1 # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
2 # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
4 # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
9 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
10 "POT-Creation-Date: 2015-02-04 23:33+0900\n"
11 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
12 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
13 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
16 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
17 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
20 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17
26 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17
32 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17 build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26 build/C/man3/exit.3:29 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45 build/C/man7/vdso.7:13 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:27
38 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:17 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17 build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man3/a64l.3:9 build/C/man3/atexit.3:33 build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26 build/C/man3/cfree.3:24 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26 build/C/man3/drand48.3:30 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/exit.3:29 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29 build/C/man3/getenv.3:33 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25 build/C/man3/malloc.3:33 build/C/man3/mblen.3:16 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28 build/C/man3/rand.3:41 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29 build/C/man3/setenv.3:37 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/system.3:31 build/C/man7/vdso.7:13 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:27
40 msgid "Linux Programmer's Manual"
44 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:18 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:18 build/C/man2/_exit.2:30 build/C/man3/a64l.3:10 build/C/man3/atexit.3:34 build/C/man3/atof.3:32 build/C/man3/atoi.3:34 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:27 build/C/man3/cfree.3:25 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:27 build/C/man3/drand48.3:31 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:28 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:33 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:31 build/C/man3/exit.3:30 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:31 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:30 build/C/man3/getenv.3:34 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:35 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:26 build/C/man3/malloc.3:34 build/C/man3/mblen.3:17 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:19 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:17 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:27 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:36 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:35 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:32 build/C/man3/putenv.3:37 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:29 build/C/man3/rand.3:42 build/C/man3/random.3:34 build/C/man3/random_r.3:27 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:30 build/C/man3/setenv.3:38 build/C/man3/strtod.3:46 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:25 build/C/man3/strtol.3:32 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:34 build/C/man3/system.3:32 build/C/man7/vdso.7:14 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:17 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:17 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:28
50 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:20
51 msgid "MB_CUR_MAX - maximum length of a multibyte character in the current locale"
55 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:20 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:20 build/C/man2/_exit.2:32 build/C/man3/a64l.3:12 build/C/man3/atexit.3:36 build/C/man3/atof.3:34 build/C/man3/atoi.3:36 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:29 build/C/man3/cfree.3:27 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:29 build/C/man3/drand48.3:34 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:32 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:35 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:33 build/C/man3/exit.3:32 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:33 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:32 build/C/man3/getenv.3:36 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:37 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:28 build/C/man3/malloc.3:36 build/C/man3/mblen.3:19 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:21 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:19 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:29 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:38 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:37 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:34 build/C/man3/putenv.3:39 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:31 build/C/man3/rand.3:44 build/C/man3/random.3:36 build/C/man3/random_r.3:30 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:32 build/C/man3/setenv.3:40 build/C/man3/strtod.3:48 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:27 build/C/man3/strtol.3:34 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:36 build/C/man3/system.3:34 build/C/man7/vdso.7:16 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:19 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:19 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:30
61 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:23 build/C/man3/atexit.3:39 build/C/man3/atof.3:37 build/C/man3/atoi.3:39 build/C/man3/cfree.3:31 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:32 build/C/man3/drand48.3:37 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:35 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:36 build/C/man3/exit.3:35 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:36 build/C/man3/getenv.3:39 build/C/man3/malloc.3:39 build/C/man3/mblen.3:22 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:24 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:22 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:32 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:41 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:40 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:37 build/C/man3/putenv.3:42 build/C/man3/rand.3:47 build/C/man3/random.3:39 build/C/man3/random_r.3:33 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:35 build/C/man3/setenv.3:43 build/C/man3/strtol.3:37 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:39 build/C/man3/system.3:37 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:22 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:22
63 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>\n"
67 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:24 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:24 build/C/man2/_exit.2:56 build/C/man3/a64l.3:33 build/C/man3/atexit.3:42 build/C/man3/atof.3:40 build/C/man3/atoi.3:62 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:35 build/C/man3/cfree.3:52 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:43 build/C/man3/drand48.3:75 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:83 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:69 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:64 build/C/man3/exit.3:38 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:64 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:38 build/C/man3/getenv.3:52 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:44 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:50 build/C/man3/malloc.3:45 build/C/man3/mblen.3:25 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:27 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:25 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:55 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:76 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:66 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:48 build/C/man3/putenv.3:54 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:66 build/C/man3/rand.3:62 build/C/man3/random.3:64 build/C/man3/random_r.3:58 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:46 build/C/man3/setenv.3:61 build/C/man3/strtod.3:73 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:35 build/C/man3/strtol.3:59 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:62 build/C/man3/system.3:40 build/C/man7/vdso.7:20 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:25 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:25 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:34
73 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:31
75 "The B<MB_CUR_MAX> macro defines an integer expression giving the maximum "
76 "number of bytes needed to represent a single wide character in the current "
77 "locale. It is locale dependent and therefore not a compile-time constant."
81 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:31 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:29 build/C/man2/_exit.2:79 build/C/man3/atexit.3:71 build/C/man3/atof.3:55 build/C/man3/atoi.3:86 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:61 build/C/man3/cfree.3:96 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:50 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:96 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:99 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:86 build/C/man3/exit.3:86 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:72 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:173 build/C/man3/getenv.3:88 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:55 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:110 build/C/man3/malloc.3:132 build/C/man3/mblen.3:75 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:84 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:93 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:68 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:155 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:80 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:76 build/C/man3/putenv.3:67 build/C/man3/rand.3:118 build/C/man3/random.3:118 build/C/man3/random_r.3:100 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:73 build/C/man3/setenv.3:105 build/C/man3/strtod.3:127 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:45 build/C/man3/strtol.3:117 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:127 build/C/man3/system.3:73 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:79 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:63 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:123
87 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:35
89 "An integer in the range [1, B<MB_LEN_MAX>]. The value 1 denotes traditional "
90 "8-bit encoded characters."
94 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:35 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:31 build/C/man2/_exit.2:81 build/C/man3/a64l.3:71 build/C/man3/atexit.3:76 build/C/man3/atof.3:65 build/C/man3/atoi.3:100 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:73 build/C/man3/cfree.3:112 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:59 build/C/man3/drand48.3:260 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:112 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:117 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:88 build/C/man3/exit.3:96 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:77 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:197 build/C/man3/getenv.3:96 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:70 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:134 build/C/man3/malloc.3:171 build/C/man3/mblen.3:92 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:94 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:113 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:91 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:204 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:95 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:81 build/C/man3/putenv.3:79 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:96 build/C/man3/rand.3:129 build/C/man3/random.3:161 build/C/man3/random_r.3:137 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:99 build/C/man3/setenv.3:128 build/C/man3/strtod.3:171 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:69 build/C/man3/strtol.3:173 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:177 build/C/man3/system.3:115 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:89 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:89 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:171
100 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:37 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:33 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:71
101 msgid "C99, POSIX.1-2001."
105 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:37 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:44 build/C/man2/_exit.2:124 build/C/man3/a64l.3:93 build/C/man3/atexit.3:161 build/C/man3/atof.3:67 build/C/man3/atoi.3:119 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:75 build/C/man3/cfree.3:117 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:96 build/C/man3/drand48.3:262 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:114 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:135 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:95 build/C/man3/exit.3:183 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:86 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:232 build/C/man3/getenv.3:129 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:74 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:232 build/C/man3/malloc.3:261 build/C/man3/mblen.3:106 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:216 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:128 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:96 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:242 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:118 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:87 build/C/man3/putenv.3:118 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:107 build/C/man3/rand.3:217 build/C/man3/random.3:197 build/C/man3/random_r.3:141 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:144 build/C/man3/setenv.3:153 build/C/man3/strtod.3:205 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:71 build/C/man3/strtol.3:297 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:225 build/C/man3/system.3:207 build/C/man7/vdso.7:499 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:103 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:103 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:326
111 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:44
113 "B<MB_LEN_MAX>(3), B<mblen>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<wcstombs>(3), "
118 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:44 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:46 build/C/man2/_exit.2:136 build/C/man3/a64l.3:97 build/C/man3/atexit.3:165 build/C/man3/atof.3:73 build/C/man3/atoi.3:124 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:78 build/C/man3/cfree.3:119 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:102 build/C/man3/drand48.3:265 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:118 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:141 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:99 build/C/man3/exit.3:190 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:90 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:236 build/C/man3/getenv.3:137 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:77 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:234 build/C/man3/malloc.3:285 build/C/man3/mblen.3:108 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:222 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:135 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:103 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:248 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:123 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:91 build/C/man3/putenv.3:124 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:112 build/C/man3/rand.3:220 build/C/man3/random.3:203 build/C/man3/random_r.3:145 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:150 build/C/man3/setenv.3:158 build/C/man3/strtod.3:214 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:77 build/C/man3/strtol.3:303 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:231 build/C/man3/system.3:215 build/C/man7/vdso.7:515 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:109 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:110 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:330
124 #: build/C/man3/MB_CUR_MAX.3:52 build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:54 build/C/man2/_exit.2:144 build/C/man3/a64l.3:105 build/C/man3/atexit.3:173 build/C/man3/atof.3:81 build/C/man3/atoi.3:132 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:86 build/C/man3/cfree.3:127 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:110 build/C/man3/drand48.3:273 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:126 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:149 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:107 build/C/man3/exit.3:198 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:98 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:244 build/C/man3/getenv.3:145 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:85 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:242 build/C/man3/malloc.3:293 build/C/man3/mblen.3:116 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:230 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:143 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:111 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:256 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:131 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:99 build/C/man3/putenv.3:132 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:120 build/C/man3/rand.3:228 build/C/man3/random.3:211 build/C/man3/random_r.3:153 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:158 build/C/man3/setenv.3:166 build/C/man3/strtod.3:222 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:85 build/C/man3/strtol.3:311 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:239 build/C/man3/system.3:223 build/C/man7/vdso.7:523 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:117 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:118 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:338
126 "This page is part of release 3.79 of the Linux I<man-pages> project. A "
127 "description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest "
128 "version of this page, can be found at "
129 "\\%http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/."
133 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:17
139 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:20
140 msgid "MB_LEN_MAX - maximum multibyte length of a character across all locales"
144 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:23
146 msgid "B<#include E<lt>limits.hE<gt>>\n"
150 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:29
152 "The B<MB_LEN_MAX> macro is the upper bound for the number of bytes needed to "
153 "represent a single wide character, across all locales."
157 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:31
158 msgid "A constant integer greater than zero."
162 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:33 build/C/man2/_exit.2:86 build/C/man3/a64l.3:73 build/C/man3/atexit.3:78 build/C/man3/atoi.3:108 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:73 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:129 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:90 build/C/man3/exit.3:98 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:199 build/C/man3/getenv.3:102 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:136 build/C/man3/malloc.3:173 build/C/man3/mblen.3:94 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:96 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:115 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:217 build/C/man3/putenv.3:81 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:102 build/C/man3/rand.3:141 build/C/man3/random.3:163 build/C/man3/setenv.3:130 build/C/man3/strtod.3:176 build/C/man3/strtol.3:178 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:182 build/C/man3/system.3:117 build/C/man7/vdso.7:129 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:91 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:91 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:173
168 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:44
170 "The entities B<MB_LEN_MAX> and I<sizeof(wchar_t)> are totally unrelated. In "
171 "glibc, B<MB_LEN_MAX> is typically 6 while I<sizeof(wchar_t)> is 4."
175 #: build/C/man3/MB_LEN_MAX.3:46
176 msgid "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3)"
180 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:29
186 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:29 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:27
192 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:32
193 msgid "_exit, _Exit - terminate the calling process"
197 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:34
198 msgid "B<#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>>"
202 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:36
203 msgid "B<void _exit(int >I<status>B<);>"
207 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:38 build/C/man3/a64l.3:14 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:33 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:37 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:30 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:33 build/C/man3/strtod.3:50
208 msgid "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>"
212 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:40
213 msgid "B<void _Exit(int >I<status>B<);>"
217 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:44 build/C/man3/a64l.3:22 build/C/man3/atoi.3:50 build/C/man3/cfree.3:48 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:39 build/C/man3/drand48.3:60 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:68 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:47 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:53 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:43 build/C/man3/getenv.3:48 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:37 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:39 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:54 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:47 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:44 build/C/man3/putenv.3:50 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:45 build/C/man3/rand.3:58 build/C/man3/random.3:52 build/C/man3/random_r.3:47 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:42 build/C/man3/setenv.3:52 build/C/man3/strtod.3:60 build/C/man3/strtol.3:47 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:50
218 msgid "Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see B<feature_test_macros>(7)):"
222 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:48
227 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:51 build/C/man3/strtod.3:68
229 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ "
234 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:54 build/C/man3/atoi.3:60 build/C/man3/strtod.3:71 build/C/man3/strtol.3:57 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:60
235 msgid "or I<cc\\ -std=c99>"
239 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:67
241 "The function B<_exit>() terminates the calling process \"immediately\". "
242 "Any open file descriptors belonging to the process are closed; any children "
243 "of the process are inherited by process 1, I<init>, and the process's parent "
244 "is sent a B<SIGCHLD> signal."
248 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:74
250 "The value I<status> is returned to the parent process as the process's exit "
251 "status, and can be collected using one of the B<wait>(2) family of calls."
255 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:79
256 msgid "The function B<_Exit>() is equivalent to B<_exit>()."
260 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:81
261 msgid "These functions do not return."
265 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:86
266 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD. The function B<_Exit>() was introduced by C99."
270 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:90
272 "For a discussion on the effects of an exit, the transmission of exit status, "
273 "zombie processes, signals sent, and so on, see B<exit>(3)."
277 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:117
279 "The function B<_exit>() is like B<exit>(3), but does not call any functions "
280 "registered with B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3). Whether it flushes standard "
281 "I/O buffers and removes temporary files created with B<tmpfile>(3) is "
282 "implementation-dependent. On the other hand, B<_exit>() does close open "
283 "file descriptors, and this may cause an unknown delay, waiting for pending "
284 "output to finish. If the delay is undesired, it may be useful to call "
285 "functions like B<tcflush>(3) before calling B<_exit>(). Whether any "
286 "pending I/O is canceled, and which pending I/O may be canceled upon "
287 "B<_exit>(), is implementation-dependent."
291 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:117
293 msgid "C library/kernel ABI differences"
297 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:124
299 "In glibc up to version 2.3, the B<_exit>() wrapper function invoked the "
300 "kernel system call of the same name. Since glibc 2.3, the wrapper function "
301 "invokes B<exit_group>(2), in order to terminate all of the threads in a "
306 #: build/C/man2/_exit.2:136
308 "B<execve>(2), B<exit_group>(2), B<fork>(2), B<kill>(2), B<wait>(2), "
309 "B<wait4>(2), B<waitpid>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<exit>(3), B<on_exit>(3), "
314 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:9
320 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:9 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30
326 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:12
327 msgid "a64l, l64a - convert between long and base-64"
331 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:16
332 msgid "B<long a64l(const char *>I<str64>B<);>"
336 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:18
337 msgid "B<char *l64a(long >I<value>B<);>"
341 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:26
342 msgid "B<a64l>(), B<l64a>():"
346 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:31 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:66
348 "_SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ "
349 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
353 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:48
355 "These functions provide a conversion between 32-bit long integers and "
356 "little-endian base-64 ASCII strings (of length zero to six). If the string "
357 "used as argument for B<a64l>() has length greater than six, only the first "
358 "six bytes are used. If the type I<long> has more than 32 bits, then "
359 "B<l64a>() uses only the low order 32 bits of I<value>, and B<a64l>() "
360 "sign-extends its 32-bit result."
364 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:50
365 msgid "The 64 digits in the base-64 system are:"
369 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:58
372 "\\&\\(aq.\\(aq\trepresents a 0\n"
373 "\\&\\(aq/\\(aq\trepresents a 1\n"
374 "0-9\trepresent 2-11\n"
375 "A-Z\trepresent 12-37\n"
376 "a-z\trepresent 38-63\n"
380 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:62
381 msgid "So 123 = 59*64^0 + 1*64^1 = \"v/\"."
385 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:62 build/C/man3/atof.3:57 build/C/man3/atoi.3:88 build/C/man3/drand48.3:245 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:98 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:110 build/C/man3/exit.3:90 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:192 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:65 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:129 build/C/man3/mblen.3:87 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:86 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:195 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:85 build/C/man3/random.3:152 build/C/man3/random_r.3:128 build/C/man3/strtod.3:159 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:58 build/C/man3/strtol.3:161 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:165 build/C/man3/system.3:110 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:84
391 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:63 build/C/man3/atof.3:58 build/C/man3/atoi.3:89 build/C/man3/drand48.3:246 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:99 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:111 build/C/man3/exit.3:91 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:193 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:66 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:130 build/C/man3/mblen.3:88 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:87 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:196 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:86 build/C/man3/random.3:153 build/C/man3/random_r.3:129 build/C/man3/strtod.3:160 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:59 build/C/man3/strtol.3:162 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:166 build/C/man3/system.3:111 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:85
393 msgid "Multithreading (see pthreads(7))"
397 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:67
398 msgid "The B<l64a>() function is not thread-safe."
402 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:71
403 msgid "The B<a64l>() function is thread-safe."
407 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:73 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:136
408 msgid "POSIX.1-2001."
412 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:78
414 "The value returned by B<l64a>() may be a pointer to a static buffer, "
415 "possibly overwritten by later calls."
419 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:87
421 "The behavior of B<l64a>() is undefined when I<value> is negative. If "
422 "I<value> is zero, it returns an empty string."
426 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:90
428 "These functions are broken in glibc before 2.2.5 (puts most significant "
433 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:93
434 msgid "This is not the encoding used by B<uuencode>(1)."
439 #: build/C/man3/a64l.3:97
440 msgid "B<uuencode>(1), B<strtoul>(3)"
444 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:33
450 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:33
456 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:36
457 msgid "atexit - register a function to be called at normal process termination"
461 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:41
463 msgid "B<int atexit(void (*>I<function>B<)(void));>\n"
467 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:54
469 "The B<atexit>() function registers the given I<function> to be called at "
470 "normal process termination, either via B<exit>(3) or via return from the "
471 "program's I<main>(). Functions so registered are called in the reverse "
472 "order of their registration; no arguments are passed."
476 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:57 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:69
478 "The same function may be registered multiple times: it is called once for "
483 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:63
485 "POSIX.1-2001 requires that an implementation allow at least B<ATEXIT_MAX> "
486 "(32) such functions to be registered. The actual limit supported by an "
487 "implementation can be obtained using B<sysconf>(3)."
491 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:71 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:76
493 "When a child process is created via B<fork>(2), it inherits copies of its "
494 "parent's registrations. Upon a successful call to one of the B<exec>(3) "
495 "functions, all registrations are removed."
499 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:76
501 "The B<atexit>() function returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise it "
502 "returns a nonzero value."
506 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:78
507 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001."
511 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:85
513 "Functions registered using B<atexit>() (and B<on_exit>(3)) are not called "
514 "if a process terminates abnormally because of the delivery of a signal."
518 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:92
520 "If one of the functions registered functions calls B<_exit>(2), then any "
521 "remaining functions are not invoked, and the other process termination steps "
522 "performed by B<exit>(3) are not performed."
525 #. This can happen on OpenBSD 4.2 for example, and is documented
526 #. as occurring on FreeBSD as well.
527 #. Glibc does "the Right Thing" -- invocation of the remaining
528 #. exit handlers carries on as normal.
530 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:109
532 "POSIX.1-2001 says that the result of calling B<exit>(3) more than once "
533 "(i.e., calling B<exit>(3) within a function registered using B<atexit>()) "
534 "is undefined. On some systems (but not Linux), this can result in an "
535 "infinite recursion; portable programs should not invoke B<exit>(3) inside a "
536 "function registered using B<atexit>()."
540 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:118
542 "The B<atexit>() and B<on_exit>(3) functions register functions on the same "
543 "list: at normal process termination, the registered functions are invoked in "
544 "reverse order of their registration by these two functions."
547 #. In glibc, things seem to be handled okay
549 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:124
551 "POSIX.1-2001 says that the result is undefined if B<longjmp>(3) is used to "
552 "terminate execution of one of the functions registered B<atexit>()."
