Int64(-64),
                F_Enum:    Defaults_GREEN.Enum(),
                F_Pinf:    Float32(float32(math.Inf(1))),
                F_Ninf:    Float32(float32(math.Inf(-1))),
                F_Nan:     Float32(1.7),
                StrZero:   String(""),
        }
        SetDefaults(m)
        if !Equal(m, expected) {
                t.Errorf("SetDefaults failed\n got %v\nwant %v", m, expected)
        }
}

func TestSetDefaultsWithSetField(t *testing.T) {
        // Check that a set value is not overridden.
        m := &Defaults{
                F_Int32: Int32(12),
        }
        SetDefaults(m)
        if v := m.GetF_Int32(); v != 12 {
                t.Errorf("m.FInt32 = %v, want 12", v)
        }
}

func TestSetDefaultsWithSubMessage(t *testing.T) {
        m := &OtherMessage{
                Key: Int64(123),
                Inner: &InnerMessage{
                        Host: String("gopher"),
                },
        }
        expected := &OtherMessage{
                Key: Int64(123),
                Inner: &InnerMessage{
                        Host: String("gopher"),
                        Port: Int32(4000),
                },
        }
        SetDefaults(m)
        if !Equal(m, expected) {
                t.Errorf("\n got %v\nwant %v", m, expected)
        }
}

func TestSetDefaultsWithRepeatedSubMessage(t *testing.T) {
        m := &MyMessage{
                RepInner: []*InnerMessage{{}},
        }
        expected := &MyMessage{
                RepInner: []*InnerMessage{{
                        Port: Int32(4000),
                }},
        }
        SetDefaults(m)
        if !Equal(m, expected) {
                t.Errorf("\n got %v\nwant %v", m, expected)
        }
}

func TestSetDefaultWithRepeatedNonMessage(t *testing.T) {
        m := &MyMessage{
                Pet: []string{"turtle", "wombat"},
        }
        expected := Clone(m)
        SetDefaults(m)
        if !Equal(m, expected) {
                t.Errorf("\n got %v\nwant %v", m, expected)
        }
}

func TestMaximumTagNumber(t *testing.T) {
        m := &MaxTag{
                LastField: String("natural goat essence"),
        }
        buf, err := Marshal(m)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("proto.Marshal failed: %v", err)
        }
        m2 := new(MaxTag)
        if err := Unmarshal(buf, m2); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("proto.Unmarshal failed: %v", err)
        }
        if got, want := m2.GetLastField(), *m.LastField; got != want {
                t.Errorf("got %q, want %q", got, want)
        }
}

func TestJSON(t *testing.T) {
        m := &MyMessage{
                Count: Int32(4),
                Pet:   []string{"bunny", "kitty"},
                Inner: &InnerMessage{
                        Host: String("cauchy"),
                },
                Bikeshed: MyMessage_GREEN.Enum(),
        }
        const expected = `{"count":4,"pet":["bunny","kitty"],"inner":{"host":"cauchy"},"bikeshed":1}`

        b, err := json.Marshal(m)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("json.Marshal failed: %v", err)
        }
        s := string(b)
        if s != expected {
                t.Errorf("got  %s\nwant %s", s, expected)
        }

        received := new(MyMessage)
        if err := json.Unmarshal(b, received); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("json.Unmarshal failed: %v", err)
        }
        if !Equal(received, m) {
                t.Fatalf("got %s, want %s", received, m)
        }

        // Test unmarshalling of JSON with symbolic enum name.
        const old = `{"count":4,"pet":["bunny","kitty"],"inner":{"host":"cauchy"},"bikeshed":"GREEN"}`
        received.Reset()
        if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(old), received); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("json.Unmarshal failed: %v", err)
        }
        if !Equal(received, m) {
                t.Fatalf("got %s, want %s", received, m)
        }
}

func TestBadWireType(t *testing.T) {
        b := []byte{7<<3 | 6} // field 7, wire type 6
        pb := new(OtherMessage)
        if err := Unmarshal(b, pb); err == nil {
                t.Errorf("Unmarshal did not fail")
        } else if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "unknown wire type") {
                t.Errorf("wrong error: %v", err)
        }
}

func TestBytesWithInvalidLength(t *testing.T) {
        // If a byte sequence has an invalid (negative) length, Unmarshal should not panic.
        b := []byte{2<<3 | WireBytes, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0}
        Unmarshal(b, new(MyMessage))
}