556 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:124
562 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:131
564 "Since glibc 2.2.3, B<atexit>() (and B<on_exit>(3)) can be used within a "
565 "shared library to establish functions that are called when the shared "
566 "library is unloaded."
570 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:131 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:143 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:108 build/C/man3/rand.3:160 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:119 build/C/man3/strtod.3:200 build/C/man3/strtol.3:216 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:220
576 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:136
579 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
580 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
581 "#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
585 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:142
591 " printf(\"That was all, folks\\en\");\n"
596 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:148
607 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:151
610 " a = sysconf(_SC_ATEXIT_MAX);\n"
611 " printf(\"ATEXIT_MAX = %ld\\en\", a);\n"
615 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:157
618 " i = atexit(bye);\n"
620 " fprintf(stderr, \"cannot set exit function\\en\");\n"
621 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
626 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:160 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:231 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:215 build/C/man3/rand.3:215 build/C/man3/strtol.3:296
629 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
634 #: build/C/man3/atexit.3:165
635 msgid "B<_exit>(2), B<exit>(3), B<on_exit>(3)"
639 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31
645 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24
651 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:31 build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29 build/C/man3/getenv.3:33 build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25 build/C/man3/malloc.3:33 build/C/man3/mblen.3:16 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28 build/C/man3/random.3:33 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29 build/C/man3/setenv.3:37 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
657 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:34
658 msgid "atof - convert a string to a double"
662 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:39
664 msgid "B<double atof(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
668 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:47
670 "The B<atof>() function converts the initial portion of the string pointed "
671 "to by I<nptr> to I<double>. The behavior is the same as"
675 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:50
676 msgid "strtod(nptr, NULL);"
680 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:55
681 msgid "except that B<atof>() does not detect errors."
685 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:57 build/C/man3/atoi.3:88
686 msgid "The converted value."
690 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:65
692 "The B<atof>() function is thread-safe with exceptions. It can be safely "
693 "used in multithreaded applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not "
694 "called to change the locale during its execution."
698 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:67
699 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C89, C99."
703 #: build/C/man3/atof.3:73
704 msgid "B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
708 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:33
714 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:33 build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26 build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34 build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31 build/C/man3/putenv.3:36 build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28 build/C/man3/strtod.3:45 build/C/man7/vdso.7:13
720 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:36
721 msgid "atoi, atol, atoll - convert a string to an integer"
725 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:41
727 msgid "B<int atoi(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
731 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:43
733 msgid "B<long atol(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
737 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:45
739 msgid "B<long long atoll(const char *>I<nptr>B<);>\n"
743 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:54
748 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:57
750 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || "
751 "_ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L;"
755 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:69
757 "The B<atoi>() function converts the initial portion of the string pointed "
758 "to by I<nptr> to I<int>. The behavior is the same as"
762 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:72
763 msgid "strtol(nptr, NULL, 10);"
767 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:77
768 msgid "except that B<atoi>() does not detect errors."
772 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:86
774 "The B<atol>() and B<atoll>() functions behave the same as B<atoi>(), "
775 "except that they convert the initial portion of the string to their return "
776 "type of I<long> or I<long long>."
780 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:100
782 "The B<atoi>(), B<atol>(), and B<atoll>() functions are thread-safe with "
783 "exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
784 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
785 "during their execution."
789 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:108
791 "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C99. C89 and POSIX.1-1996 include the functions "
792 "B<atoi>() and B<atol>() only."
797 #. function is present in glibc 2 since version 2.0.2, but
798 #. not in libc4 or libc5.
800 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:119
802 "Linux libc provided B<atoq>() as an obsolete name for B<atoll>(); B<atoq>() "
803 "is not provided by glibc."
807 #: build/C/man3/atoi.3:124
808 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
812 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26
814 msgid "CANONICALIZE_FILE_NAME"
818 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:26
824 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:29
825 msgid "canonicalize_file_name - return the canonicalized absolute pathname"
829 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:31
830 msgid "B<#define _GNU_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */"
834 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:35
835 msgid "B<char *canonicalize_file_name(const char *>I<path>B<);>"
839 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:49
841 "The B<canonicalize_file_name>() function returns a null-terminated string "
842 "containing the canonicalized absolute pathname corresponding to I<path>. In "
843 "the returned string, symbolic links are resolved, as are I<.> and I<..> "
844 "pathname components. Consecutive slash (I</>) characters are replaced by a "
849 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:55
851 "The returned string is dynamically allocated by B<canonicalize_file_name>() "
852 "and the caller should deallocate it with B<free>(3) when it is no longer "
857 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:59
858 msgid "The call I<canonicalize_file_name(path)> is equivalent to the call:"
862 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:61
864 msgid " realpath(path, NULL);\n"
868 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:70
870 "On success, B<canonicalize_file_name>() returns a null-terminated string. "
871 "On error (e.g., a pathname component is unreadable or does not exist), "
872 "B<canonicalize_file_name>() returns NULL and sets I<errno> to indicate the "
877 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:70 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:181 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:75 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:161 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:91 build/C/man3/putenv.3:75 build/C/man3/random.3:140 build/C/man3/random_r.3:105 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:82 build/C/man3/setenv.3:119 build/C/man3/strtod.3:155 build/C/man3/strtol.3:144 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:148 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:141
883 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:73
884 msgid "See B<realpath>(3)."
888 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:75
889 msgid "This function is a GNU extension."
893 #: build/C/man3/canonicalize_file_name.3:78
894 msgid "B<readlink>(2), B<realpath>(3)"
898 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:24
904 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:24 build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29
910 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:27
911 msgid "cfree - free allocated memory"
915 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:34
919 "B<int cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<);>\n"
923 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:37
926 "/* In glibc or FreeBSD libcompat */\n"
927 "B<void cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<);>\n"
931 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:40
934 "/* In SCO OpenServer */\n"
935 "B<void cfree(char *>I<ptr>B<, unsigned >I<num>B<, unsigned >I<size>B<);>\n"
939 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:43
942 "/* In Solaris watchmalloc.so.1 */\n"
943 "B<void cfree(void *>I<ptr>B<, size_t >I<nelem>B<, size_t >I<elsize>B<);>\n"
947 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:52
948 msgid "B<cfree>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
952 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:57
953 msgid "This function should never be used. Use B<free>(3) instead."
957 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:57
963 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:63
965 "In glibc, the function B<cfree>() is a synonym for B<free>(3), \"added for "
966 "compatibility with SunOS\"."
970 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:69
972 "Other systems have other functions with this name. The declaration is "
973 "sometimes in I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>> and sometimes in I<E<lt>malloc.hE<gt>>."
977 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:69
983 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:74
985 "Some SCO and Solaris versions have malloc libraries with a 3-argument "
986 "B<cfree>(), apparently as an analog to B<calloc>(3)."
990 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:76
991 msgid "If you need it while porting something, add"
995 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:79
996 msgid "#define cfree(p, n, s) free((p))"
1000 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:82
1001 msgid "to your file."
1005 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:91
1007 "A frequently asked question is \"Can I use B<free>(3) to free memory "
1008 "allocated with B<calloc>(3), or do I need B<cfree>()?\" Answer: use "
1013 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:96
1015 "An SCO manual writes: \"The cfree routine is provided for compliance to the "
1016 "iBCSe2 standard and simply calls free. The num and size arguments to cfree "
1021 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:112
1023 "The SunOS version of B<cfree>() (which is a synonym for B<free>(3)) "
1024 "returns 1 on success and 0 on failure. In case of error, I<errno> is set to "
1025 "B<EINVAL>: the value of I<ptr> was not a pointer to a block previously "
1026 "allocated by one of the routines in the B<malloc>(3) family."
1030 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:117
1032 "The 3-argument version of B<cfree>() as used by SCO conforms to the iBCSe2 "
1033 "standard: Intel386 Binary Compatibility Specification, Edition 2."
1037 #: build/C/man3/cfree.3:119
1038 msgid "B<malloc>(3)"
1042 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:26
1048 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:29
1049 msgid "clearenv - clear the environment"
1053 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:34
1055 msgid "B<int clearenv(void);>\n"
1059 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:43
1060 msgid "B<clearenv>(): _SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE"
1064 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:50
1066 "The B<clearenv>() function clears the environment of all name-value pairs "
1067 "and sets the value of the external variable I<environ> to NULL."
1070 #. Most versions of UNIX return -1 on error, or do not even have errors.
1071 #. Glibc info and the Watcom C library document "a nonzero value".
1073 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:57
1075 "The B<clearenv>() function returns zero on success, and a nonzero value on "
1080 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:57 build/C/man3/getauxval.3:188 build/C/man3/getenv.3:93 build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:63 build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:84 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:188 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:168
1086 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:59
1087 msgid "Available since glibc 2.0."
1091 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:73
1093 "Various UNIX variants (DG/UX, HP-UX, QNX, ...). POSIX.9 (bindings for "
1094 "FORTRAN77). POSIX.1-1996 did not accept B<clearenv>() and B<putenv>(3), "
1095 "but changed its mind and scheduled these functions for some later issue of "
1096 "this standard (cf. B.4.6.1). However, POSIX.1-2001 adds only B<putenv>(3), "
1097 "and rejected B<clearenv>()."
1101 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:77
1103 "Used in security-conscious applications. If it is unavailable the "
1108 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:80
1110 msgid " environ = NULL;\n"
1114 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:83
1115 msgid "will probably do."
1119 #. HP-UX has a ENOMEM error return.
1121 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:96
1123 "The DG/UX and Tru64 man pages write: If I<environ> has been modified by "
1124 "anything other than the B<putenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), or B<clearenv>() "
1125 "functions, then B<clearenv>() will return an error and the process "
1126 "environment will remain unchanged."
1130 #: build/C/man3/clearenv.3:102
1131 msgid "B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
1135 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:30
1141 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:30
1147 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:34
1149 "drand48, erand48, lrand48, nrand48, mrand48, jrand48, srand48, seed48, "
1150 "lcong48 - generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers"
1154 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:39
1156 msgid "B<double drand48(void);>\n"
1160 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:41
1162 msgid "B<double erand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1166 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:43
1168 msgid "B<long int lrand48(void);>\n"
1172 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:45
1174 msgid "B<long int nrand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1178 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:47
1180 msgid "B<long int mrand48(void);>\n"
1184 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:49
1186 msgid "B<long int jrand48(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]);>\n"
1190 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:51
1192 msgid "B<void srand48(long int >I<seedval>B<);>\n"
1196 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:53
1198 msgid "B<unsigned short *seed48(unsigned short >I<seed16v>B<[3]);>\n"
1202 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:55
1204 msgid "B<void lcong48(unsigned short >I<param>B<[7]);>\n"
1217 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:74
1218 msgid "All functions shown above: _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
1222 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:78
1224 "These functions generate pseudo-random numbers using the linear congruential "
1225 "algorithm and 48-bit integer arithmetic."
1229 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:86
1231 "The B<drand48>() and B<erand48>() functions return nonnegative "
1232 "double-precision floating-point values uniformly distributed between [0.0, "
1237 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:93
1239 "The B<lrand48>() and B<nrand48>() functions return nonnegative long "
1240 "integers uniformly distributed between 0 and 2^31."
1244 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:100
1246 "The B<mrand48>() and B<jrand48>() functions return signed long integers "
1247 "uniformly distributed between -2^31 and 2^31."
1251 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:119
1253 "The B<srand48>(), B<seed48>() and B<lcong48>() functions are "
1254 "initialization functions, one of which should be called before using "
1255 "B<drand48>(), B<lrand48>() or B<mrand48>(). The functions B<erand48>(), "
1256 "B<nrand48>() and B<jrand48>() do not require an initialization function to "
1261 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:123
1263 "All the functions work by generating a sequence of 48-bit integers, I<Xi>, "
1264 "according to the linear congruential formula:"
1268 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:127
1270 msgid "B<Xn+1 = (aXn + c) mod m, where n E<gt>= 0>\n"
1274 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:140
1276 "The parameter I<m> = 2^48, hence 48-bit integer arithmetic is performed. "
1277 "Unless B<lcong48>() is called, I<a> and I<c> are given by:"
1281 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:145
1284 "B<a = 0x5DEECE66D>\n"
1289 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:165
1291 "The value returned by any of the functions B<drand48>(), B<erand48>(), "
1292 "B<lrand48>(), B<nrand48>(), B<mrand48>() or B<jrand48>() is computed by "
1293 "first generating the next 48-bit I<Xi> in the sequence. Then the "
1294 "appropriate number of bits, according to the type of data item to be "
1295 "returned, is copied from the high-order bits of I<Xi> and transformed into "
1296 "the returned value."
1300 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:191
1302 "The functions B<drand48>(), B<lrand48>() and B<mrand48>() store the last "
1303 "48-bit I<Xi> generated in an internal buffer. The functions B<erand48>(), "
1304 "B<nrand48>() and B<jrand48>() require the calling program to provide "
1305 "storage for the successive I<Xi> values in the array argument I<xsubi>. The "
1306 "functions are initialized by placing the initial value of I<Xi> into the "
1307 "array before calling the function for the first time."
1311 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:200
1313 "The initializer function B<srand48>() sets the high order 32-bits of I<Xi> "
1314 "to the argument I<seedval>. The low order 16-bits are set to the arbitrary "
1319 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:214
1321 "The initializer function B<seed48>() sets the value of I<Xi> to the 48-bit "
1322 "value specified in the array argument I<seed16v>. The previous value of "
1323 "I<Xi> is copied into an internal buffer and a pointer to this buffer is "
1324 "returned by B<seed48>()."
1328 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:245
1330 "The initialization function B<lcong48>() allows the user to specify initial "
1331 "values for I<Xi>, I<a> and I<c>. Array argument elements I<param[0-2]> "
1332 "specify I<Xi>, I<param[3-5]> specify I<a>, and I<param[6]> specifies I<c>. "
1333 "After B<lcong48>() has been called, a subsequent call to either "
1334 "B<srand48>() or B<seed48>() will restore the standard values of I<a> and "
1339 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:260
1341 "The B<drand48>(), B<erand48>(), B<lrand48>(), B<nrand48>(), B<mrand48>(), "
1342 "B<jrand48>(), B<srand48>(), B<seed48>(), and B<lcong48>() functions record "
1343 "global state information for the random number generator, so they are not "
1348 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:262
1349 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001."
1353 #: build/C/man3/drand48.3:265
1354 msgid "B<rand>(3), B<random>(3)"
1358 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27
1364 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:27
1370 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:32
1372 "drand48_r, erand48_r, lrand48_r, nrand48_r, mrand48_r, jrand48_r, srand48_r, "
1373 "seed48_r, lcong48_r - generate uniformly distributed pseudo-random numbers "
1378 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:37
1380 msgid "B<int drand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, double *>I<result>B<);>\n"
1384 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:39
1386 msgid "B<int erand48_r(unsigned short >I<xsubi>B<[3]>I<,>\n"
1390 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:41
1392 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, double *>I<result>B<);>\n"
1396 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:43
1399 "B<int lrand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, long int "
1400 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1404 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:45
1406 msgid "B<int nrand48_r(unsigned short int >I<xsubi[3]>B<,>\n"
1410 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:47 build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:53
1413 "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<, long int "
1414 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1418 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:49
1421 "B<int mrand48_r(struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<,long int "
1422 "*>I<result>B<);>\n"
1426 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:51
1428 msgid "B<int jrand48_r(unsigned short int >I<xsubi[3]>B<,>\n"
1432 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:55
1435 "B<int srand48_r(long int >I<seedval>B<, struct drand48_data "
1436 "*>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1440 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:57
1442 msgid "B<int seed48_r(unsigned short int >I<seed16v[3]>B<,>\n"
1446 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:59
1448 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1452 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:61
1454 msgid "B<int lcong48_r(unsigned short int >I<param[7]>B<,>\n"
1458 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:63
1460 msgid "B< struct drand48_data *>I<buffer>B<);>\n"
1463 #. .BR drand48_r (),
1464 #. .BR erand48_r (),
1465 #. .BR lrand48_r (),
1466 #. .BR nrand48_r (),
1467 #. .BR mrand48_r (),
1468 #. .BR jrand48_r (),
1469 #. .BR srand48_r (),
1471 #. .BR lcong48_r ():
1473 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:82
1474 msgid "All functions shown above: _SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
1478 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:89
1480 "These functions are the reentrant analogs of the functions described in "
1481 "B<drand48>(3). Instead of modifying the global random generator state, they "
1482 "use the supplied data I<buffer>."
1486 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:96
1488 "Before the first use, this struct must be initialized, for example, by "
1489 "filling it with zeros, or by calling one of the functions B<srand48_r>(), "
1490 "B<seed48_r>(), or B<lcong48_r>()."
1494 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:98
1495 msgid "The return value is 0."
1499 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:112
1501 "The B<drand48_r>(), B<erand48_r>(), B<lrand48_r>(), B<nrand48_r>(), "
1502 "B<mrand48_r>(), B<jrand48_r>(), B<srand48_r>(), B<seed48_r>(), and "
1503 "B<lcong48_r>() functions are thread-safe."
1507 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:114
1508 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions and are not portable."
1512 #: build/C/man3/drand48_r.3:118 build/C/man3/random_r.3:145
1513 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<rand>(3), B<random>(3)"
1517 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:32
1523 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:35
1524 msgid "ecvt, fcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
1528 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:40
1530 "B<char *ecvt(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,> "
1531 "B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
1535 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:43
1537 "B<char *fcvt(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,> "
1538 "B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
1542 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:51
1543 msgid "B<ecvt>(), B<fcvt>():"
1547 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:54 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:49 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:53
1549 msgid "Since glibc 2.12:"
1553 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:61 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:56
1557 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
1558 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
1559 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
1563 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:62 build/C/man3/gcvt.3:57 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:59
1565 msgid "Before glibc 2.12:"
1569 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:92
1571 "The B<ecvt>() function converts I<number> to a null-terminated string of "
1572 "I<ndigits> digits (where I<ndigits> is reduced to a system-specific limit "
1573 "determined by the precision of a I<double>), and returns a pointer to the "
1574 "string. The high-order digit is nonzero, unless I<number> is zero. The low "
1575 "order digit is rounded. The string itself does not contain a decimal point; "
1576 "however, the position of the decimal point relative to the start of the "
1577 "string is stored in I<*decpt>. A negative value for I<*decpt> means that "
1578 "the decimal point is to the left of the start of the string. If the sign of "
1579 "I<number> is negative, I<*sign> is set to a nonzero value, otherwise it is "
1580 "set to 0. If I<number> is zero, it is unspecified whether I<*decpt> is 0 or "
1585 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:99
1587 "The B<fcvt>() function is identical to B<ecvt>(), except that I<ndigits> "
1588 "specifies the number of digits after the decimal point."
1592 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:110
1594 "Both the B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>() functions return a pointer to a static "
1595 "string containing the ASCII representation of I<number>. The static string "
1596 "is overwritten by each call to B<ecvt>() or B<fcvt>()."
1600 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:117
1601 msgid "The B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>() functions are not thread-safe."
1605 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:129
1607 "SVr2; marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the "
1608 "specifications of B<ecvt>() and B<fcvt>(), recommending the use of "
1609 "B<sprintf>(3) instead (though B<snprintf>(3) may be preferable)."
1612 #. Linux libc4 and libc5 specified the type of
1617 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:135
1618 msgid "Not all locales use a point as the radix character (\"decimal point\")."
1622 #: build/C/man3/ecvt.3:141
1623 msgid "B<ecvt_r>(3), B<gcvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3), B<setlocale>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1627 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:30
1633 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:33
1635 "ecvt_r, fcvt_r, qecvt_r, qfcvt_r - convert a floating-point number to a "
1640 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:39
1643 "B<int ecvt_r(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,>\n"
1644 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1648 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:42
1651 "B<int fcvt_r(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int *>I<decpt>B<,>\n"
1652 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1656 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:45
1659 "B<int qecvt_r(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
1661 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1665 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:48
1668 "B<int qfcvt_r(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
1670 "B< int *>I<sign>B<, char *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<len>B<);>\n"
1674 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:60
1675 msgid "B<ecvt_r>(), B<fcvt_r>(), B<qecvt_r>(), B<qfcvt_r>():"
1679 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:62
1680 msgid "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500"
1684 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:86
1686 "The functions B<ecvt_r>(), B<fcvt_r>(), B<qecvt_r>(), and B<qfcvt_r>() are "
1687 "identical to B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3), and B<qfcvt>(3), "
1688 "respectively, except that they do not return their result in a static "
1689 "buffer, but instead use the supplied I<buf> of size I<len>. See B<ecvt>(3) "
1694 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:88
1695 msgid "These functions return 0 on success, and -1 otherwise."
1699 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:90
1700 msgid "These functions are GNU extensions."
1704 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:95
1705 msgid "These functions are obsolete. Instead, B<sprintf>(3) is recommended."
1709 #: build/C/man3/ecvt_r.3:99
1710 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<qecvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1714 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:29
1720 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:29 build/C/man3/random_r.3:26
1726 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:32
1727 msgid "exit - cause normal process termination"
1731 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:37
1733 msgid "B<void exit(int >I<status>B<);>\n"
1737 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:45
1739 "The B<exit>() function causes normal process termination and the value of "
1740 "I<status & 0377> is returned to the parent (see B<wait>(2))."
1744 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:72
1746 "All functions registered with B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3) are called, "
1747 "in the reverse order of their registration. (It is possible for one of "
1748 "these functions to use B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3) to register an "
1749 "additional function to be executed during exit processing; the new "
1750 "registration is added to the front of the list of functions that remain to "
1751 "be called.) If one of these functions does not return (e.g., it calls "
1752 "B<_exit>(2), or kills itself with a signal), then none of the remaining "
1753 "functions is called, and further exit processing (in particular, flushing of "
1754 "B<stdio>(3) streams) is abandoned. If a function has been registered "
1755 "multiple times using B<atexit>(3) or B<on_exit>(3), then it is called as "
1756 "many times as it was registered."
1760 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:79
1762 "All open B<stdio>(3) streams are flushed and closed. Files created by "
1763 "B<tmpfile>(3) are removed."
1767 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:86
1769 "The C standard specifies two constants, B<EXIT_SUCCESS> and B<EXIT_FAILURE>, "
1770 "that may be passed to B<exit>() to indicate successful or unsuccessful "
1771 "termination, respectively."
1775 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:90
1776 msgid "The B<exit>() function does not return."
1780 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:96
1782 "The B<exit>() function uses a global variable that is not protected, so it "
1783 "is not thread-safe."
1787 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:98
1788 msgid "SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, C89, C99."
1792 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:115
1794 "It is undefined what happens if one of the functions registered using "
1795 "B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3) calls either B<exit>() or B<longjmp>(3). "
1796 "Note that a call to B<execve>(2) removes registrations created using "
1797 "B<atexit>(3) and B<on_exit>(3)."
1801 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:124
1803 "The use of B<EXIT_SUCCESS> and B<EXIT_FAILURE> is slightly more portable (to "
1804 "non-UNIX environments) than the use of 0 and some nonzero value like 1 or "
1805 "-1. In particular, VMS uses a different convention."
1809 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:127
1811 "BSD has attempted to standardize exit codes; see the file "
1812 "I<E<lt>sysexits.hE<gt>>."
1816 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:152
1818 "After B<exit>(), the exit status must be transmitted to the parent process. "
1819 "There are three cases. If the parent has set B<SA_NOCLDWAIT>, or has set "
1820 "the B<SIGCHLD> handler to B<SIG_IGN>, the status is discarded. If the "
1821 "parent was waiting on the child, it is notified of the exit status. In both "
1822 "cases the exiting process dies immediately. If the parent has not indicated "
1823 "that it is not interested in the exit status, but is not waiting, the "
1824 "exiting process turns into a \"zombie\" process (which is nothing but a "
1825 "container for the single byte representing the exit status) so that the "
1826 "parent can learn the exit status when it later calls one of the B<wait>(2) "
1831 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:162
1833 "If the implementation supports the B<SIGCHLD> signal, this signal is sent to "
1834 "the parent. If the parent has set B<SA_NOCLDWAIT>, it is undefined whether "
1835 "a B<SIGCHLD> signal is sent."
1839 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:171
1841 "If the process is a session leader and its controlling terminal is the "
1842 "controlling terminal of the session, then each process in the foreground "
1843 "process group of this controlling terminal is sent a B<SIGHUP> signal, and "
1844 "the terminal is disassociated from this session, allowing it to be acquired "
1845 "by a new controlling process."
1849 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:183
1851 "If the exit of the process causes a process group to become orphaned, and if "
1852 "any member of the newly orphaned process group is stopped, then a B<SIGHUP> "
1853 "signal followed by a B<SIGCONT> signal will be sent to each process in this "
1854 "process group. See B<setpgid>(2) for an explanation of orphaned process "
1859 #: build/C/man3/exit.3:190
1861 "B<_exit>(2), B<setpgid>(2), B<wait>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<on_exit>(3), "
1866 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:30
1872 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:33
1873 msgid "gcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
1877 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:38
1879 msgid "B<char *gcvt(double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigit>B<, char *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
1883 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:46
1888 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:61
1890 "_SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE && "
1891 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
1895 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:72
1897 "The B<gcvt>() function converts I<number> to a minimal length "
1898 "null-terminated ASCII string and stores the result in I<buf>. It produces "
1899 "I<ndigit> significant digits in either B<printf>(3) F format or E format."
1903 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:77
1905 "The B<gcvt>() function returns the address of the string pointed to by "
1910 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:86
1912 "Marked as LEGACY in POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
1913 "B<gcvt>(), recommending the use of B<sprintf>(3) instead (though "
1914 "B<snprintf>(3) may be preferable)."
1918 #: build/C/man3/gcvt.3:90
1919 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
1923 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:29
1929 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:32
1930 msgid "getauxval - retrieve a value from the auxiliary vector"
1934 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:35
1936 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/auxv.hE<gt>>\n"
1940 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:37
1942 msgid "B<unsigned long getauxval(unsigned long >I<type>B<);>\n"
1946 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:45
1948 "The B<getauxval>() function retrieves values from the auxiliary vector, a "
1949 "mechanism that the kernel's ELF binary loader uses to pass certain "
1950 "information to user space when a program is executed."
1954 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:53
1956 "Each entry in the auxiliary vector consists of a pair of values: a type that "
1957 "identifies what this entry represents, and a value for that type. Given the "
1958 "argument I<type>, B<getauxval>() returns the corresponding value."
1962 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:60
1964 "The value returned for each I<type> is given in the following list. Not all "
1965 "I<type> values are present on all architectures."
1969 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:60
1975 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:63
1976 msgid "The base address of the program interpreter (usually, the dynamic linker)."
1980 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:63
1982 msgid "B<AT_BASE_PLATFORM>"
1986 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:68
1988 "A string identifying the real platform; may differ from B<AT_PLATFORM> "
1993 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:68
1995 msgid "B<AT_CLKTCK>"
1999 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:75
2001 "The frequency with which B<times>(2) counts. This value can also be "
2002 "obtained via I<sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)>."
2006 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:75
2008 msgid "B<AT_DCACHEBSIZE>"
2012 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:78
2013 msgid "The data cache block size."
2017 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:78
2023 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:81
2024 msgid "The effective group ID of the thread."
2028 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:81
2034 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:84
2035 msgid "The entry address of the executable."
2039 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:84
2045 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:87
2046 msgid "The effective user ID of the thread."
2050 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:87
2052 msgid "B<AT_EXECFD>"
2056 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:90
2057 msgid "File descriptor of program."
2061 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:90
2063 msgid "B<AT_EXECFN>"
2067 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:93
2068 msgid "Pathname used to execute program."
2072 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:93
2078 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:96
2079 msgid "Flags (unused)."
2083 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:96
2089 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:101
2091 "Used FPU control word (SuperH architecture only). This gives some "
2092 "information about the FPU initialization performed by the kernel."
2096 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:101
2102 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:104
2103 msgid "The real group ID of the thread."
2107 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:104
2113 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:114
2115 "A pointer to a multibyte mask of bits whose settings indicate detailed "
2116 "processor capabilities. The contents of the bit mask are hardware dependent "
2117 "(for example, see the kernel source file "
2118 "I<arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h> for details relating to the Intel x86 "
2119 "architecture). A human-readable version of the same information is "
2120 "available via I</proc/cpuinfo>."
2124 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:114
2126 msgid "B<AT_ICACHEBSIZE>"
2136 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:123
2137 msgid "The instruction cache block size."
2141 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:123
2143 msgid "B<AT_PAGESZ>"
2147 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:127
2148 msgid "The system page size (the same value returned by I<sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)>)."
2152 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:127
2158 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:130
2159 msgid "The address of the program headers of the executable."
2163 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:130
2169 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:133
2170 msgid "The size of program header entry."
2174 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:133
2180 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:136
2181 msgid "The number of program headers."
2185 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:136
2187 msgid "B<AT_PLATFORM>"
2191 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:143
2193 "A pointer to a string that identifies the hardware platform that the program "
2194 "is running on. The dynamic linker uses this in the interpretation of "
2199 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:143
2201 msgid "B<AT_RANDOM>"
2205 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:146
2206 msgid "The address of sixteen bytes containing a random value."
2210 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:146
2212 msgid "B<AT_SECURE>"
2216 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:158
2218 "Has a nonzero value if this executable should be treated securely. Most "
2219 "commonly, a nonzero value indicates that the process is executing a "
2220 "set-user-ID or set-group-ID program; alternatively, a nonzero value may be "
2221 "triggered by a Linux Security Module. When this value is nonzero, the "
2222 "dynamic linker disables the use of certain environment variables (see "
2223 "B<ld-linux.so>(8)) and glibc changes other aspects of its behavior. (See "
2224 "also B<secure_getenv>(3).)"
2228 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:158
2230 msgid "B<AT_SYSINFO>"
2234 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:162
2236 "The entry point to the system call function in the vDSO. Not present/needed "
2237 "on all architectures (e.g., absent on x86-64)."
2241 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:162
2243 msgid "B<AT_SYSINFO_EHDR>"
2247 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:167
2249 "The address of a page containing the virtual Dynamic Shared Object (vDSO) "
2250 "that the kernel creates in order to provide fast implementations of certain "
2255 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:167
2257 msgid "B<AT_UCACHEBSIZE>"
2261 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:170
2262 msgid "The unified cache block size."
2266 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:170
2272 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:173
2273 msgid "The real user ID of the thread."
2277 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:181
2279 "On success, B<getauxval>() returns the value corresponding to I<type>. If "
2280 "I<type> is not found, 0 is returned."
2284 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:182
2286 msgid "B<ENOENT> (since glibc 2.19)"
2289 #. commit b9ab448f980e296eac21ac65f53783967cc6037b
2291 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:188
2292 msgid "No entry corresponding to I<type> could be found in the auxiliary vector."
2296 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:192
2297 msgid "The B<getauxval>() function was added to glibc in version 2.16."
2301 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:197
2302 msgid "The B<getauxval>() function is thread-safe."
2306 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:199
2307 msgid "This function is a nonstandard glibc extension."
2311 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:208
2313 "The primary consumer of the information in the auxiliary vector is the "
2314 "dynamic linker B<ld-linux.so>(8). The auxiliary vector is a convenient and "
2315 "efficient shortcut that allows the kernel to communicate a certain set of "
2316 "standard information that the dynamic linker usually or always needs. In "
2317 "some cases, the same information could be obtained by system calls, but "
2318 "using the auxiliary vector is cheaper."
2322 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:214
2324 "The auxiliary vector resides just above the argument list and environment in "
2325 "the process address space. The auxiliary vector supplied to a program can "
2326 "be viewed by setting the B<LD_SHOW_AUXV> environment variable when running a "
2331 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:216
2333 msgid " $ LD_SHOW_AUXV=1 sleep 1\n"
2337 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:223
2339 "The auxiliary vector of any process can (subject to file permissions) be "
2340 "obtained via I</proc/PID/auxv>; see B<proc>(5) for more information."
2344 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:223 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:105 build/C/man3/random.3:189 build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:104 build/C/man3/setenv.3:144 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:319
2350 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:232
2352 "Before the addition of the B<ENOENT> error in glibc 2.19, there was no way "
2353 "to unambiguously distinguish the case where I<type> could not be found from "
2354 "the case where the value corresponding to I<type> was zero."
2358 #: build/C/man3/getauxval.3:236
2359 msgid "B<secure_getenv>(3), B<vdso>(7), B<ld-linux.so>(8)"
2363 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:33
2369 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:33
2375 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:36
2376 msgid "getenv, secure_getenv - get an environment variable"
2380 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:41
2382 msgid "B<char *getenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
2386 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:43
2388 msgid "B<char *secure_getenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
2392 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:52
2393 msgid "B<secure_getenv>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
2397 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:61
2399 "The B<getenv>() function searches the environment list to find the "
2400 "environment variable I<name>, and returns a pointer to the corresponding "
2405 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:69
2407 "The GNU-specific B<secure_getenv>() function is just like B<getenv>() "
2408 "except that it returns NULL in cases where \"secure execution\" is "
2409 "required. Secure execution is required if one of the following conditions "
2410 "was true when the program run by the calling process was loaded:"
2414 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:69 build/C/man3/getenv.3:74 build/C/man3/getenv.3:76 build/C/man3/system.3:77 build/C/man3/system.3:82 build/C/man3/system.3:86 build/C/man3/system.3:91 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:176 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:184 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:322
2420 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:74
2422 "the process's effective user ID did not match its real user ID or the "
2423 "process's effective group ID did not match its real group ID (typically this "
2424 "is the result of executing a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program);"
2428 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:76
2429 msgid "the effective capability bit was set on the executable file; or"
2433 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:78
2434 msgid "the process has a nonempty permitted capability set."
2438 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:81
2440 "Secure execution may also required if triggered by some Linux security "
2445 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:88
2447 "The B<secure_getenv>() function is intended for use in general-purpose "
2448 "libraries to avoid vulnerabilities that could occur if set-user-ID or "
2449 "set-group-ID programs accidentally trusted the environment."
2453 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:93
2455 "The B<getenv>() function returns a pointer to the value in the environment, "
2456 "or NULL if there is no match."
2460 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:96
2461 msgid "B<secure_getenv>() first appeared in glibc 2.17."
2465 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:99
2466 msgid "B<getenv>(): SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD, C89, C99."
2470 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:102
2471 msgid "B<secure_getenv>() is a GNU extension."
2475 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:104
2476 msgid "The strings in the environment list are of the form I<name=value>."
2480 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:110
2482 "As typically implemented, B<getenv>() returns a pointer to a string within "
2483 "the environment list. The caller must take care not to modify this string, "
2484 "since that would change the environment of the process."
2488 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:123
2490 "The implementation of B<getenv>() is not required to be reentrant. The "
2491 "string pointed to by the return value of B<getenv>() may be statically "
2492 "allocated, and can be modified by a subsequent call to B<getenv>(), "
2493 "B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), or B<unsetenv>(3)."
2497 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:129
2499 "The \"secure execution\" mode of B<secure_getenv>() is controlled by the "
2500 "B<AT_SECURE> flag contained in the auxiliary vector passed from the kernel "
2505 #: build/C/man3/getenv.3:137
2507 "B<clearenv>(3), B<getauxval>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), "
2508 "B<capabilities>(7), B<environ>(7)"
2512 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34
2518 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:34
2524 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:37
2525 msgid "getloadavg - get system load averages"
2529 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:41
2532 "B<#define _BSD_SOURCE> /* See feature_test_macros(7) */\n"
2533 "B<#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>\n"
2537 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:43
2539 msgid "B<int getloadavg(double >I<loadavg[]>B<, int >I<nelem>B<);>\n"
2543 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:55
2545 "The B<getloadavg>() function returns the number of processes in the system "
2546 "run queue averaged over various periods of time. Up to I<nelem> samples are "
2547 "retrieved and assigned to successive elements of I<loadavg>[]. The system "
2548 "imposes a maximum of 3 samples, representing averages over the last 1, 5, "
2549 "and 15 minutes, respectively."
2555 #. function appeared in
2558 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:63
2560 "If the load average was unobtainable, -1 is returned; otherwise, the number "
2561 "of samples actually retrieved is returned."
2565 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:65
2566 msgid "This function is available in glibc since version 2.2."
2570 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:70
2571 msgid "The B<getloadavg>() function is thread-safe."
2574 #. mdoc seems to have a bug - there must be no newline here
2576 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:74
2577 msgid "Not in POSIX.1-2001. Present on the BSDs and Solaris."
2581 #: build/C/man3/getloadavg.3:77
2582 msgid "B<uptime>(1), B<proc>(5)"
2586 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25
2592 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:25
2598 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:28
2599 msgid "getsubopt - parse suboption arguments from a string"
2603 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:33
2605 "B<int getsubopt(char **>I<optionp>B<, char * const *>I<tokens>B<, char "
2610 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:40
2611 msgid "B<getsubopt>():"
2615 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:45
2616 msgid "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>= 500 || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
2620 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:47
2621 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L"
2625 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:64
2627 "B<getsubopt>() parses the list of comma-separated suboptions provided in "
2628 "I<optionp>. (Such a suboption list is typically produced when B<getopt>(3) "
2629 "is used to parse a command line; see for example the I<-o> option of "
2630 "B<mount>(8).) Each suboption may include an associated value, which is "
2631 "separated from the suboption name by an equal sign. The following is an "
2632 "example of the kind of string that might be passed in I<optionp>:"
2636 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:67
2637 msgid "B<ro,name=xyz>"
2641 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:77
2643 "The I<tokens> argument is a pointer to a NULL-terminated array of pointers "
2644 "to the tokens that B<getsubopt>() will look for in I<optionp>. The tokens "
2645 "should be distinct, null-terminated strings containing at least one "
2646 "character, with no embedded equal signs or commas."
2650 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:98
2652 "Each call to B<getsubopt>() returns information about the next unprocessed "
2653 "suboption in I<optionp>. The first equal sign in a suboption (if any) is "
2654 "interpreted as a separator between the name and the value of that "
2655 "suboption. The value extends to the next comma, or (for the last suboption) "
2656 "to the end of the string. If the name of the suboption matches a known name "
2657 "from I<tokens>, and a value string was found, B<getsubopt>() sets "
2658 "I<*valuep> to the address of that string. The first comma in I<optionp> is "
2659 "overwritten with a null byte, so I<*valuep> is precisely the \"value "
2660 "string\" for that suboption."
2664 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:102
2666 "If the suboption is recognized, but no value string was found, I<*valuep> is "
2671 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:110
2673 "When B<getsubopt>() returns, I<optionp> points to the next suboption, or to "
2674 "the null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq) at the end of the string if the last "
2675 "suboption was just processed."
2679 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:122
2681 "If the first suboption in I<optionp> is recognized, B<getsubopt>() returns "
2682 "the index of the matching suboption element in I<tokens>. Otherwise, -1 is "
2683 "returned and I<*valuep> is the entire I<name>B<[=>I<value>B<]> string."
2687 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:129
2689 "Since I<*optionp> is changed, the first suboption before the call to "
2690 "B<getsubopt>() is not (necessarily) the same as the first suboption after "
2695 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:134
2696 msgid "The B<getsubopt>() function is thread-safe."
2700 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:143
2702 "Since B<getsubopt>() overwrites any commas it finds in the string "
2703 "I<*optionp>, that string must be writable; it cannot be a string constant."
2707 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:145
2708 msgid "The following program expects suboptions following a \"-o\" option."