func TestLengthOverflow(t *testing.T) {
        // Overflowing a length should not panic.
        b := []byte{2<<3 | WireBytes, 1, 1, 3<<3 | WireBytes, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x7f, 0x01}
        Unmarshal(b, new(MyMessage))
}

func TestVarintOverflow(t *testing.T) {
        // Overflowing a 64-bit length should not be allowed.
        b := []byte{1<<3 | WireVarint, 0x01, 3<<3 | WireBytes, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x01}
        if err := Unmarshal(b, new(MyMessage)); err == nil {
                t.Fatalf("Overflowed uint64 length without error")
        }
}

func TestUnmarshalFuzz(t *testing.T) {
        const N = 1000
        seed := time.Now().UnixNano()
        t.Logf("RNG seed is %d", seed)
        rng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(seed))
        buf := make([]byte, 20)
        for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
                for j := range buf {
                        buf[j] = byte(rng.Intn(256))
                }
                fuzzUnmarshal(t, buf)
        }
}

func TestMergeMessages(t *testing.T) {
        pb := &MessageList{Message: []*MessageList_Message{{Name: String("x"), Count: Int32(1)}}}
        data, err := Marshal(pb)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
        }

        pb1 := new(MessageList)
        if err := Unmarshal(data, pb1); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("first Unmarshal: %v", err)
        }
        if err := Unmarshal(data, pb1); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("second Unmarshal: %v", err)
        }
        if len(pb1.Message) != 1 {
                t.Errorf("two Unmarshals produced %d Messages, want 1", len(pb1.Message))
        }

        pb2 := new(MessageList)
        if err := UnmarshalMerge(data, pb2); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("first UnmarshalMerge: %v", err)
        }
        if err := UnmarshalMerge(data, pb2); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("second UnmarshalMerge: %v", err)
        }
        if len(pb2.Message) != 2 {
                t.Errorf("two UnmarshalMerges produced %d Messages, want 2", len(pb2.Message))
        }
}

func TestExtensionMarshalOrder(t *testing.T) {
        m := &MyMessage{Count: Int(123)}
        if err := SetExtension(m, E_Ext_More, &Ext{Data: String("alpha")}); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("SetExtension: %v", err)
        }
        if err := SetExtension(m, E_Ext_Text, String("aleph")); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("SetExtension: %v", err)
        }
        if err := SetExtension(m, E_Ext_Number, Int32(1)); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("SetExtension: %v", err)
        }

        // Serialize m several times, and check we get the same bytes each time.
        var orig []byte
        for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
                b, err := Marshal(m)
                if err != nil {
                        t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
                }
                if i == 0 {
                        orig = b
                        continue
                }
                if !bytes.Equal(b, orig) {
                        t.Errorf("Bytes differ on attempt #%d", i)
                }
        }
}

// Many extensions, because small maps might not iterate differently on each iteration.
var exts = []*ExtensionDesc{
        E_X201,
        E_X202,
        E_X203,
        E_X204,
        E_X205,
        E_X206,
        E_X207,
        E_X208,
        E_X209,
        E_X210,
        E_X211,
        E_X212,
        E_X213,
        E_X214,
        E_X215,
        E_X216,
        E_X217,
        E_X218,
        E_X219,
        E_X220,
        E_X221,
        E_X222,
        E_X223,
        E_X224,
        E_X225,
        E_X226,
        E_X227,
        E_X228,
        E_X229,
        E_X230,
        E_X231,
        E_X232,
        E_X233,
        E_X234,
        E_X235,
        E_X236,
        E_X237,
        E_X238,
        E_X239,
        E_X240,
        E_X241,
        E_X242,
        E_X243,
        E_X244,
        E_X245,
        E_X246,
        E_X247,
        E_X248,
        E_X249,
        E_X250,
}

func TestMessageSetMarshalOrder(t *testing.T) {
        m := &MyMessageSet{}
        for _, x := range exts {
                if err := SetExtension(m, x, &Empty{}); err != nil {
                        t.Fatalf("SetExtension: %v", err)
                }
        }

        buf, err := Marshal(m)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
        }

        // Serialize m several times, and check we get the same bytes each time.
        for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
                b1, err := Marshal(m)
                if err != nil {
                        t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
                }
                if !bytes.Equal(b1, buf) {
                        t.Errorf("Bytes differ on re-Marshal #%d", i)
                }

                m2 := &MyMessageSet{}
                if err := Unmarshal(buf, m2); err != nil {
                        t.Errorf("Unmarshal: %v", err)
                }
                b2, err := Marshal(m2)
                if err != nil {
                        t.Errorf("re-Marshal: %v", err)
                }
                if !bytes.Equal(b2, buf) {
                        t.Errorf("Bytes differ on round-trip #%d", i)
                }
        }
}

func TestUnmarshalMergesMessages(t *testing.T) {
        // If a nested message occurs twice in the input,
        // the fields should be merged when decoding.
        a := &OtherMessage{
                Key: Int64(123),
                Inner: &InnerMessage{
                        Host: String("polhode"),
                        Port: Int32(1234),
                },
        }
        aData, err := Marshal(a)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Marshal(a): %v", err)
        }
        b := &OtherMessage{
                Weight: Float32(1.2),
                Inner: &InnerMessage{
                        Host:      String("herpolhode"),
                        Connected: Bool(true),
                },
        }
        bData, err := Marshal(b)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Marshal(b): %v", err)
        }
        want := &OtherMessage{
                Key:    Int64(123),
                Weight: Float32(1.2),
                Inner: &InnerMessage{
                        Host:      String("herpolhode"),
                        Port:      Int32(1234),
                        Connected: Bool(true),
                },
        }
        got := new(OtherMessage)
        if err := Unmarshal(append(aData, bData...), got); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Unmarshal: %v", err)
        }
        if !Equal(got, want) {
                t.Errorf("\n got %v\nwant %v", got, want)
        }
}

func TestEncodingSizes(t *testing.T) {
        tests := []struct {
                m Message
                n int
        }{
                {&Defaults{F_Int32: Int32(math.MaxInt32)}, 6},
                {&Defaults{F_Int32: Int32(math.MinInt32)}, 11},
                {&Defaults{F_Uint32: Uint32(uint32(math.MaxInt32) + 1)}, 6},
                {&Defaults{F_Uint32: Uint32(math.MaxUint32)}, 6},
        }
        for _, test := range tests {
                b, err := Marshal(test.m)
                if err != nil {
                        t.Errorf("Marshal(%v): %v", test.m, err)
                        continue
                }
                if len(b) != test.n {
                        t.Errorf("Marshal(%v) yielded %d bytes, want %d bytes", test.m, len(b), test.n)
                }
        }
}

func TestRequiredNotSetError(t *testing.T) {
        pb := initGoTest(false)
        pb.RequiredField.Label = nil
        pb.F_Int32Required = nil
        pb.F_Int64Required = nil

        expected := "0807" + // field 1, encoding 0, value 7
                "2206" + "120474797065" + // field 4, encoding 2 (GoTestField)
                "5001" + // field 10, encoding 0, value 1
                "6d20000000" + // field 13, encoding 5, value 0x20
                "714000000000000000" + // field 14, encoding 1, value 0x40
                "78a019" + // field 15, encoding 0, value 0xca0 = 3232
                "8001c032" + // field 16, encoding 0, value 0x1940 = 6464
                "8d0100004a45" + // field 17, encoding 5, value 3232.0
                "9101000000000040b940" + // field 18, encoding 1, value 6464.0
                "9a0106" + "737472696e67" + // field 19, encoding 2, string "string"
                "b304" + // field 70, encoding 3, start group
                "ba0408" + "7265717569726564" + // field 71, encoding 2, string "required"
                "b404" + // field 70, encoding 4, end group
                "aa0605" + "6279746573" + // field 101, encoding 2, string "bytes"
                "b0063f" + // field 102, encoding 0, 0x3f zigzag32
                "b8067f" // field 103, encoding 0, 0x7f zigzag64

        o := old()
        bytes, err := Marshal(pb)
        if _, ok := err.(*RequiredNotSetError); !ok {
                fmt.Printf("marshal-1 err = %v, want *RequiredNotSetError", err)
                o.DebugPrint("", bytes)
                t.Fatalf("expected = %s", expected)
        }
        if strings.Index(err.Error(), "RequiredField.Label") < 0 {
                t.Errorf("marshal-1 wrong err msg: %v", err)
        }
        if !equal(bytes, expected, t) {
                o.DebugPrint("neq 1", bytes)
                t.Fatalf("expected = %s", expected)
        }