2712 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:151
2715 "#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500\n"
2716 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
2717 "#include E<lt>assert.hE<gt>\n"
2718 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
2722 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:169
2726 "main(int argc, char **argv)\n"
2733 " char *const token[] = {\n"
2734 " [RO_OPT] = \"ro\",\n"
2735 " [RW_OPT] = \"rw\",\n"
2736 " [NAME_OPT] = \"name\",\n"
2745 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:174
2748 " int readonly = 0;\n"
2749 " int readwrite = 0;\n"
2750 " char *name = NULL;\n"
2751 " int errfnd = 0;\n"
2755 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:180
2758 " while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, \"o:\")) != -1) {\n"
2760 " case \\(aqo\\(aq:\n"
2761 " subopts = optarg;\n"
2762 " while (*subopts != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq && !errfnd) {\n"
2766 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:185
2769 " switch (getsubopt(&subopts, token, &value)) {\n"
2776 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:189
2785 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:197
2789 " if (value == NULL) {\n"
2790 " fprintf(stderr, \"Missing value for \"\n"
2791 " \"suboption \\(aq%s\\(aq\\en\", "
2792 "token[NAME_OPT]);\n"
2799 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:200
2807 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:214
2811 " fprintf(stderr, \"No match found \"\n"
2812 " \"for token: /%s/\\en\", value);\n"
2817 " if (readwrite && readonly) {\n"
2818 " fprintf(stderr, \"Only one of \\(aq%s\\(aq and \\(aq%s\\(aq can "
2820 " \"specified\\en\", token[RO_OPT], token[RW_OPT]);\n"
2827 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:219
2837 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:226
2840 " if (errfnd || argc == 1) {\n"
2841 " fprintf(stderr, \"\\enUsage: %s -o E<lt>suboptstringE<gt>\\en\", "
2843 " fprintf(stderr, \"suboptions are \\(aqro\\(aq, \\(aqrw\\(aq, \"\n"
2844 " \"and \\(aqname=E<lt>valueE<gt>\\(aq\\en\");\n"
2845 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
2850 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:228
2852 msgid " /* Remainder of program... */\n"
2856 #: build/C/man3/getsubopt.3:234
2857 msgid "B<getopt>(3)"
2861 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:33
2867 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:33
2873 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:36
2874 msgid "malloc, free, calloc, realloc - allocate and free dynamic memory"
2878 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:44
2881 "B<void *malloc(size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2882 "B<void free(void >I<*ptr>B<);>\n"
2883 "B<void *calloc(size_t >I<nmemb>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2884 "B<void *realloc(void >I<*ptr>B<, size_t >I<size>B<);>\n"
2889 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:61
2891 "The B<malloc>() function allocates I<size> bytes and returns a pointer to "
2892 "the allocated memory. I<The memory is not initialized>. If I<size> is 0, "
2893 "then B<malloc>() returns either NULL, or a unique pointer value that can "
2894 "later be successfully passed to B<free>()."
2898 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:77
2900 "The B<free>() function frees the memory space pointed to by I<ptr>, which "
2901 "must have been returned by a previous call to B<malloc>(), B<calloc>(), or "
2902 "B<realloc>(). Otherwise, or if I<free(ptr)> has already been called before, "
2903 "undefined behavior occurs. If I<ptr> is NULL, no operation is performed."
2908 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:96
2910 "The B<calloc>() function allocates memory for an array of I<nmemb> elements "
2911 "of I<size> bytes each and returns a pointer to the allocated memory. The "
2912 "memory is set to zero. If I<nmemb> or I<size> is 0, then B<calloc>() "
2913 "returns either NULL, or a unique pointer value that can later be "
2914 "successfully passed to B<free>()."
2918 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:132
2920 "The B<realloc>() function changes the size of the memory block pointed to "
2921 "by I<ptr> to I<size> bytes. The contents will be unchanged in the range "
2922 "from the start of the region up to the minimum of the old and new sizes. If "
2923 "the new size is larger than the old size, the added memory will I<not> be "
2924 "initialized. If I<ptr> is NULL, then the call is equivalent to "
2925 "I<malloc(size)>, for all values of I<size>; if I<size> is equal to zero, and "
2926 "I<ptr> is not NULL, then the call is equivalent to I<free(ptr)>. Unless "
2927 "I<ptr> is NULL, it must have been returned by an earlier call to "
2928 "B<malloc>(), B<calloc>() or B<realloc>(). If the area pointed to was "
2929 "moved, a I<free(ptr)> is done."
2933 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:152
2935 "The B<malloc>() and B<calloc>() functions return a pointer to the "
2936 "allocated memory, which is suitably aligned for any built-in type. On "
2937 "error, these functions return NULL. NULL may also be returned by a "
2938 "successful call to B<malloc>() with a I<size> of zero, or by a successful "
2939 "call to B<calloc>() with I<nmemb> or I<size> equal to zero."
2943 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:156
2944 msgid "The B<free>() function returns no value."
2948 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:171
2950 "The B<realloc>() function returns a pointer to the newly allocated memory, "
2951 "which is suitably aligned for any built-in type and may be different from "
2952 "I<ptr>, or NULL if the request fails. If I<size> was equal to 0, either "
2953 "NULL or a pointer suitable to be passed to B<free>() is returned. If "
2954 "B<realloc>() fails, the original block is left untouched; it is not freed "
2959 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:173
2964 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:189
2966 "By default, Linux follows an optimistic memory allocation strategy. This "
2967 "means that when B<malloc>() returns non-NULL there is no guarantee that the "
2968 "memory really is available. In case it turns out that the system is out of "
2969 "memory, one or more processes will be killed by the OOM killer. For more "
2970 "information, see the description of I</proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory> and "
2971 "I</proc/sys/vm/oom_adj> in B<proc>(5), and the Linux kernel source file "
2972 "I<Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting>."
2976 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:210
2978 "Normally, B<malloc>() allocates memory from the heap, and adjusts the size "
2979 "of the heap as required, using B<sbrk>(2). When allocating blocks of memory "
2980 "larger than B<MMAP_THRESHOLD> bytes, the glibc B<malloc>() implementation "
2981 "allocates the memory as a private anonymous mapping using B<mmap>(2). "
2982 "B<MMAP_THRESHOLD> is 128 kB by default, but is adjustable using "
2983 "B<mallopt>(3). Allocations performed using B<mmap>(2) are unaffected by "
2984 "the B<RLIMIT_DATA> resource limit (see B<getrlimit>(2))."
2988 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:228
2990 "To avoid corruption in multithreaded applications, mutexes are used "
2991 "internally to protect the memory-management data structures employed by "
2992 "these functions. In a multithreaded application in which threads "
2993 "simultaneously allocate and free memory, there could be contention for these "
2994 "mutexes. To scalably handle memory allocation in multithreaded "
2995 "applications, glibc creates additional I<memory allocation arenas> if mutex "
2996 "contention is detected. Each arena is a large region of memory that is "
2997 "internally allocated by the system (using B<brk>(2) or B<mmap>(2)), and "
2998 "managed with its own mutexes."
3002 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:246
3004 "The UNIX 98 standard requires B<malloc>(), B<calloc>(), and B<realloc>() to "
3005 "set I<errno> to B<ENOMEM> upon failure. Glibc assumes that this is done "
3006 "(and the glibc versions of these routines do this); if you use a private "
3007 "malloc implementation that does not set I<errno>, then certain library "
3008 "routines may fail without having a reason in I<errno>."
3012 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:255
3014 "Crashes in B<malloc>(), B<calloc>(), B<realloc>(), or B<free>() are almost "
3015 "always related to heap corruption, such as overflowing an allocated chunk or "
3016 "freeing the same pointer twice."
3020 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:261
3022 "The B<malloc>() implementation is tunable via environment variables; see "
3023 "B<mallopt>(3) for details."
3027 #: build/C/man3/malloc.3:285
3029 "B<brk>(2), B<mmap>(2), B<alloca>(3), B<malloc_get_state>(3), "
3030 "B<malloc_info>(3), B<malloc_trim>(3), B<malloc_usable_size>(3), "
3031 "B<mallopt>(3), B<mcheck>(3), B<mtrace>(3), B<posix_memalign>(3)"
3035 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:16
3041 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:16
3047 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:19
3048 msgid "mblen - determine number of bytes in next multibyte character"
3052 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:24
3054 msgid "B<int mblen(const char *>I<s>B<, size_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
3058 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:43
3060 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<mblen>() function inspects at most I<n> bytes of "
3061 "the multibyte string starting at I<s> and extracts the next complete "
3062 "multibyte character. It uses a static anonymous shift state known only to "
3063 "the B<mblen>() function. If the multibyte character is not the null wide "
3064 "character, it returns the number of bytes that were consumed from I<s>. If "
3065 "the multibyte character is the null wide character, it returns 0."
3069 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:57
3071 "If the I<n> bytes starting at I<s> do not contain a complete multibyte "
3072 "character, B<mblen>() returns -1. This can happen even if I<n> is greater "
3073 "than or equal to I<MB_CUR_MAX>, if the multibyte string contains redundant "
3078 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:64
3080 "If the multibyte string starting at I<s> contains an invalid multibyte "
3081 "sequence before the next complete character, B<mblen>() also returns -1."
3084 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
3085 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
3087 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:75
3089 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<mblen>() function resets the shift state, known to "
3090 "only this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the "
3091 "encoding has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3095 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:87
3097 "The B<mblen>() function returns the number of bytes parsed from the "
3098 "multibyte sequence starting at I<s>, if a non-null wide character was "
3099 "recognized. It returns 0, if a null wide character was recognized. It "
3100 "returns -1, if an invalid multibyte sequence was encountered or if it "
3101 "couldn't parse a complete multibyte character."
3105 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:92
3106 msgid "The B<mblen>() function is not thread-safe."
3110 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:94 build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:96 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:115 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:91 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:91
3115 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:101
3117 "The behavior of B<mblen>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3122 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:106
3124 "The function B<mbrlen>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
3129 #: build/C/man3/mblen.3:108
3130 msgid "B<mbrlen>(3)"
3134 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18
3140 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:18 build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16 build/C/man3/strtol.3:31 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33 build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16 build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
3146 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:21
3147 msgid "mbstowcs - convert a multibyte string to a wide-character string"
3151 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:26
3154 "B<size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t *>I<dest>B<, const char *>I<src>B<, size_t "
3159 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:45
3161 "If I<dest> is not NULL, the B<mbstowcs>() function converts the multibyte "
3162 "string I<src> to a wide-character string starting at I<dest>. At most I<n> "
3163 "wide characters are written to I<dest>. The conversion starts in the "
3164 "initial state. The conversion can stop for three reasons:"
3168 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:45
3174 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:50
3176 "An invalid multibyte sequence has been encountered. In this case, "
3177 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
3181 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:50
3187 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:58
3189 "I<n> non-L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq wide characters have been stored at I<dest>. In "
3190 "this case, the number of wide characters written to I<dest> is returned, but "
3191 "the shift state at this point is lost."
3195 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:58
3201 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:64
3203 "The multibyte string has been completely converted, including the "
3204 "terminating null wide character (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). In this case, the number "
3205 "of wide characters written to I<dest>, excluding the terminating null wide "
3206 "character, is returned."
3210 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:70
3212 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least I<n> wide "
3213 "characters at I<dest>."
3217 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:78
3219 "If I<dest> is NULL, I<n> is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, "
3220 "except that the converted wide characters are not written out to memory, and "
3221 "that no length limit exists."
3225 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:84
3227 "In order to avoid the case 2 above, the programmer should make sure I<n> is "
3228 "greater than or equal to I<mbstowcs(NULL,src,0)+1>."
3232 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:94
3234 "The B<mbstowcs>() function returns the number of wide characters that make "
3235 "up the converted part of the wide-character string, not including the "
3236 "terminating null wide character. If an invalid multibyte sequence was "
3237 "encountered, I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
3241 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:103
3243 "The behavior of B<mbstowcs>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3248 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:108
3250 "The function B<mbsrtowcs>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
3255 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:113
3257 "The program below illustrates the use of B<mbstowcs>(), as well as some of "
3258 "the wide character classification functions. An example run is the "
3263 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:120
3266 "$ ./t_mbstowcs de_DE.UTF-8 Grüße!\n"
3267 "Length of source string (excluding terminator):\n"
3269 " 6 multibyte characters\n"
3273 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:128
3276 "Wide character string is: Grüße! (6 characters)\n"
3286 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:130 build/C/man3/strtol.3:248
3288 msgid "Program source"
3292 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:137
3295 "#include E<lt>locale.hE<gt>\n"
3296 "#include E<lt>wchar.hE<gt>\n"
3297 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
3298 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
3299 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
3303 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:144
3307 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
3309 " size_t mbslen; /* Number of multibyte characters in source */\n"
3310 " wchar_t *wcs; /* Pointer to converted wide character string */\n"
3315 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:149
3318 " if (argc E<lt> 3) {\n"
3319 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>localeE<gt> E<lt>stringE<gt>\\en\", "
3321 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3326 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:151
3328 msgid " /* Apply the specified locale */\n"
3332 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:156
3335 " if (setlocale(LC_ALL, argv[1]) == NULL) {\n"
3336 " perror(\"setlocale\");\n"
3337 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3342 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:159
3345 " /* Calculate the length required to hold argv[2] converted to\n"
3346 " a wide character string */\n"
3350 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:165
3353 " mbslen = mbstowcs(NULL, argv[2], 0);\n"
3354 " if (mbslen == (size_t) -1) {\n"
3355 " perror(\"mbstowcs\");\n"
3356 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3361 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:167
3363 msgid " /* Describe the source string to the user */\n"
3367 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:171
3370 " printf(\"Length of source string (excluding terminator):\\en\");\n"
3371 " printf(\" %zu bytes\\en\", strlen(argv[2]));\n"
3372 " printf(\" %zu multibyte characters\\en\\en\", mbslen);\n"
3376 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:174
3379 " /* Allocate wide character string of the desired size. Add 1\n"
3380 " to allow for terminating null wide character (L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). */\n"
3384 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:180
3387 " wcs = calloc(mbslen + 1, sizeof(wchar_t));\n"
3388 " if (wcs == NULL) {\n"
3389 " perror(\"calloc\");\n"
3390 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3395 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:183
3398 " /* Convert the multibyte character string in argv[2] to a\n"
3399 " wide character string */\n"
3403 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:188
3406 " if (mbstowcs(wcs, argv[2], mbslen + 1) == (size_t) -1) {\n"
3407 " perror(\"mbstowcs\");\n"
3408 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
3413 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:191
3416 " printf(\"Wide character string is: %ls (%zu characters)\\en\",\n"
3421 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:194
3424 " /* Now do some inspection of the classes of the characters in\n"
3425 " the wide character string */\n"
3429 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:197
3432 " for (wp = wcs; *wp != 0; wp++) {\n"
3433 " printf(\" %lc \", (wint_t) *wp);\n"
3437 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:201
3440 " if (!iswalpha(*wp))\n"
3442 " printf(\"alpha \");\n"
3446 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:205
3449 " if (iswalpha(*wp)) {\n"
3450 " if (iswupper(*wp))\n"
3451 " printf(\"upper \");\n"
3455 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:209
3458 " if (iswlower(*wp))\n"
3459 " printf(\"lower \");\n"
3464 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:212
3467 " putchar(\\(aq\\en\\(aq);\n"
3472 #: build/C/man3/mbstowcs.3:222
3473 msgid "B<mblen>(3), B<mbsrtowcs>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<wctomb>(3), B<wcstombs>(3)"
3477 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:16
3483 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:19
3484 msgid "mbtowc - convert a multibyte sequence to a wide character"
3488 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:24
3490 msgid "B<int mbtowc(wchar_t *>I<pwc>B<, const char *>I<s>B<, size_t >I<n>B<);>\n"
3494 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:50
3496 "The main case for this function is when I<s> is not NULL and I<pwc> is not "
3497 "NULL. In this case, the B<mbtowc>() function inspects at most I<n> bytes "
3498 "of the multibyte string starting at I<s>, extracts the next complete "
3499 "multibyte character, converts it to a wide character and stores it at "
3500 "I<*pwc>. It updates an internal shift state known only to the B<mbtowc>() "
3501 "function. If I<s> does not point to a null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), it "
3502 "returns the number of bytes that were consumed from I<s>, otherwise it "
3507 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:64
3509 "If the I<n> bytes starting at I<s> do not contain a complete multibyte "
3510 "character, or if they contain an invalid multibyte sequence, B<mbtowc>() "
3511 "returns -1. This can happen even if I<n> E<gt>= I<MB_CUR_MAX>, if the "
3512 "multibyte string contains redundant shift sequences."
3516 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:74
3518 "A different case is when I<s> is not NULL but I<pwc> is NULL. In this case, "
3519 "the B<mbtowc>() function behaves as above, except that it does not store "
3520 "the converted wide character in memory."
3523 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
3524 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
3526 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:93
3528 "A third case is when I<s> is NULL. In this case, I<pwc> and I<n> are "
3529 "ignored. The B<mbtowc>() function resets the shift state, only known to "
3530 "this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the encoding has "
3531 "nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3535 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:105
3537 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<mbtowc>() function returns the number of "
3538 "consumed bytes starting at I<s>, or 0 if I<s> points to a null byte, or -1 "
3543 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:113
3545 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<mbtowc>() function returns nonzero if the encoding "
3546 "has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
3550 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:122
3552 "The behavior of B<mbtowc>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
3557 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:128
3559 "This function is not multithread safe. The function B<mbrtowc>(3) provides "
3560 "a better interface to the same functionality."
3564 #: build/C/man3/mbtowc.3:135
3566 "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3), B<mblen>(3), B<mbrtowc>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<wctomb>(3), "
3571 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26
3577 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:26 build/C/man3/system.3:31
3583 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:29
3584 msgid "mkdtemp - create a unique temporary directory"
3588 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:34
3590 msgid "B<char *mkdtemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3594 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:42
3595 msgid "B<mkdtemp>():"
3599 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:47
3604 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:49
3605 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.10: */"
3609 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:51
3610 msgid "(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200809L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 700)"
3614 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:68
3616 "The B<mkdtemp>() function generates a uniquely named temporary directory "
3617 "from I<template>. The last six characters of I<template> must be XXXXXX and "
3618 "these are replaced with a string that makes the directory name unique. The "
3619 "directory is then created with permissions 0700. Since it will be modified, "
3620 "I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be declared as a "
3625 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:75
3627 "The B<mkdtemp>() function returns a pointer to the modified template string "
3628 "on success, and NULL on failure, in which case I<errno> is set "
3633 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:76 build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:166 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:92 build/C/man3/random.3:141 build/C/man3/random.3:148 build/C/man3/random_r.3:106 build/C/man3/random_r.3:110 build/C/man3/random_r.3:119 build/C/man3/setenv.3:120 build/C/man3/strtol.3:145 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:149 build/C/man2/getrandom.2:142
3639 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:80
3641 "The last six characters of I<template> were not XXXXXX. Now I<template> is "
3646 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:84
3647 msgid "Also see B<mkdir>(2) for other possible values for I<errno>."
3651 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:86
3652 msgid "Available since glibc 2.1.91."
3656 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:91
3657 msgid "The B<mkdtemp>() function is thread-safe."
3660 #. As at 2006, this function is being considered for a revision of POSIX.1
3661 #. Also in NetBSD 1.4.
3663 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:96
3664 msgid "POSIX.1-2008. This function is present on the BSDs."
3668 #: build/C/man3/mkdtemp.3:103
3670 "B<mkdir>(2), B<mkstemp>(3), B<mktemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), "
3675 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:35
3681 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:38
3682 msgid "mkstemp, mkostemp, mkstemps, mkostemps - create a unique temporary file"
3686 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:43
3688 msgid "B<int mkstemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3692 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:45
3694 msgid "B<int mkostemp(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<flags>B<);>\n"
3698 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:47
3700 msgid "B<int mkstemps(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<suffixlen>B<);>\n"
3704 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:49
3707 "B<int mkostemps(char *>I<template>B<, int >I<suffixlen>B<, int "
3712 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:57
3713 msgid "B<mkstemp>():"
3717 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:62 build/C/man3/mktemp.3:63
3719 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
3720 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
3724 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:64
3725 msgid "|| /* Since glibc 2.12: */ _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L"
3729 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:70
3730 msgid "B<mkostemp>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
3734 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:73
3735 msgid "B<mkstemps>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
3739 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:76
3740 msgid "B<mkostemps>(): _GNU_SOURCE"
3744 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:83
3746 "The B<mkstemp>() function generates a unique temporary filename from "
3747 "I<template>, creates and opens the file, and returns an open file descriptor "
3752 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:91
3754 "The last six characters of I<template> must be \"XXXXXX\" and these are "
3755 "replaced with a string that makes the filename unique. Since it will be "
3756 "modified, I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be declared "
3757 "as a character array."