        // Now test Unmarshal by recreating the original buffer.
        pbd := new(GoTest)
        err = Unmarshal(bytes, pbd)
        if _, ok := err.(*RequiredNotSetError); !ok {
                t.Fatalf("unmarshal err = %v, want *RequiredNotSetError", err)
                o.DebugPrint("", bytes)
                t.Fatalf("string = %s", expected)
        }
        if strings.Index(err.Error(), "RequiredField.{Unknown}") < 0 {
                t.Errorf("unmarshal wrong err msg: %v", err)
        }
        bytes, err = Marshal(pbd)
        if _, ok := err.(*RequiredNotSetError); !ok {
                t.Errorf("marshal-2 err = %v, want *RequiredNotSetError", err)
                o.DebugPrint("", bytes)
                t.Fatalf("string = %s", expected)
        }
        if strings.Index(err.Error(), "RequiredField.Label") < 0 {
                t.Errorf("marshal-2 wrong err msg: %v", err)
        }
        if !equal(bytes, expected, t) {
                o.DebugPrint("neq 2", bytes)
                t.Fatalf("string = %s", expected)
        }
}

func fuzzUnmarshal(t *testing.T, data []byte) {
        defer func() {
                if e := recover(); e != nil {
                        t.Errorf("These bytes caused a panic: %+v", data)
                        t.Logf("Stack:\n%s", debug.Stack())
                        t.FailNow()
                }
        }()

        pb := new(MyMessage)
        Unmarshal(data, pb)
}

func TestMapFieldMarshal(t *testing.T) {
        m := &MessageWithMap{
                NameMapping: map[int32]string{
                        1: "Rob",
                        4: "Ian",
                        8: "Dave",
                },
        }
        b, err := Marshal(m)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
        }

        // b should be the concatenation of these three byte sequences in some order.
        parts := []string{
                "\n\a\b\x01\x12\x03Rob",
                "\n\a\b\x04\x12\x03Ian",
                "\n\b\b\x08\x12\x04Dave",
        }
        ok := false
        for i := range parts {
                for j := range parts {
                        if j == i {
                                continue
                        }
                        for k := range parts {
                                if k == i || k == j {
                                        continue
                                }
                                try := parts[i] + parts[j] + parts[k]
                                if bytes.Equal(b, []byte(try)) {
                                        ok = true
                                        break
                                }
                        }
                }
        }
        if !ok {
                t.Fatalf("Incorrect Marshal output.\n got %q\nwant %q (or a permutation of that)", b, parts[0]+parts[1]+parts[2])
        }
        t.Logf("FYI b: %q", b)

        (new(Buffer)).DebugPrint("Dump of b", b)
}

func TestMapFieldRoundTrips(t *testing.T) {
        m := &MessageWithMap{
                NameMapping: map[int32]string{
                        1: "Rob",
                        4: "Ian",
                        8: "Dave",
                },
                MsgMapping: map[int64]*FloatingPoint{
                        0x7001: &FloatingPoint{F: Float64(2.0)},
                },
                ByteMapping: map[bool][]byte{
                        false: []byte("that's not right!"),
                        true:  []byte("aye, 'tis true!"),
                },
        }
        b, err := Marshal(m)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
        }
        t.Logf("FYI b: %q", b)
        m2 := new(MessageWithMap)
        if err := Unmarshal(b, m2); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Unmarshal: %v", err)
        }
        for _, pair := range [][2]interface{}{
                {m.NameMapping, m2.NameMapping},
                {m.MsgMapping, m2.MsgMapping},
                {m.ByteMapping, m2.ByteMapping},
        } {
                if !reflect.DeepEqual(pair[0], pair[1]) {
                        t.Errorf("Map did not survive a round trip.\ninitial: %v\n  final: %v", pair[0], pair[1])
                }
        }
}

func TestMapFieldWithNil(t *testing.T) {
        m1 := &MessageWithMap{
                MsgMapping: map[int64]*FloatingPoint{
                        1: nil,
                },
        }
        b, err := Marshal(m1)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
        }
        m2 := new(MessageWithMap)
        if err := Unmarshal(b, m2); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Unmarshal: %v, got these bytes: %v", err, b)
        }
        if v, ok := m2.MsgMapping[1]; !ok {
                t.Error("msg_mapping[1] not present")
        } else if v != nil {
                t.Errorf("msg_mapping[1] not nil: %v", v)
        }
}