3761 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:99
3763 "The file is created with permissions 0600, that is, read plus write for "
3764 "owner only. The returned file descriptor provides both read and write "
3765 "access to the file. The file is opened with the B<open>(2) B<O_EXCL> flag, "
3766 "guaranteeing that the caller is the process that creates the file."
3769 #. Reportedly, FreeBSD
3771 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:130
3773 "The B<mkostemp>() function is like B<mkstemp>(), with the difference that "
3774 "the following bits\\(emwith the same meaning as for B<open>(2)\\(emmay be "
3775 "specified in I<flags>: B<O_APPEND>, B<O_CLOEXEC>, and B<O_SYNC>. Note that "
3776 "when creating the file, B<mkostemp>() includes the values B<O_RDWR>, "
3777 "B<O_CREAT>, and B<O_EXCL> in the I<flags> argument given to B<open>(2); "
3778 "including these values in the I<flags> argument given to B<mkostemp>() is "
3779 "unnecessary, and produces errors on some systems."
3783 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:146
3785 "The B<mkstemps>() function is like B<mkstemp>(), except that the string in "
3786 "I<template> contains a suffix of I<suffixlen> characters. Thus, I<template> "
3787 "is of the form I<prefixXXXXXXsuffix>, and the string XXXXXX is modified as "
3792 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:155
3794 "The B<mkostemps>() function is to B<mkstemps>() as B<mkostemp>() is to "
3799 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:161
3801 "On success, these functions return the file descriptor of the temporary "
3802 "file. On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
3806 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:162
3812 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:166
3814 "Could not create a unique temporary filename. Now the contents of "
3815 "I<template> are undefined."
3819 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:174
3821 "For B<mkstemp>() and B<mkostemp>(): The last six characters of I<template> "
3822 "were not XXXXXX; now I<template> is unchanged."
3826 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:185
3828 "For B<mkstemps>() and B<mkostemps>(): I<template> is less than I<(6 + "
3829 "suffixlen)> characters long, or the last 6 characters before the suffix in "
3830 "I<template> were not XXXXXX."
3834 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:188
3836 "These functions may also fail with any of the errors described for "
3841 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:195
3843 "B<mkostemp>() is available since glibc 2.7. B<mkstemps>() and "
3844 "B<mkostemps>() are available since glibc 2.11."
3848 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:204
3850 "The B<mkstemp>(), B<mkostemp>(), B<mkstemps>(), and B<mkostemps>() "
3851 "functions are thread-safe."
3855 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:207
3856 msgid "B<mkstemp>(): 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
3859 #. mkstemps() appears to be at least on the BSDs, Mac OS X, Solaris,
3862 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:212
3863 msgid "B<mkstemps>(): unstandardized, but appears on several other systems."
3867 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:217
3868 msgid "B<mkostemp>() and B<mkostemps>(): are glibc extensions."
3872 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:224
3874 "In glibc versions 2.06 and earlier, the file is created with permissions "
3875 "0666, that is, read and write for all users. This old behavior may be a "
3876 "security risk, especially since other UNIX flavors use 0600, and somebody "
3877 "might overlook this detail when porting programs. POSIX.1-2008 adds a "
3878 "requirement that the file be created with mode 0600."
3882 #. The prototype for
3886 #. for libc4, libc5, glibc1; glibc2 follows POSIX.1 and has the prototype in
3889 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:242
3891 "More generally, the POSIX specification of B<mkstemp>() does not say "
3892 "anything about file modes, so the application should make sure its file mode "
3893 "creation mask (see B<umask>(2)) is set appropriately before calling "
3894 "B<mkstemp>() (and B<mkostemp>())."
3898 #: build/C/man3/mkstemp.3:248
3899 msgid "B<mkdtemp>(3), B<mktemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), B<tmpnam>(3)"
3903 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:34
3909 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:37
3910 msgid "mktemp - make a unique temporary filename"
3914 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:42
3916 msgid "B<char *mktemp(char *>I<template>B<);>\n"
3920 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:50
3921 msgid "B<mktemp>():"
3925 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:59
3928 "_BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE ||\n"
3929 " (_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 ||\n"
3930 " _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED) &&\n"
3931 " !(_POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600)\n"
3935 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:69
3936 msgid "I<Never use this function>; see NOTES."
3940 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:80
3942 "The B<mktemp>() function generates a unique temporary filename from "
3943 "I<template>. The last six characters of I<template> must be XXXXXX and "
3944 "these are replaced with a string that makes the filename unique. Since it "
3945 "will be modified, I<template> must not be a string constant, but should be "
3946 "declared as a character array."
3950 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:91
3952 "The B<mktemp>() function always returns I<template>. If a unique name was "
3953 "created, the last six bytes of I<template> will have been modified in such a "
3954 "way that the resulting name is unique (i.e., does not exist already) If a "
3955 "unique name could not be created, I<template> is made an empty string, and "
3956 "I<errno> is set to indicate the error."
3960 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:95
3961 msgid "The last six characters of I<template> were not XXXXXX."
3965 #. The prototype is in
3967 #. for libc4, libc5, glibc1; glibc2 follows the Single UNIX Specification
3968 #. and has the prototype in
3971 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:105
3973 "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 removes the specification of "
3978 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:118
3980 "Never use B<mktemp>(). Some implementations follow 4.3BSD and replace "
3981 "XXXXXX by the current process ID and a single letter, so that at most 26 "
3982 "different names can be returned. Since on the one hand the names are easy "
3983 "to guess, and on the other hand there is a race between testing whether the "
3984 "name exists and opening the file, every use of B<mktemp>() is a security "
3985 "risk. The race is avoided by B<mkstemp>(3)."
3989 #: build/C/man3/mktemp.3:123
3990 msgid "B<mkstemp>(3), B<tempnam>(3), B<tmpfile>(3), B<tmpnam>(3)"
3994 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:31
4000 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:34
4001 msgid "on_exit - register a function to be called at normal process termination"
4005 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:39
4007 msgid "B<int on_exit(void (*>I<function>B<)(int , void *), void *>I<arg>B<);>\n"
4011 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:48
4012 msgid "B<on_exit>(): _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE"
4016 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:66
4018 "The B<on_exit>() function registers the given I<function> to be called at "
4019 "normal process termination, whether via B<exit>(3) or via return from the "
4020 "program's I<main>(). The I<function> is passed the status argument given to "
4021 "the last call to B<exit>(3) and the I<arg> argument from B<on_exit>()."
4025 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:81
4027 "The B<on_exit>() function returns the value 0 if successful; otherwise it "
4028 "returns a nonzero value."
4032 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:87
4034 "This function comes from SunOS 4, but is also present in glibc. It no "
4035 "longer occurs in Solaris (SunOS 5). Portable application should avoid this "
4036 "function, and use the standard B<atexit>(3) instead."
4040 #: build/C/man3/on_exit.3:91
4041 msgid "B<_exit>(2), B<atexit>(3), B<exit>(3)"
4045 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:36
4051 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:39
4052 msgid "putenv - change or add an environment variable"
4055 #. Not: const char *
4057 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:45
4059 msgid "B<int putenv(char *>I<string>B<);>\n"
4063 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:54
4064 msgid "B<putenv>(): _SVID_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE"
4068 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:67
4070 "The B<putenv>() function adds or changes the value of environment "
4071 "variables. The argument I<string> is of the form I<name>=I<value>. If "
4072 "I<name> does not already exist in the environment, then I<string> is added "
4073 "to the environment. If I<name> does exist, then the value of I<name> in the "
4074 "environment is changed to I<value>. The string pointed to by I<string> "
4075 "becomes part of the environment, so altering the string changes the "
4080 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:75
4082 "The B<putenv>() function returns zero on success, or nonzero if an error "
4083 "occurs. In the event of an error, I<errno> is set to indicate the cause."
4087 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:76 build/C/man3/setenv.3:125
4093 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:79
4094 msgid "Insufficient space to allocate new environment."
4098 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:81
4099 msgid "SVr4, POSIX.1-2001, 4.3BSD."
4103 #. Description for libc4, libc5, glibc:
4104 #. If the argument \fIstring\fP is of the form \fIname\fP,
4105 #. and does not contain an \(aq=\(aq character, then the variable \fIname\fP
4106 #. is removed from the environment.
4109 #. has to allocate a new array \fIenviron\fP,
4110 #. and the previous array was also allocated by
4112 #. then it will be freed.
4113 #. In no case will the old storage associated
4114 #. to the environment variable itself be freed.
4116 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:99
4118 "The B<putenv>() function is not required to be reentrant, and the one in "
4119 "glibc 2.0 is not, but the glibc 2.1 version is."
4123 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:114
4125 "Since version 2.1.2, the glibc implementation conforms to SUSv2: the pointer "
4126 "I<string> given to B<putenv>() is used. In particular, this string becomes "
4127 "part of the environment; changing it later will change the environment. "
4128 "(Thus, it is an error is to call B<putenv>() with an automatic variable as "
4129 "the argument, then return from the calling function while I<string> is still "
4130 "part of the environment.) However, glibc versions 2.0 to 2.1.1 differ: a "
4131 "copy of the string is used. On the one hand this causes a memory leak, and "
4132 "on the other hand it violates SUSv2."
4136 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:116
4137 msgid "The 4.4BSD version, like glibc 2.0, uses a copy."
4141 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:118
4142 msgid "SUSv2 removes the I<const> from the prototype, and so does glibc 2.1.3."
4146 #: build/C/man3/putenv.3:124
4147 msgid "B<clearenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), B<setenv>(3), B<unsetenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
4151 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:28
4157 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:31
4158 msgid "qecvt, qfcvt, qgcvt - convert a floating-point number to a string"
4162 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:36
4164 "B<char *qecvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
4165 "*>I<decpt>B<,> B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
4169 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:39
4171 "B<char *qfcvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigits>B<, int "
4172 "*>I<decpt>B<,> B<int *>I<sign>B<);>"
4176 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:41
4177 msgid "B<char *qgcvt(long double >I<number>B<, int >I<ndigit>B<, char *>I<buf>B<);>"
4181 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:52
4182 msgid "B<qecvt>(), B<qfcvt>(), B<qgcvt>(): _SVID_SOURCE"
4186 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:85
4188 "The functions B<qecvt>(), B<qfcvt>(), and B<qgcvt>() are identical to "
4189 "B<ecvt>(3), B<fcvt>(3), and B<gcvt>(3) respectively, except that they use a "
4190 "I<long double> argument I<number>. See B<ecvt>(3) and B<gcvt>(3)."
4194 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:92
4195 msgid "The B<qecvt>() and B<qfcvt>() functions are not thread-safe."
4199 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:96
4200 msgid "The B<qgcvt>() function is thread-safe."
4203 #. Not supported by libc4 and libc5.
4205 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:102
4207 "SVr4. Not seen in most common UNIX implementations, but occurs in SunOS. "
4208 "Supported by glibc."
4212 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:107
4213 msgid "These functions are obsolete. Instead, B<snprintf>(3) is recommended."
4217 #: build/C/man3/qecvt.3:112
4218 msgid "B<ecvt>(3), B<ecvt_r>(3), B<gcvt>(3), B<sprintf>(3)"
4222 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:41
4228 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:41
4234 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:44
4235 msgid "rand, rand_r, srand - pseudo-random number generator"
4239 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:49
4241 msgid "B<int rand(void);>\n"
4245 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:51
4247 msgid "B<int rand_r(unsigned int *>I<seedp>B<);>\n"
4251 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:53
4253 msgid "B<void srand(unsigned int >I<seed>B<);>\n"
4257 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:62
4258 msgid "B<rand_r>(): _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 1 || _XOPEN_SOURCE || _POSIX_SOURCE"
4262 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:68
4264 "The B<rand>() function returns a pseudo-random integer in the range 0 to "
4265 "B<RAND_MAX> inclusive (i.e., the mathematical range [0,\\ B<RAND_MAX>])."
4269 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:77
4271 "The B<srand>() function sets its argument as the seed for a new sequence of "
4272 "pseudo-random integers to be returned by B<rand>(). These sequences are "
4273 "repeatable by calling B<srand>() with the same seed value."
4277 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:81
4279 "If no seed value is provided, the B<rand>() function is automatically "
4280 "seeded with a value of 1."
4284 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:92
4286 "The function B<rand>() is not reentrant or thread-safe, since it uses "
4287 "hidden state that is modified on each call. This might just be the seed "
4288 "value to be used by the next call, or it might be something more elaborate. "
4289 "In order to get reproducible behavior in a threaded application, this state "
4290 "must be made explicit; this can be done using the reentrant function "
4295 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:108
4297 "Like B<rand>(), B<rand_r>() returns a pseudo-random integer in the range "
4298 "[0,\\ B<RAND_MAX>]. The I<seedp> argument is a pointer to an I<unsigned "
4299 "int> that is used to store state between calls. If B<rand_r>() is called "
4300 "with the same initial value for the integer pointed to by I<seedp>, and that "
4301 "value is not modified between calls, then the same pseudo-random sequence "
4306 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:118
4308 "The value pointed to by the I<seedp> argument of B<rand_r>() provides only "
4309 "a very small amount of state, so this function will be a weak pseudo-random "
4310 "generator. Try B<drand48_r>(3) instead."
4314 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:129
4316 "The B<rand>() and B<rand_r>() functions return a value between 0 and "
4317 "B<RAND_MAX> (inclusive). The B<srand>() function returns no value."
4321 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:141
4323 "The functions B<rand>() and B<srand>() conform to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, "
4324 "POSIX.1-2001. The function B<rand_r>() is from POSIX.1-2001. POSIX.1-2008 "
4325 "marks B<rand_r>() as obsolete."
4329 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:160
4331 "The versions of B<rand>() and B<srand>() in the Linux C Library use the "
4332 "same random number generator as B<random>(3) and B<srandom>(3), so the "
4333 "lower-order bits should be as random as the higher-order bits. However, on "
4334 "older B<rand>() implementations, and on current implementations on "
4335 "different systems, the lower-order bits are much less random than the "
4336 "higher-order bits. Do not use this function in applications intended to be "
4337 "portable when good randomness is needed. (Use B<random>(3) instead.)"
4341 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:166
4343 "POSIX.1-2001 gives the following example of an implementation of B<rand>() "
4344 "and B<srand>(), possibly useful when one needs the same sequence on two "
4345 "different machines."
4349 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:170
4351 msgid "static unsigned long next = 1;\n"
4355 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:176
4358 "/* RAND_MAX assumed to be 32767 */\n"
4359 "int myrand(void) {\n"
4360 " next = next * 1103515245 + 12345;\n"
4361 " return((unsigned)(next/65536) % 32768);\n"
4366 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:180
4369 "void mysrand(unsigned int seed) {\n"
4375 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:187
4377 "The following program can be used to display the pseudo-random sequence "
4378 "produced by B<rand>() when given a particular seed."
4382 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:192
4385 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4386 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4390 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:198
4394 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4396 " int j, r, nloops;\n"
4397 " unsigned int seed;\n"
4401 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:203
4404 " if (argc != 3) {\n"
4405 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s E<lt>seedE<gt> E<lt>nloopsE<gt>\\en\", "
4407 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4412 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:206
4415 " seed = atoi(argv[1]);\n"
4416 " nloops = atoi(argv[2]);\n"
4420 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:212
4424 " for (j = 0; j E<lt> nloops; j++) {\n"
4426 " printf(\"%d\\en\", r);\n"
4431 #: build/C/man3/rand.3:220
4432 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<random>(3)"
4436 #: build/C/man3/random.3:33
4442 #: build/C/man3/random.3:33
4448 #: build/C/man3/random.3:36
4449 msgid "random, srandom, initstate, setstate - random number generator"
4453 #: build/C/man3/random.3:41
4455 msgid "B<long int random(void);>\n"
4459 #: build/C/man3/random.3:43
4461 msgid "B<void srandom(unsigned int >I<seed>B<);>\n"
4465 #: build/C/man3/random.3:45
4468 "B<char *initstate(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, char *>I<state>B<, size_t "
4473 #: build/C/man3/random.3:47
4475 msgid "B<char *setstate(char *>I<state>B<);>\n"
4479 #: build/C/man3/random.3:59
4480 msgid "B<random>(), B<srandom>(), B<initstate>(), B<setstate>():"
4484 #: build/C/man3/random.3:62
4486 "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 500 || "
4487 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ &&\\ _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED"
4491 #: build/C/man3/random.3:73
4493 "The B<random>() function uses a nonlinear additive feedback random number "
4494 "generator employing a default table of size 31 long integers to return "
4495 "successive pseudo-random numbers in the range from 0 to B<RAND_MAX>. The "
4496 "period of this random number generator is very large, approximately I<16\\ "
4497 "*\\ ((2^31)\\ -\\ 1)>."
4501 #: build/C/man3/random.3:87
4503 "The B<srandom>() function sets its argument as the seed for a new sequence "
4504 "of pseudo-random integers to be returned by B<random>(). These sequences "
4505 "are repeatable by calling B<srandom>() with the same seed value. If no "
4506 "seed value is provided, the B<random>() function is automatically seeded "
4507 "with a value of 1."
4511 #: build/C/man3/random.3:102
4513 "The B<initstate>() function allows a state array I<state> to be initialized "
4514 "for use by B<random>(). The size of the state array I<n> is used by "
4515 "B<initstate>() to decide how sophisticated a random number generator it "
4516 "should use\\(emthe larger the state array, the better the random numbers "
4517 "will be. I<seed> is the seed for the initialization, which specifies a "
4518 "starting point for the random number sequence, and provides for restarting "
4519 "at the same point."
4523 #: build/C/man3/random.3:118
4525 "The B<setstate>() function changes the state array used by the B<random>() "
4526 "function. The state array I<state> is used for random number generation "
4527 "until the next call to B<initstate>() or B<setstate>(). I<state> must "
4528 "first have been initialized using B<initstate>() or be the result of a "
4529 "previous call of B<setstate>()."
4533 #: build/C/man3/random.3:126
4535 "The B<random>() function returns a value between 0 and B<RAND_MAX>. The "
4536 "B<srandom>() function returns no value."
4540 #: build/C/man3/random.3:133
4542 "The B<initstate>() function returns a pointer to the previous state array. "
4543 "On error, I<errno> is set to indicate the cause."
4547 #: build/C/man3/random.3:140
4549 "On success, B<setstate>() returns a pointer to the previous state array. "
4550 "On error, it returns NULL, with I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the "
4555 #: build/C/man3/random.3:148
4556 msgid "The I<state> argument given to B<setstate>() was NULL."
4560 #: build/C/man3/random.3:152
4561 msgid "A state array of less than 8 bytes was specified to B<initstate>()."
4565 #: build/C/man3/random.3:161
4567 "The B<random>(), B<srandom>(), B<initstate>(), and B<setstate>() functions "
4572 #: build/C/man3/random.3:163 build/C/man3/setenv.3:130
4573 msgid "4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001."
4577 #: build/C/man3/random.3:169
4579 "Current \"optimal\" values for the size of the state array I<n> are 8, 32, "
4580 "64, 128, and 256 bytes; other amounts will be rounded down to the nearest "
4581 "known amount. Using less than 8 bytes will cause an error."
4585 #: build/C/man3/random.3:176
4587 "This function should not be used in cases where multiple threads use "
4588 "B<random>() and the behavior should be reproducible. Use B<random_r>(3) "
4593 #: build/C/man3/random.3:183
4595 "Random-number generation is a complex topic. I<Numerical Recipes in C: The "
4596 "Art of Scientific Computing> (William H. Press, Brian P. Flannery, Saul "
4597 "A. Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling; New York: Cambridge University Press, "
4598 "2007, 3rd ed.) provides an excellent discussion of practical random-number "
4599 "generation issues in Chapter 7 (Random Numbers)."
4603 #: build/C/man3/random.3:189
4605 "For a more theoretical discussion which also covers many practical issues in "
4606 "depth, see Chapter 3 (Random Numbers) in Donald E. Knuth's I<The Art of "
4607 "Computer Programming>, volume 2 (Seminumerical Algorithms), 2nd ed.; "
4608 "Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1981."
4611 #. http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=15380
4613 #: build/C/man3/random.3:197
4615 "According to POSIX, B<initstate>() should return NULL on error. In the "
4616 "glibc implementation, I<errno> is (as specified) set on error, but the "
4617 "function does not return NULL."
4621 #: build/C/man3/random.3:203
4622 msgid "B<drand48>(3), B<getrandom>(2), B<rand>(3), B<random_r>(3), B<srand>(3)"
4626 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:26
4632 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:30
4634 "random_r, srandom_r, initstate_r, setstate_r - reentrant random number "
4639 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:35
4641 msgid "B<int random_r(struct random_data *>I<buf>B<, int32_t *>I<result>B<);>\n"
4645 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:37
4647 msgid "B<int srandom_r(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4651 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:40
4654 "B<int initstate_r(unsigned int >I<seed>B<, char *>I<statebuf>B<,>\n"
4655 "B< size_t >I<statelen>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4659 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:42
4661 msgid "B<int setstate_r(char *>I<statebuf>B<, struct random_data *>I<buf>B<);>\n"
4665 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:54
4666 msgid "B<random_r>(), B<srandom_r>(), B<initstate_r>(), B<setstate_r>():"
4670 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:56
4671 msgid "_SVID_SOURCE || _BSD_SOURCE"
4675 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:64
4677 "These functions are the reentrant equivalents of the functions described in "
4678 "B<random>(3). They are suitable for use in multithreaded programs where "
4679 "each thread needs to obtain an independent, reproducible sequence of random "
4684 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:75
4686 "The B<random_r>() function is like B<random>(3), except that instead of "
4687 "using state information maintained in a global variable, it uses the state "
4688 "information in the argument pointed to by I<buf>. The generated random "
4689 "number is returned in the argument I<result>."
4693 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:84
4695 "The B<srandom_r>() function is like B<srandom>(3), except that it "
4696 "initializes the seed for the random number generator whose state is "
4697 "maintained in the object pointed to by I<buf>, instead of the seed "
4698 "associated with the global state variable."
4702 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:92
4704 "The B<initstate_r>() function is like B<initstate>(3) except that it "
4705 "initializes the state in the object pointed to by I<buf>, rather than "
4706 "initializing the global state variable."
4710 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:100
4712 "The B<setstate_r>() function is like B<setstate>(3) except that it "
4713 "modifies the state in the object pointer to by I<buf>, rather than modifying "
4714 "the global state variable."
4718 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:105
4720 "All of these functions return 0 on success. On error, -1 is returned, with "
4721 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4725 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:110
4726 msgid "A state array of less than 8 bytes was specified to B<initstate_r>()."
4730 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:119
4731 msgid "The I<statebuf> or I<buf> argument to B<setstate_r>() was NULL."
4735 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:128
4736 msgid "The I<buf> or I<result> argument to B<random_r>() was NULL."
4740 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:137
4742 "The B<random_r>(), B<srandom_r>(), B<initstate_r>(), and B<setstate_r>() "
4743 "functions are thread-safe."
4746 #. These functions appear to be on Tru64, but don't seem to be on
4747 #. Solaris, HP-UX, or FreeBSD.
4749 #: build/C/man3/random_r.3:141
4750 msgid "These functions are nonstandard glibc extensions."
4754 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:29
4760 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:32
4761 msgid "rpmatch - determine if the answer to a question is affirmative or negative"
4765 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:37
4767 msgid "B<int rpmatch(const char *>I<response>B<);>\n"
4771 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:46
4772 msgid "B<rpmatch>(): _SVID_SOURCE"
4776 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:50
4778 "B<rpmatch>() handles a user response to yes or no questions, with support "
4779 "for internationalization."
4783 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:57
4785 "I<response> should be a null-terminated string containing a user-supplied "
4786 "response, perhaps obtained with B<fgets>(3) or B<getline>(3)."
4790 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:67
4792 "The user's language preference is taken into account per the environment "
4793 "variables B<LANG>, B<LC_MESSAGES>, and B<LC_ALL>, if the program has called "
4794 "B<setlocale>(3) to effect their changes."
4798 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:73
4800 "Regardless of the locale, responses matching B<^[Yy]> are always accepted as "
4801 "affirmative, and those matching B<^[Nn]> are always accepted as negative."
4805 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:82
4807 "After examining I<response>, B<rpmatch>() returns 0 for a recognized "
4808 "negative response (\"no\"), 1 for a recognized positive response (\"yes\"), "
4809 "and -1 when the value of I<response> is unrecognized."
4813 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:86
4815 "A return value of -1 may indicate either an invalid input, or some other "
4816 "error. It is incorrect to only test if the return value is nonzero."
4820 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:99
4822 "B<rpmatch>() can fail for any of the reasons that B<regcomp>(3) or "
4823 "B<regexec>(3) can fail; the cause of the error is not available from "
4824 "I<errno> or anywhere else, but indicates a failure of the regex engine (but "
4825 "this case is indistinguishable from that of an unrecognized value of "
4829 #. It is available on at least AIX 5.1 and FreeBSD 6.0.
4831 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:104
4833 "B<rpmatch>() is not required by any standard, but is available on a few "
4838 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:119
4840 "The B<rpmatch>() implementation looks at only the first character of "
4841 "I<response>. As a consequence, \"nyes\" returns 0, and \"ynever; not in a "
4842 "million years\" returns 1. It would be preferable to accept input strings "
4843 "much more strictly, for example (using the extended regular expression "
4844 "notation described in B<regex>(7)): B<^([yY]|yes|YES)$> and "
4845 "B<^([nN]|no|NO)$>."
4849 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:123
4851 "The following program displays the results when B<rpmatch>() is applied to "
4852 "the string given in the program's command-line argument."
4856 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:130
4859 "#define _SVID_SOURCE\n"
4860 "#include E<lt>locale.hE<gt>\n"
4861 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
4862 "#include E<lt>string.hE<gt>\n"
4863 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
4867 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:138
4871 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
4873 " if (argc != 2 || strcmp(argv[1], \"--help\") == 0) {\n"
4874 " fprintf(stderr, \"%s response\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
4875 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
4880 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:143
4883 " setlocale(LC_ALL, \"\");\n"
4884 " printf(\"rpmatch() returns: %d\\en\", rpmatch(argv[1]));\n"
4885 " exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
4890 #: build/C/man3/rpmatch.3:150
4892 "B<fgets>(3), B<getline>(3), B<nl_langinfo>(3), B<regcomp>(3), "
4897 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:37
4903 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:37
4909 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:40
4910 msgid "setenv - change or add an environment variable"
4914 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:45
4917 "B<int setenv(const char *>I<name>B<, const char *>I<value>B<, int "
4918 ">I<overwrite>B<);>\n"
4922 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:47
4924 msgid "B<int unsetenv(const char *>I<name>B<);>\n"
4928 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:57
4929 msgid "B<setenv>(), B<unsetenv>():"
4933 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:59
4935 "_BSD_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L || _XOPEN_SOURCE\\ "
4940 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:94
4942 "The B<setenv>() function adds the variable I<name> to the environment with "
4943 "the value I<value>, if I<name> does not already exist. If I<name> does "
4944 "exist in the environment, then its value is changed to I<value> if "
4945 "I<overwrite> is nonzero; if I<overwrite> is zero, then the value of I<name> "
4946 "is not changed (and B<setenv>() returns a success status). This function "
4947 "makes copies of the strings pointed to by I<name> and I<value> (by contrast "
4948 "with B<putenv>(3))."
4952 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:105
4954 "The B<unsetenv>() function deletes the variable I<name> from the "
4955 "environment. If I<name> does not exist in the environment, then the "
4956 "function succeeds, and the environment is unchanged."
4960 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:112
4962 "The B<setenv>() function returns zero on success, or -1 on error, with "
4963 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4967 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:119
4969 "The B<unsetenv>() function returns zero on success, or -1 on error, with "
4970 "I<errno> set to indicate the cause of the error."
4974 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:125
4976 "I<name> is NULL, points to a string of length 0, or contains an \\(aq=\\(aq "
4981 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:128
4982 msgid "Insufficient memory to add a new variable to the environment."
4986 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:136
4988 "POSIX.1-2001 does not require B<setenv>() or B<unsetenv>() to be "
4993 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:144
4995 "Prior to glibc 2.2.2, B<unsetenv>() was prototyped as returning I<void>; "
4996 "more recent glibc versions follow the POSIX.1-2001-compliant prototype shown "
5001 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:153
5003 "POSIX.1-2001 specifies that if I<name> contains an \\(aq=\\(aq character, "
5004 "then B<setenv>() should fail with the error B<EINVAL>; however, versions of "
5005 "glibc before 2.3.4 allowed an \\(aq=\\(aq sign in I<name>."
5009 #: build/C/man3/setenv.3:158
5010 msgid "B<clearenv>(3), B<getenv>(3), B<putenv>(3), B<environ>(7)"
5014 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:45
5020 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:48
5021 msgid "strtod, strtof, strtold - convert ASCII string to floating-point number"
5025 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:52
5026 msgid "B<double strtod(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
5030 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:54
5031 msgid "B<float strtof(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
5035 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:56
5036 msgid "B<long double strtold(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<);>"
5040 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:65
5041 msgid "B<strtof>(), B<strtold>():"
5045 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:87
5047 "The B<strtod>(), B<strtof>(), and B<strtold>() functions convert the "
5048 "initial portion of the string pointed to by I<nptr> to I<double>, I<float>, "
5049 "and I<long double> representation, respectively."
5053 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:94
5055 "The expected form of the (initial portion of the) string is optional leading "
5056 "white space as recognized by B<isspace>(3), an optional plus (\\(aq+\\(aq) "
5057 "or minus sign (\\(aq-\\(aq) and then either (i) a decimal number, or (ii) a "
5058 "hexadecimal number, or (iii) an infinity, or (iv) a NAN (not-a-number)."
5062 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:103
5064 "A I<decimal number> consists of a nonempty sequence of decimal digits "
5065 "possibly containing a radix character (decimal point, locale-dependent, "
5066 "usually \\(aq.\\(aq), optionally followed by a decimal exponent. A decimal "
5067 "exponent consists of an \\(aqE\\(aq or \\(aqe\\(aq, followed by an optional "
5068 "plus or minus sign, followed by a nonempty sequence of decimal digits, and "
5069 "indicates multiplication by a power of 10."
5073 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:114
5075 "A I<hexadecimal number> consists of a \"0x\" or \"0X\" followed by a "
5076 "nonempty sequence of hexadecimal digits possibly containing a radix "
5077 "character, optionally followed by a binary exponent. A binary exponent "
5078 "consists of a \\(aqP\\(aq or \\(aqp\\(aq, followed by an optional plus or "
5079 "minus sign, followed by a nonempty sequence of decimal digits, and indicates "
5080 "multiplication by a power of 2. At least one of radix character and binary "
5081 "exponent must be present."
5085 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:118
5086 msgid "An I<infinity> is either \"INF\" or \"INFINITY\", disregarding case."
5090 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:127
5092 "A I<NAN> is \"NAN\" (disregarding case) optionally followed by a string, "
5093 "I<(n-char-sequence)>, where I<n-char-sequence> specifies in an "
5094 "implementation-dependent way the type of NAN (see NOTES)."
5098 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:129
5099 msgid "These functions return the converted value, if any."
5103 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:136
5105 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, a pointer to the character after the last "
5106 "character used in the conversion is stored in the location referenced by "
5111 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:141
5113 "If no conversion is performed, zero is returned and the value of I<nptr> is "
5114 "stored in the location referenced by I<endptr>."
5118 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:155
5120 "If the correct value would cause overflow, plus or minus B<HUGE_VAL> "
5121 "(B<HUGE_VALF>, B<HUGE_VALL>) is returned (according to the sign of the "
5122 "value), and B<ERANGE> is stored in I<errno>. If the correct value would "
5123 "cause underflow, zero is returned and B<ERANGE> is stored in I<errno>."
5127 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:156 build/C/man3/strtol.3:151 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:155
5133 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:159
5134 msgid "Overflow or underflow occurred."
5138 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:171
5140 "The B<strtod>(), B<strtof>(), and B<strtold>() functions are thread-safe "
5141 "with exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5142 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5143 "during their execution."
5147 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:176
5148 msgid "C89 describes B<strtod>(), C99 describes the other two functions."
5152 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:185
5154 "Since 0 can legitimately be returned on both success and failure, the "
5155 "calling program should set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and then determine "
5156 "if an error occurred by checking whether I<errno> has a nonzero value after "
5160 #. From glibc 2.8's stdlib/strtod_l.c:
5161 #. We expect it to be a number which is put in the
5162 #. mantissa of the number.
5163 #. It looks as though at least FreeBSD (according to the manual) does
5164 #. something similar.
5165 #. C11 says: "An implementation may use the n-char sequence to determine
5166 #. extra information to be represented in the NaN's significant."
5168 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:200
5170 "In the glibc implementation, the I<n-char-sequence> that optionally follows "
5171 "\"NAN\" is interpreted as an integer number (with an optional '0' or '0x' "
5172 "prefix to select base 8 or 16) that is to be placed in the mantissa "
5173 "component of the returned value."
5177 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:205 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:225
5179 "See the example on the B<strtol>(3) manual page; the use of the functions "
5180 "described in this manual page is similar."
5184 #: build/C/man3/strtod.3:214
5186 "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<nan>(3), B<nanf>(3), B<nanl>(3), "
5187 "B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
5191 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:24
5197 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:27
5198 msgid "strtoimax, strtoumax - convert string to integer"
5202 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:30
5204 msgid "B<#include E<lt>inttypes.hE<gt>>\n"
5208 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:32
5211 "B<intmax_t strtoimax(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5216 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:34
5219 "B<uintmax_t strtoumax(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5224 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:45
5226 "These functions are just like B<strtol>(3) and B<strtoul>(3), except that "
5227 "they return a value of type I<intmax_t> and I<uintmax_t>, respectively."
5231 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:58
5233 "On success, the converted value is returned. If nothing was found to "
5234 "convert, zero is returned. On overflow or underflow B<INTMAX_MAX> or "
5235 "B<INTMAX_MIN> or B<UINTMAX_MAX> is returned, and I<errno> is set to "
5240 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:69
5242 "The B<strtoimax>() and B<strtoumax>() functions are thread-safe with "
5243 "exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5244 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5245 "during their execution."
5249 #: build/C/man3/strtoimax.3:77
5250 msgid "B<imaxabs>(3), B<imaxdiv>(3), B<strtol>(3), B<strtoul>(3), B<wcstoimax>(3)"
5254 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:31
5260 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:34
5261 msgid "strtol, strtoll, strtoq - convert a string to a long integer"
5265 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:39
5268 "B<long int strtol(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5273 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:42
5276 "B<long long int strtoll(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5281 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:51
5282 msgid "B<strtoll>():"
5286 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:54 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:57
5288 "_XOPEN_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 600 || _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE || "
5289 "_ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE\\ E<gt>=\\ 200112L;"
5293 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:68
5295 "The B<strtol>() function converts the initial part of the string in I<nptr> "
5296 "to a long integer value according to the given I<base>, which must be "
5297 "between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0."
5301 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:81 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:89
5303 "The string may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space (as determined "
5304 "by B<isspace>(3)) followed by a single optional \\(aq+\\(aq or \\(aq-\\(aq "
5305 "sign. If I<base> is zero or 16, the string may then include a \"0x\" "
5306 "prefix, and the number will be read in base 16; otherwise, a zero I<base> is "
5307 "taken as 10 (decimal) unless the next character is \\(aq0\\(aq, in which "
5308 "case it is taken as 8 (octal)."
5312 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:90
5314 "The remainder of the string is converted to a I<long int> value in the "
5315 "obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid digit "
5316 "in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter \\(aqA\\(aq in either "
5317 "uppercase or lowercase represents 10, \\(aqB\\(aq represents 11, and so "
5318 "forth, with \\(aqZ\\(aq representing 35.)"
5322 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:111
5324 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, B<strtol>() stores the address of the first "
5325 "invalid character in I<*endptr>. If there were no digits at all, "
5326 "B<strtol>() stores the original value of I<nptr> in I<*endptr> (and returns "
5327 "0). In particular, if I<*nptr> is not \\(aq\\e0\\(aq but I<**endptr> is "
5328 "\\(aq\\e0\\(aq on return, the entire string is valid."
5332 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:117
5334 "The B<strtoll>() function works just like the B<strtol>() function but "
5335 "returns a long long integer value."
5339 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:144
5341 "The B<strtol>() function returns the result of the conversion, unless the "
5342 "value would underflow or overflow. If an underflow occurs, B<strtol>() "
5343 "returns B<LONG_MIN>. If an overflow occurs, B<strtol>() returns "
5344 "B<LONG_MAX>. In both cases, I<errno> is set to B<ERANGE>. Precisely the "
5345 "same holds for B<strtoll>() (with B<LLONG_MIN> and B<LLONG_MAX> instead of "
5346 "B<LONG_MIN> and B<LONG_MAX>)."
5350 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:151 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:155
5351 msgid "(not in C99) The given I<base> contains an unsupported value."
5355 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:154 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:158
5356 msgid "The resulting value was out of range."
5360 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:161 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:165
5362 "The implementation may also set I<errno> to B<EINVAL> in case no conversion "
5363 "was performed (no digits seen, and 0 returned)."
5367 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:173
5369 "The B<strtol>(), B<strtoll>(), and B<strtoq>() functions are thread-safe "
5370 "with exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5371 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5372 "during their execution."
5376 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:178
5378 "B<strtol>() conforms to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89, C99, and POSIX.1-2001, and "
5379 "B<strtoll>() to C99 and POSIX.1-2001."
5383 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:196
5385 "Since B<strtol>() can legitimately return 0, B<LONG_MAX>, or B<LONG_MIN> "
5386 "(B<LLONG_MAX> or B<LLONG_MIN> for B<strtoll>()) on both success and "
5387 "failure, the calling program should set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and "
5388 "then determine if an error occurred by checking whether I<errno> has a "
5389 "nonzero value after the call."
5393 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:201
5395 "According to POSIX.1-2001, in locales other than the \"C\" and \"POSIX\", "
5396 "these functions may accept other, implementation-defined numeric strings."