func TestMapFieldWithNilBytes(t *testing.T) {
        m1 := &MessageWithMap{
                ByteMapping: map[bool][]byte{
                        false: []byte{},
                        true:  nil,
                },
        }
        n := Size(m1)
        b, err := Marshal(m1)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Marshal: %v", err)
        }
        if n != len(b) {
                t.Errorf("Size(m1) = %d; want len(Marshal(m1)) = %d", n, len(b))
        }
        m2 := new(MessageWithMap)
        if err := Unmarshal(b, m2); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Unmarshal: %v, got these bytes: %v", err, b)
        }
        if v, ok := m2.ByteMapping[false]; !ok {
                t.Error("byte_mapping[false] not present")
        } else if len(v) != 0 {
                t.Errorf("byte_mapping[false] not empty: %#v", v)
        }
        if v, ok := m2.ByteMapping[true]; !ok {
                t.Error("byte_mapping[true] not present")
        } else if len(v) != 0 {
                t.Errorf("byte_mapping[true] not empty: %#v", v)
        }
}

func TestDecodeMapFieldMissingKey(t *testing.T) {
        b := []byte{
                0x0A, 0x03, // message, tag 1 (name_mapping), of length 3 bytes
                // no key
                0x12, 0x01, 0x6D, // string value of length 1 byte, value "m"
        }
        got := &MessageWithMap{}
        err := Unmarshal(b, got)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("failed to marshal map with missing key: %v", err)
        }
        want := &MessageWithMap{NameMapping: map[int32]string{0: "m"}}
        if !Equal(got, want) {
                t.Errorf("Unmarshaled map with no key was not as expected. got: %v, want %v", got, want)
        }
}

func TestDecodeMapFieldMissingValue(t *testing.T) {
        b := []byte{
                0x0A, 0x02, // message, tag 1 (name_mapping), of length 2 bytes
                0x08, 0x01, // varint key, value 1
                // no value
        }
        got := &MessageWithMap{}
        err := Unmarshal(b, got)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("failed to marshal map with missing value: %v", err)
        }
        want := &MessageWithMap{NameMapping: map[int32]string{1: ""}}
        if !Equal(got, want) {
                t.Errorf("Unmarshaled map with no value was not as expected. got: %v, want %v", got, want)
        }
}

func TestOneof(t *testing.T) {
        m := &Communique{}
        b, err := Marshal(m)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Marshal of empty message with oneof: %v", err)
        }
        if len(b) != 0 {
                t.Errorf("Marshal of empty message yielded too many bytes: %v", b)
        }

        m = &Communique{
                Union: &Communique_Name{"Barry"},
        }

        // Round-trip.
        b, err = Marshal(m)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Marshal of message with oneof: %v", err)
        }
        if len(b) != 7 { // name tag/wire (1) + name len (1) + name (5)
                t.Errorf("Incorrect marshal of message with oneof: %v", b)
        }
        m.Reset()
        if err := Unmarshal(b, m); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Unmarshal of message with oneof: %v", err)
        }
        if x, ok := m.Union.(*Communique_Name); !ok || x.Name != "Barry" {
                t.Errorf("After round trip, Union = %+v", m.Union)
        }
        if name := m.GetName(); name != "Barry" {
                t.Errorf("After round trip, GetName = %q, want %q", name, "Barry")
        }

        // Let's try with a message in the oneof.
        m.Union = &Communique_Msg{&Strings{StringField: String("deep deep string")}}
        b, err = Marshal(m)
        if err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Marshal of message with oneof set to message: %v", err)
        }
        if len(b) != 20 { // msg tag/wire (1) + msg len (1) + msg (1 + 1 + 16)
                t.Errorf("Incorrect marshal of message with oneof set to message: %v", b)
        }
        m.Reset()
        if err := Unmarshal(b, m); err != nil {
                t.Fatalf("Unmarshal of message with oneof set to message: %v", err)
        }
        ss, ok := m.Union.(*Communique_Msg)
        if !ok || ss.Msg.GetStringField() != "deep deep string" {
                t.Errorf("After round trip with oneof set to message, Union = %+v", m.Union)
        }
}

func TestInefficientPackedBool(t *testing.T) {
        // https://github.com/golang/protobuf/issues/76
        inp := []byte{
                0x12, 0x02, // 0x12 = 2<<3|2; 2 bytes
                // Usually a bool should take a single byte,
                // but it is permitted to be any varint.
                0xb9, 0x30,
        }
        if err := Unmarshal(inp, new(MoreRepeated)); err != nil {
                t.Error(err)
        }
}