5400 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:203 build/C/man3/strtoul.3:202
5401 msgid "BSD also has"
5405 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:207
5408 "B<quad_t strtoq(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5413 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:216
5415 "with completely analogous definition. Depending on the wordsize of the "
5416 "current architecture, this may be equivalent to B<strtoll>() or to "
5421 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:230
5423 "The program shown below demonstrates the use of B<strtol>(). The first "
5424 "command-line argument specifies a string from which B<strtol>() should "
5425 "parse a number. The second (optional) argument specifies the base to be "
5426 "used for the conversion. (This argument is converted to numeric form using "
5427 "B<atoi>(3), a function that performs no error checking and has a simpler "
5428 "interface than B<strtol>().) Some examples of the results produced by this "
5429 "program are the following:"
5433 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:246
5436 "$B< ./a.out 123>\n"
5437 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5438 "$B< ./a.out \\(aq 123\\(aq>\n"
5439 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5440 "$B< ./a.out 123abc>\n"
5441 "strtol() returned 123\n"
5442 "Further characters after number: abc\n"
5443 "$B< ./a.out 123abc 55>\n"
5444 "strtol: Invalid argument\n"
5445 "$B< ./a.out \\(aq\\(aq>\n"
5446 "No digits were found\n"
5447 "$B< ./a.out 4000000000>\n"
5448 "strtol: Numerical result out of range\n"
5452 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:255
5455 "#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
5456 "#include E<lt>limits.hE<gt>\n"
5457 "#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
5458 "#include E<lt>errno.hE<gt>\n"
5462 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:262
5466 "main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
5469 " char *endptr, *str;\n"
5474 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:267
5477 " if (argc E<lt> 2) {\n"
5478 " fprintf(stderr, \"Usage: %s str [base]\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
5479 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5484 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:270
5488 " base = (argc E<gt> 2) ? atoi(argv[2]) : 10;\n"
5492 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:273
5495 " errno = 0; /* To distinguish success/failure after call */\n"
5496 " val = strtol(str, &endptr, base);\n"
5500 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:275
5502 msgid " /* Check for various possible errors */\n"
5506 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:281
5509 " if ((errno == ERANGE && (val == LONG_MAX || val == LONG_MIN))\n"
5510 " || (errno != 0 && val == 0)) {\n"
5511 " perror(\"strtol\");\n"
5512 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5517 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:286
5520 " if (endptr == str) {\n"
5521 " fprintf(stderr, \"No digits were found\\en\");\n"
5522 " exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
5527 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:288
5529 msgid " /* If we got here, strtol() successfully parsed a number */\n"
5533 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:290
5535 msgid " printf(\"strtol() returned %ld\\en\", val);\n"
5539 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:293
5542 " if (*endptr != \\(aq\\e0\\(aq) /* Not necessarily an "
5544 " printf(\"Further characters after number: %s\\en\", endptr);\n"
5548 #: build/C/man3/strtol.3:303
5549 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtoul>(3)"
5553 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:33
5559 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:36
5560 msgid "strtoul, strtoull, strtouq - convert a string to an unsigned long integer"
5564 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:42
5567 "B<unsigned long int strtoul(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5572 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:45
5575 "B<unsigned long long int strtoull(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char "
5576 "**>I<endptr>B<,>\n"
5577 "B< int >I<base>B<);>\n"
5581 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:54
5582 msgid "B<strtoull>():"
5586 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:75
5588 "The B<strtoul>() function converts the initial part of the string in "
5589 "I<nptr> to an I<unsigned long int> value according to the given I<base>, "
5590 "which must be between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0."
5594 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:98
5596 "The remainder of the string is converted to an I<unsigned long int> value in "
5597 "the obvious manner, stopping at the first character which is not a valid "
5598 "digit in the given base. (In bases above 10, the letter \\(aqA\\(aq in "
5599 "either uppercase or lowercase represents 10, \\(aqB\\(aq represents 11, and "
5600 "so forth, with \\(aqZ\\(aq representing 35.)"
5604 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:119
5606 "If I<endptr> is not NULL, B<strtoul>() stores the address of the first "
5607 "invalid character in I<*endptr>. If there were no digits at all, "
5608 "B<strtoul>() stores the original value of I<nptr> in I<*endptr> (and "
5609 "returns 0). In particular, if I<*nptr> is not \\(aq\\e0\\(aq but "
5610 "I<**endptr> is \\(aq\\e0\\(aq on return, the entire string is valid."
5614 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:127
5616 "The B<strtoull>() function works just like the B<strtoul>() function but "
5617 "returns an I<unsigned long long int> value."
5621 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:148
5623 "The B<strtoul>() function returns either the result of the conversion or, "
5624 "if there was a leading minus sign, the negation of the result of the "
5625 "conversion represented as an unsigned value, unless the original "
5626 "(nonnegated) value would overflow; in the latter case, B<strtoul>() returns "
5627 "B<ULONG_MAX> and sets I<errno> to B<ERANGE>. Precisely the same holds for "
5628 "B<strtoull>() (with B<ULLONG_MAX> instead of B<ULONG_MAX>)."
5632 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:177
5634 "The B<strtoul>(), B<strtoull>(), and B<strtouq>() functions are thread-safe "
5635 "with exceptions. These functions can be safely used in multithreaded "
5636 "applications, as long as B<setlocale>(3) is not called to change the locale "
5637 "during their execution."
5641 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:182
5643 "B<strtoul>() conforms to SVr4, C89, C99, and POSIX-2001, and B<strtoull>() "
5644 "to C99 and POSIX.1-2001."
5648 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:196
5650 "Since B<strtoul>() can legitimately return 0 or B<ULONG_MAX> (B<ULLONG_MAX> "
5651 "for B<strtoull>()) on both success and failure, the calling program should "
5652 "set I<errno> to 0 before the call, and then determine if an error occurred "
5653 "by checking whether I<errno> has a nonzero value after the call."
5657 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:200
5659 "In locales other than the \"C\" locale, other strings may be accepted. (For "
5660 "example, the thousands separator of the current locale may be supported.)"
5664 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:206
5667 "B<u_quad_t strtouq(const char *>I<nptr>B<, char **>I<endptr>B<, int "
5672 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:215
5674 "with completely analogous definition. Depending on the wordsize of the "
5675 "current architecture, this may be equivalent to B<strtoull>() or to "
5680 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:220
5682 "Negative values are considered valid input and are silently converted to the "
5683 "equivalent I<unsigned long int> value."
5687 #: build/C/man3/strtoul.3:231
5688 msgid "B<atof>(3), B<atoi>(3), B<atol>(3), B<strtod>(3), B<strtol>(3)"
5692 #: build/C/man3/system.3:31
5698 #: build/C/man3/system.3:34
5699 msgid "system - execute a shell command"
5703 #: build/C/man3/system.3:39
5705 msgid "B<int system(const char *>I<command>B<);>\n"
5709 #: build/C/man3/system.3:50
5711 "The B<system>() library function uses B<fork>(2) to create a child process "
5712 "that executes the shell command specified in I<command> using B<execl>(3) "
5717 #: build/C/man3/system.3:52
5719 msgid " execl(\"/bin/sh\", \"sh\", \"-c\", command, (char *) 0);\n"
5723 #: build/C/man3/system.3:55
5724 msgid "B<system>() returns after the command has been completed."
5728 #: build/C/man3/system.3:67
5730 "During execution of the command, B<SIGCHLD> will be blocked, and B<SIGINT> "
5731 "and B<SIGQUIT> will be ignored, in the process that calls B<system>() "
5732 "(these signals will be handled according to their defaults inside the child "
5733 "process that executes I<command>)."
5737 #: build/C/man3/system.3:73
5739 "If I<command> is NULL, then B<system>() returns a status indicating whether "
5740 "a shell is available on the system"
5744 #: build/C/man3/system.3:77
5745 msgid "The return value of B<system>() is one of the following:"
5749 #: build/C/man3/system.3:82
5751 "If I<command> is NULL, then a nonzero value if a shell is available, or 0 if "
5752 "no shell is available."
5756 #: build/C/man3/system.3:86
5758 "If a child process could not be created, or its status could not be "
5759 "retrieved, the return value is -1."
5763 #: build/C/man3/system.3:91
5765 "If a shell could not be executed in the child process, then the return value "
5766 "is as though the child shell terminated by calling B<_exit>(2) with the "
5771 #: build/C/man3/system.3:98
5773 "If all system calls succeed, then the return value is the termination status "
5774 "of the child shell used to execute I<command>. (The termination status of a "
5775 "shell is the termination status of the last command it executes.)"
5779 #: build/C/man3/system.3:107
5781 "In the last two cases, the return value is a \"wait status\" that can be "
5782 "examined using the macros described in B<waitpid>(2). (i.e., B<WIFEXITED>() "
5783 "B<WEXITSTATUS>() and so on)."
5787 #: build/C/man3/system.3:110
5788 msgid "B<system>() does not affect the wait status of any other children."
5792 #: build/C/man3/system.3:115
5793 msgid "The B<system>() function is thread-safe."
5797 #: build/C/man3/system.3:117
5798 msgid "C89, C99, POSIX.1-2001."
5802 #: build/C/man3/system.3:134
5804 "B<system>() provides simplicity and convenience: it handles all of the "
5805 "details of calling B<fork>(2), B<execl>(3), and B<waitpid>(2), as well as "
5806 "the necessary manipulations of signals; in addition, the shell performs the "
5807 "usual substitutions and I/O redirections for I<command>. The main cost of "
5808 "B<system>() is inefficiency: additional system calls are required to create "
5809 "the process that runs the shell and to execute the shell."
5813 #: build/C/man3/system.3:146
5815 "If the B<_XOPEN_SOURCE> feature test macro is defined (before including "
5816 "I<any> header files), then the macros described in B<waitpid>(2) "
5817 "(B<WEXITSTATUS>(), etc.) are made available when including "
5818 "I<E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>>."
5822 #: build/C/man3/system.3:157
5824 "As mentioned, B<system>() ignores B<SIGINT> and B<SIGQUIT>. This may make "
5825 "programs that call it from a loop uninterruptible, unless they take care "
5826 "themselves to check the exit status of the child. For example:"
5830 #: build/C/man3/system.3:162
5833 " while (something) {\n"
5834 " int ret = system(\"foo\");\n"
5838 #: build/C/man3/system.3:167
5841 " if (WIFSIGNALED(ret) &&\n"
5842 " (WTERMSIG(ret) == SIGINT || WTERMSIG(ret) == SIGQUIT))\n"
5848 #: build/C/man3/system.3:187
5850 "Do not use B<system>() from a program with set-user-ID or set-group-ID "
5851 "privileges, because strange values for some environment variables might be "
5852 "used to subvert system integrity. Use the B<exec>(3) family of functions "
5853 "instead, but not B<execlp>(3) or B<execvp>(3). B<system>() will not, in "
5854 "fact, work properly from programs with set-user-ID or set-group-ID "
5855 "privileges on systems on which I</bin/sh> is bash version 2, since bash 2 "
5856 "drops privileges on startup. (Debian uses a modified bash which does not do "
5857 "this when invoked as B<sh>.)"
5861 #: build/C/man3/system.3:201
5863 "In versions of glibc before 2.1.3, the check for the availability of "
5864 "I</bin/sh> was not actually performed if I<command> was NULL; instead it was "
5865 "always assumed to be available, and B<system>() always returned 1 in this "
5866 "case. Since glibc 2.1.3, this check is performed because, even though "
5867 "POSIX.1-2001 requires a conforming implementation to provide a shell, that "
5868 "shell may not be available or executable if the calling program has "
5869 "previously called B<chroot>(2) (which is not specified by POSIX.1-2001)."
5873 #: build/C/man3/system.3:207
5875 "It is possible for the shell command to terminate with a status of 127, "
5876 "which yields a B<system>() return value that is indistinguishable from the "
5877 "case where a shell could not be executed in the child process."
5881 #: build/C/man3/system.3:215
5883 "B<sh>(1), B<sigaction>(2), B<sigprocmask>(2), B<fork>(2), B<wait>(2), "
5884 "B<exec>(3), B<signal>(7)"
5888 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:13
5894 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:16
5895 msgid "vDSO - overview of the virtual ELF dynamic shared object"
5899 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:18
5900 msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/auxv.hE<gt>>"
5904 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:20
5905 msgid "B<void *vdso = (uintptr_t) getauxval(AT_SYSINFO_EHDR);>"
5909 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:29
5911 "The \"vDSO\" (virtual dynamic shared object) is a small shared library that "
5912 "the kernel automatically maps into the address space of all user-space "
5913 "applications. Applications usually do not need to concern themselves with "
5914 "these details as the vDSO is most commonly called by the C library. This "
5915 "way you can code in the normal way using standard functions and the C "
5916 "library will take care of using any functionality that is available via the "
5921 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:37
5923 "Why does the vDSO exist at all? There are some system calls the kernel "
5924 "provides that user-space code ends up using frequently, to the point that "
5925 "such calls can dominate overall performance. This is due both to the "
5926 "frequency of the call as well as the context-switch overhead that results "
5927 "from exiting user space and entering the kernel."
5931 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:42
5933 "The rest of this documentation is geared toward the curious and/or C library "
5934 "writers rather than general developers. If you're trying to call the vDSO "
5935 "in your own application rather than using the C library, you're most likely "
5940 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:42
5942 msgid "Example background"
5946 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:56
5948 "Making system calls can be slow. In x86 32-bit systems, you can trigger a "
5949 "software interrupt (I<int $0x80>) to tell the kernel you wish to make a "
5950 "system call. However, this instruction is expensive: it goes through the "
5951 "full interrupt-handling paths in the processor's microcode as well as in the "
5952 "kernel. Newer processors have faster (but backward incompatible) "
5953 "instructions to initiate system calls. Rather than require the C library to "
5954 "figure out if this functionality is available at run time, the C library can "
5955 "use functions provided by the kernel in the vDSO."
5959 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:63
5961 "Note that the terminology can be confusing. On x86 systems, the vDSO "
5962 "function used to determine the preferred method of making a system call is "
5963 "named \"__kernel_vsyscall\", but on x86_64, the term \"vsyscall\" also "
5964 "refers to an obsolete way to ask the kernel what time it is or what CPU the "
5969 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:79
5971 "One frequently used system call is B<gettimeofday>(2). This system call is "
5972 "called both directly by user-space applications as well as indirectly by the "
5973 "C library. Think timestamps or timing loops or polling\\(emall of these "
5974 "frequently need to know what time it is right now. This information is also "
5975 "not secret\\(emany application in any privilege mode (root or any "
5976 "unprivileged user) will get the same answer. Thus the kernel arranges for "
5977 "the information required to answer this question to be placed in memory the "
5978 "process can access. Now a call to B<gettimeofday>(2) changes from a system "
5979 "call to a normal function call and a few memory accesses."
5983 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:79
5985 msgid "Finding the vDSO"
5989 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:86
5991 "The base address of the vDSO (if one exists) is passed by the kernel to each "
5992 "program in the initial auxiliary vector (see B<getauxval>(3)), via the "
5993 "B<AT_SYSINFO_EHDR> tag."
5997 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:95
5999 "You must not assume the vDSO is mapped at any particular location in the "
6000 "user's memory map. The base address will usually be randomized at run time "
6001 "every time a new process image is created (at B<execve>(2) time). This is "
6002 "done for security reasons, to prevent \"return-to-libc\" attacks."
6006 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:104
6008 "For some architectures, there is also an B<AT_SYSINFO> tag. This is used "
6009 "only for locating the vsyscall entry point and is frequently omitted or set "
6010 "to 0 (meaning it's not available). This tag is a throwback to the initial "
6011 "vDSO work (see I<History> below) and its use should be avoided."
6015 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:104
6021 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:111
6023 "Since the vDSO is a fully formed ELF image, you can do symbol lookups on "
6024 "it. This allows new symbols to be added with newer kernel releases, and "
6025 "allows the C library to detect available functionality at run time when "
6026 "running under different kernel versions. Oftentimes the C library will do "
6027 "detection with the first call and then cache the result for subsequent "
6032 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:120
6034 "All symbols are also versioned (using the GNU version format). This allows "
6035 "the kernel to update the function signature without breaking backward "
6036 "compatibility. This means changing the arguments that the function accepts "
6037 "as well as the return value. Thus, when looking up a symbol in the vDSO, "
6038 "you must always include the version to match the ABI you expect."
6042 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:125
6044 "Typically the vDSO follows the naming convention of prefixing all symbols "
6045 "with \"__vdso_\" or \"__kernel_\" so as to distinguish them from other "
6046 "standard symbols. For example, the \"gettimeofday\" function is named "
6047 "\"__vdso_gettimeofday\"."
6051 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:129
6053 "You use the standard C calling conventions when calling any of these "
6054 "functions. No need to worry about weird register or stack behavior."
6058 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:130
6064 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:134
6066 "When you compile the kernel, it will automatically compile and link the vDSO "
6067 "code for you. You will frequently find it under the architecture-specific "
6072 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:136
6074 msgid " find arch/$ARCH/ -name '*vdso*.so*' -o -name '*gate*.so*'\n"
6078 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:137
6084 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:143
6086 "The name of the vDSO varies across architectures. It will often show up in "
6087 "things like glibc's B<ldd>(1) output. The exact name should not matter to "
6088 "any code, so do not hardcode it."
6092 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:148
6094 msgid "user ABI\tvDSO name\n"
6098 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:149 build/C/man7/vdso.7:198 build/C/man7/vdso.7:235 build/C/man7/vdso.7:263 build/C/man7/vdso.7:299 build/C/man7/vdso.7:333 build/C/man7/vdso.7:359 build/C/man7/vdso.7:384 build/C/man7/vdso.7:402 build/C/man7/vdso.7:420 build/C/man7/vdso.7:438 build/C/man7/vdso.7:463 build/C/man7/vdso.7:482
6104 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:150
6106 msgid "aarch64\tlinux-vdso.so.1\n"
6110 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:151
6112 msgid "ia64\tlinux-gate.so.1\n"
6116 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:152
6118 msgid "ppc/32\tlinux-vdso32.so.1\n"
6122 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:153
6124 msgid "ppc/64\tlinux-vdso64.so.1\n"
6128 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:154
6130 msgid "s390\tlinux-vdso32.so.1\n"
6134 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:155
6136 msgid "s390x\tlinux-vdso64.so.1\n"
6140 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:156
6142 msgid "sh\tlinux-gate.so.1\n"
6146 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:157
6148 msgid "i386\tlinux-gate.so.1\n"
6152 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:158
6154 msgid "x86_64\tlinux-vdso.so.1\n"
6158 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:159
6160 msgid "x86/x32\tlinux-vdso.so.1\n"
6164 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:165
6166 msgid "ARCHITECTURE-SPECIFIC NOTES"
6170 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:168
6171 msgid "The subsections below provide architecture-specific notes on the vDSO."
6175 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:177
6177 "Note that the vDSO that is used is based on the ABI of your user-space code "
6178 "and not the ABI of the kernel. Thus, for example, when you run an i386 "
6179 "32-bit ELF binary, you'll get the same vDSO regardless of whether you run it "
6180 "under an i386 32-bit kernel or under an x86_64 64-bit kernel. Therefore, "
6181 "the name of the user-space ABI should be used to determine which of the "
6182 "sections below is relevant."
6186 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:177
6188 msgid "ARM functions"
6191 #. See linux/arch/arm/kernel/entry-armv.S
6192 #. See linux/Documentation/arm/kernel_user_helpers.txt
6194 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:184
6196 "The ARM port has a code page full of utility functions. Since it's just a "
6197 "raw page of code, there is no ELF information for doing symbol lookups or "
6198 "versioning. It does provide support for different versions though."
6202 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:189
6204 "For information on this code page, it's best to refer to the kernel "
6205 "documentation as it's extremely detailed and covers everything you need to "
6206 "know: I<Documentation/arm/kernel_user_helpers.txt>."
6210 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:189
6212 msgid "aarch64 functions"
6215 #. See linux/arch/x86/vdso/vdso32.lds.S
6217 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:192 build/C/man7/vdso.7:229 build/C/man7/vdso.7:353 build/C/man7/vdso.7:378 build/C/man7/vdso.7:396 build/C/man7/vdso.7:414 build/C/man7/vdso.7:432 build/C/man7/vdso.7:476
6218 msgid "The table below lists the symbols exported by the vDSO."
6222 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:197 build/C/man7/vdso.7:234 build/C/man7/vdso.7:332 build/C/man7/vdso.7:358 build/C/man7/vdso.7:383 build/C/man7/vdso.7:401 build/C/man7/vdso.7:419 build/C/man7/vdso.7:437 build/C/man7/vdso.7:462 build/C/man7/vdso.7:481
6224 msgid "symbol\tversion\n"
6228 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:199
6230 msgid "__kernel_rt_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6234 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:200
6236 msgid "__kernel_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6240 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:201
6242 msgid "__kernel_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6246 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:202
6248 msgid "__kernel_clock_getres\tLINUX_2.6.39\n"
6252 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:208
6254 msgid "bfin (Blackfin) functions"
6257 #. See linux/arch/blackfin/kernel/fixed_code.S
6258 #. See http://docs.blackfin.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=linux-kernel:fixed-code
6260 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:220
6262 "As this CPU lacks a memory management unit (MMU), it doesn't set up a vDSO "
6263 "in the normal sense. Instead, it maps at boot time a few raw functions into "
6264 "a fixed location in memory. User-space applications then call directly into "
6265 "that region. There is no provision for backward compatibility beyond "
6266 "sniffing raw opcodes, but as this is an embedded CPU, it can get away with "
6267 "things\\(emsome of the object formats it runs aren't even ELF based (they're "
6272 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:223
6274 "For information on this code page, it's best to refer to the public "
6279 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:225
6280 msgid "http://docs.blackfin.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=linux-kernel:fixed-code"
6284 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:225
6286 msgid "ia64 (Itanium) functions"
6290 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:236
6292 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6296 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:237
6298 msgid "__kernel_syscall_via_break\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6302 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:238
6304 msgid "__kernel_syscall_via_epc\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6308 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:257
6310 "The Itanium port is somewhat tricky. In addition to the vDSO above, it also "
6311 "has \"light-weight system calls\" (also known as \"fast syscalls\" or "
6312 "\"fsys\"). You can invoke these via the I<__kernel_syscall_via_epc> vDSO "
6313 "helper. The system calls listed here have the same semantics as if you "
6314 "called them directly via B<syscall>(2), so refer to the relevant "
6315 "documentation for each. The table below lists the functions available via "
6320 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:262
6326 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:264
6328 msgid "clock_gettime\n"
6332 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:265
6338 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:266
6344 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:267
6350 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:268
6352 msgid "gettimeofday\n"
6356 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:269
6358 msgid "set_tid_address\n"
6362 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:275
6364 msgid "parisc (hppa) functions"
6367 #. See linux/arch/parisc/kernel/syscall.S
6368 #. See linux/Documentation/parisc/registers
6370 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:286
6372 "The parisc port has a code page full of utility functions called a gateway "
6373 "page. Rather than use the normal ELF auxiliary vector approach, it passes "
6374 "the address of the page to the process via the SR2 register. The "
6375 "permissions on the page are such that merely executing those addresses "
6376 "automatically executes with kernel privileges and not in user space. This "
6377 "is done to match the way HP-UX works."
6381 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:291
6383 "Since it's just a raw page of code, there is no ELF information for doing "
6384 "symbol lookups or versioning. Simply call into the appropriate offset via "
6385 "the branch instruction, for example:"
6389 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:293
6391 msgid " ble E<lt>offsetE<gt>(%sr2, %r0)\n"
6395 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:298
6397 msgid "offset\tfunction\n"
6401 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:300
6403 msgid "00b0\tlws_entry\n"
6407 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:301
6409 msgid "00e0\tset_thread_pointer\n"
6413 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:302
6415 msgid "0100\tlinux_gateway_entry (syscall)\n"
6419 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:303
6421 msgid "0268\tsyscall_nosys\n"
6425 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:304
6427 msgid "0274\ttracesys\n"
6431 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:305
6433 msgid "0324\ttracesys_next\n"
6437 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:306
6439 msgid "0368\ttracesys_exit\n"
6443 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:307
6445 msgid "03a0\ttracesys_sigexit\n"
6449 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:308
6451 msgid "03b8\tlws_start\n"
6455 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:309
6457 msgid "03dc\tlws_exit_nosys\n"
6461 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:310
6463 msgid "03e0\tlws_exit\n"
6467 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:311
6469 msgid "03e4\tlws_compare_and_swap64\n"
6473 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:312
6475 msgid "03e8\tlws_compare_and_swap\n"
6479 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:313
6481 msgid "0404\tcas_wouldblock\n"
6485 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:314
6487 msgid "0410\tcas_action\n"
6491 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:320
6493 msgid "ppc/32 functions"
6496 #. See linux/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/vdso32.lds.S
6498 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:327
6500 "The table below lists the symbols exported by the vDSO. The functions "
6501 "marked with a I<*> are available only when the kernel is a PowerPC64 "
6506 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:334 build/C/man7/vdso.7:360
6508 msgid "__kernel_clock_getres\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6512 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:335 build/C/man7/vdso.7:361
6514 msgid "__kernel_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6518 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:336 build/C/man7/vdso.7:362
6520 msgid "__kernel_datapage_offset\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6524 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:337 build/C/man7/vdso.7:363
6526 msgid "__kernel_get_syscall_map\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6530 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:338 build/C/man7/vdso.7:364
6532 msgid "__kernel_get_tbfreq\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6536 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:339
6538 msgid "__kernel_getcpu I<*>\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6542 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:340 build/C/man7/vdso.7:366
6544 msgid "__kernel_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6548 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:341
6550 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp_rt32\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6554 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:342
6556 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp32\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6560 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:343 build/C/man7/vdso.7:368
6562 msgid "__kernel_sync_dicache\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6566 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:344 build/C/man7/vdso.7:369
6568 msgid "__kernel_sync_dicache_p5\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6572 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:350
6574 msgid "ppc/64 functions"
6578 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:365
6580 msgid "__kernel_getcpu\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6584 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:367
6586 msgid "__kernel_sigtramp_rt64\tLINUX_2.6.15\n"
6590 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:375
6592 msgid "s390 functions"
6596 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:385 build/C/man7/vdso.7:403
6598 msgid "__kernel_clock_getres\tLINUX_2.6.29\n"
6602 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:386 build/C/man7/vdso.7:404
6604 msgid "__kernel_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6.29\n"
6608 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:387 build/C/man7/vdso.7:405
6610 msgid "__kernel_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6.29\n"
6614 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:393
6616 msgid "s390x functions"
6620 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:411
6622 msgid "sh (SuperH) functions"
6626 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:421
6628 msgid "__kernel_rt_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6632 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:422
6634 msgid "__kernel_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6638 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:423
6640 msgid "__kernel_vsyscall\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6644 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:429
6646 msgid "i386 functions"
6650 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:439
6652 msgid "__kernel_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6656 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:440
6658 msgid "__kernel_rt_sigreturn\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6662 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:441
6664 msgid "__kernel_vsyscall\tLINUX_2.5\n"
6667 #. Added in 7a59ed415f5b57469e22e41fc4188d5399e0b194 and updated
6668 #. in 37c975545ec63320789962bf307f000f08fabd48.
6670 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:444
6672 msgid "__vdso_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6 (exported since Linux 3.15)\n"
6676 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:445
6678 msgid "__vdso_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6 (exported since Linux 3.15)\n"
6682 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:446
6684 msgid "__vdso_time\tLINUX_2.6 (exported since Linux 3.15)\n"
6688 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:452
6690 msgid "x86_64 functions"
6693 #. See linux/arch/x86/vdso/vdso.lds.S
6695 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:457
6697 "The table below lists the symbols exported by the vDSO. All of these "
6698 "symbols are also available without the \"__vdso_\" prefix, but you should "
6699 "ignore those and stick to the names below."
6703 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:464 build/C/man7/vdso.7:483
6705 msgid "__vdso_clock_gettime\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6709 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:465 build/C/man7/vdso.7:484
6711 msgid "__vdso_getcpu\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6715 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:466 build/C/man7/vdso.7:485
6717 msgid "__vdso_gettimeofday\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6721 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:467 build/C/man7/vdso.7:486
6723 msgid "__vdso_time\tLINUX_2.6\n"
6727 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:473
6729 msgid "x86/x32 functions"
6733 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:492
6739 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:499
6741 "The vDSO was originally just a single function\\(emthe vsyscall. In older "
6742 "kernels, you might see that name in a process's memory map rather than "
6743 "\"vdso\". Over time, people realized that this mechanism was a great way to "
6744 "pass more functionality to user space, so it was reconceived as a vDSO in "
6745 "the current format."
6749 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:503
6750 msgid "B<syscalls>(2), B<getauxval>(3), B<proc>(5)"
6754 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:505
6755 msgid "The documents, examples, and source code in the Linux source code tree:"
6759 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:511
6762 "Documentation/ABI/stable/vdso\n"
6763 "Documentation/ia64/fsys.txt\n"
6764 "Documentation/vDSO/* (includes examples of using the vDSO)\n"
6768 #: build/C/man7/vdso.7:513
6770 msgid "find arch/ -iname '*vdso*' -o -iname '*gate*'\n"
6774 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:16
6780 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:19
6781 msgid "wcstombs - convert a wide-character string to a multibyte string"
6785 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:24
6788 "B<size_t wcstombs(char *>I<dest>B<, const wchar_t *>I<src>B<, size_t "
6793 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:42
6795 "If I<dest> is not NULL, the B<wcstombs>() function converts the "
6796 "wide-character string I<src> to a multibyte string starting at I<dest>. At "
6797 "most I<n> bytes are written to I<dest>. The conversion starts in the "
6798 "initial state. The conversion can stop for three reasons:"
6802 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:48
6804 "1. A wide character has been encountered that can not be represented as a "
6805 "multibyte sequence (according to the current locale). In this case, "
6806 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
6810 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:53
6812 "2. The length limit forces a stop. In this case, the number of bytes "
6813 "written to I<dest> is returned, but the shift state at this point is lost."
6817 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:60
6819 "3. The wide-character string has been completely converted, including the "
6820 "terminating null wide character (L\\(aq\\e0\\(aq). In this case, the "
6821 "conversion ends in the initial state. The number of bytes written to "
6822 "I<dest>, excluding the terminating null byte (\\(aq\\e0\\(aq), is returned."
6826 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:66
6828 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least I<n> bytes at "
6833 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:74
6835 "If I<dest> is NULL, I<n> is ignored, and the conversion proceeds as above, "
6836 "except that the converted bytes are not written out to memory, and no length "
6841 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:79
6843 "In order to avoid the case 2 above, the programmer should make sure I<n> is "
6844 "greater than or equal to I<wcstombs(NULL,src,0)+1>."
6848 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:89
6850 "The B<wcstombs>() function returns the number of bytes that make up the "
6851 "converted part of a multibyte sequence, not including the terminating null "
6852 "byte. If a wide character was encountered which could not be converted, "
6853 "I<(size_t)\\ -1> is returned."
6857 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:98
6859 "The behavior of B<wcstombs>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
6864 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:103
6866 "The function B<wcsrtombs>(3) provides a thread safe interface to the same "
6871 #: build/C/man3/wcstombs.3:109
6872 msgid "B<mblen>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<wcsrtombs>(3) B<wctom>(3)"
6876 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:16
6882 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:19
6883 msgid "wctomb - convert a wide character to a multibyte sequence"
6887 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:24
6889 msgid "B<int wctomb(char *>I<s>B<, wchar_t >I<wc>B<);>\n"
6893 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:45
6895 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<wctomb>() function converts the wide character "
6896 "I<wc> to its multibyte representation and stores it at the beginning of the "
6897 "character array pointed to by I<s>. It updates the shift state, which is "
6898 "stored in a static anonymous variable known only to the B<wctomb>() "
6899 "function, and returns the length of said multibyte representation, that is, "
6900 "the number of bytes written at I<s>."
6904 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:51
6906 "The programmer must ensure that there is room for at least B<MB_CUR_MAX> "
6910 #. The Dinkumware doc and the Single UNIX specification say this, but
6911 #. glibc doesn't implement this.
6913 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:63
6915 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<wctomb>() function resets the shift state, known "
6916 "only to this function, to the initial state, and returns nonzero if the "
6917 "encoding has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
6921 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:77
6923 "If I<s> is not NULL, the B<wctomb>() function returns the number of bytes "
6924 "that have been written to the byte array at I<s>. If I<wc> can not be "
6925 "represented as a multibyte sequence (according to the current locale), -1 is "
6930 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:84
6932 "If I<s> is NULL, the B<wctomb>() function returns nonzero if the encoding "
6933 "has nontrivial shift state, or zero if the encoding is stateless."
6937 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:89
6938 msgid "The B<wctomb>() function is not thread-safe."
6942 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:98
6944 "The behavior of B<wctomb>() depends on the B<LC_CTYPE> category of the "
6949 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:103
6951 "The function B<wcrtomb>(3) provides a better interface to the same "
6956 #: build/C/man3/wctomb.3:110
6958 "B<MB_CUR_MAX>(3), B<mblen>(3), B<mbstowcs>(3), B<mbtowc>(3), B<wcrtomb>(3), "
6963 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:27
6969 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:30
6970 msgid "getrandom - obtain a series of random bytes"
6974 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:32
6975 msgid "B<#include E<lt>linux/random.hE<gt>>"
6979 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:34
6981 "B<int getrandom(void *>I<buf>B<, size_t >I<buflen>B<, unsigned int "
6986 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:44
6988 "The B<getrandom>() system call fills the buffer pointed to by I<buf> with "
6989 "up to I<buflen> random bytes. These bytes can be used to seed user-space "
6990 "random number generators or for cryptographic purposes."
6994 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:58
6996 "B<getrandom>() relies on entropy gathered from device drivers and other "
6997 "sources of environmental noise. Unnecessarily reading large quantities of "
6998 "data will have a negative impact on other users of the I</dev/random> and "
6999 "I</dev/urandom> devices. Therefore, B<getrandom>() should not be used for "
7000 "Monte Carlo simulations or other programs/algorithms which are doing "
7001 "probabilistic sampling."
7005 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:80
7007 "By default, B<getrandom>() draws entropy from the I</dev/urandom> pool. "
7008 "This behavior can be changed via the I<flags> argument. If the "
7009 "I</dev/urandom> pool has been initialized, reads of up to 256 bytes will "
7010 "always return as many bytes as requested and will not be interrupted by "
7011 "signals. No such guarantees apply for larger buffer sizes. For example, if "
7012 "the call is interrupted by a signal handler, it may return a partially "
7013 "filled buffer, or fail with the error B<EINTR>. If the pool has not yet "
7014 "been initialized, then the call blocks, unless B<GRND_RANDOM> is specified "
7019 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:85
7021 "The I<flags> argument is a bit mask that can contain zero or more of the "
7022 "following values ORed together:"
7026 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:85
7028 msgid "B<GRND_RANDOM>"
7032 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:106
7034 "If this bit is set, then random bytes are drawn from the I</dev/random> pool "
7035 "instead of the I</dev/urandom> pool. The I</dev/random> pool is limited "
7036 "based on the entropy that can be obtained from environmental noise. If the "
7037 "number of available bytes in I</dev/random> is less than requested in "
7038 "I<buflen>, the call returns just the available random bytes. If no random "
7039 "bytes are available, the behavior depends on the presence of "
7040 "B<GRND_NONBLOCK> in the I<flags> argument."
7044 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:106
7046 msgid "B<GRND_NONBLOCK>"
7050 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:123
7052 "By default, when reading from I</dev/random>, B<getrandom>() blocks if no "
7053 "random bytes are available, and when reading from I</dev/urandom>, it blocks "
7054 "if the entropy pool has not yet been initialized. If the B<GRND_NONBLOCK> "
7055 "flag is set, then B<getrandom>() does not block in these cases, but instead "
7056 "immediately returns -1 with I<errno> set to B<EAGAIN>."
7060 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:137
7062 "On success, B<getrandom>() returns the number of bytes that were copied to "
7063 "the buffer I<buf>. This may be less than the number of bytes requested via "
7064 "I<buflen> if B<GRND_RANDOM> was specified in I<flags> and insufficient "
7065 "entropy was present in the I</dev/random> pool, or if the system call was "
7066 "interrupted by a signal."
7070 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:141
7071 msgid "On error, -1 is returned, and I<errno> is set appropriately."
7075 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:146
7076 msgid "An invalid flag was specified in I<flags>."
7080 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:146
7086 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:151
7087 msgid "The address referred to by I<buf> is outside the accessible address space."
7091 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:151
7097 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:158
7099 "The requested entropy was not available, and B<getrandom>() would have "
7100 "blocked if the B<GRND_NONBLOCK> flag was not set."
7104 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:158
7110 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:168
7112 "The call was interrupted by a signal handler; see the description of how "
7113 "interrupted B<read>(2) calls on \"slow\" devices are handled with and "
7114 "without the B<SA_RESTART> flag in the B<signal>(7) man page."
7118 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:171
7119 msgid "B<getrandom>() was introduced in version 3.17 of the Linux kernel."
7123 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:173
7124 msgid "This system call is Linux-specific."
7128 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:174
7130 msgid "Maximum number of bytes returned"
7134 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:176
7135 msgid "As of Linux 3.19 the following limits apply:"
7139 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:184
7141 "When reading from I</dev/urandom>, a maximum of 33554431 bytes is returned "
7142 "by a single call to B<getrandom>() on a system where I<int> has a size of "
7147 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:188
7148 msgid "When reading from I</dev/random>, a maximum of 512 bytes is returned."
7152 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:188
7154 msgid "Initialization of the entropy pool"
7158 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:194
7160 "The kernel collects bits of entropy from environment. When a sufficient "
7161 "number of random bits has been collected, the I</dev/urandom> entropy pool "
7162 "is considered to be initialized. This state is normally reached early in "
7163 "the system bootstrap phase."
7167 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:194
7169 msgid "Interruption by a signal handler"
7173 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:218
7175 "When reading from I</dev/urandom> (B<GRND_RANDOM> is not set), "
7176 "B<getrandom>() will block until the entropy pool has been initialized "
7177 "(unless the B<GRND_NONBLOCK> flag was specified). If a request is made to "
7178 "read a large number (more than 256) of bytes, B<getrandom>() will block "
7179 "until those bytes have been generated and transferred from kernel memory to "
7180 "I<buf>. When reading from I</dev/random> (B<GRND_RANDOM> is set), "
7181 "B<getrandom>() will block until some random bytes become available (unless "
7182 "the B<GRND_NONBLOCK> flag was specified)."
7186 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:243
7188 "The behavior when a call to B<getrandom>() that is blocked while reading "
7189 "from I</dev/urandom> is interrupted by a signal handler depends on the "
7190 "initialization state of the entropy buffer and on the request size, "
7191 "I<buflen>. If the entropy is not yet initialized, then the call will fail "
7192 "with the B<EINTR> error. If the entropy pool has been initialized and the "
7193 "request size is large (I<buflen>\\ E<gt>\\ 256), the call either succeeds, "
7194 "returning a partially filled buffer, or fails with the error B<EINTR.> If "
7195 "the entropy pool has been initialized and the request size is small "
7196 "(I<buflen>\\ E<lt>=\\ 256), then B<getrandom>() will not fail with "
7197 "B<EINTR>. Instead, it will return all of the bytes that have been "
7202 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:249
7204 "When reading from I</dev/random>, blocking requests of any size can be "
7205 "interrupted by a signal (the call fails with the error B<EINTR>)."
7209 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:257
7211 "Calling B<getrandom>() to read I</dev/urandom> for small values (E<lt>=\\ "
7212 "256) of I<buflen> is the preferred mode of usage."
7216 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:264
7218 "The special treatment of small values of I<buflen> was designed for "
7219 "compatibility with OpenBSD's B<getentropy>() system call."
7223 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:278
7225 "The user of B<getrandom>() I<must> always check the return value, to "
7226 "determine whether either an error occurred or fewer bytes than requested "
7227 "were returned. In the case where B<GRND_RANDOM> is not specified and "
7228 "I<buflen> is less than or equal to 256, a return of fewer bytes than "
7229 "requested should never happen, but the careful programmer will check for "
7234 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:278
7236 msgid "Choice of random device"
7240 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:293
7242 "Unless you are doing long-term key generation (and perhaps not even then), "
7243 "you probably shouldn't be using B<GRND_RANDOM.> The cryptographic algorithms "
7244 "used for I</dev/urandom> are quite conservative, and so should be sufficient "
7245 "for all purposes. The disadvantage of B<GRND_RANDOM> is that it can block. "
7246 "Furthermore, dealing with the partially fulfilled B<getrandom>() requests "
7247 "that can occur when using B<GRND_RANDOM> increases code complexity."
7251 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:293
7253 msgid "Emulating OpenBSD's getentropy()"
7257 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:298
7259 "The B<getentropy>() system call in OpenBSD can be emulated using the "
7260 "following function:"
7264 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:305
7268 "getentropy(void *buf, size_t buflen)\n"
7274 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:317
7277 " if (buflen E<gt> 256)\n"
7279 " ret = getrandom(buf, buflen, 0);\n"
7280 " if (ret E<lt> 0)\n"
7282 " if (ret == buflen)\n"
7290 #. FIXME patch proposed https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/11/29/16
7292 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:322
7293 msgid "As of Linux 3.19, the following bug exists:"
7297 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:326
7299 "Depending on CPU load, B<getrandom>() does not react to interrupts before "
7300 "reading all bytes requested."
7304 #: build/C/man2/getrandom.2:330
7305 msgid "B<random>(4), B<urandom>(4), B<signal>(7)"