// Benchmarks

func testMsg() *GoTest {
        pb := initGoTest(true)
        const N = 1000 // Internally the library starts much smaller.
        pb.F_Int32Repeated = make([]int32, N)
        pb.F_DoubleRepeated = make([]float64, N)
        for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
                pb.F_Int32Repeated[i] = int32(i)
                pb.F_DoubleRepeated[i] = float64(i)
        }
        return pb
}

func bytesMsg() *GoTest {
        pb := initGoTest(true)
        buf := make([]byte, 4000)
        for i := range buf {
                buf[i] = byte(i)
        }
        pb.F_BytesDefaulted = buf
        return pb
}

func benchmarkMarshal(b *testing.B, pb Message, marshal func(Message) ([]byte, error)) {
        d, _ := marshal(pb)
        b.SetBytes(int64(len(d)))
        b.ResetTimer()
        for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
                marshal(pb)
        }
}

func benchmarkBufferMarshal(b *testing.B, pb Message) {
        p := NewBuffer(nil)
        benchmarkMarshal(b, pb, func(pb0 Message) ([]byte, error) {
                p.Reset()
                err := p.Marshal(pb0)
                return p.Bytes(), err
        })
}

func benchmarkSize(b *testing.B, pb Message) {
        benchmarkMarshal(b, pb, func(pb0 Message) ([]byte, error) {
                Size(pb)
                return nil, nil
        })
}

func newOf(pb Message) Message {
        in := reflect.ValueOf(pb)
        if in.IsNil() {
                return pb
        }
        return reflect.New(in.Type().Elem()).Interface().(Message)
}

func benchmarkUnmarshal(b *testing.B, pb Message, unmarshal func([]byte, Message) error) {
        d, _ := Marshal(pb)
        b.SetBytes(int64(len(d)))
        pbd := newOf(pb)

        b.ResetTimer()
        for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
                unmarshal(d, pbd)
        }
}

func benchmarkBufferUnmarshal(b *testing.B, pb Message) {
        p := NewBuffer(nil)
        benchmarkUnmarshal(b, pb, func(d []byte, pb0 Message) error {
                p.SetBuf(d)
                return p.Unmarshal(pb0)
        })
}

// Benchmark{Marshal,BufferMarshal,Size,Unmarshal,BufferUnmarshal}{,Bytes}

func BenchmarkMarshal(b *testing.B) {
        benchmarkMarshal(b, testMsg(), Marshal)
}

func BenchmarkBufferMarshal(b *testing.B) {
        benchmarkBufferMarshal(b, testMsg())
}

func BenchmarkSize(b *testing.B) {
        benchmarkSize(b, testMsg())
}

func BenchmarkUnmarshal(b *testing.B) {
        benchmarkUnmarshal(b, testMsg(), Unmarshal)
}

func BenchmarkBufferUnmarshal(b *testing.B) {
        benchmarkBufferUnmarshal(b, testMsg())
}

func BenchmarkMarshalBytes(b *testing.B) {
        benchmarkMarshal(b, bytesMsg(), Marshal)
}

func BenchmarkBufferMarshalBytes(b *testing.B) {
        benchmarkBufferMarshal(b, bytesMsg())
}

func BenchmarkSizeBytes(b *testing.B) {
        benchmarkSize(b, bytesMsg())
}

func BenchmarkUnmarshalBytes(b *testing.B) {
        benchmarkUnmarshal(b, bytesMsg(), Unmarshal)
}

func BenchmarkBufferUnmarshalBytes(b *testing.B) {
        benchmarkBufferUnmarshal(b, bytesMsg())
}

func BenchmarkUnmarshalUnrecognizedFields(b *testing.B) {
        b.StopTimer()
        pb := initGoTestField()
        skip := &GoSkipTest{
                SkipInt32:   Int32(32),
                SkipFixed32: Uint32(3232),
                SkipFixed64: Uint64(6464),
                SkipString:  String("skipper"),
                Skipgroup: &GoSkipTest_SkipGroup{
                        GroupInt32:  Int32(75),
                        GroupString: String("wxyz"),
                },
        }

        pbd := new(GoTestField)
        p := NewBuffer(nil)
        p.Marshal(pb)
        p.Marshal(skip)
        p2 := NewBuffer(nil)

        b.StartTimer()
        for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
                p2.SetBuf(p.Bytes())
                p2.Unmarshal(pbd)
        }
}